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书书书
The13th InternationalConferenceonHydroscience&EngineeringProceeding
Editedby ChongqingJiaotongUniversityTheUniversityofMississippiChongqingAssociationforScienceandTechnology
YellowRiverConservancyPress
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ConferenceOrganization
OrganizerUnits
CQJTU ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
NCCHENationalCenterforComputationalHydroscienceandEngineering,theUniversityofMississippi
CQAST ChongqingAssociationforScienceandTechnology
Sponsors
IAHRInternationalAssociation for HydroEnvironment Engineering andResearch
WASER WorldAssociationforSedimentationandErosionResearch
ASCEEWRI
Environmental&WaterResourcesinstituteofAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers
IWHR ChinaInstituteofWaterResourcesandHydropowerResearch
CWB ChangjiangWaterwayRegulation
CHES ChongqingHydraulicEngineeringSociety
CRSRIChangjiangRiverScientificResearchInstituteofChangjiangWaterResourcesCommission
NHRI NanjingHydraulicResearchInstitute
TIWTE TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineering,M.O.T.
YRIHR YellowRiverInstituteofHydraulicResearch
ECSRCShanghaiEstuarine& CoastalScienceResearchCenter,MinistryofTransport,P.R.C
THU StateKeyLaboratoryofHydroscienceandEngineering
PKU KeyLaboratoryforWaterandSedimentSciences
HHUStateKeyLaboratoryofHydrologyWaterResourcesandHydraulicEngineering(HydroLab)
WHUStateKeyLaboratoryofWaterResourcesandHydropowerEngineeringScience
SCU NationalKeyLabofHydraulicsandMountainRiverEngineering
·1·
UCRBHWRSUpperChangjiangRiverBureauofHydrologicalandWaterResourcesSurvey
CSES ChongqingSocietyforEnvironmentalSciences
WSE WaterScienceandEngineering
HRL HydrologicalResearchLetters
NeWay ChongqingNewayTechEngineeringCo.,Ltd.
CWCHDC ChongqingWaterConservancyandHydropowerDevelopmentCorporation
A&EWSHIW
Academician&ExpertWorkstationofChongqingSouthwestHydraulicInstituteforWaterways
NERCIWR
ConferenceInternationalOrganizingCommittee
Prof. SamS.Y.Wang UniversityofMississippi,U.S.A. Prof. K.PeterHolz UniversityofCottbus,Germany Prof. MutsutoKawahara ChuoUniversity,Japan Prof. PingyiWang ChongqingJiaotongUniversity,China
·2·
InternationalScientificAdvisoryCommittees
Title FirstName LastName ServiceUnit
Dr. Andrzej CIESLAK MaritimeOfficeinGdynia,Poland
Prof. ChunBo JIANG TsinghuaUniversity,China
Prof. Driss OUAZAR EcoleMohamadiad'Ingeniurs,Morocco
Prof. FranciscoTaveira PINTO UniversityofPorto,Portugal
Dr. Gerardo PERILLO InstitutoArgentinodeOceanografia,Argentina
Prof. Gerbrantvan VLEDDER DelftUniversity,Netherlands
Prof. GiuseppeRoberto TOMASICCHIO UniversityofSalento,Italy
Prof. Hiroshi OKUMURA UniversityofToyama,Japan
Prof. Hubert CHANSON TheUniversityofQueensland,Australia
Dr. Hyoseop WOOKoreaInstituteofConstructionTechnology(KICT),Rep.ofKorea
Prof. Inigo LOSADA UniversityofCantabria,Spain
Dr. Jingming HOU NewcastleUniversity,UK
Prof. JosephHunWei LEE UniversityofHongkong,China
Dr. Jun Zheng BeijingSinfotekTechnologyCo.,Ltd.
Dr. Michael PIASECKI CityCollegeofNewYork,U.S.A.
Dr. MustafaS. ALTINAKAR NCCHE,theUniversityofMississippi,USA
Prof. Nadim COPTY BoaziiUniversity,Turkey
Prof. Panayotis PRINOS Arist.Univ.ofThessaloniki,Greece
Prof. Peter TROCH GhentUniversity,Belgium
Prof. Philippe GOURBESVILLE UniversityofNice,France
Prof. RogerA. FALCONER CardiffUniversity,UK
Dr. ScottC. HAGEN UniversityofCentralFlorida,U.S.A.
