10 C
Sep.22,1997 10 C [] 1997 6 3 page 2 4 10 13 21 32 40 46 55
C Turbo C C
1
C Turbo C
C C / Turbo C Turbo C Turbo C PATH PATH=C:\TC;C:\DOS;...... TC
Turbo C PATH DOS TC Turbo C TC (Edit)(Compile)(Link)(Debug)
(File)... CD C TC Del BS (C ) F3 F10 File Load Load File Name *.C *
? TC Enter F2 F10 File Save F10 File Write to New Name _ Enter
Turbo C TC (pass 1) (pass 2)(.exe) PC Ctrl + F9 F10 Run Run TC TC
TC TC Alt + F5 F10 Run User screen TC 2
Turbo C Alt + X F10 File Quit Turbo C TC Verify NONAME.C not
saved. Save? (Y/N) Y N
3
C C hello.c 1#include 2main() 3{ 4 printf("Hello!"); 5} Hello!
#include (prototype)(struct)(constant) C (declear) C INCLUDE\*.H
#include INCLUDE\stdio.h stdio.h (standard I/O) printf() main()
main() C int main() { } main() { } printf("Hello!"); C (;) 4
.h
#include #include
int main(int)
void main(void),
C (space)(tab) mainprintf C printf() PrintF() printf printf() TC
printf printf Ctrl + F1 Help Help printf: formatted output to
stdout int printf(const char *format, ...); Prototype in stdio.h
Print formats a variable number of arguments according to the
format, and sends the output to stdout. Returns the number of bytes
output. In the event of error, it returns EOF. See also ecvt
fprintf putc puts scanf vprintf TC Help printf stdout printf printf
#include stdout byte EOF ecvt,fprintf,putc, puts,scanf,vprintf
TC Ctrl + F1 TC Help printf int printf(const char *format, ...);
const
const char *format ...
format printf format C (") %d %d 10 () %d printf( "()" , );
arith.c 5
1#include 2void main(void) 3{ 4 printf("%d + %d = %d\n", 8 , 2 ,
8+2 ); 5 printf("%d - %d = %d\n", 8 , 2 , 8-2 ); 6 printf("%d * %d
= %d\n", 8 , 2 , 8*2 ); 7 printf("%d / %d = %d\n", 8 , 2 , 8/2 );
8} 8 + 2 = 10 8 - 2 = 6 8 * 2 = 16 8 / 2 = 4 printf("%d + %d =
%d\n", 8 , 2 , 8+2 ); () 3 %d 8 , 2 , 8+2 8 + 2 = 10 () \n \n 8 + 2
= 108 - 2 = 68 * 2 = 168 / 2 = 4 C ============ + * / ============
============ ++ -% ============ ===================== ( )
===================== ===================== 1 1
===================== ============== 4 + 2 4 - 2 4 * 2 4 / 2
============== ============== i++ ++i i-- --i 4 % 2 ==============
========== 6 2 8 2 ========== ========== i 1 i 1 0 ==========
C ** 2 ** 3 2 3 ^ 2 ^ 8 2 8 C C pow() pow( 2 , 3 ) 2 3 6
C ( ) C [ ] { } ( )C = = = = = ( 1 + 2 * ( 3 + 4 ) ) * 5 - 6 * 7
/ ( 1 + 2 * ( 7 ) ) * 5 - 6 * 7 / ( 15 ) * 5 - 6 * 7 / 75 42 / 75
21 62 2 2 2 2 + + + + + 8 8 8 8 8
(Comments) Keyin () C /* */ C /* */ /* */ " C++ //.
