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Metodologi Penelitian
Sony Sulaksono Wibowo, PhD
SI-5098; TL-5098
KL-5098; SJ-5098
Ketentuan Umum
Matakuliah wajib bagi semua mahasiswa program magister yang belum memulai penelitian, atau mahasiswa program doktor yang belum pernah mengambil matakuliah serupa.
Kuliah diberikan dalam bentuk pertemuan kelas dan tugas-tugas
Jadwal pertemuan:
Kamis: 13:00 – 15:00
Referensi: Paul D. Leedy and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod, “Practical Research, Planning
and Design, 8th edition, 2005 Dawson, D., “Practical Research Methods, 2002 Kumar, R., “Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners,
2nd Ed., 2006
3
Deskripsi Matakuliah
Deskripsi Ringkas
Kuliah ini memperkenalkan mahasiswa tentang konsep dasar
penelitian ilmiah sebagai landasan bagi penyusunan proposal,
pelaksanaan penelitian dan diseminasi hasil penelitian dalam bentuk
karya ilmiah, tesis atau disertasi. Selain diberi membantu
pemahaman tentang berbagai konsep dan aspek-aspek penting dari
beragam spektrum penelitian, pada kuliah ini mahasiswa juga
dikenalkan pada format penyusunan proposal penelitian dan
penulisan tesis dan disertasi.
TujuanInstruksionalUmum
Kuliah ini bertujuan untuk membangkitkan pemahaman tentang
konsep dasar penelitian ilmiah, sehingga mahasiswa mampu
menyusun suatu proposal, melaksanakan penelitian ilmiah dan
mendiseminasikannya dengan baik dalam bentuk karya ilmiah,
tesis atau disertasi.
Luaran
Melalui kuliah ini mahasiswa akan memiliki pemahaman yang baik
tentang konsep penelitian ilmiah secara keseluruhan, dan mampu
berdialog secara ilmiah tentang penelitian pada berbagai bidang dari
spektrum ilmu yang luas.
Organisasi Kegiatan
Kegiatan perkuliahan dilakukan dalam bentuk:
Kuliah tatap muka
Diskusi kelompok
Tugas mandiri
Kegiatan perkuliahan dilakukan dalam 3 kelompok:
Kuliah Bersama (SI, TL, KL, SJ) S2 dan S3
Kuliah Program Studi
Bimbingan Kelompok Keahlian (KK)
Organisasi Kuliah
K U L I A H B E R S A M A F T S L
KULIAH
PROGRAM STUDI
T. SIPIL
KULIAH
PROGRAM STUDI
T. LINGKUNGAN
KULIAH
PROGRAM STUDI
T. KELAUTAN
BIMBINGAN
KK
BIMBINGAN
KK
BIMBINGAN
KK
BIMBINGAN
KK
BIMBINGAN
KK
P R O P O S A L P E N E L I T I A N
Ringkasan SAP
No Topik Sub TopikTujuan Instruksional Khusus
(TIK)
1
Pengenalan konsep,
prinsip dan
terminologi umum
tentang penelitian
ilmiah
• Posisi penelitian dan kegiatan ilmiah
• Pengertian tentang hypotheses, paradigm,
research objective, reasoning (deductive
vs. inductive arguments), positivism,
Membangkitkan pemahaman arti dan fungsi
penting penelitian dan kegiatan ilmiah dan
ilmu pengetahuan
2 Spektrum penelitian
• Jenis-jenis penelitian ilmiah (action
research, etnographics hingga
experimental research, fundamental vs.
Applied research, qualitative vs.
