1

Random Thoughtson the Evolution of the

Internet

Randy H. Katz

CS Division, EECS Department

University of California, Berkeley

Berkeley, CA 94720-1776

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What is the Internet?“It’s the TCP/IP Protocol

Stack”

• Applications– Web– Email– Video/Audio

•TCP/IP• Access Technologies

– Ethernet (LAN)– Wireless (LMDS, WLAN,

Cellular)– Cable– ADSL– Satellite

Applications

AccessTechnologies

“NarrowWaist”

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Evolution of the Computer

Eniac, 1947

Telephone,1876

Computer+ Modem

1957

Early WirelessPhones, 1978

First Color TVBroadcast, 1953

HBO Launched, 1972

Interactive TV, 1990

Handheld PortablePhones, 1990

First PCAltair,1974

IBMPC,

1981

AppleMac,1984

ApplePowerbook,

1990

IBMThinkpad,

1992

HPPalmtop,

1991

AppleNewton,

1993

PentiumPC, 1993

Red Herring, 10/99

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Evolution of the Computer

PentiumPC, 1993

Atari HomePong, 1972

AppleiMac, 1998

Pentium IIPC, 1997

Palm VIIPDA, 1999

NetworkComputer,

1996

FreePC, 1999

SegaDreamcast,

1999

Internet-enabledSmart Phones,

1999

Red Herring, 10/99

Convergence, Competition, Divergence

in Computing and Communications

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Internet Evolution

From www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.html

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Internet Evolution

ARPANetSATNetPRNet

TCP/IP NSFNet Deregulation &Commercialization

Web HostingMultiple ISPsInternet2 BackboneInternet Exchanges

Application HostingASP: Application Service ProviderAIP: Application InfrastructureProvider (e-commerce tookit, etc.)

1965 1975 1985 1995 2005

WWW

ISPASPAIP

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NSFNet• 1985-1995: NSF supported network backbone

– 1st Generation (1985): 56 kbps backbone/LSI-11 routers, linking six supercomputer centers

– 2nd Generation (1988): T1 backbone/IBM RTs linking key supercomputer sites plus regional networks (BARRNet, MIDnet, NWNet, SESQUInet, SURAnet, NYSERnet, JVNCnet

– 3rd Generation (1991): » T3/RS6000 upgrade; NEARnet, SURAnet added» Migration from SC Centers to MCI PoPs

– 1993: Commercialization plan; orderly phase out of NSF by April 1995– 1994-1995: Commercialization, ISP connectivity

» Network Access Points: WorldComm/MAE-East (DC), MAE-West (SiVal), PacBell SF; Sprint NY, Ameritech Chicago, ICS Big East

• 1995-1999: vBNS• 1996-Present: Internet2

– 1998: Abilene backbone among gigaPoPs

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Metropolitan Area Exchanges/

Network Access Points

Tier 1 Connections: High speed FDDI switches + routers with huge routing tablesTier 2 Connections: regional connection pointsA MAE does not itself provide peering, just connection bandwidth to the co-located ISPs

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vBNS Backbone

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CalREN-2 NCalREN-2 S connections

DS-3, OC-3, OC-12 connections supported at gigaPoPs

QwestCiscoNorTel

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Qwest’s IP Backbone (Late 1999)

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UUNet

GTE Internetworking

PSI Networks

Digex

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American ISPs, Ranked by Number of Subscribers

(6/99)

0 1 2 3

# S

ubsc

riber

s

BellSouth

Excite@Home

SBC/PacBell

Prodigy

Mindspring

Earthlink

AT&T Worldnet

MSN

CompuServe

AOL

17.6

Millions

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Cisco View on Recent Evolution

• 1995– Ethernet, FDDI, Hubs/routers, 10 X

• 1997– Fast Ethernet, OC-3 ATM, Switch/router, 100X

• 1999– Gbit Ethernet, OC-12/48 ATM, Gbit Multilayer switching, 1000X

• 2001– 10 Gbit Ethernet, OC-192 ATM/PoS, Enterprise Gbit Networking,

10000X

“The old world is about strings; the new world is about clouds: distributed intelligence, no connection set-up, bigger + cheaper, strings handled, intrinsic reliability.”

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Redback/Siara View on Next Generation Network

• CoS-aware Network– Policing, shaping, CoS marking, policy routing,

statistics gathering per flow– Rules-based packet inspection– Filtering and forwarding at the edge– Sorting and queuing in the core

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New Technologies/Services to

Enable Media Applications“Radio on the Net”Broadcast.comCNN.com

Streaming audio/videoEntertainment sites

Content-delivery Networks(intelligent routing + replicated content +

service from closest/least congested location)

Multicast?QoS/CoS?