comments.c or comments.cpp 1#include /* prototype : printf() */
2void main(void) // main program 3{ 4/* */ 5/* printf("%d + %d =
%d\n", 8 , 2 , 8+2 ); */ 6/* printf("%d - %d = %d\n", 8 , 2 , 8-2
); 7 printf("%d * %d = %d\n", 8 , 2 , 8*2 ); 8 printf("%d / %d =
%d\n", 8 , 2 , 8/2 ); // division 9*/ 10} // end of program
7
(Nested Comments) nestcom0.c 1#include /* prototype : printf()
*/ 2void main(void) 3{ 4/* */ 5/* 6 printf("%d + %d = %d\n", 8 , 2
, 8+2 ); 7/* printf("%d - %d = %d\n", 8 , 2 , 8-2 ); */ 8
printf("%d * %d = %d\n", 8 , 2 , 8*2 ); 9 printf("%d / %d = %d\n",
8 , 2 , 8/2 ); 10*/ 11} /* */ Compile 5 /* 10 */ 5 10 7 /* 7 */ 7
Turbo C 5 /* 7 */ 10 */ Compile F10 Options Compiler Source Nested
comments Off Off On nestcom1.c printf(); nestcom2.c printf(); /* */
nestcom3.c /* */ nestcom1.c 1#include /* prototype : printf() */
2void main(void) 3{ 4 /* */ 5 6 printf("%d + %d = %d\n", 8 , 2 ,
8+2 ); /* 8 + 2 = 10 */ 7 printf("%d - %d = %d\n", 8 , 2 , 8-2 );
/* 8 - 2 = 6 */ 8 printf("%d * %d = %d\n", 8 , 2 , 8*2 ); /* 8 * 2
= 16 */ 9 printf("%d / %d = %d\n", 8 , 2 , 8/2 ); /* 8 / 2 = 4 */
10 11}
8
nestcom2.c 1#include /* prototype : printf() */ 2void main(void)
3{ 4/* */ 5 6/* printf("%d + %d = %d\n", 8 , 2 , 8+2 ); */ /* 8 + 2
= 10 */ 7/* printf("%d - %d = %d\n", 8 , 2 , 8-2 ); */ /* 8 - 2 = 6
*/ 8/* printf("%d * %d = %d\n", 8 , 2 , 8*2 ); */ /* 8 * 2 = 16 */
9/* printf("%d / %d = %d\n", 8 , 2 , 8/2 ); */ /* 8 / 2 = 4 */ 10
11} nestcom3.c 1#include /* prototype : printf() */ 2void
main(void) 3{ 4/* */ 5/* 6 printf("%d + %d = %d\n", 8 , 2 , 8+2 );
/* 8 + 2 = 10 */ 7 printf("%d - %d = %d\n", 8 , 2 , 8-2 ); /* 8 - 2
= 6 */ 8 printf("%d * %d = %d\n", 8 , 2 , 8*2 ); /* 8 * 2 = 16 */ 9
printf("%d / %d = %d\n", 8 , 2 , 8/2 ); /* 8 / 2 = 4 */ 10*/
11}
9
C (constant)(variable) 0,1,2 1 10 type Char, C (A Z a z)( _ ) 0
9 32 TC if else switch default goto return char int void register
short near typedef struct auto const interrupt sizeof _AX _AH _BX
_BH _CX _CH _DX _DH _SI _DI 1000 32767 2147483647 (float) C 1 [, 2
[,...]] ; int long NumberOfStudent; MoneyInBank, interest;10
int, long, float, double
etc.
for case long signed far union static cdecl _AL _BL _CL _DL
_BP
do break
while continue
float double unsigned huge enum volatile extern pascal asm _cs
_ds _es _ss _SP _CS _DS _ES _SS
/* */ /* */
float RateOfInterest; char EndOfString; char
OneStudentName[9];
/* */ /* */ /* */
(initial value) 1= 1 [, 2= 2 [,...]] ; int long float char char
NumberOfStudent=60; MoneyInBank=1000000L; RateOfInterest=5.0;
EndOfString='\0'; OneStudentName[9]=""; /* */ /* */ /* in % */ /*
*/ /* */
1000000 L 1000000 C TC TC TC L L char byte ' 'A' 'a' '0'
'\101''\141''\60' '\0' '\x41''\x61''\x30''\x0'
'\0' "123""ABC""abc" 4 bytes strlen() ( '\0' ) int
StringLen=strlen("123"); StringLen 3 strlen() #include = = (); C =
C ==
11
PI = 3.1415926; r = 4; area = PI * r * r ; var.c #include void
main(void) { int i,j; i = 10; j = 2; printf("%d + %d = %d\n", i , j
, i+j ); printf("%d - %d = %d\n", i , j , i-j ); printf("%d * %d =
%d\n", i , j , i*j ); printf("%d / %d = %d\n", i , j , i/j ); i =
20; j = 2; printf("%d + %d = %d\n", i , j , i+j ); printf("%d - %d
= %d\n", i , j , i-j ); printf("%d * %d = %d\n", i , j , i*j );
printf("%d / %d = %d\n", i , j , i/j ); } 10 + 2 = 12 10 - 2 = 8 10
* 2 = 20 10 / 2 = 5 20 + 2 = 22 20 - 2 = 18 20 * 2 = 40 20 / 2 = 10
: (Global Variable): (Local Variable): (Static Variable):
