1 Overview Ind Dm

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OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL /CHEMICAL DISASTERS AND

THEIR MANAGEMENT-NATIONAL LEVEL

R.P.Bhanushali Adviser (Tech)

National Safety Council

National Workshop

DISATER MANAGEMENT

At Bagaluru (10-12 March, 2010)


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What is a disaster?

An occurrence inflicting widespread destructionand distress

DISASTERHazardVulnerability


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What is Disaster?

A catastrophe, mishap, calamity or graveoccurrence in any area,arising from natural or man- made causes,or by accident or negligence,which results in substantial loss of lifeor human sufferingor damage to, and destruction of property,

or damage to, or degradation of environment,and is of such a nature or magnitude as to bebeyond the coping capacity of the communityof the affected area. (DM A ct , 2005)


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Industrial Disasters Flixborough, UK (1 June, 1974) Cyclohexane released, 28 dead, 36 injured, the

Flixborough Works of Nypro (UK) demolished, over1,821 houses and 167 factories suffered losses

Seveso, Italy (10 July, 1976)2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin) released

1,00,000 animals dead, 760 people evacuated,4,450 acres contaminatedBhopal (3 Dec., 1984)Methyl isocyanate (MIC) released, > 2 500 dead and1,00,000 injured

Piper Alpha offshore platform in the North Sea(6 July, 1988)165 of 225 persons on platform & 2 on rescue boat

died, platform was totally devastatedEC Directive on Major Accident Hazards Control (82/501/EEC of24 June, 1982)


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NEW DISASTER THREATIndustrial disaster pose different threatthan natural disastersIndustrial disasters in news afterFlixborough Explosion, UK 1974Seveso dioxine leakage, Italy 1976increased concern of EC Authoritiesleading to:Directive on Major Accident HazardsControl MAHC(82/501/EEC of 24th June, 1982)


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BROADER FOCUS

The focus of protection was made

comprehensive to include

community, environment and

property instead of the earlier

narrow focus only on the employees.


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MAHC Concept

The MAHC remained an

unknown concept till the

Bhopal disaster in India.


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BHOPAL DISASTER - A TURNING POINT

Unprecedented scale of disasterpotential

Compelling evidence to apply a holisticDM approach to Chemical Safety.

Restructuring and inducting newhazchem control systems andprocedures was started.


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MAJOR POST BHOPAL DEVELOPMENTS

Adhoc Hazchem Expert Committees set up by states

having MAH Units for suggesting control measuresAwareness SeminarsLegislationsImportant Projects implemented

ILO Project on `MAHC System in India (1987 -91)with participation from MoL, DGFASLI & 12 StatesUS-AID ISHD Project (1991-92) for capacitybuilding on safety audit, production of safety filmswith participation from DGFASLI, NSC, ICMA,Inspectorates of Factories and TUsUNEPs APELL Programme implemented by NSCsince 1992


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APELL Process


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MAJOR POST BHOPAL DEVELOPMENTSPhases of UNEPs APELL Programme

implemented by NSC APELL-LAMP Project in 6 high riskindustrial areas & National level

Trans-APELL (2002)National APELL Centre (NAC) (2002-04)NAC Sub-Centre (2004)

Off-site Emergency Plan Pilot Projects inTuticorin and HaldiaInstitutionalising the Services at the

National Level.


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MAJOR POST BHOPAL DEVELOPMENTSUS-AID/ADPC AUDMP Projects in Vadodara andKolkata (1999)

Help in producing hazard maps & impact areadiagrams & in assessing vulnerabilityCreate awareness administrators & town planners

Draft mitigation strategies

NSC-ADPC 2-week Asia Region Training Courseon `Technological Risk Mitigation in Cities -TRMC (Mumbai - Nov.1998, 20 participantsfrom 8 Asian countries)

To develop awareness among town planners,administrators, and professionals to include chemical

disasters mitigation strategies in town planning


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PRESENT STATUSWell developed MAHC System

Legislation to prevent/mitigate DisastersOrganisations to deal with disasters set upImprovements in Technical Competence of

respondersBetter enforcementAPELL Process institutionalizedIdentified hazard prone industrial pocketshaving more than 5 MAH Units (180)Established inventory of MAH installations(1,949 in 24 states & UTs)& Isolated

storages (347)


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PRESENT STATUS..