Prof. ShieYui LIONG NationalUniversityofSingapore
Prof. Silke WIEPRECHT UniversityofStuttgart,Germany
Dr. Taro ARIKAWA PortandairportResearchInstitute,Japan
·3·
Title FirstName LastName ServiceUnit
Prof. Tetsuro TSUJIMOTO NagoyaUniversity,Japan
Prof. Tobias BLENINGER FederalUniversityofParaná,Brazil
Dr. Uldis BETHERS UniversityofLatvia,Latvia
Prof. Vallam SUNDAR IITMadras,INDIA
Prof. Weiming Wu ClarksonUniversity,USA
Prof. Xiaobo Chao NCCHE,theUniversityofMississippi,USA
Prof. Yafei Jia NCCHE,theUniversityofMississippi,USA
Prof. Yan Ding U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers,USA
Prof. Yong Lai USBureauofReclamation,USA
Prof. Zbigniew SIKORA GdanskUniversityofTechnology,Poland
Dr. ZhaoYin WANG TsinghuaUniversity,China
LocalOrganizingCommitte
President:
BomingTang PresidentofChongqingJiaotongUniversity,China
PresidingChairman:
PingyiWang VicepresidentofChongqingJiaotongUniversity,China
YafeiJia ProfessorfromUniversityofMississippi
JieNiuDeputy inspectorofChongqing Association forScience andTechnology
CommitteeMembers:KuncaiHuang,BoLiang,YuanlingYu,HaitaoRen,KaiBai,XujinZhang,Shiliang
Zhou,JingZhu,JianZou,DuoyinWang,HuajunZhou,ShengfaYang,MingweiLiu,DanZheng,YueLiang,SiqiaoYe,LihuiQiu,DaiyuLiao,JianLiu,DachuanLiu,JinsongLiao,JunhuaShe,YihaoGuo,XiaoqingHu,XiaojunLiu,JinzhongWu
SecretariesGeneral:XuhuiFuDeputySecretariesGeneral:JiangHu,SichenTong,WenjieLi,YiXiao,YaoLiSecretaries:WenzhongZhang,XuemeiHu,HongguangZhou,YunliWang,JunWu,
XuelianLiu,MingChen,MiTian,LinfengHan,YingShen·4·
KeynoteSpeaker
GuangqianWang AcademicianofChineseAcademyofSciences,PresidentofQinghaiUniversity
JinrenNi AcademicianofChineseAcademyofSciences,ProfessorofPekingUniversityBruceW.Melville FellowshipoftheRoyalSocietyofNewZealand,Professorof
AucklandUniversityXinqiangNiu AcademicianofChineseAcademyofEngineering,PresidentofCISLDRZhaoyinWang PresidentofWASERVicePresidentofIAHR,ProfessorofTsinghua
UniversityMartinA.Locke FellowScienceSocietyofAmerica,DirectorofUSDANSLHuaqingZhang TianjinInstituteofWaterTransport,DeputyDean,ChiefEngineerMustafaS.Altinakar DirectorofNCCHE,ProfessorofUniversityofMississippiHuaihanLiu YangtzeRiverWaterwayBureau,NationalTalentsTaroArikawa Professor.ofChuoUniversityTianchyiJimYeh ProfessorofUniversityofArizonaPingyiWang VicePresidentofChongqingJiaotongUniversityDejunZhong ProfessorofQinghaiUniversity,“CheungKongScholar”Distinguished
ProfessorQiuwenChen NanjingInstituteofHydraulicScienceProfessor,National“Millionsof
PeoplePlan”,LeadingTalentsinScientificandTechnologicalInnovationShengfaYang ProfessorofChongqingJiaotongUniversity,NationalTalentsYafeiJia ProfessorofUniversityofMississippiMinjiaoLu NagaokaUniversityofTechnologyXueYa ProfessorofChinaGeologicalSurveyXi’anGeologicalSurveyCenter
·5·
书书书
Preface
WhiteWater:DistributionandConversion (1)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ScouratHydraulicStructures (2)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
EnergyDissipationandHazardMitigationofNaturalDams (3)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
SustainabilityinGoldenInlandWaterwaysoftheWorld (4)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
KeyTechnologyofNewNavigationChannelofThreeGorgesProject (5)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
WaterChallengesinAgricultureforthe21stCentury:AdaptingUSDAARSNationalSedimentationLaboratory ResearchtoMeetThoseChallenges (6)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ResearchAchievementsofNationalEngineeringResearchCenterforInlandWaterwayRegulation (7)!!
QualificationofCCHE3DModelandItsApplicationtoMississippiRiverBendways (8)!!!!!!!!
EcologicalRiverWaterwayConstructionandIssuesinCHINA (9)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
DevelopmentofMultiscaleMultiphysicsTsunamiSimulator (10)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ProgressandProspectsofResearchontheIntelligentChanneloftheYangtzeRiver (11)!!!!!!!
WideRiverorNarrowRiver:FutureRiverTrainingStrategyforLowerYellowRiverunderGlobalChange(13)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
FishConservationintheUpperYangtzeRiverunderLargeHydropowerDevelopment (14)!!!!!!!
AViewTowardtheFutureofSubsurfaceHydrologicScience (15)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
HydrologicalProcessesandTheirModeling (16)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
GroundwaterResourcesandEnvironmentinQaidamBasin (17)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
SedimentTransportLawandWaterwayRegulationTechnologyintheThreeGorgesReservoir (18)!!!
ModelingHydrodynamicandMorphodynamicProcessesinCoastsandEstuariesDueto TropicalCyclones (19)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ModelingSedimentPathwaysAroundanInlet (20)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ResearchonNavigationobstructionReasonofSandyPebbleReachDownstreamofThree GorgesProject (22)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
InvestigationofHydrodynamicsAroundaTidalStreamTurbineUndertheWavecurrent Interaction (23)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ResearchonMultiparameterMeasurementMethodofSelfpropelledShipModelBased onImageTrackingandRecognitionTechnology (24)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
NumericalStudyontheNourishedBeachErosionMechanismunderStormImpacts (25)!!!!!!!
TheResidualSedimentTransportResponsetoHugeNavigationChannelEngineeringand ItsImpactonSiltinginNavigationChannelinChangjiangEstuary (27)
!!!!!!!!!!
ImpactbyOverturningWavesonaCoastalStructure (29)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ResearchonCalculationalMethodofRegulationParametersofProtectiveWaterwayRegulation Projects (30)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ExperimentalStudyonErosionDamageofAnticorrosionCoating (31)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
AssessmentofWaveinducedLiquefactionDepthinaCohesiveSeabed (32)!!!!!!!!!!!!
ModelingStudyonHydrodynamicsofHorizontalAxisTidalStreamTurbine (33)!!!!!!!!!!
·1·
ResourceAssessmentofTidalStreamEnergyandResearchonLayoutOptimizationof TurbineArray (34)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
InfluenceofSoilResistanceDampingonStandingWaveinducedPorePressureAccumulation (36)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ModelofWaveinducedSandySeabedResponseAroundaTrenchedPipeline (37)!!!!!!!!!!
NumericalStudyonEffectofHubandSupportStructureonPerformanceofHorizontal AxisTidalTurbine (38)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ResearchProgressintheInfluenceofWaterLevelFluctuationsontheNavigationSafetyof ShipsintheEntranceAreaoftheApproachChannel (39)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ExperimentalInvestigationofWaveinducedPorePressureResponsearoundTwinPipelines intheFinesandySeabed (40)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
NumericalStimulationoftheMovementofFishundertheInfluenceofFishBoneTypeDividing Dike (41)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
TheStudyonInfluenceofWaterDepthontheFlowFieldCharacteristicsofHighPressureWater Jet (42)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
BSTEMBoatgeneratedWaveerosionModel:DevelopmentandApplications (43)!!!!!!!!!!