12
printf() printf printf printf : printf("" , 1 , 2 , ... ); % \ %
% % printf %c %d %ld %f %lf %Lf %s \ '\x41' A C Dec Hex \n 10 0x0A
\t 9 0x09(1+8n) \b 8 0x08 \a 7 0x07 \r 13 0x0D \f 12 0x0C \\ 92
0x5C \ \' 39 0x27 ' \" 34 0x22 " \xHH 0xHH 0xHH *%% 37 0x25 % %
13
printf % %5d 5 %12ld 12 printf %8.3f 8 3 8 - ( 3 + 1 ) = 4
printf printf %-5d 5 5 (int)(long) % - + w d int % - + w ld long w
(float)(double)(long double) % - + w . p f float % - + w . p lf
double % - + w . p Lf long double p 6 w print.c 1#include 2void
main(void) 3{ 4 printf("|%ld|\n", 123456 ); 5 printf("|%5ld|\n",
123456 ); 6 printf("|%d|\n", 123 ); 7 printf("|%5d|\n", 123 ); 8
printf("|%-5d|\n", 123 ); 14
9 printf("|%f|\n", 12.345 ); 10 printf("|%9f|\n", 12.345 ); 11
printf("|%9.2f|\n", 12.345 ); 12 printf("|%-9.2f|\n",12.345 ); 13}
|123456| 123456 32767 , %ld |123456| 5 TC |123| | 123| 5 3 |123 | 5
3 |12.345000| TC 6 |12.345000| 9 | 12.35| 9 2 |12.35 | 9 2 scanf()
C scanf keyboard scanf scanf("" , & 1 , & 2 , ... ); scanf
printf scanf printf scanf %c %d %ld *%D %f %lf %Lf %s %F %D scanf()
printf() scanf (pointer) i C &i &i i i () char c; /* */ /*
c &c */ int i; /* */ /* i &i */ long l; /* */ /* l &l
*/ float f; /* */ /* f &f */ double d; /* */ /* d &d */
long double ld; /* */ /* ld &ld */ 15
char str[80]; /* () */ /* str[80] str */ int a[100]; /* */ /*
a[100] a */ long b[100]; /* */ /* b[100] b */ float c[100]; /* */
/* c[100] c */ var.c scanf io.c 1#include 2void main(void) 3{ 4 int
i,j; 5 6 printf("Enter 2 integers:"); 7 scanf("%d %d", &i,
&j ); /* i j &i,&j */ 8 printf("Now, I find that
...\n"); 9 printf("%d + %d = %d\n", i , j , i+j ); 10 printf("%d -
%d = %d\n", i , j , i-j ); 11 printf("%d * %d = %d\n", i , j , i*j
); 12 printf("%d / %d = %d\n", i , j , i/j ); 13} Enter 2
integers:20 4 i = 20 , j = 4 Now, I find that ... 20 + 4 = 24 20 -
4 = 16 20 * 4 = 80 20 / 4 = 5 scanf ((tab)) scanf i j Enter scanf
scanf gets() gets gets atoi() atol() atof() ()() f2c.c 1#include
2void main(void) 3{ 4 int f,c; 5 6 printf("Enter the temperature in
F : "); 16
7 scanf("%d", &f ); /* f &f */ 8 c = ( f - 32 ) * 5 / 9
; /* */ 9 printf("%d degrees in F is %d degrees in C.", f, c); 10}
Enter the temperature in F : 100 100 degrees in F is 37 degrees in
C. ()() C = ( F - 32 ) * 5 / 9 F = C * 9 / 5 + 32 "" age.c
1#include 2void main(void) 3{ 4 float years, days; 5 6
printf("Enter the age of you : "); 7 scanf("%f", &years ); /*
years &years */ 8 days = years * 365.25 ; /* */ 9 printf("You
are %f days old.", days ); 10} Enter the age of you : 28.5 You are
10409.625000 days old. getche() scanf() Enter Enter getche() getche
ch = getche(); getche() ch getche() ASCII code.c 1#include /*
printf() */ 2#include /* getche() */ 3void main(void) 4{ 5 char ch;
6 17
7 ch = getche(); /* getche() */ 8 printf(" -- You typed %c.\n",
ch ); 9 printf("Character %c has ASCII code %d.\n", ch, ch ); 10} A
-- You typed A. Character A has ASCII code 65. ASCII 9 %c ch %d ch
10 Help Help printf: formatted output to stdout stdout int
printf(const char *format, ...); printf Prototype in stdio.h
#include Print formats a variable number of arguments according to
the format, and sends the output to stdout. Returns the number of
bytes output. stdout In the event of error, it returns EOF. byte
EOF See also ecvt fprintf putc puts scanf vprintf Help Format
Specifiers format % [flags] [width] [.prec] [F|N|h|l] type [ ] type
