28
:: 2- ( :t:B. .. - .. l WK/4 11 tht et"-t. d l _ m t.:-.'P--..A.cr-:t : T = / (H) ..".t .. dl( :>0 \,J/ I ei.4.. .... ,__ I s.e1-.. ( lJecjg $--k ...fer c.. pL·- sfah k. = .... Ne.·: '3 'o C ) .. ( ..,.t..

~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    1

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

::

I~

2- ~

~.re~ l"fA~.~~d_ ( :t:B. ~ ~-- ~ cJ~ßl/'S'f.,;~) ~~~A (~B .. ~~f;..c~;,_)

- ~~~ (~ .. ~<i~~PJt~ ~~)

~~t-o-4fdt;vu- l ~~. ·~ ~~~JJ.~ ~rJ·. ~;K~ WK/4 tJ~~ ~u ~~~- ~~t;rk 11 ~M. tht ~yt'\~r:: s1#11~ et"-t. d l _ m ~~ t.:-.'P--..A.cr-:t : T = / (H) ..".t .. dl( :>0 \,J/ I ei.4..

f:;;...~r-e~- ....,__ /J.a.~ I s.e1-.. 'Jlt!.~~~ ~t ~~~! -J~..e-.

( lJecjg $--k :ß~4z ~ ~~k ~-~ ...fer ~el; ~;..,.t-~~ ~ ~ ~tu-l..,J.J, c~,q Ct.c.r~ -r~er-~ ~.: 7f'~ c..

pL·- sfah

~-~cpr HJI:.tt~

'·,~F"l.

~Us~,u

k. = -'1,.3,~;, .... ~.~~J.e

Ne.·: '3 'o • C )

.. ---~~~~~~~KL~

~~~ ~~c:(e

( ..,.t.. TP~tj:r)

Page 2: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

2-'2.

:

Page 3: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

2-2a

a) b) c)

-· , , Zur Erklärung des piezoelektrischen Effekts bei Quarz. ( S f. 02 )

.e1 / ~0 ,co -2" / Ver" t e L L l.l vt.~ ~.e.,..

..::\ e..r.a. s t ~s clt"' 11. Spa."l..,_~ s 2

1.> e 1t }11. u.t1_. g .S "---... be~ ot~ .... .r..r ..5 {e t-l. 3 ]); ck~ t""eS<Tkq.neen.

134~b .... e~u ~ )!JM ~~"'e3 c.c. -..t' : 3~ 'ß:: 2 CD -:t_, (:::~ :t.., ~< r() - ·-2. 1/b ~0

~chtJA.ko t<'e.SDitltaiA e :

b C·

fn =(2n + 1) 2; (n=O, 1, 2, ... )

b

13.e.m: qe,-a&f.~l,.L~e lJ,eLf~dte VD"'-.", -~~Pt'"t js -:::0 -

(~. b =Ä-) 2.

0

clh. ktzi "1. e D~ 'k e,.. ;;.)'{ d~c..c.vt:1 !

Page 4: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

a) X

I I

Ntztiirliclzer Quarzkristall

c)

a

b

c

+ I t

+

/ X

7

Herstellung piezoelektrischer Platten aus eine1n Quarzkristall ( 11ersclti..ed" .sc,hn:..Ue)

·Zur Erklärung der piezoelektrischen Wirkung

Verformung einer BaTi03-Platte mit den Abmes­sungenx ·y · z = 5 x 30 x 20mm bei einer Spannung von I 000 V, übertrieben gezeichnet iJn l'Vfaß­stab l 000000; I. a Dickenän­derung allein; b mit zusätzli­cher Breitenänderung ( Y-Rich­tung); c mit zusätzlicher Sche­rung (in der YZ-Fläche).

Page 5: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

;d ~sJ~ ~--'t1~ ~. {!'~~~, E

v;e,~.n.~"""' k .2>4~:~~ .• .. L ~~~ ... f:,_-w/ j&Jst:r~ ~,, ';&~~'3; t!l W>K.J.. JJL .. ~a.~1 ll ~~~ ~~~- ~~~~~--J.