AnalyticalSolutionoftheMotionofaBoxoverFocusedWave (44)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
NumericalModelingofAlternativestoReduceChannelShoalingattheBolivarFlareofthe GulfIntracoastalWaterwayinGalvestonBay,Texas (45)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
TheStudyonEvolutionoftheMouthBarunderRunoffandWaveActionTogetherbyFlume SectionModelTest (47)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
AnExperimentalStudyonWavevegetationInteractionConsideringtheCombinedEffectof WavesandCurrents (48)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ATwodimensionalModelofSedimentTransportDuringStormSurge (49)!!!!!!!!!!!!!
NumericalSimulationofCurrentsandWavesInfluencedbyTyphoonintheNorthernSouth ChinaSea (50)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
InterAnnualVariabilityoftheTurbidityMaximumZoneinHangzhouBayBasedonLandsatImagery (51)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
EffectsofDeepSeaPortontheRayongBayCoastline,Thailand (52)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
FundamentalCriteriaandChallengestoIncreasingWaterwayDepthsDownstreamoftheThree GorgesDam (53)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
TheResearchofPortRiskAssessmentModelBasedonGridStandard (55)!!!!!!!!!!!!!
PossibilitiesandChallengesofExpandingtheDimensionsoftheWaterwayDownstreamofThree GorgesDam (56)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ResearchonSafetyConditionMonitoringMethodforBollardStructureofPortEngineering BasedonFiberBraggSensing (57)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
SedimentTransportandTrappingintheNorthPassageofChangjiangEstuaryDuringtheFloodSeason2015 (58)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
StudyonMethodstoEstimatetheBedShearStressesinYangtzeEstuary (59)!!!!!!!!!!!
ResearchontheAllowableSpanLengthoftheSubmarinePipelineinShallowWater (60)!!!!!!!
NumericalSimulationStudyontheWaterLevelFluctuationsintheUpstreamApproach ChannelundertheConditionoftheLoadRejectionofHydraulicPowerStation (61)
!!!!!
·2·
DynamicResponseAnalysesofOffshoreWindTurbinewithHighriseCapandLowriseCap FoundationSubjectedtoShipImpact (62)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ManagementStrategiesforanEcologicalWaterwayintheBifurcatedRiverSectionsattheLower ReachesoftheYangtzeRiver (63)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ResearchontheRulesandInfluencingFactorsofScourandDepositionChangesinRiver IslandsofTypicalSectionsintheLowerReachoftheThreeGorgesProject (64)
!!!!!!!
ResearchonBenchlandShapingTechniqueofComplexReachesundertheConditionofFloods ControllingandNavigationImprovement (65)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
TheVelocitydipPhenomenoninOpenBendFlow (66)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
TheInfluenceofThermalDischargeontheWaterIntakeandDrainagePlaneLayoutforthe CoalfiredPowerPlant (67)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ImpactsofLargescaleEstuarineEngineeringProjectsonRecentMorphologicalEvolution ProcessesoftheYangtzeEstuary (68)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
StudyofBearingCapacityandParameterSensitivityAnalysisofOffshoreWindTurbineBucket FoundationinSoftClay (69)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
StudyonAccumulativeDeformationofOffshoreWindTurbineBucketFoundationinClay (70)!!!!!
ExperimentalStudyofAttenuationofWaveRunupbyLandslidesintheThreeGorgesReservoir (72)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
StudyontheEffectofDamOperationonNavigationFlowConditionina90DegreeSharpBend ReachBetweentheThreeGorgesDamandtheGezhouDam (73)
!!!!!!!!!!!!
StudyonReliabilityofRiprapRockDamsunderUnsteadyFlowConditions (74)!!!!!!!!!!
ExperimentalStudyontheConnectionForcesofXtypeSoftBodyRowunderNonsteadyFlow (75)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
DevelopmentaNewEcologicalEmbankmentProjectStructureStyle (76)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
InfluenceofAmbientFlowVelocityontheFlowFieldCharacteristicsofUnderwaterAbrasive WaterJet (77)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
TheResearchontheWaterStopTechnologyofHydraumaticButterflyRubberBag (78)!!!!!!!!
AModelFrameworkontheCarryingCapacityofInlandWaterwayShipping (79)!!!!!!!!!!
WaterwayEvolutioninMeanderRiversunderImpactsofRiverEngineeringcomparisonof theLowerMississippiRiverandJingjiangReachoftheYangtzeRiver (80)
!!!!!!!!!
ApplicationandDevelopmentofSmallScaleSelfpropelledShipModelSimulationTechnology (81)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
PreliminaryStudyontheShipManeuveringMotionBasedonShallowWaterEffectand NonuniformFlow (82)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
EstimationofDesignLNWLinInlandWaterwaysandUncertaintyAnalysisunderChanging Environment (83)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
AnalysisonInfluencingFactorsofActualShippingRouteinMountainousRiver (84)!!!!!!!!!
TheInfluenceofLocalSandExtractiononWaterwayRegulationSchemefromHeyuanto ShilonginDongjiangRiver (85)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
RouteSelectionofShipBasedonPquantileMethod (86)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
IdeasandSchemesforManagingtheBraidedRiverSectionamongtheShoalGroup ComplexattheMiddleReachesoftheSonghuaRiver (87)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
·3·
ResearchonTridalWaterLevelofOverlengthShallowAreaintheCentralofBohaiSea (88)!!!!!
NumericalSimulationStudyontheOptimizationofReefBlastingSchemeinFomiantanBeach (89)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
StudyontheEvolutionCharacteristicsandInfluencingFactorsofJingjiangBeachunderNew WaterandSandConditions (90)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ArrangementandExperimentalStudyofWaterFillingandEmptyingSystemwithLong UnilateralCorridorandCrossBranchCorridorsforHighHeadShipLock (91)
!!!!!!!
