*1. PENDAHULUANPemilihan sistem penambangan dan penggalian: sifat dan posisi bahan galiankondisi geologi bahan galian dan material penutup (OB)tingkat produksisistem kestabilan material galian & OBMetoda penambangan (pembongkaran, pemuatan, dan pengangkutan); menerus (continuous) tidak menerus (discontinuous)

*Peralatan Gali Muat Mekanis Tambang TerbukaBulldozer, Grader Hyperlink1Track loader, Wheel loaderDragline, Backhoe, Hydraulic shovel, Power shovel Hyperlink2Bucket Wheel Excavator (BWE) Hyperlink3Surface Miner (SM, Dosco TB3000, Wirtgen Surface Miner, Voest Alpine Surface Miner, Huron Easi Miner, Paurat C-Miner dan Krupp Surface Miner) Hyperlink4

*Peralatan Gali Muat Mekanis Tambang Bawah TanahLoad Haul Dump (LHD) Hyperlink5Roadheader Hyperlink6Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) Hyperlink7Continuous miner Hyperlink8Coal cutter, Drum shearer Hyperlink9Highwall mining / auger mining Hyperlink10

*Gigi GaliPicks

TOOTHED

ROLLER

DISC

CUTTER

F

T

F

R

F

T

F

R

F

N

F

C

DRAG PICK

BUTTON

CUTTER

F

T

F

R

F

IMPACTOR

WEDGE TOOTH

POINT PICK / TOOTH

*Gigi Gali Shovel Liebherr 996 ESCO

*Fungsi Gigi Gali Shovel Liebherr 996

Jenis Gigi

Sheet1

KeteranganTipe Gigi Gali

CLRPCR

Ciri KhasGigi berbentuk kerucut, memastikan penetrasi yang sangat baik pada material kohesif.Bentuk sekop, mata gig lebih tajam untuk kemudahan penetrasi pada material kuat.Ujung gigi menyempit dan ketahanan yang tinggi untuk gaya penetrasi yang kuat pada material abrasif.Gigi runcing dengan penetrasi yang baik pada material keras, bahkan batuan. Berkat bentuk gigi yang diruncingkan.Bentuk gigi dipanjangkan dengan penetrasi baik pada batuan hasil peledakan. Bentuk gigi yang besar dan tebal menjamin umur yang panjang pada penggalian material abrasiv.

AplikasiTanah yang mudah digaliMaterial sedang dan kohesifMaterial keras, abrasif, dan batuan buruk.material sangat kerasKhusus batuan abrasif.

Misal:Misal:Misal:Misal:Misal:

- Pasir/sand- Pasir keras- Gamping- Batuan/rock- granite

- Lempung/clay- Batubara lunak- shale- hard shale- basalt

- kerikil/gravel- Kerikil keras- Batubara/coal- laminated rock- batupasir

- pecahan bijih/ore keras

*Pointed pick (kiri) Radial pick (kanan)

*Roller Cutter

*Auger Drill BitSteel Bit, Cross Bit

*Tricone Roller, Button, Wing Bits

*Down The Hole Hammer Bit

*Klasifikasi Umum Penggalian

Soft/easy/free digging (bulldozer, hydraulic backhoe, shovel, BWE)tanah penutup (soil), pasir, sandyclay, clayey sandMedium hard digging (power shovel, ripping, cutting)lempung, batuan lapukVery hard digging/rock (ripping, cutting, peledakan)diperlukan peledakan sebelum dapat digali

*Pemilihan Sistem PenggalianMasalah utama dalam pemilihan sistem penggalian yang tepat adalah kemampuan para insinyur perencana untuk menduga kinerja mesin dan peralatan yang dipilih dalam kondisi material yang bervariasi

*Faktor Utama Analisis Penggalian Karakteristik batuan utuh dan massa batuan.Produksi penggalian penambanganGeometri dan ukuran tambangKarakteristik alat gali:kapasitas produksi, daya terpasangjenis alat potong atau gigi gali.