W:.clr.J-~.; ·7;,e:_ P~!6ak~ ! . (F,:i- ~P~ p:U.:ttx:l .. ?<o~'r:i~fetrt d = ~$t. ·c·*P,- e:J ~ ~ ~ Ar ~w:

7"..&.~ lt.~« ... ~ r.skg.~ ... )

(J)w-~ k [a--~~ ~4--J~ ~u~~-~Ar.-~ ( ~w,_",..u..:..,_ .. ;l.<:i:~- .4.r ~~J.- .... J.iwt.~J- 'kr;-~) ~

/'). 'Be~~ ...i./- ?-<~.:,._ tJ~.~J.:. E;.i~eu~f P= D-D

0 ~k. l'o=~--E <<"P (~J..€'.,.-Md.t>:>?)

~ t ~tief~ JJ. [r> = ::]) ] ti~~~z 7 lg~ ..... :D/t., I ~ ka"..", "_tb.,;,: P~'ro.:t:~ -p -::& ~le'lr. v~~~ :0

'1 ~ 7k~ftk:

J)3 :::' d33·'s

J) 2 -=- el3 .. ; T'""~

D.., :' cl'1$ Ts 1" i

..., L.",..,.c.f~ck~~

~ r~&v-f.rs.i .. e/1.

M--fh>< k ~~~. d-1«Jr)!~JLM

X

~ ~~ L:..fl., : ~ A-~~n~~~ '7 , 2 ~ 3

.>~~~: t'l<\: 'Dt-e/cn~:F, ... ..,... ~ t:J~&t .... ~ s-~ '

1J+~dl1. $ ~df~3

""- ~~,_,. 3 .&.4 J.~b-. F"JJ... ~

(~ ~~~#~)

Page 6: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

Cl)

31 = .X: .1.. tan 1r AL k 2 , ( ) 1-k312 2 f5 2 t5

b) ? k 2= 1t!.! tan { 1T" Af )

33 2 fp 2 fp b

c)

