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Temperature RelationsTemperature RelationsChapter 4Chapter 4

鄭先祐鄭先祐 (Ayo)(Ayo)

靜宜大學 生態學系靜宜大學 生態學系

Ayo 台南站： http://mail.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/

Email add: Japalura@hotmail.com

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OutlineOutline Microclimates (Microclimates ( 微氣候微氣候 )) Aquatic Temperatures (Aquatic Temperatures ( 水域溫度水域溫度 )) Temperature and Animal PerformanceTemperature and Animal Performance Extreme Temperature and Extreme Temperature and

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Temperature and Microbial ActivityTemperature and Microbial Activity Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat LossBalancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss Body Temperature Regulation (Body Temperature Regulation ( 體溫調節體溫調節 ))

PlantsPlants Ectothermic Animals (Ectothermic Animals ( 外溫動物外溫動物 )) Endothermic Animals (Endothermic Animals ( 內溫動物內溫動物 ))

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Microclimates (Microclimates ( 微氣候微氣候 )) MacroclimateMacroclimate: Large scale weather : Large scale weather

variation. (variation. ( 大尺度的氣象變化大尺度的氣象變化 )) MicroclimateMicroclimate: Small scale (: Small scale ( 小尺小尺

度度 )weather variation, usually )weather variation, usually measured over shorter time period.measured over shorter time period. Altitude (Altitude ( 高度高度 ))

Higher altitude - lower temperature.Higher altitude - lower temperature. Aspect (Aspect ( 面向面向 ))

Offers contrasting environments.Offers contrasting environments. Vegetation (Vegetation ( 植被植被 ))

Ecologically important microclimates.Ecologically important microclimates.

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MicroclimatesMicroclimates Ground Color (Ground Color ( 地表顏色地表顏色 ))

Darker colors absorb more visible light.Darker colors absorb more visible light. Boulders (Boulders ( 大圓石大圓石 ) / Burrows () / Burrows ( 洞穴洞穴 ))

Create shaded, cooler environments.Create shaded, cooler environments.

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Aquatic Temperatures(Aquatic Temperatures( 水域溫水域溫度度 ))

Specific HeatSpecific Heat Absorbs heat without changing Absorbs heat without changing

temperature.temperature. 1 cal energy to heat 1 cm1 cal energy to heat 1 cm33 of water 1 of water 1oo C. C.

Air - .0003 calAir - .0003 cal

Latent Heat of EvaporationLatent Heat of Evaporation 1 cal can cool 580 g of water.1 cal can cool 580 g of water.

Latent Heat of FusionLatent Heat of Fusion 1 g of water gives off 80 cal as it freezes.1 g of water gives off 80 cal as it freezes.

Riparian AreasRiparian Areas ( ( 河岸邊地區河岸邊地區 ))

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Aquatic TemperaturesAquatic Temperatures Riparian vegetation influences stream Riparian vegetation influences stream

temperature by providing shade.(temperature by providing shade.( 提供陰提供陰影影 ))

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Temperature and Animal Temperature and Animal PerformancePerformance

Bio-molecular Level (Bio-molecular Level ( 生物分子層級生物分子層級 )) Most enzymes have rigid, predictable Most enzymes have rigid, predictable

shape at low temperaturesshape at low temperatures Low temperatures cause low reaction Low temperatures cause low reaction

rates, while excessively high rates, while excessively high temperatures destroy the shape.temperatures destroy the shape.

Baldwin and Hochachka studied the influence Baldwin and Hochachka studied the influence of temperature on performance of of temperature on performance of acetylcholinesterase in rainbow trout acetylcholinesterase in rainbow trout ((Oncorhynchus mykissOncorhynchus mykiss).).