Format of Output d signed decimal int d i signed decimal int i o
unsigned octal int o u unsigned decimal int u x in printf =
unsigned hexdecimal int x 16 () lowercase; in scanf = hexadecimal
int scanf 16 X in printf = unsigned hexdecimal int X 16 ()
uppercase; in scanf = hexadecimal long scanf 16 f floating point
[-]dddd.ddd f 314.159 e floating point [-]d.ddd e [+/-]ddd e
3.14159e2 g format e or f based on precision g f e E same as e
except E for exponent E e E 18
G same as g except E for exponent G g E c single character c s
print characters till '\0' or [.prec] s '\0' % the % character % %
p pointer: near - YYYY; far - XXXX:YYYY p YYYY XXXX:YYYY n stores
count of characters written so n far in the location pointed to by
input argument [flag] What it Specifies [] none right-justify, pad
0 or blank to left 0 left-justify, pad spaces to right - + always
begin with + or + blank print sign for negative values only #
convert using alternate form: # c,s,d,i,u no effect c,s,d,i,u o 0
prepended to nonzero arg o 0 0 x or X 0x or 0X prepended to arg x,X
0x 0X e, E, f always use decimal point e,E,f g or G same as above
but no g,G 0 trailing zeros [width] Effect on Output [] n at least
n characters, blank-padded n 0n at least n characters, 0 left fill
0n 0 * next argument from list is width * [.prec] Effect on Output
[.] none default precision .0 d,i,o,u,x default precision .0
d,i,o,u,x e, E, f no decimal point e,E,f .n at most n characters .n
n * next argument from list is precision .* Modifier How arg is
Interpreted F arg is far pointer F N arg is near pointer N h
d,i,o,u,x,X arg is short int h l d,i,o,u,x,X arg is long int l l e,
E, f, g, G arg is double l ( scanf) (scanf only) L e,E,f,g,G arg is
long double L
19
Help scanf: performs formatted input from stdin stdin int
scanf(const char *format, ...); scanf Prototype in stdio.h #include
Returns the number of input fields processed successfully. It
processes input according to the format and places the results in
the memory locations pointed to by the arguments. See also atof
cscanf fscanf getc printf sscanf vfscanf vscanf vsscanf Help getch:
gets character from console, no echoing getche: gets character from
the console and echoes to screen int getch(void); getch int
getche(void); getche Prototype in conio.h #include Both functions
return the character read. getch getche Characters are available
immediately - no buffering of whole lines. Special keys such as
function keys and arrow keys are represented by a two character
sequence: a zero character followed by the 0 scan code for the key
pressed. See also getpass cgets cscanf kbhit ungetch putch getchar
getc
20
scanf ( Garbage In, Garbage Out ) C ( Flow Chart ) 6
___________ __________ __________ a, b, c __________ a, b, c a,
b, c a,b,c
21
F = 100; C =(F-32)*5/9;
No Yes Yes No Yes No a>=b No Yes c=0; c=5; a b c=5; c=0;
a>=b No Yes b>=c No Yes c=1; a>=b No Yes 22
scanf("%d %d", &a,&b); a>=b No Yes
a b a b a b a b a b C > a>b a b < a= a>=b a b j )
max = i; 9 else max = j; 10 printf("The maximum of %d and %d is
%d.\n", i, j, max ); 11} Enter 2 integer : 7 5 The maximum of 7 and
5 is 7. 25 if-else if if-else C else if-else else if-else 20 15 10
if-else if if( 1) { 1 } else if( 2) { 2 } else if( 3) { 3 } else
if... else { n } ( 1) { 1 }; ( 2) { 2 }; ( 3) { 3 }; ... { n } No
Yes 1 No Yes 2 No Yes ... 3 No Yes ... n 26 police.c 1#include /*
printf(),scanf() */ 2void main(void) 3{ 4 int speed; 5 6