d

dl .• ~~~n=~~ ~~ ~ l~b~h

-~ remanente Polarisation

.__ Deformation

m Elektrode

Abb. :: Einfache Schwingungsmoden piezoelektrischer Reso·

natoren

a) transversale Längsschwingung b) Längs-Dehnungsschwingung

c) Dicken-Dehnung sschwi ng u ng d) Dicken-Scherschwingung

Page 7: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

~~~.~ ~ ~k,J,..,r ~C+I. J ~t ~tt!A1 Ju.n.l

T- »teJ. ~~"(~~) s- Skß.j~-&li~.s~t~ d. - p<.t,coeJeflr. ?ebelft •. 'P- 'P~$6I:iii'K

Htm-k.e I~ ~ : . ..

p == !3_ ::· . di • T l.c~Vtt:t. : A

ß;;. ~elc_t~ r:'fiÜJ"-e/l, EJPM : [P = 4-ß ~e-~ J~-~=~1. ~ ~~~~ _fA- : J.r= e·€ I

beo~~~ ~ J!>~~ ~w0ek- ~~- ~ ~r~ v~ .. ~~ ~ b~~·~~ ~.~~~~ ;

"1h • ~~-1-dAJ=e$ , ~ &.;. ~~~ a::~&(V" I'Kt:~$./q sr~~ T c J)r'-(.~)

• ~~-kb~ c ~ 6t..e /en...,,~~ ~·~. F~.·­~J:..e €.

13~:

~· ~ 2.s,s~: ~ = ~ - .J>.c:;,..eJ,ct:ri~·:läh.l:,..s+-a ... ~e S - Sfeift}/ea.hkr--si:a-6:

~ : e- l"<c .. ~~eU .. ~~ .... , "'r'~tU

w..._ ~ r:"d.t v...:J.J 2<-<. ~ ~ k....- .~ ~ l--""'::""'~ ~t:L.-. ~ ~- tA~.t ~~t.o4 ~~ ~~e·~ ~~." (s.r;.) h ~ I.Ja-.uU•-rk-s~ -/;e-. ~ ..t. et._ u 1-s f;_ 1/! )

Page 8: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

,~\

Page 9: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

2--S a.

2. c--: _, ·/';:.,. D . -~ P- + /~!_ J.ovt. -?

.:> t::..e-<-r--?k.euo ~~t-C I N ·:;::;: -'Fa.-

.... _D $1-· . J .,... ~ f}__ ~.t ~I - . ~~ue ~~ a,.yc.~-~ ~..(.

n<-.2~- fr~~ .a. ·r -~ .r~~&k ::;;: ~I:-Lc'11,; G:::;o

1 ~~/5')

y ~Yt-if ~~ ~{_ '7 --

Qm- ~~ ~

- . ~r d'-.h.r~ ~ ~~?! ~~~~ g&:c_~ .. ß~~

N - /'~~?:~~-k "7 ;

·~ ~ ~ ~ ~_r.J>: ~~~-l._"/~<"4n.c

{'N r ~ ~ .. /~ ) ~ ol- ~tyJJzk "t$;.:>

·- ~;0~ ßhJ:o.,~

J - 1~ J:e.-3:3 tAr

k3·1 - J:::r lr - ~-te~s- - t:r

{ ~ !;; _..e,i!Jß, ~ ~-~ ~W""OA....Ä·~)

A:_g,"r.-L~. ~r ~ ~.sv-e.p, t..:.~r~

~al~

_<;Juu-~

Page 10: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

Ta belle Spezifikation piezoelektrischer Keramiken,

Kleinsignalwerte

I Werkstoffe

Werkstoffkenngröße") I Symbol Maßeinheit PK 31 PK 40 PK 41 PK 50 PK 51

Dichte (} 103 kg m-3 7,85 7,55 7,82 7,55 7,85

elastische s,,e 10-12 m2 N-1 10,8 11,7 12.6 13.3 15 Nachgiebigkeit

S33E 10 10,2 13 11,7 11.6

ssso 19,6 23,2 20.5 21,8 26.2

elastische Steifigkeit CJJD 1Q10 N m-2 15,6 14,3 15,8 14,3 17,5

t mechanische Güte Om 1 500 350 1 500 100 120 •

Frequenzkonstante Np Hz m (ms-1) 2100 2 200 2200 2 150 2100

1 1 700 N, =- v,E

2 1 680 1 610 1 560 1 500

1 1 900 1 800 1 925 1 680 1 690 N3 = -v3°

2

Ns = .!. vsD 2

975 1 060 1 020 1 030 950

Nt 2000 2100 2 060 2000 1 950

relative Dielektrizitäts· E33T /e 0 600 800 1 250 800 2200 konstante

e,,r /eo 1 300 680 1 980 1 550 1 040

dielektrischer tan a 10-3 10 10 5 25 15 Verlustfaktor

