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7
-
STAMATINA G. MALIKOUTI
THE HISTORIC CENTRE OF PIRAEUS PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE
EVOLUTION
1835-1912
Doctoral Thesis, Department of Architecture, National Technical
University of Athens
SUMMARY
ATHENS 1999
-
This study takes the inspiration from the growing interest in
deciphering the reasons and the structural principles behind the
creation and the organisation of the modern Greek city. The main
aim is to reveal the architectural identity of modern Piraeus in
association with its functional organisation, chiefly by recording
information from the sources and underliing distinctive features
which can offer some scope for analysis and appraisal and lead to
specific conclusions.
The area under research comprises the historic centre of the
city, as specified in the Presidential Decree of 27 July 1982,
which declared "part of the city of Piraeus a traditional area"
(Govt. Gazette 410/27 August 1982), with the exception of the area
of Neo Phaliro. With the basic criterion being how far the research
area fulfils the caracteristics, together with a number of other
parameters, the Thesis examines the period 1835-1912, from the
establishment of the Municipality of Piraeus to the outbreak of the
Balkan Wars. This span of time is divided into two long sub-periods
: During the first -up to 1869- which may be regarded as "the
period of preparation for development", the city was "born" and
started to come together. The second -up to 1912- may be described
as "the period of development". The year 1869, which was when the
Athens-Piraeus railway began running, haw been selected as a
turning point in the city' s evolution, because not only did its
prospects of development start to expand at that point, but it now
began to evolve as a city in its own right, rather than merely as
the port of the capital.
The Thesis consists in an Introduction (which sets out the
methodology and the problems of the research, together with some
summary data about the geographical location and the geomorphology
of the area), Part I and II (which expound the main theme in
accordance with the chronological division outlined above), and a
Conclusion. Each Part has three chapters :
8
-
The first discusses the caracteristics of the space as they were
formed by historical circumstances, the socio-economic situation
and the administrative status of the Municipality of Piraeus. The
second examines the organisation of the city as a product of urban
planning and land policy and as a resultant of its functions and
infrastructure.
The prosperity of Piraeus in the Classical era was followed by a
long period of decline and disasters, the most decosove of which
was its burning by Sylla in 87 BC. Arabs, Francs, Venetians and
Turks were subsequent conquerors. After the end of the 12th
century, the city' s harbours lost all importance, serving now only
as pirates' lairs. Early 19th century travellers used Piraeus as a
stopping place on their way to Athens, and describe it almost
deserted, mentioning the Monastery of Ayos Spyridon, the Turkish
customs house, the stone house of the French merchant and consul
Cayrac, and a few huts around the main harbour.
The order to establish the new city, which was issued on 19
December 1833, was linked with the decision to transfer the capital
of the Hellenic state to Athens. The revival of this maritime nodal
point was rendered imperative by the lack of a road network on the
mainland and by its key geographical position and natural harbours
-an advantage which has made the classical city so affluent.
Furthermore, the planning of the harbour was part of the more
general efforts to rebuild Greece. As regards the development of
the area under examination, the state focused its efforts on
creating the favourable conditions and legislating for incentives
to attract settlers, from Chios initially, and from Hydra later on.
The main foci of the planning policy were the first City Plan,
which was drawn up by two architects, Kleanthis and Schaubert, in
1834; the first extension of the city towards the Hydrian quarter
in 1838; and the adoption of special measures to redefine property
ownership, mainly between 1834 and 1842. During the implementation
of the land policy, acrimomious confrontations with former owners
and the economic malaise of the parties concerned
9
-
led to the re-appraisal of the situation. The forecasts
regarding the number of settlers and the progress of building
activity fell wide of the mark, and the efforts to create
self-reliant quarters came to naught. Thus, not only did the
government cease to intervene in private property, but it also
became necessary to revise some of the objectives of the first
street plan.
After property ownership had been derestricted, groups of people
from various places came and settled in the city. The 1.011
inhabitants of 1836 had quadrupled by 1845. The population
continued to grow in the years that followed -apart from the period
of the cholera epidemic during the British and French occupation
(1854-57)- mainly owing to constant migration fron outside, a
phenomenon which resulted in a considerable number of temporary
dwellings. The influx of refugees from areas still under foreign
rule (particularly Crete), the annexation of new territories, and
the return of Greeks from abroad produced a population explosion
after the mid-1860s. Between 1870 and 1890, the annual increase is
estimated at 6,2%, a level not recorded in any other city in the
Grrek state. After 1890, the fast pace of urbanisation, together
with the specific conditions created by the industrial development
of the port -with the concomitant massing of workers- were the main
factors in the constant, rapid increase of permanent residents,
even at times when other urban centres were declining or remaining
stable.
From the very earliest years, the quest for vocational
rehabilitation was the common denominator that united the diverse
population of Piraeus. Following the succesive crises up to the
mid-1850s, the city' s economy began to recover. The special
attention which the state paid to export products, the state's
maritime policy, the favourable international situation for the
Greel merchant navy, and, above all, the fact that commercial
capital had been invested in secondary production since the early
1860s changed the whole scenario. The domestic and the foreign
market expanded after the Athens-Piraeus railway line operating in
1869 (the same year as the Suez Canal) and the economy took off.
