PowerPoint Presentation - Making Anti-corruption Strategies Work for the Poor

KEBIJAKAN POLITIK ANTI KORUPSI

1Tujuan Pembelajaran2Definisi Korupsi:3Beragam bentuk korupsi:4Diversity it is not just about money under the table/side paymentsDont underestimate complexity we need broad picture.Payment can be made in monetary and less tangable forms, including professional favours, social recognition, sexual favoursDefinisi dalam beberapa perspektif:5Public-office-centred perspective6Market-centred perspective7Public interest-centred perspective8Determining misuse or abuse is difficult9Karena itu...10Some theorists believe, however...11The use of legal devices, however, is also sometimes less appropriate

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Stimulan korupsi

KORUPSI13Some institutional parameters degree of decentralisation, legal institutions for detection and punishment, degree of economic competition,

Norms social norms can inforce corruption by an attitude of acceptance of corruption, and by creating an environment where everyboyd expects everybody else top be corrupt thus making corruption the normal thing to do. Key include Human resources management, information on consequences, social and religious leaders. Formula of corruptionCorruption = Monopoly + Discretion Accountability

HIGHHIGHLOW14A comprehensive way of understanding corruption has been presented by Klitgaard, looking at monoply, levels of discretion and accountability.

High risk corruption, whenCombination of high risk characteristics:

Monopolistic behaviorLarge flow of PUBLIC moneyHigh public demandHigh cost of sector assetsAsymmetry of power and informationSector/ technical complexitySecretive operation/process15We do know the water sector is distinctive: Monopolistic behaviorLarge flow of PUBLIC money High cost of sector assetsAutonomous agency relationshipsFailure of the sector and increasing role of informal sectorAssymmetry of information between user and provider and decision-makerSector complexity no stakeholders involved.

The water sector is similar to:Typical civil service behavior (low wages, low capacity, dysfunctional institutions, large scale procurement, opaque) Service delivery practices providing daily opportunity for petty corruption (typical of health/education services)Traditional procurement practices (typical of the construction industry in general)

Framework for understanding corruptionPublic to publicDiversion of resourcesAppointments and transfers Embezzlement and fraud in planning and budgeting

Public to privateProcurement collusion, fraud, briberyConstruction fraud and bribery

Public to citizen / consumerIllegal connectionsFalsifying bills and meters

Public OfficialsPublic Actors Consumers Private

Corruption occurs between public officials

and 3 different sets of actors

16An Interaction FrameworkPUBLIC PRIVATEinteractionsPUBLICCONSUMER interactionsPUBLIC PUBLICinteractionsTendering and ProcurementConstruction / Operations / ServicesPayment Systems Policy-making Management Planning / budgeting / financing17An Interaction FrameworkPUBLIC PRIVATEinteractionsPUBLICCONSUMER interactionsPUBLIC PUBLICinteractionsTendering and ProcurementConstruction / OperationsServicesPayment SystemsPolicy-making ManagementPlanning / budgeting / financing18PUBLIC PRIVATEinteractions

PUBLIC CONSUMERinteractions

PUBLIC PUBLICinteractions Illegal connections Speed bribes Billing/payment bribes

bribery / fraud in community procurement elite capture

Administrative fraud Document falsification

Distortions and diversion of government budgets

Bribery, fraud, collusion in tenders Fraud / bribes in construction

State Capture of policy and regulatory frameworks

19PUBLIC to PUBLICinteractionsPlanning and budgeting Corruption in planning and management Bribery and kickbacks in fiscal transfersManagement and Program Design Appointments, transfers Preferred candidates Selection of projects

Policy-making / Regulating Diversion of funds Distortions in decision-making, policy-making Early warning indicators

Monopolies / tariff abnormalitiesLack of clarity of regulator / provider roles

Embezzlement in budgeting, planning, fiscal transfersSpeed / complexity of budget processesNumber of signatures% spending on capital intensive spending

Unqualified senior staffLow salaries, high perks, cf. HH assetsIncrease in price of informal waterAnti-corruption Measures

Policy and tariff reformSeparationTransparent minimum standards Independent auditing

Citizen oversight and monitoringTechnical auditingParticipatory planning and budgeting

Performance based staff reformsTransparent, competitive appointments

20Early warning indicators

Same tender listsBidders drop outHigher unit costs

Variation ordersLow worker payments

Single source supplyChange in quality and coverageAnti-corruption Measures

Simplify tender documentsBidding transparencyIndependent tender evaluation

Integrity pactsCitizen oversight and monitoringTechnical auditingCitizen auditing, public hearingsBenchmarkingSSIP support mechsPUBLIC toPRIVATEinteractions

Procurement Bribery, fraud, collusion in tenders

Construction Fraud / bribes in construction

Operations Fraud / bribes in construction

21PUBLIC to CONSUMER interactionsConstruction Community based WSS theft of materials Fraudulent documents

Operations Admin corruption(access, service, speed)

Payment systems

meter, billing and collection fraud and bribery

Early warning indicators

Loss of materialsInfrastructure failure

Low rate of faultsLack of interest in connection campaignsNight time tanking

Unexplained variations in revenues

Anti-corruption Measures

Corruption assessmentsCitizen monitoring and oversightReport cardsTransparency in reporting

Citizen oversight and monitoringComplaint redressalReform to customer interface (e.g. women cashiers)22Identifying `hotspotsContoh kasus:Korupsi dalam sektor pelayanan air

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