... spezifischer elektrischer Qe Ohm m 1012 1Q10 1010 1011 1Q11 Widerstand , elektromechanischer kp 0,52 0,50 0,59 0,48 0,62 Kopplungsfaktor

k31 0.29 0,25 0,31 0,28 0,34 I

k33 0,63 0,60 0,66 0,60 0.65

k,s 0,70 0,56 0,67 0,60 0,65

kt 0.48 0.44 0,48 0,47 0.50

piezoelektrische d31 1Q-12 mv-1 -70 -60 -115 -90 -170 Deformations.

d33 (C N-1) 200 200 330 215 450 (lad ungs· )konstante

d1s 440 265 475 380 580 I

piezoelektrische g13 10-3V m N-1 -13,2 -8,5 -10,4 -12.7 -8,7 Druckkonstante I

37,7 28,2 27,9 30 22,8 g33 I

I I

Curietemperatur &c cc I 265 i 330 295 320 250 I l I '

f •

Page 11: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

~-

).

J'ahcllc/ .,, Konslanlcn einiger Piczostofle" -------

Bleizirkonat ti tm.Hl t Bariuan-titanat

Sonox Sonox Sonox P2b P5b PI b

Dichte {! g/cn13 7,8 7,7 5,3 Schallgeschwindigkeit c tn/s 4200 3800 5200 Schallwiderstand Z I 06 k g/ ( n 12 s) 32,8 29,3 27,6 piezoelektrischer Modul fiir

Dickenschwingungen d33 I0- 12 •n/V 125 340 125 piezoelektrische Druck-

konstnnte On to- 3 V•n/N 30 24 14 piezoelektrische Defor-

n1ationskonstante h33 109 V /tn l ,5 elektron1echanischer Kopp-

lungsfaktor für Dicken-Schwingungen k1

0,35 0,47 0,33 Kopplungsfaktor fiir Radial-

Schwingungen kP -0,46 -0,57 -0,25 n1echanische Güte Q 400 90 350

m Dielek trizitä tszahl er 480 1600 960 Un1wandlnngsteanperatur Tc oc 345 340 120

}

Blei- Lit hiuan-tnetani- sulfat ohnl K-81c

6,2 2,06 3300 5460 20,5 II ,2

85 15

32 156

1,9 8,2

0,38 0,38

0,07 0 15 > 1000 300 10,3 >400 130

f"

Lithiuan- PVDF niobat

4,64 1,3 ... 1,8 7320 1500 ... 2600 34 2,1 ... 4,7

6 25

23 230

6,7

0,47 0, I ... 0,14

0 > 1000 < 15 30 11,5 1210 165 ... l80d

Quarz

2,65 5740 I 5,2

2,3

57

4,9

0, I

0, I > )04 4,5 576

N t V\ (\

Page 12: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

) )

Piezokeramik - Technische Daten Mult.

Ferroperm Typ Pz21 Pz23 Pz24 Pz26 Pz27 Pz28 Pz29 Pz32 Pz34* Pz35* Pz45 Faktor Einheit Toleranz

Dichte > 7,80 7,65 7,60 7,65 7,70 7,70 7,40 7,70 7,60 5,50 7,20 103 kg/m3

Dielektrizitätszahl K3 4200 1500 425 1300 1800 1000 2900 280 200 240 165 ±10% Die. Verlustfaktor tanö 190 130 30 30 160 30 180 60 190 80 30 10·4 ±10%

Elastizitäts- yEII 6,6 8,4 7,6 6,3 5,8 11,0 101() N/m2 ±2,5% koeffizienten yE33 5,9 7,0 6,1 5,1 4,8 13,5 10,5 1010 N/m2 ±2,5%

Kopplungs- k33 62 62 65 69 70 14 10-2 ±5% faktoren kl 44 38 45 38 42 47 40 45 40 30 -12 10·2 ±5%

kp 56 50 50 54 60 59 63 7 3 3 10·2 ±5%

k31 35 30 30 32 36 35 4 1o-2 ±5%

Frequenz- N3 1600 1600 1800 1500 1500 1800 Hz·m konstanten Nt 1940 2030 2030 1940 1950 2020 1920 2150 2100 1480 2200 Hz·m

Nr 2015 2160 2300 2220 2000 2170 1960 2600 2700 Hz·m N, 1480 1670 1500 1400 1410 1700 Hz·m