*Klasifikasi BatuanBatuan beku (igneous rocks)Batuan sedimen (sedimentary rocks)Batuan malihan atau metamorf (metamorphic rocks)

*Bulldozer - GraderBack1

*Dragline, Power Shovel, Hydraulic Shovel & Backhoe

*BWE O&K

*Sistem Penambangan BWEBack3

*Clamshell, Trench Cutter

*Wirtgen SM VASM2D KSM400Back4

*Load Haul DumpBack

*Transversal Road HeaderBack

*Axial Road HeaderBack

*Tunnel Boring Machine

*Tunnel Boring Machine

*Robbins Mobile Miner at Mt. Isa MineBack

*Continuous MinerBack

*Coal Cutter & Drum ShearerBack

*Auger / Highwall MiningBack

*Easy Free Digging

*Medium Digging Ripping

*Kemampugalian - Kemampuledakan

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*Hard Digging Rock BlastingBack

*Sejarah VA1851 First historical mention, Count Hugo Henckel von Donnersmark 1862 Works employing 1200 people, engaged in production of railroad1865 First assembling project the roof truss for Vienna State Opera House1881 Taken over by sterreichische Alpine Montangesellschaft (AMG).1964 Licence for the F6 type roadheading machine from Hungary.1965 Deliveries of the first F6-A to AUSTRIA, ITALY, MOROCCO1971 The first ALPINE MINER AM 50 goes into action in Germany1973 Merging of AMG with VOEST to form VOEST-ALPINE AG.1976 The first ALPINE MINER of the AM 100 type into service in Germany.1982 The first ALPINE MINER of the AM 75 type is commissioned1986 Delivery of the first ALPINE TUNNEL MINER of the ATM 70 type1990 Delivery of first AM85 and AM105 to France, South Africa, and Germany1993 VOEST-ALPINE BERGTECHNIK G.m.b.H. becomes principal in IAG.1994 Establishment of VA Technika Grnicza i Tunelowa z.o.o. in Katowice1996 VAB was fully taken over by TAMROCK Corp1998 ABM 30 achieves Coal production record of RSA with 120.000 t 1998 The Swedish Sandvik company takes over Tamrock OY 1998 EC-founded ICUTROC project, which started in 1995 is finished1998 BPI is purchased and moves to premises at Zeltweg.2000 AVSA-machine is presented 2002 VAMTC in Brier Hill USA is established

*Softrock MiningAM 45ABM 12ACM 10AM 75ABM 14ASC 18AM 85ABM 25 AM 105

*Alpine Miner AM 75Over 100 units of ALPINE MINER AM 75 were delivered. AM 75 is the most popular roadheader in its class. Extremely high technical cutting performance and maximum efficiency Production records are achieved worldwide in various materials (coal, rock, gypsum, potash and salt) and also in roadway development

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*Underground Hardrock MiningVOEST-ALPINE Bergtechnik designed and developed various machines for underground hardrock mining. The VOEST-ALPINE Hard Rock Miner (AHM) 105 is a very versatile machine used for underground development in challenging rock/rock mass conditions. Due to the high expenditure of research and development work VOEST-ALPINE Bergtechnik's machines are able to cut very hard and abrasive rock formations. The VOEST-ALPINE Reef Miner (ARM) 1100 was especially developed for platinum production in low height mineralized seams.

*Underground Hardrock MiningAHM 105The ALPINE HARD ROCK MINER AHM 105 is a roadheader of the heavy weight class and designed for rapid roadway development to cut hard and abrasive rock. Therefore this roadheader can exceed limits of the operational range as given for other roadheaders, but it is nevertheless also faced with the ultimate limits set by the machine rock interaction under extreme conditions. The AHM105 is electrically powered.

*Underground Hardrock MiningARM 1100The ALPINE REEF MINER ARM1100 is a disc cutting mining machine and designed for mining narrow reefs of hard and abrasive rock. Therefore this machine can exceed limits of the operational range as given for other mining machines, but it is nevertheless also faced with the ultimate limits set by the machine rock interaction under extreme conditions. The ALPINE REEF MINER is electrically powered. Optimum comfort and safety for operators are provided due to fully remote control. The ARM1100 was designed as a combination of the principles of VOEST-ALPINE roadheaders and VOEST-ALPINE tunnel-borers, resulting in a machine with high performance rates in hard and abrasive rock conditions.

*Underground Hardrock MiningABH 1600Alpine Box Hole Borer ABH 1600 The Alpine Box Hole Borer is designed like a small TBM for steep inclines. The field of application is for short connection holes between the main haulage level and the stope. The holes can be used for ore passes as well as for travel ways or ventilation (or other mine related purposes, where a circular hole with a smooth surface is beneficial). The advantage of this system is the blind boring concept there is no need for developed space at the end of the hole which makes the drill operation independent from the stope development. The machine is a very compact design (length of the boring unit app. 3200) and arrives in a launching tube (either rail bound or crawler mounted). After alignment of the launching tube with the direction of the hole, the borer starts collaring and to climb out of the tube. After finishing the hole, the machine walks down the bored hole and arrives in the launching tube which is the transport cradle for repositioning of the equipment. The machine is operated from a separate operators place at the power pack which provides save and convenient working conditions for the operator. In case of a modified conveying system the machine can be used as well for horizontal drills.