Between 1870 and 1875, the number of factories quintupled. In 1883,
34,5% of Greece's "mechanised facilities", representing 56,4% of
the
10
-
country's total power, were operating in Piraeus, and 51% of the
Greek work force was employed in the factories. Despite the
recession in the years that followed, the city continued to wield
the sceptre in terms of the distribution of industry even after
1900, though a major proportion of the capital was already being
invested in property. As regards trade, the indexes shot up by
leaps and bounds until the mid-1880s. A decisive part was played in
this by the opening of the branch office of the National Bank in
1862. In 1870-72, the port was the centre of trade, and later on,
in 1887, it was described as "the mouth of Greece". In the last
decade of the 19th century, when trade in the traditional centres
-Patras, Hermoupoli, Corfu- was suffering a significant decline,
the indexes of the related activities in Piraeus rose steeply. Up
to a point, they suffered the effects of the collapse of 1893, but
recovered after 1910. As for shipping, Piraeus held first place in
Greece' s import trade in 1869. For exports, the port became a
serious rival to Hermoupoli in 1880. In 1883, it had the greatest
number of steamships. Railway links with the Ploponnse and northern
Greece under Trikoupis, as also the construction of the Corinth
Canal, put Piraeus in first place from the end of the 19th century
onwards.
The effects of this spectacular development became apparent in
the organisation and the form of the space : major extensions of
the city plan, intensive infrastructure work, the supplementation
of urban facilities and clarification of their land-planning
distribution, and changes in the tempo and focus of building
activity -all this made up the nexus of the city' s multilevel
development. The vacant spaces of 1840, the "sketch of a city"
described by the French traveller Buchon in 1843, and the sparsely
built strip around the main harbour -as reflected in the street
plan drawn up by the students of the Army Cadet School in 1850-
were a thing of the past. Piraeus had 2.500 buildings in 1875, and
4.500 in 1898. During the 1890s, the number of taxed residences
increased by an average of 130 a year. Furthermore, the villas
built by Ziller in Alexandra Square triggered the spread of
building activity to Kastella, which, tofether with Freattyda, was
officially dubbed a "suburb" of Piraeus in 1880. The development of
the
11
-
later was subsequently boosted by the construction of the
Piraeus Peninsula coast-road, the transfer of the swimmig
facilities from Pasalimani, and the prospect of building the summer
palace on the royal estate. By the end of the period in question,
the entire area under examination had been planned and the
industrial zone had been developed. The "factory quarter", which
had begun to come into being in 1864 (simultaneously with the first
layout of the Athens-Piraeus railway station) and the plan of which
was ratified in 1892, was foverned by special circumstances
relating to orfanisation and dynamics. By the beginnig of the 20th
century, Piraeus had a complete transport infrastructure,
considerably improved harbour facilities, a generally adequate
water supply, a clearly delineated sector of economic activity,
extensive residential areas, many public buildings, planned open
spaces, unremitting commercial activity, and a lively social and
intellectual life.
The functions layout and the structure of the urban tissue,
together with the building activity (as this evolved out of the
socio-economic situation of the users and the specific building
regulations) facilitated the reading of a multidimensional
architecture. The architectural development of Piraeus is extremely
interesting : all the categories of private buildings (ordinary
houses, mansions and villas, shops, industrial units, factories and
hotels) and the public edifices too present an exceptional form
variety. As far as the early decades are concerned, we may only
make a few observations about the architectural profile, which was
essentially made up from isolated examples. After 1860, it is
possible to draw better documented conclusions. The houses had two
or three storeys and a semi-basement. They were occupied by two, or
occasionally three, households, each of which resided on an entire,
indpendant floor, with the spaces rationally laid out, usually
symmetrically in relation to the stairs and the corridors. The
shops and the first factories consisted in a flexible space which
could be organised to meet various functions. After 1870, we also
find a type of a two-storey commercial building, with the main
premises on the ground floor and storerooms or office above. It
remains unclear how the ground plans of the hotels were laid
out.
12
-
The exterior design followed the principles of Classicism and
Historicism, in the various stages of their development. Naturally
enough, the morphological features weer no different from those
encountered in the architecture of Athens. The co-existence of the
various building categories -among which we must also include the
maritime infrastructure, which played an important role in the
overall picture of the urban landscape- and their varied
characteristics, in association with the parameter of the
geomorphology, together make up the city' s multifaceted
architectural identity and compose the distinctive urban
aesthetic.
In conclusion, it may be said that, although it was undeniably
equal to the demands of its orifinal role as the "commercial
satellite" of the capital, Piraeus evolved at the same time into a
self-reliant urban centre, thanks to its self-sufficient market,
its enterprising municipal administration, and the strong and
creative "local" consciousness developed by its mixed
population.
13
I
-
.
2 0 , 2001
1835-1912
1999
-
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