Piezoelektrische d33 600 290 150 275 375 250 525 60 40 16 1o·'2 CIN ±5% Konstanten -d31 135 70 120 175 220 5 7 - CIN ±5%

d,5 400 400 540 65 - CIN ±5% g3_~ 22 38 25 25 28 21 30 25 10 10-3 V·m/N ±5% -g31 10 10 11 12 10 3 5 - V·m/N ±5% g,:; 32 J2 35 28 - V·m/N ±5%

Curietemperatur Tc> 180 350 330 330 350 330 235 400 400 500 oc Max. Arbeitstemp. < 250 230 230 250 230 150 200 150 400 oc Mech. Schwinggüte Qm 100 >1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

N Daten gemessen bei 25°C 24 h nach Polarisierung für alle Typen mit Ausnahme von Pz28, wo die Messung nach 10 Tagen erfolgt. ,t

* vorläufige Daten ~

l@li AMROH ELECTRONICS GMBH AM 47856 WILLICH • Postlach 460201 Telefon 0 2154-42 84 61

Fax 0 2154-42 84 21

Page 13: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

2-l>

.,!:~~.,- ':8,-h~t:1c,.~ ..... :::~:~,~~~ I"~ - ~><q ~::-~ Jl.. p:,. : :~~:::;:-, 7 :f~ 3 3 t:·-·S};.i'

• ~:Y.-(J J ~- .2

~ ~ -~ ~~ ;j),~.r~,e:,. " cv-r-~,s'. :Z-3) e4r- tA-t P4s.Ar~~ri~-~ ~~ /~~~~~:

a.J [~:] ( ~~Y"nh.r ,<&,_.ef~Jr .)

..-. Si:-.Jq..J4.-..... .t ........ L~~ ~_cJ._:s_-::::::·_d........j:~---3-· u_s....-~,] .1

L t1'1 ·-;y;.dJ-&4~ ~er:....~~ 'tcoef/i!:j 3~ ~ ____ _,_«-·•--~'<·'"~'"""<>M•••<e>>W<<<.<HO.•<<O·•••''~ • c

f:r :&... T~.: o3 : eA.z3 =12S'·-tÖ V ='12.S ~~ ~

1C=11ls

h) jc .... ~"".A~:l ~ = t-33 · f = ~~ ~~ -1 G .... ~J-,;.y-(t>u.~o~)

4 ~...,_r):F/'4~~~ u-e =- .(33'lld.e LJd.e -r=",.~~~"~ (~~S'Q.~(j

lt 33 ;'~:tr.Jd~,k l:>~~~lms~~ !rV SN f.::,- ~a. r,:o3 : -1;.33 = 1,~~10 ;;;- = -?,~·1o As

Page 14: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

2--1-l

~ e~,~ <dl ~ r:..:..~".~".;~- ~ ~c~c,""··· ( 5J.M~Je.J ~l.J€ o.-.~ ~~~ IJ~~~~~~ ~J..:

JE ;.::: 533" ~

k ~ .-.< ~·· J;r "t.,/;;J"""'r'r--t .. Är tt-J,--, ~. ~~ . ~ -..J,."__ 1/-us..t;t ... ..., t.(. -'P~

•:J3e: ~ r'~ ~ ~ ~-e ~'-<tt.f~re~ ~ ,~,~..,.*~~~= ~ 4Jcl:. 'l<op~~ji../Jw- k~ i..:Tf ~.r ~~ cJl;, k33 ' "l:B. ke = 033 #

• ~i<. ~ k ~~~- $'~o~.- 1~ ~ ~~-k" ::/)~~-'~ ~~- ~ b~ ~~s~ ~ h.c.r:~se"ciA~ •

Page 15: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

1.3usJ' U1 J:.r ~ry s~~ : ~N

$4 ~ sd.u.~ I= "?o ~ }NI.

~s-4.1.1 ~~ kUI;.; Ve.r SAl~~~

-3 As 12S" • "?o -;:;;:t

..,,;'~ ~ • 1oo v .......

2-!

-'"12. 19s ~ ~ "10 ----

0 v......" ~r %'10o ~ G33

Q:

( ~· ~-f. Jet"'- fj;Jafl.kf~ ~~ rf-- ~~..t.",_ 2-"'101 '11 ... -)

Page 16: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

~""'-=-~ ( J)c.'J:.e.._s~zv2 ~ ,Rf 7'~ el ( z;,'ck_) ~ d~ ~-~o"f4Hc

, -.. "'"" ::! _c;.,,,uul~ 1

HfA..r'"DttiJr.c

1 I 2 (psc:~raJL$clv"-e,U,..) n.. ·- D.,...t~~ e:Lcr s~?"?\n=1,3,S#.) _J d J... ~- ~3- ti&.s-tt~Y.r.tt-.J.<At ü. lf!.<l.fi...; J..r :P.Ck

I i ~ ~1: C - Sclta.u~J,14r. 'Pl~lfto ~ffr~al

