Page 2ENV 1994-2: 1997

Contents

Foreword

11.11.1.21.21.31.41.4.21.4.31.51.61.6.11.6.21.6.31.6.41.6.51.6.61.6.71.6.81.7

22.22.2.12.2.22.2.52.32.3.12.3.22.3.32.3.42.4

33.13.1.13.1.23.1.33.1.43.1.53.1.63.23.2.13.2.23.2.4

7

J'a\ INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE~ \11- ENGENHARIA DE COIM8RASERViÇO DE DOCUMENTAÇÃORegisto N 1.0.J.8..~>:a.$h.tI~.

J-h-S3.0GeneralScopeScope ofENV 1994-2: 1997Distinction between principIes and application rulesAssumptionsDefinitionsSpecial terms used in this PartOther definitionsS.1. unitsSymbols used in Part 2GeneralLatin upper case lettersGreek upper case lettersLatin lower case lettersGreek lower case lettersSubscriptsUse of subscriptsConventions for member axesNormative references

10101010101111121212121313131414151515

Basis of designDefinitions and classificationsLimit states and design situationsActionsLoad arrangements and load casesDesign requirementsGeneralUltimate limit states, including fatiguePartial safety factors for ultimate limit states, including fatigueServiceability limit statesDurability

1717171819191919202121

MateriaisConcreteGeneralConcrete strength classesShrinkage of concreteDeformability of concrete - elastic theoryDeformability of concrete - other theoriesThermal expansionReinforcing steelGeneralTypes of steelModulus of longitudinal deformation

222222222223232424242424

3.33.3.13.3.23.3.53.3.63.43.53.5.23.6

Structural steelGeneral and scopeYield strengthDimensional and mass tolerancesFracture toughnessProfiled steel sheeting for composite slabsConnecting devicesShear connectorsPrestressing steel and devices

4 Ultimate limit states4.1 Basis4. 1.1 General4.2 Properties of cross-sections ofbeams4.2.1 Effective section4.2.2 Effective width offlanges with respect to shear lag4.2.3 Flexural stiffness4.3 Classification of cross-sections ofbeams4.3.1 General4.3.2 Classification of steel flanges in compression4.3.3 Classification of steel webs4.4 Resistances of cross-sections of beams4.4.1 Bending moment4.4.2 Vertical shear4.4.3 Bending, axial force, and vertical shear4.4.6 Flange-induced buckling of webs4.5 Global analysis for bridge structures4.5.1 General4.5.3 Elastic analysis4.5.4 Non-linear global analysis4.6 Lateral-torsional buckling of composite beams4.6.1 General4.6.2 Lateral buckling ofbeams with cross-sections in Class 1 or 24.6.3 Effects oftransverse frames4.7 Tension members in composite bridges4.7.1 General4.7.2 Concrete tension members4.7.3 Composite tension members4.8 Composite compression members4.8.1 Scope4.8.2 General method of design4.8.3 Simplified method of design4.11 Box girders4.12 Fatigue4.12.1 General4.12.2 Fatigue loading and partial safety factors4.12.3 Internal forces4.12.4 Stresses and stress range ~<JE4.12.5 Fatigue resistance4.12.6 Simplified assessment

Page 3ENV 1994-2: 1997

242425252525252525

26262627272729313131323232353536363636383838393940404041414142424243434344454647

Page 4ENV 1994-2: 199755.15.1.15.1.25.1.35.1.45.25.35.3.15.3.25.3.35.45.5

66.16.1.16.1.26.1.36.1.46.1.56.1.66.26.2.16.2.26.2.36.2.46.2.56.2.66.36.3.16.3.26.3.36.3.56.3.66.3.86.46.4.16.4.26.4.36.4.56.56.66.6.16.6.2

Serviceability limit statesGeneralScopeClassification of structuresGlobal analysis for serviceability limit statesCalculation of stresses in cross sectionsLimitation of stressesCrack and decompression controlGeneralMinimum reinforcementControl of crackingDeformationsVibration

48484848484950505051545656

Shear connectionGeneralBasis of designDeformation capacity of shear connectorsServiceability limit statesUltimate limit states other than fatigueFatigue assessment based on nominal stress rangesTransient design situations during executionLongitudinal shear forceGeneralServiceability limit states, and fatigueUltimate limit states, other than fatigue, for members in Class 1 or 2Local effects of concentrated longitudinal shear forceTemperature effectsShrinkage modified by creepDesign resistance of shear connectorsGeneralStud connectors in solid slabsHeaded studs used with profiled steel sheetingHoops in solid slabsBlock connectors with hoops in solid slabsResistance to fatigue of stud connectors in solid slabsDetailing of the shear connectionGeneral recommendationsStud connectorsHeaded studs used with profiled steel sheetingHoop connectorsFriction grip boltsTransverse reinforcementLongitudinal shear in the slabDesign resistance to longitudinal shear

57575758585859606060616162646565656667676768696970707171717172

6.6.3 Contribution ofprofiled steel sheeting6.6.4 Minimum transverse reinforcement in cast in situ solid slabs6.6.5 Longitudinal splitting

737373

77.17.1.17.77.7.17.7.27.7.37.7.4

88.18.28.38.48.58.5.18.5.28.5.3

99.29.49.4.19.4.39.4.4

1010.110.3

Page 5ENV 1994-2:1997

Composite slabs with profiled steel sheeting, and composite platesGeneralScopeComposite platesGeneralDesign for local effectsDesign for global effectsDesign of shear connectors

7474747474747575

Decks with precast concrete slabsGeneralActionsPartial safety factors for materialsDesign, analysis and detailing of the bridge slabJoints between steel beam and concrete slabBedding and tolerancesCorrosionShear connection and transverse reinforcement

777777777777777878

ExecutionSequence of constructionAccuracy during construction, and quality controlStatic deflection during and after concretingShear connectionComposite slabs with profiled steel sheeting

797979797980

Design assisted by testingGeneralTesting of composite floor slabs

818181

Annex A Reference documents (not applicable)

Annex K Filler beam decks (Normative)K. I GeneralK.2 RequirementsK.3 Global analysisK.4 Ultimate limit statesK.4. 1 GeneralK.4.2 Bending momentsK.4.3 Vertical shearK.4.4 Strength and stability of steel beams during constructionK.5 Serviceability limit statesK.5. 1 GeneralK.5.2 Cracking of concreteK.5.3 Minimum reinforcementK.5.4 Control of crackingK.6 DetailingK.7 Half-through bridges with transverse filler beamsK.7.1 GeneralK.7.2 AnalysisK.7.3 Shear in the direction of span of the transverse beams

82828383858585858686868686868687878787

Page 6ENV 1994-2: 1997

K. 7.4 Detailing 88

Annex L EfTects of tension stifTening in composite bridges (Informative)L.l ScopeL.2 Tension members in bowstring arches and trussesL.3 Tension members in composite beamsL.4 StiffnessL.5 Calculation ofthe stress range in reinforcing, prestressing and

structural steel for fatigue loadingL. 5. 1 GeneralL.5.2 Stress ranges in reinforcing and prestressing steelL. 5.3 Stress ranges in structural steelL.5.4 Range oflongitudinal shear per unit length, ~vfE, for shear connectors,

8989899196

9696969898