Quantitative research
Menjelaskan jenis/metoda penelitian pada
berbagai ranah ilmu pengetahuan
3Metoda pengumpulan
data
• Metoda experimental
• Teknik survey
Memberikan pengetahuan tentang berbagai
metoda pengambilan /pengumpulan data
4 Etika penelitian • Etika penelitian
Memberikan pengetahuan dan pemahaman
tentang etika penelitian, termasuk dalam
pengambilan data dan pemanfaatan hasil
penelitian
Ringkasan SAP
No Topik Sub TopikTujuan Instruksional Khusus
(TIK)
5 Penyusunan Proposal • Bimbingan Penyusunan Proposal
Penyusunan kerangka proposal penelitian
(latar belakang, perumusan masalah, tujuan
penelitian)
Dilakukan di lingkungan KK
6
Pengambilan dan data
(sampling) dan rencana
pengambailan contoh
• Kebutuhan dan manfaat sampling
• Konsep dasar sampling
• Teori sampling
• Perhitungan kesalahan
• Rancangan sampling
Menjelaskan jenis/metoda/teknik pengambilan
data / sampling
7Teknik Pengukuran dan
Penskalaan• Skala pengukuran
Memberikan pengetahuan dan pemahaman
tentang teknik pengukuran, sumber
kesalahan pengukuran, dan teknik
penskalaan data
8 Ujian Tengah Semester
Ringkasan SAP
No Topik Sub TopikTujuan Instruksional Khusus
(TIK)
9 Penyusunan Proposal • Bimbingan penyusunan proposal
Studi literatur, rancangan metoda penelitian,
analisis data
Dilakukan di lingkungan KK
10Metoda dan teknik
pengumpulan data
• Data dan jenis data
• Metoda pengumpulan data (primer,
sekunder)
Menjelaskan jenis/metoda/teknik
pengumpulan data
11Format penulisan karya
ilmiah, thesis, disertasi
• Format karya ilmiah, paper, thesis,
disertaso
Memberikan pengetahuan dan pemahaman
tentang forma dan teknik penyusunan tulisan
ilmiah
12Pengujian kesimpulan
awal (hipotesis)
• Hipotesis vs teori
• Konsep dasar
• Perumusan hipotesis dan
permasalahannya
• Karakteristik dan Tipe hipotesis
• Standar uji (Z-test, t-test, F-test, Chi-
sqare test)
• Non-parametric distribution free test
Memberikan pengetahuan dan pemahanan
tentang pengujian hipotesis
Ringkasan SAP
No Topik Sub TopikTujuan Instruksional Khusus
(TIK)
13
Teknik statististik untuk
pengolahan dan
interpretasi data
• Peran statistik dalam penelitian
• Jenis data (kuantitatif, kualitatif)
• Organisasi dan pengolahan data
• Teknik statistik
• Interpretasi hasil analisis
Memberikan pengetahuan dan pemahaman
tentang pentingnya statistik dalam penelitian
14 Penyusunan proposal • Bimbingan penyusunan proposalBimbingan penyususnan proposal di masing-
masing KK
15 Penyusunan proposal • Bimbingan penyusunan proposa;Presentasi proposal penelitian di masing-
masing KK
16 Ujian Akhir Semester
What Research Is Not
Research isn’t information gathering:
Gathering information from resources such as books or magazines isn’t a research
It might be information discovery or something about reference skills
Research isn’t the transportation of facts:
Merely transporting facts from one resource to another
No contribution to new knowledge although this might make existing knowledge more accessible
What Research Is
Research is:
“…the systematic process of collecting and analyzing
information (data) in order to increase our understanding of the
phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested.”1
Research
A voyage of discovery; an experience method of critical thinking; a careful critical inquiry in seeking facts from principles
An art of scientific investigation
A systemized effort to gain new knowledge, a movement from known to the unknown
An activity caused by instinct of inquisitiveness to gain fresh insight / find answer to questions / acquire knowledge
Research Methodology; Research Method;
Research Technique
Research Methodology
is a science of studying how research is done scientifically
Research Method
Behavior and instruments used in selecting and constructing technique for gathering data
Research Technique
Behavior and instruments used in research operation
Nature of Research
Characteristic of scientific research
careful search, investigation,
seeking answer to (a) question (s)
systematically adds/contributes to knowledge
for PhDs, research makes an original (incremental) contribution
Research is a critical process of asking and attempting to answer questions about the world.