HydrodynamicCharacteristicsofCombinedEnergyDissipationChambersforLockhead FillingSystems (93)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
StudyontheArrangementandHydraulicsCharacteristicsofWatersavingShipLockwith WaterMutualFillingandEmptyingSystem (94)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
TheReachofSecondaryRegulationIdeasandControlParametersoftheBranchingReach intheHillyRegion (95)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
NumericalSimulationsofOverlandFlowsforSoilErosion (96)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
DevelopmentofanAdaptiveMultidimensionalSurfaceWaterNutrientandContaminant ModelingCapability (97)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
OntheStudyofDebrisFlowUsingComputationalFluidDynamics(CFD) (98)!!!!!!!!!!!
ExperimentalStudyonBankEffectModelofInlandShipsunderUnconstantFlowConditions (100)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
TheStudyonInfluenceofWaterDepthontheFlowFieldCharacteristicsofHighPressure WaterJet (101)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3DNumericalModelingoftheInfluenceofGateRemovalTimeonDamBreakFlowCharacteristics(102)
!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
StudyontheMeasurementofWaterFlowCharacteristicsofSubmergentRigidVegetation (103)!!!!!
NumericalModelingofFlowandSedimentinPelahatchieBayandItsUplandWatershed (104)!!!!!
StrategytoCoupleanImplicitHydrodynamicModelandWaterQualityModuleswith TemperatureModuleasaDemonstration (105)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ApplicationofFastADISolvertoComplexGeometriesonGPU (107)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
LargeEddySimulationforFlowoveraBackwardfacingStepwithHighReynoldsNumber (108)!!!!
NumericalSimulationsofAirPressurisationWithinDdropshafts (109)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
EffectsofSpurDikesonWeightedUsableAreaofEndenmicSpeciesintheMinjiangRiverby TwodimensionalNumericalModel (110)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
HighresolutionandRapidSimulationofFlowsandSedimentTransportinYangtzeEstuary (111)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
EffectsofDeflectionAnglesonSecondaryFlowinRvierBends (112)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
SimulationofHydraulicCharacteristicsofanInclinedOverflowGatebytheFreesurface LatticeBoltzmannimmersedBoundaryCouplingScheme (113)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ThreeDimensionalNumericalSimulationStudyonFlowConditionsinChamberwithFilling andEmptyingSystemofLongCorridorLockWall (114)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ANewMultislopeMUSCLSchemeforSolving2DShallowWaterEquationsonUnstructuredGrids(115)
!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ModellingofSecondaryFlowsintheRotatingAnnularFlumebyOpenFOAM (117)!!!!!!!!!
·4·
EffectofReservationScouringPitonTrajectoryBucketEnergyDissipation (118)!!!!!!!!!!
NumericalSimulationofEnergyDissipationforContinuousFlipBucketinSpillwayof LongxingqiaoReservoir (119)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
SimulationofLocalScourAroundBridgeAbutmentsUsingArtificialNeuralNetworks(ANNs) (120)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ASecondorderAccuracyBoundaryConditionforLatticeBoltzmannShallowWaterModel (121)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
TheNumericalStudyofVesselNavigationbyThreeDimensionalFluidSolidCouplingMethod (122)!!
ThreedimensionalNumericalStudyontheEffectofAddingAntishipCollisionFacilitiesonthe NavigationFlowConditionsfortheExistingBridges (123)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
SimulationforHydrodynamicPerformanceofShipBerthinginHighPiledWharf (124)!!!!!!!!
NumericalSimulationofHydrodynamicFieldsunderWaveCurrentInteractioninOujiangEstuary (125)!
ResearchonHydraulicCharacteristicsintheValveSectionwithExpandedCorridorattheTopforShipLock (126)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A3DFiniteelementGroundwaterModelandItsApplicationtoHyporheicFlowswithaTwolayer SedimentBed (128)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
SecondorderAccuracySource(ExternalForce)TermSchemeforLatticeBoltzmannShallow WaterEquations (129)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
NumericalModellingofTransientAirwaterFlowsWithinaRiserDownstreamofaTrunkSewer (130)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
NumericalInvestigationofSedimentTransportInducedbyInternalSolitaryWaves (131)!!!!!!!
ASubgridScaleBankErosionModelforTELEMAC2D/SISYPHE (132)!!!!!!!!!!!!!
MeasurementoftheTurbulenceStatisticsandtheReynoldsStressStructureoftheTurbulent BoundaryLayerFlowAroundaTwoDimensionalEmbankment (133)
!!!!!!!!!!!
TimeresolvedStereoscopicParticleimagevelocimetrySystemforApplicationinWaterFlows (134)!!!
ExperimentalStudyofTurbulenceCharacteristicsofFlowoverDune (136)!!!!!!!!!!!!!
InfluenceofBladeWrapAngleonCavitationPerformanceofHighSpeedCentrifugalPump (137)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ANovelModelofIncipientSedimentMotionBasedonTurbulenceKineticEnergy (138)!!!!!!!
FluctuatingPressureontheBottomofaStillingWell (139)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
SimulationandAnalysisofFlowFieldinHighPressureWaterJetNozzle (140)!!!!!!!!!!!
QuadrantAnalysisofTurbulentFlowCharacteristicsinanOpenChannelwithDispersedBed Roughness (141)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
AnalysisofParameterUncertaintyofGreenRoofsHydrologicRetentionPerformanceReliability (142)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
CCHESWMMBasedFloodModelingtoEvaluatetheEffectofLIDonChongqingSponge CityPilotProjects (143)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
IntegratedBenefitEvaluationsofGreenInfrastructureintheUnitedStatesandItsReferential SignificancetoChina (144)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
CharacteristicsofStormwaterPollutantsCapturedinCatchBasinInserts (145)!!!!!!!!!!!