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Extreme Temperatures and Extreme Temperatures and PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Photosynthesis(Photosynthesis( 光合作用光合作用 )) 6CO6CO22 + 12H + 12H22O O C C66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 + +

6H6H2200 Extreme temperatures usually reduce Extreme temperatures usually reduce

rate of photosynthesis.rate of photosynthesis. Different plants have different optimal Different plants have different optimal

temperatures.temperatures. Acclimation (Acclimation ( 適應適應 ): Physiological changes ): Physiological changes

in response to temperature.in response to temperature. Acclimatization (Acclimatization ( 適應適應 ))

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Optimal Photosynthetic Optimal Photosynthetic TemperaturesTemperatures

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Temperature and Microbial Temperature and Microbial ActivityActivity

Morita studied the effect of temperature Morita studied the effect of temperature on population growth among on population growth among psychrophilicpsychrophilic ( ( 嗜冷嗜冷 ) marine bacteria ) marine bacteria around Antarctica (around Antarctica ( 南極洲南極洲 ).). Grew fastest at 4Grew fastest at 4o o C.C. Some growth recorded in temperatures as Some growth recorded in temperatures as

cold as cold as -- 5.5 5.5o o C.C. Some Some thermophilicthermophilic(( 嗜熱嗜熱 ) microbes have ) microbes have

been found to grow best in temperatures been found to grow best in temperatures as hot as 110as hot as 110oo C. C.

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Optimal Growth TemperaturesOptimal Growth Temperatures

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Balancing Heat Gain Against Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat LossHeat Loss

HHSS = H = Hmm + H + Hcdcd + H + Hcvcv + H + Hrr - H - Hee

HHSS = Total heat stored in an organism = Total heat stored in an organism HHm m = Gained via = Gained via metabolismmetabolism HHcd cd = Gained / lost via = Gained / lost via conductionconduction HHcvcv = Gained / lost via = Gained / lost via convectionconvection HHrr = Gained / lost via electromag. = Gained / lost via electromag. radiationradiation HHee = Lost via = Lost via evaporationevaporation

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Heat Exchange PathwaysHeat Exchange Pathways

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Body Temperature RegulationBody Temperature Regulation

Poikilotherms (Poikilotherms ( 變溫變溫 )) Body temperature varies directly with Body temperature varies directly with

environmental temperature.environmental temperature. Ectotherms (Ectotherms ( 外溫外溫 ))

Rely mainly on external energy sources.Rely mainly on external energy sources. Endotherms (Endotherms ( 內溫內溫 ))

Rely heavily on metabolic energy.Rely heavily on metabolic energy. Homeotherms Homeotherms maintain a relatively constant maintain a relatively constant

internal environment.internal environment.

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Temperature Regulation by Temperature Regulation by PlantsPlants

Desert Plants: Must reduce heat Desert Plants: Must reduce heat storage.storage. HHss = H = Hcd cd + H+ Hcv cv + H+ Hrr

To avoid heating, plants have (3) To avoid heating, plants have (3) options:options:

Decrease heating via conduction (HDecrease heating via conduction (Hcdcd).). Increase conductive cooling (HIncrease conductive cooling (Hcvcv).). Reduce radiative heating (HReduce radiative heating (Hrr).).

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Temperature Regulation by PlantsTemperature Regulation by Plants

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Temperature Regulation by PlantsTemperature Regulation by Plants

Arctic and Alpine PlantsArctic and Alpine Plants Two main options to stay warm:Two main options to stay warm:

Increase radiative heating (HIncrease radiative heating (Hrr).). Decrease Convective Cooling (HDecrease Convective Cooling (Hcvcv).).

Tropic Alpine PlantsTropic Alpine Plants Rosette plants generally retain dead Rosette plants generally retain dead

leaves, which insulate and protect the leaves, which insulate and protect the stem from freezing.stem from freezing.

Thick pubescence increases leaf Thick pubescence increases leaf temperature.temperature.

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Temperature Regulation by Temperature Regulation by Ectothermic AnimalsEctothermic Animals

Liolaemus LizardsLiolaemus Lizards Thrive in cold environments.Thrive in cold environments.