Supreme Court Judgment - 20 Dec,1986 -Shriram Foods and Fertilisers Industries,Supreme Court has enunciated threeimportant principles :

i. A hazardous industry owes an absolute and non-delegatable duty to the community to protect itfrom risk;

ii. Such enterprises are absolutely liable for anyharm that may be caused.

iii. Any compensation given must have a

deterrent effect


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PRESENT STATUS.. Enactment of Public Liability Act, 1991

based on the above JudgementOn-site plans (1921), Off-site plans (136)APELL Publications by NSCFormation of MARG Groups

Institutional framework (NSC,DMI) Indian Standards-14489:1998; 15656:2006MOEF/CPCB Guidelines

Transportation of Hazardous Wastes2004 (CPCB) MSIHC Rules 2000


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PRESENT STATUS.. Disaster Management Act, 2005

Constitution of NDMA

National Guidelines by NDMA on 10 disasters

- NSC made key contribution as Core GroupMember for guidelines on Chemical Disasters

Advocating Institutional Mechanism approach

at National, State & Local levelsFocus on DM activities on Prevention,Mitigation & Preparedness


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Paradigm Shift in DM

Conviction that development cannot besustainable unless disaster mitigation id builtinto the development ProcessMitigation has to be multi-disciplinaryspanning across all sectors of developmentShift in focus from reactive responseoriented action (Rescue, Recovery &Rehabilitation) to proactive prevention,preparedness and mitigation oriented action.Investments in mitigation more cost effectivethan expenditure on relief and rehabilitation


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LOOKING AHEADStrengthening District & Local Crisis Groups

Strengthening capacities of : Fire brigades &

Police Developing Model Off-site PlansAnnual testing and updating of Off-site plansCommunity Awareness Responsibility byCrisis Groups

Developing a Good Medical Response SystemEnforcement Authorities role, activities, andcontribution in new national approach on DM


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LOOKING AHEAD.. Hazchem Transportation System

Post Disaster Reviews

Developing and Publishing Case Studies

Developing Major Accident Data Base

Designating institutions on technological DM

and developing package of training modules

/courses

Major Developments in Natural DM

Major International Developments


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AnyQuestion?


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BIG THANK YOU


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LEGISLATIONS..

National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995(NET Act)

CA(EPPR) Rules, 1996CMV Rules, 1989 (as amended in 1993)

Environmental Clearance of ProjectNotification, 1994 (ECP Notification) (11amendments since 1994 latest being on

7.7.04 vide SO 801)


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LEGISLATIONS.. Hazardous Wastes (Management &

Handling) Rules, 1989 (amended in 2000and 2003)Bio-Medical Waste (Management &

Handling) Rules, 1998 (amended in 2003)The Explosives Act, 1884

The Explosive Rules, 1983 The SMPV (unfired) Rules, 1981

(amended in 1993, 2000 and 2002) The Gas Cylinders Rules, 2004


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LEGISLATIONS..

The Petroleum Act, 1934

The Petroleum Rules, 2002 (replacesthe Petroleum Rules, 1976)

The Calcium Carbide Rules, 1987

The Cinematograph Film Rules, 1948


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REPORT OF HIGH POWER COMMITTEEIN HAZARDOUS WASTE JAN 2001

Constitution of 12 member HighPowered Committee on 13 th October

1997To examine all matters in depth relatingto hazardous waste and to give a reportand recommendations Report submitted in January 2001


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DEFINITIONS

Major Accident (MSIHC Rules, 1989)

An incident involving loss of life inside or outsidethe installation, or ten or more injuries inside and/ or one or more injuries outside or release oftoxic chemicals or explosion or fire or spillage ofhazardous chemicals resulting in on-site or off-site emergencies or damage to equipment leadingto stoppage of process or adverse affects to the

environment .


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HIGH POWERED COMMITTEE (HPC)FOR PREPARATION OF DMP

Constituted by Ministry of Agriculture videthe Order dated August 20, 1999.

Enhancement of the Terms ofReference(TOR) was considered to beessential to include Man made disasters.

TOR of HPC enlarged with the approval ofthe Prime Minister vide order dated April17, 2000.


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CATEGORIES OF DISASTERS

1. Water and Climate Related Disasters

2. Geologically related Disasters

3. Chemical, Industrial & Nuclear related

Disasters

4. Accident Related Disasters

5. Biologically Related Disasters


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Interim Reports of HPC:

First Interim Report : July 2000Second Interim Report :Feb.2001

Transfer of DM to Ministry of Home Affairs from the Ministry of Agriculture


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THE DISASTER MANAGEMENTCYCLE

Continuum of inter-linked activity

Not a series of events which start and stopwith each disaster occurrence

BASIC FORMAT


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Disaster Impact

Response

Recovery

DevelopmentPrevention

Mitigation

Preparedness

DISASTERMANAGEMENT

CYCLE

BASIC FORMAT


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TheDisaster

Cycle

Review

RESPONSE

RECOVERYPREPAREDNESS

ALTERNATIVE FORMAT


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LIMITATIONS

Above format cannot be utilized to make twosignificant points:

Does not and cannot designate the length orrelative importance of the component parts.

Format should not be allowed to give theimpression that each activity segment isclearly and precisely divided from adjacentones


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COMPOSITION OF MAIN ACTIVITIES

Prevention

Mitigation

Preparedness

Response

Recovery

Development


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FACTORS AFFECTING THE BALANCE AND PRIORITIES OF MAIN ACTIVITIES

Post-disaster Review

Exercises or Simulations

Documents

1 Overview Ind Dm