~~~el rl<A-X_ K=S / ~ ,__;_} D~~~~~ ::Jl ~ ~J.q lTu"-~~. (~ S~~f >'?o~H~)

~ T~~~: F~'lr!~-.k....s~t~ N •

/&- 'J),__',:i~ s~~ / l,.e.:, ~-~~i; Fi ,t; k, Su~~crHane~~f. :

~ ~ ~ 1 ~~r c: ~ ~<T p.U. b eJJtr. ~ ~ k.;--.1:< ·t,~ (.,. t

~- J'IA~- G::J:.e( ~kr k.Jeu. v;,~.sleJ J ~k·p. ~~d. ~ ( ~ ~cr~:J:u~~} (13.rt.A''t'k:..-~"&~.)

~~ ~r:.~ t.(, ~ lu-~i~ s:/;.b,: t._•t;~ ~r- /(/ c.~~ ~.€o.rf-~b-t ( eJ~~/.JcS;J~ ,-v I ~~~ek.v' ~~J.~

' • 1>~~~S.o.~~ ~ JJ.,..",..c.l : b~ -?oo ...... ~ 2cfo. 'lo 1'<:A..

(i-!8. 'ßz~~ 5·103 Jfcz ~ Ab~e eL;~-Kedi. ~"_J~ k)

~ < S" % ~ G;...e<Ar

• C~ -T~~ : S>~~~,'s•/,:t, . .._ ~tA.."' _"~: ••• ~So ·-·~~o°C • r<o-x:" rJJ.st::.k : ul"~·s:aJ:.:~fdJs/;;;kt''"" S4-H,~

Iu..;., ~ 2 o k v/ I /J'k"H.

• fklt.f:,. [/)~ s JJ_.,/J : ll~ ? 3 s- kV ~ .,r 1 /" )l<w.w.t.

Page 17: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

2.-10

0*~~ ,_E~so-f:isJ.",JJL:U k t"ü 't•wa-f ~ :~,;. ::~!:;"';';~..;.k.) : = t .2± - .-