ApplicationofLIDtoUrbanRunoffControlUsingSWMM:CaseStudyinaRetrofittedArea (146)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
·5·
StudyonControlEffectofLowImpactDevelopmentMeasuresofUrbanPipeNetwork BasedonSWMM (147)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
DesignParadigmforHydraulicEngineeringSustainability (148)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
StudyoftheEffectingFactorsandtheComprehensiveAssessmentofPublicPrivatePartnerships ConstructionProjectinSpongeCity (149)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
EvaluationofSeveralRemoteSensingSoilMoistureDataProductsoverChina (150)!!!!!!!!!
CurrentStatusofVOCsRecoveryConstructionandRelatedRegulationsinChina (151)!!!!!!!!
ModelingStudyofaTurbulentHydrothermalPlumeandParticleMotionsinStratifiedFluids (152)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
AQuantitativeStudyontheEcologicalCompensationStandardintheThreeGorgesReservoir AreaBasedonEcologicalFootprint (153)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
StudyofThreedimensionalMotiononLockexchangeGravityCurrent (154)!!!!!!!!!!!!
PredictionofFlowVelocityProfilesofOpenChannelswithSubmergedVegetation (155)!!!!!!!
CompositionandEvaluationofSoilPollutantsintheThreeGorgesFluctuatingBelt (156)!!!!!!!
BlueJeansDyeAttributes&ScopetoSparseEnvironmentalImpingement (157)!!!!!!!!!!!
StudyonVelocityProfileandDragCoefficientofFlowThroughDoubleLayerVegetation (158)!!!!!
NumericalSimulationonOptimumDesignDistanceBetweenRhombicArtificialReefs (159)!!!!!!
StudyontheCharacteristicsofHydrochemistryandHydrogenandOxygenIsotopesofthe GroundwaterintheTypicalIrrigationDistrictoftheYellowRiverinTumochuanPlain
(160)!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ResearchonPassengerShipFormofInternationalWaterwayfromChinaMyanmarBoundary MarkeratUpperMekongRivertoLuangPrabang,Laos (161)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
SoluteTransportina3DRoughwalledFracture:theEffectofChannelsandImmobileZones (163)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
InfluenceofChannelRegulatingStructuresontheTransportationandDissipationofSupersaturated TotalDissolvedGas (164)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
BinaryComponentSorptionofCadmium,andCopperIonsontoYangtzeRiverSedimentswith DifferentParticleSizes (165)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
StudyonSRTInfluencetoPhosphorousRemovalandSludgeCharactersofHAA/AMCOProcess (166)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ExtractionoftheEnvironmentalConditionsSuitablefortheSpawningofSweetfishintheShimanto River (167)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
MechanismofAerobicNitrogenRemovalaboutAdvancedSludgeReductionProcess—HAA/AMCO (168)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
EvaluationofLongxiRiverWaterEcologicalConstruction (169)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
AReviewofDistribution,AnalysisMethods,ModelMethodsandEnvironmentalEffectsofMicroplastics (170)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
PreliminaryStudyonSoilErosionattheWaterLevelFluctuatingZoneoftheThreeGorgeReservoir (171)!!!
CompositionofFloatingDebrisinDifferentWaterBodies (172)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ResearchonHighefficiencyTreatmentofBlackOdorousWaterSuspendedSolidsBasedontheCombination ofHydraulicRotatingDeviceandFlocculation (173)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
TheColdIslandEffectandItsInternalMechanismofthe“SourceHui”LandscapePatternintheYangtze·6·
RiverEconomicBelt (174)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
DelineatingUrbanGrowthBoundariesUsingFLUSModel:theCaseofChongqing (175)!!!!!!!!!!
FutureScenariosfortheHydrologicalVariablesundertheImpactofClimateChangeintheHaiheRiver Basin,NorthChina (176)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
QuantitativeEffectsofClimateFluctuationandLandCoverChangeonWatershedRunoffandSediment Generation (177)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3DModelingofTurbidityCurrentthroughShihmenReservoirinTaiwan (178)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ClearwaterScourDevelopmentatSubmergedWeirs (179)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ApplingaTwoDimensionalNumericalModeltoAssesstheEvolutionofSoftBedrockChannelSlope (180)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
PreliminaryForecastMethodonInflowSedimentConcentrationofThreeGorgesReservoir (181)!!!!!!!
ModelExperimentsofBedLoadTransportPathEffecttheWaterwaySecurityinUpperYangtzeRiver (182)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
RealtimeFieldMeasurementsandSimulationofShorttermGeneralScourEvolution—ACaseStudy oftheChoShuiRiverinTaiwan (183)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
PhysicalStudyontheRelationshipbetweenReservoirSedimentationDepthandBackwaterRaises (184)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
EffectsoftheLargeBarrageonSedimentLoadalongtheYomRiver,Thailand (185)!!!!!!!!!
LaboratoryMeasurementofBedloadDischargeUsingBottomTrackVelocityMeasuredbyADCP (186)!!
SimultaneousObservationofWaterFlow,BedloadandSuspendedSedimentUsingAcoustic DopplerCurrentProfilerintheBrahmaputraRiver,Bangladesh (187)
!!!!!!!!!!!
NumericalSimulationontheSedimentationoftheThreeGorgesReservoirBasedontheNew CharacteristicsofHydrologyandSedimentCondition (188)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ChannelEvolutionoftheJianliReachintheMiddleYangtzeRiverUndergoingUpstreamand DownstreamBoundaryControls (189)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ApplicabilityofGPVSforMonitoringBedloadTransport (190)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
StudyontheCharacteristicsofRunoffandSedimentTransportinthePoyangLake (191)!!!!!!!!
ResearchonErosionDepthandChangeofWaterLevelinLowerReachofHydrojunction (192)!!!!!
InfluenceofIncomingSedimentConditionsonAlluvialRiverTypeConversion (193)!!!!!!!!!!
AnalysisoftheEffectofFlexibleReservoirOperationMethodontheWaterSupplyCapacityof HyperconcentrationRiver (194)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ExperimentalandNumericalSimulationsofLocalScourAroundGroupsofPiles (195)!!!!!!!!!