*The Robbins CompanyRobbins is engaged in the design, manufacture, sale and rental of custom equipment for the underground excavation industry. Robbins products excavate materials, including very hard rock, mechanically as opposed to the traditional "drill and blast" method. Mechanical rock excavation today provides a much more cost efficient method of tunneling than drill and blast. The drill and blast method is necessarily a sequential operation: drill small diameter holes, load with explosives, blast, ventilate, remove muck and start the cycle again. Mechanical rock excavation is a continuous process whereby rock is "cut" from the tunnel face and removed by conveyor or train from the tunnel. Robbins' primary product is tunnel boring machines (TBMs). TBMs are used to excavate circular cross-section tunnels through a wide variety of geology, from soils to hard rock. Robbins has produced TBMs which have excavated tunnels from 1.6 to 12.87 meters. Machine weights range from 50 to more than 1500 metric tons, total installed power from 300 kW to more than 3000 kW. Robbins also designs and sells a wide range of other equipment and services which are required for efficient utilization of a TBM.

*The Robbins CompanyThe Robbins Company has designed and manufactured more than 250 tunnel boring machines. More than 50 Robbins TBMs will be operating at the end of this year, giving significant evidence of Robbins equipment quality.The merger of Robbins and Boretec, Inc. of Solon, Ohio USA has resulted in a single company offering a very broad line of underground excavation equipment, including:New Rock TBMs - open & shielded (from 1.6 to 14.0 meters diameter) Rebuilt TBMs - sale or lease TBM Cutters - for all brands of machines Spare Parts Backup Systems - rail or conveyor Continuous Conveyor Systems for Complete Tunnel - new or used Muck Cars and other Rolling Stock Technical Services, Tunneling Personnel & Emergency Services Ancillary Equipment - High Voltage Electrical, Ventilation & Communications Small Boring Units - 600 to 2000 mm diameter range Brokering Services

*Robbins Double Shield TBMThis is designed for a rapid advance rate, worker protection in soft and unstable rock, and can be designed to install a tunnel lining. Single-shield TBMs are the preferred machine for tunneling in geology from soil to hard rock.

*Excavation recent past(last 15 yrs)Continuous optimization in applications with higher UCSand abrasivity (roller cutter, picks, and disc cutter)New applications of proven technologies (Uranium raisebore mining)New excavation technologies testedundercut disc,jet assisted,pre-drilled hole (mechanical splitters,plasma, propellant, water, foam)Impact breakerWater jetEtc.

*Roller Discs, Disc Cutters & Picks

AdvantagesControlled excavation profileMany proven applicationsDisadvantagesHigh tool wear in compressive loading (new materials required)Large and expensive machinesHigh reaction forces conventional discs (large machine)Fixed excavation profile (full face machines)

*Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM)Recently tested in 340 metersection of Merensky Reef in SA2.1 meter dia machineUCS range up to mid 200 MPaPerformance for a purpose built machine is estimated at approx400 m/month

*Mini-TBMBorPakTested at INCO (130-310 MPa)Fixed diameter 1.2 mDirectional controlledExcavation rate 1.3 m/hrRequires confined excavation (not open on side)CUB (Compact Underground Borer)Tested in SudburyFixed diameter of 2.4 mExcavated 112 mPoor machine utilizationCutter life/reaction force control

*Mobile Miner (MM)Originally developed for Mount Isa in 1983 (UCS 150-430 MPa)Second version for Pasmincoexcavated more than 1.4 km (UCS 150 to 250 MPa)Average advance rate 1.4m/hrVariable widthDisc consumption major problemLarge machine, high disc loads

*Continuous Mining Machine(CMM)HDRK developed machineUndercut principal (reduced forces on discs)Short test period in 265 MPaSupport stopped followingHDRK break-upFurther work required to solve disc wear/control algorithm

*Road HeaderHDRK TM60Tested in ManitobaMax. UCS 210-300 MPaPick wear major problemRe-issued as TTM 100 by DOSCOEconomic excavation range 100 to 120 MPa ?Voest-AlpineMax UCS 160 MPa