New Category: Infrastructure Technology Providers-- Media Servers (e.g., RealNetworks)-- Transformation Services (e.g., ProxyNet)-- Search Services (e.g., Inktomi)-- Content Delivery Services (e.g., Sandpiper Networks)-- Content Caches/Cache Management (e.g., Akamai, Inktomi)-- Multicast Network Overlays (e.g., FFNetworks)

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Cisco’s View of the Levelization of the

Internet• Internet Commerce

– On-line product sales, fee-subscriber-based company, on-line ads, on-line travel providers

• Intermediary/Market Maker– Market maker in v ertical industry, on-line travel agent,

brokerage, content-aggregator, portals/content providers, Internet ad brokers

• Application Infrastructure– Internet consultants, web server/Internet apps, multimedia,

web developer, search engine, training, web db

• Internet Infrastructure– Internet backbone providers, ISPs, network hw/sw

companies, PC/server manufacturers, security vendors, fiber optic makers, line acceleration hw manufacturer

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Corio View of Service Differentiation

• Applications Service Providers (ASPs)– First Generation

» Hosting 1 or more specific solutions– Second Generation

» Applications + business process integration» E-business capability» E-value chain capability

• Applications Intrastructure Provider (AIPs)– Data Center capabilities and network management

capabilities to ASPs

• SUN “CPU tone” and EMC “Storage tone”

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Siara View of Evolution of Internet Infrastructure

• First Generation– ILEC, IXC, cable operators, consumer/business/wholesale– ISPs: narrow focus on traditional markets

• Second Generation– Buy/build network for voice/data/cellular/paging/Internet– “Networks within a network”

• Third Generation– Hybrid networks + feature richness– Internet/VPN/VoIP w/single IP connection– Per packet service statistics for SLAs and billing– Multiple service levels, customizable by user or application– Frame relay/ATM over IP– ASAP new feature configuration and dynamic flow b/w

adjustment

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Siara View Continued

• Dynamic Service Delivery– Accelerated new service develop and enhancement,

enabled by network programmability– Rapid service provisioning/configuration via software

driven– Intelligent service routing: CoS network awareness

» Self-adjustment via signaling, routing, switching– Near-zero incremental delivery costs

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Emerging Internet Service Business Model

Global Packet Network

Application-specificOverlay Networks

(Multicast Tunnels, Mgmt Svrcs)

Application-specific Servers(Streaming Media, Transformation)

Internetworking(Connectivity)

Appl Infrastructure Services(Distribution, Caching,

Searching, Hosting)

Applications(Portals, E-Commerce,

E-Tainment, Media)

ISPCLEC

ASPInternet

Data Centers

AIPISV

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Next Generation Internet Infrastructure and

Applications• ASP Infrastructure Tools

– Web Applications Servers» Bluestone, Netscape, Silver Stream, Sun Microsystems

– Intira, Xevo, Verio, Eality, Corio, Marimba. WebSpective– Servers: Cacheflow, Infolibria, Lucent WebCache– Cache Appliances

» Cisco Cache Engine, Entera Tera Node, Net Appliance NetCache– Prepacked Servers

» Cobalt CacheQube, Eolian InfoStore, PacketStorm WebSpeed– Cache Products: Microsoft ProxyServer– Cache Service Providers

» Akamai, Digital Island, Mirror Image, Sandpiper, Skycache– Alteon: machine room gigabit infrastructure– Spyglass: Prism transformer/cache manager– Redback Networks/Siara Systems: CoS-aware network

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Internet Business Exchanges (IBXs)

“Equinix Gets $280 Million to Build onIn one of the largest financings of an Internet infrastructure company, Equinix Inc. of Redwood City will announce today that it has raised $280 million. Unlike other companies that are building the information superhighway, Equinix does not make computer servers, routers, switches or other hardware or software.

Rather, it builds secure and sophisticated buildings around the world where phone companies, Internet service and content providers can keep and connect their gear.

…”

SF Chronicle, 1 Dec 99

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Example: AboveNet

Global Exchange with One-Hop Access to the Backbone

ISPs and content providers in central-ized facility

Direct-route backbone connectivity

Instant scalability and b/w exceeding 24.7 Gbps. 301 peering agreements

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AboveNet’s One Hop Global Network

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Example: Exodus Networks

“Internet Data Centers”

multiple high-speed OC-3/OC-12 lines between IDCs

Multiple public and privatenetwork interconnects

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Example: SkyCache“Broadcast Overlay

Network”• Satellite-based broadcast overlay network to

improve movement of Internet information– World Wide Web content

– Usenet News

– Audio/video streaming media

– Web site replication

• Advantages– Reduce router to router "hops" and packet loss

– Eliminate ISP Internet clogs during peak traffic or one-time event spikes

– Unlimited reach beyond current fiber deployment

– High quality streamed content & high volume data transmission

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Example: Akamai“Content Delivery

Network”

Number of Servers 1700

Number of Networks 100

Number of Countries 30