SedimentTransportandMorphologicResponsestoDecreasedFlowsinanAlluvialDesertReach oftheYellowRiver,China (196)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
PotentialEcologicalRiskofHeavyMetalsinRiverSedimentsatOneManganeseMineAreainSouth China (197)
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CaseStudy:EffectsofNarrowingCrosssectionontheLowerYellowRiver (198)!!!!!!!!!!!
ExperimentalStudyonScouringCharacteristicsofCohesiveSoilofDistortedRiverBends intheLowerYellowRiver (199)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
EvolutionMechanismandTrendForecastingofTidalRiverChannelsattheLowerReachesof theYangtzeRiver (200)
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TheCirculationandSaltStratificationovertheSouthBranchoftheYangtzeEstuary (201)!!!!!!!
·7·
NewTendencyofSedimentLoadandDepositionintheThreeGorgesReservoirwiththeImpact ofDams (202)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
CalibrationofManning’sRoughnessCoefficientforTarimRiverFlowSimulationBasedon CCHE2DModel (203)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
LocalScourDepthFormulaofMiddletolowWaterHeadDam (204)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
StudyontheGravelBedloadTransportinChongqingMainUrbanReachaftertheImpoundment oftheThreeGorgesReservoir (205)
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Developmentofa1DEmbankmentBreachingModel (206)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
InvestigationofDrainagePumpOperationandItsInfluenceontheFlowinaReceivingStream (207)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
GreatChangesonFloodControlofLowerYellowRiverandFutureProspects (208)!!!!!!!!!!
TheInfluenceofGateRemovalTimeonDamBreakFlowCharacteristics (209)!!!!!!!!!!!!
TheFloodControlCompensationOptimizationMethodofParallelReservoirs (210)!!!!!!!!!!
DevelopmentofPriorityIndexforDeterminationofWarningStationinFloodForecasting (211)!!!!!
ParallelProcessingofMultiScenarioFloodSimulationUsingCloudComputingService (212)!!!!!!
BackwaterFloodingAnalysisintheTownAgva(NorthernTurkey)viaDifferentSettlementStrategies (214)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ModelingDikeBreachingintheChaoPhrayaRiverBasinUsingHighResolutionElevationData(Lidar)(215)
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TheBoscastleFloodof16August2004:CauseAnalysisandCorrespondingEngineeringDefence Structures (216)
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FloodDisastersandFloodWarninginUrbanAreasofUkraine:LearnedLessonsandNewNeeds (217)
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FloodForecastingModelforKelantanRiverBasin,MalaysiaUsingIFASandGetflows (219)!!!!!!!
StudyonOptimalResolutionEstimationofDistributedRainfallRunoffModelforFloodForecast (220)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
NumericalInvestigationoftheImpactForceonStructuresduetoDamBreakFlowUsinga2DModel (221)
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AnalysisoftheImpactofRainfallonUrbanFloodingandFloodDamageunderDifferentLandUse Types (222)
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HydrologicalModelingoftheKaushalyaDamWatershed(INDIA)UsingGIS&SWAT (223)!!!!!!!
SpatialDistributionofFisharoundtheFishboneTypeDividingDikeinDongliuWaterway,Downstream ofYangtzeRiver (224)
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StudyonOptimizedOpeningModeforWaterReleaseSluiceofYakouNavigationHydrojunction (225)
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ADevelopingRealtimeSafetyInformationModelforLargescaleUndergroundCavernGroup (226)!!!!!
ComprehensiveAnalysisfortheInfluenceFactorsonHydraulicCharacteristicofSpillwayTunnel withSuddenLateralEnlargementandVerticalDropForm (227)
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EffectsofDataRecordLengthonParameterEstimationandModelPerformanceinHydrological Modeling (228)
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Enhanced2DCEQUALW2HydrodynamicsandWaterQualityModelsandItsApplicationsin SupportofNutrientPollutionAssessment (229)
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·8·
DistributionofParametersforHydrologicModelsonLargeScaleinChina (230)!!!!!!!!!!!!
ResponseofMeltWaterandRainfallRunofftoRecentClimateChangeandTheirRolesinControlling RiverFlowChangeoftheThreeHeadwatersBasinsovertheTibetanPlateau (231)
!!!!!!!
ModellingDailyWaterTemperatureinMissouriRiverBasinUsingStatisticalModels (232)!!!!!!!!
ComparisonRainfallInterpolationatDifferentSpatialResolution (233)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ModernHydroecologicalRegimeofLagoonsinNorthwesternPartofBlackSeaandIssuesofTheir WaterManagementunderClimateChange (234)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
TheImpactsofExtremeDroughtandtheImpoundingoftheThreeGorgesDamonWaterLevel CharacteristicsintheMiddleandLowerReachesoftheYangtzeRiverin2006 (236)
!!!!!!
GroundwaterContaminantSourceIdentificationbySelfOrganizingMapsBasedSurrogate ModelswithPartiallyMissingConcentrationObservationData (238)
!!!!!!!!!!!!
StudyonEvaluationSystemofWaterEcologicalConstructionintheLongxiRiver (239)!!!!!!!!
AnOverviewofChina’sWaterStatistics (241)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
StudyonNormalTransformationMethodinBPFModelforInputData (242)!!!!!!!!!!!!
DevelopmentofanIntegratedWaterQualityModelingEngineforHECRAS,HECResSim, andHECHMS (243)
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ArcGISbasedManagementofRockTunnelHydrogeologicalDataandModelEstablishment (244)
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AModelFrameworkontheCarryingCapacityofInlandWaterwayShipping (245)!!!!!!!!!!
StudiesonStructureofFishCommunityandSpeciesDiversityinWuhanSectionoftheYangtze River (246)
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DevelopmentofanOperationalFlashFloodForecastingSystemforThailand (247)!!!!!!!!!!
TheApplicationofChannelUnderwaterTerrainMonitoringBasedonBIMTechnology (248)!!!!!!
LaboratoryFlumeStudiesonPropagativeWavesiltyBedInteractions (249)!!!!!!!!!!!!!