c(J "tt.t. ~""L ~ ~~hf,le.c lus~ eil~ ~:J.J ~~- ~·~e..rea ~ ~~ ._,l!lb~ !

~~~tktr~ l fr -1 ~ J

~ ~~~ ~ ~4...s~.!t~)~.---__ -_· z_~_· -[i:2~L-~-._...J

[~ ~~~~~f i4 i

J,ec,- ~~ ~:..__ .... -w;;.t" ~0

~ CD~~~1

1 be,;. u ~-'"­Q.. :"~ _,., .&-.> ~ Rt:la.....~~­c ~Co'

!

Page 18: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

~~ )

/ /V r~ ~ ol ::::- ß,!lY MH?:

L =(_ 1 )~""~ = szo "-H \:2/fr fs c

d 2 to ~Ir.= - -7 Sl ?el;, 4

ml-t 11- r:-t'4~ J. - :J);Jr~

~3~- JJ.t.e.#Jk .. ~s.t. e33- ,~t.lo.ldelr. ~~l~n:t

2-'1'1

Page 19: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

( -eßd:lr. Gr1it: ~ "P~dSe.f.IA!k0

J)d_ ~~~ ~ie- ~I{ -tt,_.. 1:.,"' fs a-~6~ :

Q~ -=" /s. - _, ~ __ -, ___ _ 's öl- ( 3 ..t:S) Ws C 1t ~."- { 1,. -ls ) ~. c

r-, C ~ Q ( "-) > Q ( ls) ) ~(~ 11!.&!.-sk.:.;~c) ~ ~ e/IJ,t~ ~d~ftn ke j ~ ke<<:"/ ·~ ~ ).J~(z):

k'-- /e*&-l's"l.- C ~ 2 /,-/s

/} Yk.~C:~ 3~'8- "ß~Atet4_

(~ ~sJ

e - f,-2 - Co+C /s

2:15: 1/lO..K .. 11~t~·k_ F Q ::=7 : 4/,....t. :::: t:Jt(3J•)("7+ Q-.t,; ·k·) ~·st.-r-,.,pn, -e!. 2~(...."-ALL.-,._ .•.

't13: t.&. kzt:Q ~· . fiiM.er.Jc .S

I

lh- -"" -

~2 .. . >2 .

I ~~ ~ ~~.,.,.tw:.ru~·e ]i·{/s)) ~ ~

oJ-- -1 /'-<AK.-~~ ~ fr

LSet- -

Page 20: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

2 ~h ~~~u :. JE'*+- .Rv J J.. 1 C

c 0 I L 1efS!ttM,

~ ~ ,-?G e:rrJ..v ~.Sb J,~tr:--bQT !

J})~ ~l"r, ~ ~ r'~ke;~("4 ( L~ar / Co) ~ ,:;/.rv #~# r'~..ß_~~ ~ ~~a/i-r~t.ft~. ~G .&..:,!-,, ~ ~;

I

Page 21: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

,--

JJc-&M-tsd..~$-C _

]>:~"J. = ;f_ <

2i:>b kUe: ~ # ~ ""7C J1Hi

d :.4o r.-. ,.. ~ 2 .."...__

~wt.U...-~ ( ..1. = 3·: ) -y.

1/~

; ,//,fi. ~?-0~ .. ,,• ~l!!llllll.~~

/

~// C>/ ,,· WJ.c ~-

1 /'/ / //,·

TTOAsv-e.rsJ ( k:Hfls-Jlet.ntA.I'1.f.r)-J:e.lw~&

r.rJ p;. ~~ (/'~ ~·~*' ~; ~ ~yrt sd.,JI~.~s«'k~ MA-c/~ C ~- c~rt;~<~-f:t)

{_u:r-~n..~.~reJ't~- ~-. k ~rPJi.s,P---,· ~ 7=:. ~3#G.,..: ~3 ~-.[~-1i'lt-l1.eA~/:r:~ ~ W~-tt~ 7 r;,;te Q~ L ~t.l:eU.st.

u;,-. §•~t;:t .;,1 :~'AsJe. -.~ S,-.. ,_.,_H /k,f"4 2_..5: /"'Pet. •

( tl.~ ~ .kL !Jr,. .... ~·s~ -~ß.i.t,W ~ c~ • ........ r...k-1.",. s- ,.,;r-ur)

I'J,. J;, ~ /4{~s-o{ ..z 2, s ~ '2 Cv~

4 ~~- ~~ /Jk.~·">p~~ .:x; -1.>· v· -~ .. ,. ~~ v ~ v~. ~k YJ-rf..:t.A ~ Jtr r:t4 !

[ 2em! 1 : u s-w~ ~ .; ··~ ;....._ ""._rt__._-! = ('~ ..... :t f ::L (H1 o) ~ ($fa/t-t)

-1, 5' C.~+t,

~~l'kln.

0 3 """" I

s;~ c...~

~~ """' 1 2 )'to'\I'K

I

Page 22: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

~~- be..: ,u"t~/urn,..,,. s~~t<t : /" :s /[ Aß.-~,-..) 4 ~~~""7 Ar FJ...~~ ~>,..;,_ J<AL~ ~r-~h-t ·-· .$r ~ .,-e.rßr~Jr. f:r ··12&o~a/rer~·~~ ~ .J)~~,t~- 2s . •. s-o k.J.Ia_: • J)./.~4"'- k uk...lkr <;:e ,3S-:3o .,.wt!

• ~re~~~ ~kl~ k v~

"'-:, lukld ~fu.lt,..: ~ ifnlra.«..l "_.. -ft..<.;fUo.t ,-uz-~.d. ~(.~ '• .I_~~ I r_l J.. ". ?-nA~~~. l,.ei ":ltA;~+i~~r "- V~i..u.r't:w-ar~t

u~,e",. ~ F~l-tA~tr:;t:~ .. """ !"....J-.sm<: fotJl-I P..t.l.f:2. ~.(/e. ~ ~ Ge..-.,.s~f-~

( Ii, Jtts) (A{,M:~J ~ ~o ·(~4~~6atAc~:)

v~~ ~ ~ ·~..J.~ ~ .eA.v- s~ eJ.w-· ~.~e ~ teL;:: -3 ( ~J..i) ! ~ ~'B. de./:4 Se.:..h

h-.elsl ~~!["~~ 1'1 ~,.-x. ~,_~pt. ;t..k ;--r ~. ~<II: ~ :·~-~~7)).~!

t.J.;;_ .,J,. f;L,.: ~ ~ r st.~ I .•

.;,;_j.l:_.-)!Jp...r~ o~...r ~- .sur-1-~ ~d :1«/e..s~f.tte... 'J-:s--too o/c ... -z ~!

ۤ} Ut~~~H -p~ --10 w~'2 (7!te&k~ s-ow) ( 0~-~ J:; ~."._ -?tD)c>-1~ .M~ ~ ()

_5._c_~_".u.a. ....... u-~.~ .. r_lo ........ !_lc..t __ ;:::; . - .,...eL. 5"7'.. 'd rf.~ ~L ~J~ ~4 ~ // ~~,~~~,~·~- CA. j~ . ~:>

luA#'f~r~ ~ Uzo ~ Alw.- Se.i.f-e. t.st ~ f~ Q < '1t) ""'l. ~ .... ~ ~- A!J I Sf. z 3 :'1 ~t~ !: )

~_/ '"" >-·=·;~st;J.&.,.(3:'1/= $:1 ·~-. Atu.~.,.,;.t.4nc -·......,r ......,_,_,

Page 23: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

c.-4 --9, -

2-16

rp<a't~ ~..t.is~~le: . flo "' -k;kH~J • -t;. 2 ~ .s~Jß,t..tf- ( <J'..iJ- .l7 A=~)

.i : "73 2 '"~ I ·.

•P ~Jt " ~ Al ~ ,ce ;

-fl-Jl :: 2~G ~~

RFtt ~ --?.3.,.~2 ~-'

~ .. ;t~,.e,t:.Jtt ~ e ~ Fe. :

... tl')~ ~ {;~s- lo'&ot.""'"'

~tf'q.. ~ Zß1 o ~"""

-~~ ~ 'FlT ~~ W So·-10~ ~.,. ~,;.. F = ± 4112.-41 •!lj · f 1.. · ""-eH - ~.rt.~ (.s.u.)

( ~hl: lU>(. ~e4;, ~)

Page 24: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

2-1+

' a ;r;-----tJJs~~fr

'·;

(1A:._ ~L-:-~tu-1.-U ~ -+«Jb..f.~~ &_ -~ --

~~"l: ~ ..t . }'Mdr~ o/e.i-~HM- ~Dtl>~·~ "'tf .. ®- r~cJ.. .. J.~ / Jf<e~~ (~'M.)

- T~- I~:~~-~#"

~- ~~<J.~~"'1r .~r:r _ .. ~, ~ c~Jf

I - ,;,~-

<t ß~~~ Si4tt ~~ ! &LaoA ;ß~~ ,, ~ ~· ~ i:~~ -p­~ r ß~J FR~~"~7 f' ~~#~(

