永宁纳语 ( 纳西语东部方言 ) 的音位系统 :从听觉的记音到声学分析

Reflections about the phonemic analysis of Yongning Na (Tibeto-Burman):

perceptual transcription and acoustic data

Alexis Michaud* 米可 Jacqueline Vaissière** 雅科林 · 维西尔*Langues et Civilisations à Tradition Orale**Laboratoire de Phonétique et Phonologie

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/ Université Paris 3

Phonetics Conference of China, PCC 2008, Special Session:

“Sino-Tibetan Field Phonetics from a Universal Perspective”

1. 背景问题：如何选择国际音标符号？ 1.1. 在不同国家、国际音标的用法稍有所不同。例如：赵元任先生的元音符号 ɿ 是否等于成音节的 /z/ ？( 至今这些符号未进入国际音标表 )

1. Background issue: How do we select IPA symbols for phonemes?

1.1. ‘IPA dialects’ from a universal perspective• use of /y/ instead of /j/ in African studies• in China: use of Chao’s symbols for fricative syllabics (E. Zee,

this conference)

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‘Dialectal’ uses of the IPA point to an issue: references for a standard usage?

1.2. The paradox of fieldwork: a double allegiance:- structural observation: each phoneme is defined in terms of

its position within the phonemic system.- implementation of the International Phonetic Alphabet ideal:

one alphabet for all languages. ↓

Can acoustics help bridge the gap? Can it help describe linguistic diversitylinguistic diversity,,in terms of a common descriptive frameworkcommon descriptive framework?

1.2. 应该按照什么标准应用国际音标符号？因为本地调查者需要进行音位归纳、所以他一般会很清楚地知道 , 一个音位的定义等于它在整个音位系统中的位置。 (→ 结构主义的观点。 )同时 , 他会按照“多种语言一种标音文字”来利用国际音标符号。声学分析能不能帮我们更好地把结构与实体联系起来？

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2. 永宁纳语 ( 纳西语东部方言 ) 的音位系统

2. Phonemic inventory of Yongning Na

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(work in progress)

起初记录为 [e] 与 [i] 的那两个元音、是同一个音位的变体？或者只是调查者的听觉习惯里才有的两种不同的音？或者只是因调查者的听觉习惯而区分出来的？Initial phonetic notations: a case of allophony…

rhyme [e], [o] [i], [u]

initial consonant

retroflex (fricatives, affricates and stops); dental fricatives and affricates

All others: zero initial; labials; dental stops; laterals; alveolo-palatals; velars; glottal; nasals

… or a perceptual bias?

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3. A glance at acoustics

3.1. The close front vowelInitial notations: [e] vs. [i] [tɕiH] ‘cloud’ 云[ʈʂeH] ‘earth’ 土

Spectrographically: similar. Formant movement:opening, ≈[ie] 语谱图表明 , 分别记为 [e] 与 [i]的元音原来是相同的。Perception of [e]: due to initial consonant?→ cross-splicing:initial [tɕ] of ‘cloud’+rhyme of ‘earth’initial [tʂ] of ‘earth’+rhyme of ‘cloud’

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Intuition: perceived allophony:

perceptual effect of the preceding

context.

The close front vowel of Yongning Na in isolation: [iMH] ‘pimple’ 痘痘

French /pi/ (logatom)

7调查者的语言背景的影响：比较永宁纳语的 /i/ 元音与法语的 /i/ 元音Influence of the investigator’s linguistic background?

Perceptual expectations: French /i/ corresponds to the acoustic configuration {palatal (⇑F3F4)3200Hz}

→ is the description in terms of two allophones inadequate?

Acoustically: similar vowels;

perceptually: potential forseparate evolution.↓project:2 female speakers, 2 male speakers

8→ 是否两种变体 ? 声学分析：似乎不是。但从听觉角度而言、却有区分的可能性。

3.2. Rhotic sounds

Yongning Na: / t / ≠ / ʈ /; combines with rhymes /ɻ/ and /v̩�/.

Hypotheses: /v̩/: weak friction; /ɻ/: approximant, not /ə˞/; diphthongisation

9=

‘rock’

‘fist’

Comparison with /v6/ in a Western Naxi dialect (AS)

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纳西语西部方言的 /v" / ：有更明显的磨擦现象，而东部方言没有那么明显的摩擦。

使用的是同一个符号，但语音现象有区别。

4. Conclusions about the use of acoustic data

4. 结论：声学分析能有什么样的帮助？4.1. 数码时代的调查：调查者能够得到大量的录音资料。→ 如何发表录音资料？→ 语音学领域的新观察视角与新的要求

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4.1. Practical perspective: Acoustics in the digital era

Fieldwork yields abundant recordings→ How to publish the recorded data?→ New perspective on fieldwork, new requirements

diachrony synchrony

structural diachrony

dynamic synchrony

panchronic phonology

4.2. “ 全时音系学“ (‘panchronic phonology’: Haudricourt): 联系起共时角度与历时角度

4.2. Relevance in a panchronic perspective

Many thanks to / 非常感谢：• the organisers of PCC 2008.• the Academy of Social Sciences 中央社会科学院民族研究所 (Pr. Huang Xing 黄行所长 )

for the invitation to conduct research in the People’s Republic of China.• the language consultants for their hospitality and friendship,

and Latami Dashi 拉他咪 · 达石 for his help with fieldwork in Yongning.• Ekaterina Chirkova ( 齐卡佳 ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, head of a 4-year

research project (2008-2011) allowing the first author to conduct regular fieldwork.