BurrowsBurrows Dark pigmentation Dark pigmentation Sun BaskingSun Basking

GrasshoppersGrasshoppers Some species can adjust for radiative Some species can adjust for radiative

heating by varying intensity of heating by varying intensity of pigmentation during development.pigmentation during development.

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Temperature Regulation by Temperature Regulation by Endothermic AnimalsEndothermic Animals

Thermal neutral zoneThermal neutral zone is the range of is the range of environmental temperatures over environmental temperatures over which the metabolic rate of a which the metabolic rate of a homeothermic animal does not homeothermic animal does not change.change. Breadth varies among endothermic Breadth varies among endothermic

species.species.

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Thermal Neutral ZonesThermal Neutral Zones

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Temperature Regulation by Temperature Regulation by Endothermic AnimalsEndothermic Animals

Swimming Muscles of Large Marine Swimming Muscles of Large Marine FishFish Lateral swimming muscles of many fish Lateral swimming muscles of many fish

(Mackerel, Sharks, Tuna) are well (Mackerel, Sharks, Tuna) are well supplied with blood vessels that function supplied with blood vessels that function as as countercurrent heat-exchangerscountercurrent heat-exchangers..

Keep body temperature above that of Keep body temperature above that of surrounding water.surrounding water.

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Countercurrent Heat ExchangeCountercurrent Heat Exchange

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Temperature Regulation by Temperature Regulation by Endothermic AnimalsEndothermic Animals

Warming Insect Flight MusclesWarming Insect Flight Muscles Bumblebees maintain temperature of Bumblebees maintain temperature of

thorax between 30thorax between 30oo and 37 and 37oo C regardless C regardless of air temperature.of air temperature.

Sphinx moths (Sphinx moths (Manduca sextaManduca sexta) increase ) increase thoracic temperature due to flight thoracic temperature due to flight activity.activity.

Thermoregulates by transferring heat from Thermoregulates by transferring heat from the thorax to the abdomenthe thorax to the abdomen

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Moth Circulation and ThermoregulationMoth Circulation and Thermoregulation

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Temperature Regulation by Temperature Regulation by Thermogenic PlantsThermogenic Plants

Almost all plants are poikilothermic Almost all plants are poikilothermic ectotherms.ectotherms. Plants in family Araceae use metabolic Plants in family Araceae use metabolic

energy to heat flowers.energy to heat flowers. Skunk Cabbage (Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidusSymplocarpus foetidus) )

stores large quantities of starch in large stores large quantities of starch in large root, and then translocate it to the root, and then translocate it to the inflorescence where it is metabolized inflorescence where it is metabolized thus generating heat.thus generating heat.

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Eastern Skunk CabbageEastern Skunk Cabbage

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Surviving Extreme Surviving Extreme TemperaturesTemperatures

InactivityInactivity Seek shelter during extreme periods.Seek shelter during extreme periods.

Reducing Metabolic RateReducing Metabolic Rate Hummingbirds enter a state of torpor Hummingbirds enter a state of torpor

when food is scarce and night temps are when food is scarce and night temps are extreme.extreme.

Hibernation Hibernation - Winter- Winter Estivation Estivation - Summer- Summer

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ReviewReview

MicroclimatesMicroclimates Aquatic TemperaturesAquatic Temperatures Temperature and Animal PerformanceTemperature and Animal Performance Extreme Temperature and PhotosynthesisExtreme Temperature and Photosynthesis Temperature and Microbial ActivityTemperature and Microbial Activity Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat LossBalancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss Body Temperature RegulationBody Temperature Regulation

PlantsPlants Ectothermic AnimalsEctothermic Animals Endothermic AnimalsEndothermic Animals

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0n the net0n the net

Biological structure and functionBiological structure and function Temperature regulationTemperature regulation Thermal relationsThermal relations