~~~~-.

Page 25: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500
Page 26: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

2-15

.- F~ ,:--tt!~t'e,.. ",_;,~ ..:'L ~ eL ~. &lc: J.. J~ 4M4 k:IJ. ,_, !

~~ ~- ~~ j.F~~-~ ~"" 2J~~ ~ r~,~,J,l;!#~ ~ e ~Jt.,J. -~!~~':$:

~~

Page 27: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500
Page 28: ~1000 >1000 80 >1000 90 >500 >500 -15 >500

J~~~~2':7! ~ r:'~&J-~-~ m W<q

~. ~J;c~~~ ~~s;~t-~ ..... i eu l'tAA.~~~k ~~ :,-t LJ/~-(F ~ ~4..._ "~«~ XJ_G-L .. -M. ;t:; J.t.;_ ~~...._,~

I ~- ~~ ~ • ~ b~'*' • • - ?' -J:fd~~r.~~ l::,CN.. •'

~. Jk~'A_J.~ s-i-1. ~:..;... :

[~-A4.:/:2l~l-, k ~...t., _~wrr~ ..._, !Jkr'-rr~ k lJ~e..,t~ ~L ~- 2 ~-~~~e.- ra~ ~ ..r~«-> '""-~- ~~~e,. ( ?<t.<C~r~/t.: $. ~b //.) .. _ ..

[ /?a..~tC$:J~. ~ Se..-..~n ...;../- lc...n- t?~J.:h~e.:...e..L ~ ~- ~J-. /.:r~.C0(~-j,.U Ju-~) th.J-t.:--1 , -rl .Y; ~ Co ,;.,._fllfU~' ~ ~ w-Usf:c:.i.l ~ 4..4.-t wVot _LC!--1.1.---1 L ~ lfq-.J,.:J-,. i s ~: "

Q:) KG & -rco Xe t.LUo • - C . .l~.c ~ i = Co· U ' 0 __J --- __ j' 1-2 'c - J.:t: ~ ll e

i.. 1 f1 ul-t) ~-r.-."sc..! tfM:#~ M..-tl..t>k J.or err Et~~ntOM~ th..-rtrt ~ s-~_-( -'r~~-)

-t ~r~ ~ ~ At :: t 4~s~ ~ s~ ~A

bu u~~~~"._~f ~ ~

~ ~sJ,~rttt. rks ~~~~'P?

~ c~rJ~1 ~ Wl ~ ~~1-J:~l:~ J7o"te,""- ~ ~~er 14

h~i~t~ ':ß~l~-t. nl, ~ <i:#M/Isc:Aw; ~efobcr P,.~ .. .Sen,~ .,.;.t n::.LI..Ic...- : {_ ~~~1.-s~ c ..u . ..... ,-,.,.._4f,.,..~'""'1 "'·~...~J.~k;

u.e. A.....,s~ ~t._,f-t C ...U ·"· 3>a::-rh. J4 c..J-.1. '-)

fAN-J.._ e4(JI'ut~Mfdi "P-AiNt ~ .... ~$-f,~et.. '-..&u.er "C- v....n~