Research Characteristics
Originates with a question or problem.
Requires clear articulation of a goal.
Follows a specific plan or procedure.
Often divides main problem into sub-problems.
Guided by specific problem, question, or hypothesis.
Accepts certain critical assumptions.
Requires collection and interpretation of data.
Cyclical (helical) in nature.
In principle
Prove in research can be done:
Empirically hypothesis is proven based on facts (gathered or measured)
Rationally hypothesis or postulate is proven through logical reasoning based on given law
Research Projects
Research begins with a problem.
This problem need not be Earth-shaking.
Identifying this problem can actually be the hardest part of research.
In general, good research projects should:
Address an important question.
Advance knowledge.
Research Project
The following kinds of projects usually don’t make for good research:
Self-enlightenment.
Comparing data sets.
Correlating data sets.
Problems with yes / no answers.
High-Quality Research
Good research requires:
The scope and limitations of the work to be clearly defined.
The process to be clearly explained so that it can be reproduced and verified by other researchers.
A thoroughly planned design that is as objective as possible.
High-Quality Research… continued
Good research requires:
Highly ethical standards be applied.
All limitations be documented.
Data be adequately analyzed and explained.
All findings be presented unambiguously and all conclusions be justified by sufficient evidence.
Research Process
Research is an extremely cyclic process.
Later stages might necessitate a review of earlier work.
This isn’t a weakness of the process but is part of the built-in error correction machinery.
Because of the cyclic nature of research, it can be difficult to determine where to start and when to stop.
Step 1: A Question Is Raised
A question occurs to or is posed to the researcher for which that researcher has no answer.
This doesn’t mean that someone else doesn’t already have an answer.
The question needs to be converted to an appropriate problem statement like that documented in a research proposal.
Step 2: Suggest Hypotheses
The researcher generates intermediate hypotheses to describe a solution to the problem.
This is at best a temporary solution since there is as yet no evidence to support either the acceptance or rejection of these hypotheses.
Step 3: Literature Review
The available literature is reviewed to determine if there is already a solution to the problem.
Existing solutions do not always explain new observations.
The existing solution might require some revision or even be discarded.
Step 4: Literature Evaluation
It’s possible that the literature review has yielded a solution to the proposed problem.
This means that you haven’t really done research.
On the other hand, if the literature review turns up nothing, then additional research activities are justified.
Step 5: Acquire Data
The researcher now begins to gather data relating to the research problem.
The means of data acquisition will often change based on the type of the research problem.
This might entail only data gathering, but it could also require the creation of new measurement instruments.
Step 6: Data Analysis
The data that were gathered in the previous step are analyzed as a first step in ascertaining their meaning.
As before, the analysis of the data does not constitute research.
This is basic number crunching.
Step 7: Data Interpretation
The researcher interprets the newly analyzed data and suggests a conclusion.
This can be difficult.
Keep in mind that data analysis that suggests a correlation between two variables can’t automatically be interpreted as suggesting causality between those variables.
Step 8: Hypothesis Support
The data will either support the hypotheses or they won’t.
This may lead the researcher to cycle back to an earlier step in the process and begin again with a new hypothesis.
This is one of the self-correcting mechanisms associated with the scientific method.
Assignmentdue date: 12 September 2011
by email: [email protected]
format: nama_nim.doc atau nama_nim.docx
Membangun sebuah penelitian dapat dimulai daribentuk-bentuk pertanyaan seperti: apa (what?), mengapa (why?), dimana (where?), kapan (when?), bagaimana (how?), siapa (who?). Buatlah Research Plan yang singkat dan jelas (maksimal 2000 kata) dengan memuat minimal:• Problem definition and research question• Research objective and research limitation• Literature review• Research methodology and design experiment• Expected result and its implication
Topic: Sustainable Infrastructure