EffectofSulfateAttackontheTriaxialMechanicalbehaviorofMortar (250)!!!!!!!!!!!!
StudyonHighPrecisionWaterLevelMeasurementMethodBasedonDualfrequencyUltrasound inHydraulicPhysicalModelExperiments (252)
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ImpulsiveWaveRunupGeneratedbyRockLandslidesinaBendChannelReservoir (253)!!!!!!
ExperimentalInvestigationintoDownstreamFieldofaPilesupportedHorizontalAxisTidal StreamTurbine (254)
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StudyontheNavigationConditionintheEntranceAreaofUpstreamApproachChannelin SanakhamShiplock (256)
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ADVbasedMeasurementsofSuspendedSedimentDistributionandTurbulentDiffusionMechanism (257)
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ScourAroundBridgePiersinNonuniformSediments (258)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
AnalysisofPileDiameterandSandParticleSizeonLocalScourinSteadyCurrent (259)!!!!!!!!
MonitoringandEarlyWarningofRainfallInducedSoilSlopeFailureUsingElasticWaveVelocity (260)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
WaterandSoilLossfromLandslideDepositsasaFunctionofGravelContentintheWenchuan EarthquakeArea,China,RevealedbyArtificialRainfallSimulations (261)
!!!!!!!!!
·9·
WhiteWater:DistributionandConversion
GuangqianWang
Abstract
1.BackgroundSurfacewaterresourcesincludebluewaterandgreenwater.Bluewaterisstoredinrivers,lakesandaquifers.Greenwaterreferstowaterthatisconsumedbyevapotranspiration.Theatmosphericwaterresourcesarecomposedofwhitewater.Themutualconversionofwhitewater,bluewaterandgreenwaterformsawatercycle.2.WhiteWaterWhitewaterisatmosphericwater,whichreferstotheatmosphericwaterfluxwithprecipitationpotential.Thisparagraphintroducesthecalculationofwhitewateranditscharacteristicvariables.Theconversionrateandeffectivenessofwhitewaterwereanalyzed,andimportantresearchparameterssuchaswhitewaterratio(WWR)andwhitewatersaturation(WWS)wereintroduced.ThedistributionandtransformationofwhitewaterintypicalareassuchasSanjiangyuanandTarimBasininChinawerereported.Taketheriverbasinsathomeandabroadasanexampletosimulateandcomparewiththemeasureddata.3.SkyRiverProjectThispaperproposesthatTianheProjectproposesanewmethodbystudyingthedistributionandtransportationofwaterintheatmosphere,andadoptsnewtechnologytorealizethecouplingcontrolandcomprehensiveutilizationofatmosphericandsurfacewaterresourcesinsomeareas.TianheProjectcanmonitorandpredictthewhitewaterintheengineeringatmosphere,solvethetimeandspacedistributionofwhitewater,andformaneffectiveweather(precipitation)adjustmenttechnologytoprovidestrongsupportforenvironmentalprotection,waterenergyandsafety.
Keywords:WhiteWater;Surfacewaterresources;SkyRiverProject;Atmosphericwater
·1·
ScouratHydraulicStructures
BruceMelville
CivilEngineering,UniversityofAuckland,NewZealand
Abstract
Predictionoflikelyscourdepthsisanimportantaspectofthedesignofhydraulicstructures.Whiledetailedguidanceisavailableforthescourdesignofsomestructures,e.g.bridgefoundations,scantinformationisavailableformanyotherstructuresandforcertainaspectsofbridgefoundationscour.Recentresearchfindingsforscourathydraulicstructuresarepresented.Theresearchfindingsspanscouratskewedcomplexbridgepiers,scourduetsunamibores,scouratsubmergedbridgesfoundationsandscourmitigationatbridgepiersduetodownstreamsubmergedweirs.
Keywords:Hydraulicstructures;Spanscour;Tsunamibore;Submergedbridgefoundation
·2·
EnergyDissipationandHazardMitigationofNaturalDams
ZhaoyinWang
TsinghuaUniversity
Abstract
Naturaldamsareformedduetolandslides,avalanchesanddebrisflows.TheupliftoftheTibetanPlateauincreasesthebedgradientofallriversoriginatingfromtheplateau,whichresultedinriverbedincision.Aselementsofthecausalchainlandslidesandavalanchesfromthebankslopesanddebrisflowsfromgulliestransportahugevolumeofbouldersandsedimenttotheriversanddamtherivers.Steppoolsystemsdeveloponthedamsafterfloodsflowingoverthedams.Experimentsshowthatthesteppoolsystemsandotherbedstructurescreateextremelyhighresistanceanddissipate60%90% oftheflowenergy.Thustheriverbedsarestabilizedandfewgeohazardsoccurontheriverswithnaturaldams.Nevertheless,ifthedevelopmentdegreeofsteppoolsystemisnothighthenaturaldamsmayfailduringhighevents.Arelationcurvebetweentheflowenergyanddevelopmentdegreeofsteppoolsisobtainedforthestabilityofnaturaldams.Tostabilizeahugelandslidebodywithavolumeof80millionm3,anartificialsteppoolsystemwasconstructed,whichsuccessfullycontroldebrisflowandstabilizedthelandslidebody.InsouthwestChinadevelopmentofcascadedamsonriversforhydropowerdevelopmentissimilartothenaturaldamsiftheenergydissipationpoolsarewelldesignedandconstructed.Thus,thepowerdevelopmentofriversmayprovidebettersecurityandmitigategeohazards.