printf("Enter the speed = "); 7 scanf("%d", &speed ); 8 if(
speed < 60 ) 9 printf("Too slow, speed up!\n"); 10 else if(
speed < 90 ) 11 printf("Good day, boss.\n"); 12 else if( speed
< 100 ) 13 printf("Too fast, slow down!\n"); 14 else 15
printf("I will give you a ticket!\n"); 16} Enter the speed = 50 Too
slow, speed up! Enter the speed = 80 Good day, boss. Enter the
speed = 95 Too fast, slow down! Enter the speed = 120 I will give
you a ticket! 12 8 13 9 if( speed < 100 ) printf("Too fast, slow
down!\n"); else if( speed < 90 ) printf("Good day, boss.\n");
else if( speed < 60 ) printf("Too slow, speed up!\n"); else
printf("I will give you a ticket!\n"); speed < 100 Too fast,
slow down! speed >= 100 I will give you a ticket! 27 No 60 60 No
90 Yes 90 No 100 60 Yes 100 Yes 60 90 90 100 100 calc.c 1#include
/* printf(),scanf() */ 2void main(void) 3{ 4 float num1,num2; 5
char op; 6 7 for(;;) 8 { 9 printf("Enter number, operator,
number\n"); 10 scanf("%f %c %f", &num1, &op, &num2); 11
if( op == '+' ) 12 printf("%f + %f = %f\n", num1, num2, num1+num2);
13 else if( op == '-' ) 14 printf("%f + %f = %f\n", num1, num2,
num1-num2); 15 else if( op == '*' ) 16 printf("%f + %f = %f\n",
num1, num2, num1*num2); 17 else if( op == '/' ) 2818 printf("%f +
%f = %f\n", num1, num2, num1/num2); 19 } 20} Enter number,
operator, number 4 + 8 4.000000 + 8.000000 = 12.000000 Enter
number, operator, number 5 * 7 5.000000 + 7.000000 = 35.000000 ^C +
- * / 7 Ctrl + Break Ctrl + C C && AND exp1 && exp2
exp1 exp2 || OR exp1 || exp2 exp1 exp2 exp1 exp2 ! NOT !exp1 exp1
exp1 ( sum = 5 + 3 ) 8 ( ( sum = 5 + 3 ) tcc yes2.c yes.exe
yes2.exe 31 for C for for for for ( ; ; ) { } for for 1. 2. { } 3.
{ } 2 for for for ( i = 0 ; i < 100 ; i = i+1 ) printf("i =
%3d\n", i ); for ( i = 0 , j = 0 ; i < 100 ; i = i+1 , j = j+2 )
printf("i = %3d j = %3d\n", i, j ); 32 for for ( ; ; ) { } for 1.
2. { } 3. { } 2 for for for ( ; ; ) { } for for { } (delay) ( ; )
for ( ; ) ASCII ascii.c 331#include /* printf() */ 2void main(void)
3{ 4 int i; 5 6 for( i = 32 ; i < 256 ; i = i+1 ) 7
printf("%3d=%c\t", i, i ); 8} 32= 33=! 34=" 35=# 36=$ 37=% 38=&
39=' ... 42=* 43=+ 44=, 45=46=. 47=/ 48=0 49=1 ... 52=4 53=5 54=6
55=7 56=8 57=9 58=: 59=; ... ... ... 252=* 253=* 254=* 255= for( i
= 32 ; i < 256 ; i = i+1 ) ======== ======== ========= C i = i +
1 i++ i-- i = i - 1 1 i += 2 i = i + 2 i -= 2 i = i - 2 += -= i *=
2 i = i * 2 i /= 2 i = i / 2 n! n!.c 1#include /* printf(),scanf()
*/ 2void main(void) 3{ 4 long fact; 5 int n; 6 7 printf("Enter the
value of n to compute n! : "); 8 scanf("%d", &n ); 9
printf("%d! = %d", n, n ); 10 fact = n; 11 for( n = n-1 ; n >0 ;
n-- ) 12 { 13 fact *= n; 14 printf("x%d", n); 15 } 16 printf(" =
%ld", fact); 17} Enter the value of n to compute n! : 5 n! =
5x4x3x2x1 = 120 n n! = n * (n-1) * (n-2) * ... * 2 * 1 fact n 5 9 n
5 10 fact = n; fact = 5 n n-1 4 n n-1 34 13 fact *= n fact = fact *
n n 1 fact n fact n 5 5 5! = 5 n 5 4 5! = 5 1 5*4 4 5! = 5x4 2
5*4*3 3 5! = 5x4x3 3 5*4*3*2 2 5! = 5x4x3x2 4 5*4*3*2*1 1 5! =
5x4x3x2x1 5*4*3*2*1 1 5! = 5x4x3x2x1 = 120 for for for for (nest) ;
... for( ... ; ... ; ... ) { ; ... for( ... ; ... ; ... ) { ; ... }
; ... } if for(...;...;...) { for(...;...;...) { ... } ...
for(...;...;...) {35 ... } } for(...;...;...) { for(...;...;...) {
... for(...;...;...) { ... } } ... } 99.c 1#include /* printf() */
2void main(void) 3{ 4 int i, j; 5 6 for( i=1 ; i