Keywords:Energydissipation;Naturaldams;Steppoolsystem;Hazardmitigation
·3·
SustainabilityinGoldenInlandWaterwaysoftheWorld
JinrenNi
Abstract
Anoverviewoftheglobalgoldinlandwaterway(GIW)distributionandthecurrentstrategiesusedtomeettheriver'sgreatershippingcapacityneeds.Inordertoensurethesustainabledevelopmentofthegoldinlandwaterway,itisnecessarytostudynewstrategiestomeettheneedsofshippingdevelopmentwhileensuringthelong-termhealthoftheriver.Thestudycomprehensivelyconsiderstherelationshipbetweenthesocio-economicneedsofthedryseasonandthenavigationcapacityofthewaterway,identifiestheglobalgoldinlandwaterwaybygrading,andtakestheMississippiRiverandtheYangtzeRiverasexamplestostudytherationalwayofsustainabledevelopmentofdifferentlevelsofwaterways.
Keywords:Channelnavigationcapacity;Sustainabledevelopment;Shippingdevelopment
·4·
KeyTechnologyofNewNavigation ChannelofThreeGorgesProject
Xinqiang Niu
Abstract
ThesuccessfulconstructionoftheThreeGorgesProjecthasproducedhugeshippingbenefitsandachievedmanytechnicalachievementsinnavigation.Atpresent,inordertoeliminatethebottleneckoftheYangtzeRivershippingdevelopment,theneedtodevelopgreentransportation,protecttheecologicalenvironment,andimprovethenavigationcapacity,weneedtobuildanewchannelfortheThreeGorgeswatertransport.ThispaperdescribestheoverallplanfortheconstructionofthenewchanneloftheThreeGorgeswaterway,putsforwardthetechnicaldifficultiesintheimplementationprocess,andgivesthesolution.ThenewnavigationchannelisthefundamentalmeasuretoupgradethepassingthroughcapacityofTGP.ThenewnavigationchannelisakeyprojecttobuildthegoldenwaterwayofYangtzeRiverandtopromotethedevelopmentoftheYangtzeRiverEconomicBelt.Thenewnavigationchannelistechnicallyfeasible,andthereisnotechnicaldifficultythatcannotbesolved.TheconstructionofthenewnavigationchannelwillnotaffecttheoperationsafetyoftheThreeGorgesProject.
Keywords:TheThreeGorgesProject;Navigationcapacity;Navigationtechnology
·5·
WaterChallengesinAgricultureforthe21stCentury:AdaptingUSDAARS NationalSedimentationLaboratoryResearchtoMeetThoseChallenges
MartinALocke
Director,USDAAgriculturalResearchService,NationalSedimentationLaboratory,598McElroyDrive,Oxford,MS38655
Abstract
TheUSDAAgriculturalResearchService(ARS)NationalSedimentationLaboratory(NSL),Oxford,MS,hasservedfor50yearsasacenterforresearchonsedimentanderosionissues.ItiscurrentlytheleadUSDAARSfacilityaddressing(1)watershederosionandsedimentationprocesses,and(2)watershedecologicalfunctionsasimpactedbyagriculturalpractices.TheNSLLabconsistsoftworesearchunits:(1)WaterQualityandEcology,and(2)WatershedPhysicalProcesses.Theoverallresearchprogramemphasizesinterdisciplinarystudiesdealingwithphysical,chemical,andbiologicalprocessesrelatedtonaturalresourcesinagriculturalwatersheds,andassessingstrategiesforsustainingandenhancingtheintegrityandfunctionofagroecosystems.Specificareasofresearchinclude:(1)soilerosion,transportanddepositionofsedimentinwatershedsincludingstreamstabilityandbankprotection;(2)agriculturalpracticeandstreamstructureimpactsonwaterquantity,waterquality,andecosystemservices;(3)movementandfateofchemicalswithinthelandscape;(4)ecosystemintegrityofstreamsandadjacentriparianzones,lakesandwetlands;and(5)processescontrollingsurfaceandgroundwatermovement.TheNSLalsoservesastheleadresearchfacilityintheLowerMississippiRiverBasinfortheUSDAARSLongTermAgroecosystemResearch(LTAR)network.Waterresourcesareineverincreasingdemand,whilesuppliesaredwindling.Irreplaceablesoilresourcesneedtobepreservedandimprovedthroughinnovativeconservationpractices.TheresearchattheNSLisadaptingtoaddresstheseconcernsbyutilizingimprovedtechnologies,developinglinkagesthroughcollaborations,updatinginfrastructureofresearchfacilities,refocusingscientificpersonnel,andmanagingdatabases.
Keywords:USDAARS;NationalSedimentationLaboratory;Agroecosystems
·6·
ResearchAchievementsofNationalEngineeringResearchCenterforInlandWaterwayRegulation
PingyiWang
Abstract
TheNationalInlandWaterwayRegulationEngineeringTechnologyResearchCenterreliesonChongqingJiaotongUniversityandChangjiangWaterwayBureautoprovidetechnicalsupportforthenationaldevelopmentstrategy,providetechnicalsupportforthemodernizationofChina′sdomesticwaterwaytransportationsystem,andbecomethedomesticfirstclassandinternationallyrenownedR&Dandtransformationplatformforthewatertransportationconstructionindustry.Ithasgraduallyformedaresearchplatform withmanagement,researchanddevelopment,marketing,reasonablestructure,scientificresearchandinnovation,coveringtheresearchofmountainriverchannelremediation,plainriverchannelremediation,andintelligentnavigationchannel.
Keywords:Research;Intelligentnavigationchannel;Reasonablestructure
·7·
QualificationofCCHE3DModelandItsApplicationtoMississippiRiver
Bendways
YafeiJia
NationalCenterforComputationalHydroscienceandEngineering,theUniversityofMississippi
Abstract
Millionsoftonsofcommercialcargoaretransportedthroughinlandwaterwaysyearly.However,bargenavigationthroughbendwaysisdifficulttomaneuvereveninstreamstructureswerebuilttoimprovetheflowcondition.3Dnumericalmodelscanbeappliedtostudytheproblembuttheircorrectnessandcapabilitiesneedtobevalidated.Thispaperpresentsverificationandvalidationtestsofa3D freesurfacenumericalmodel,CCHE3D,using3D analyticalsolution,experimentaldataandfielddatameasuredintheMississippiRiver.Thisseriesofrigoroustestsfullyandquantitativelyprovedtheaccuracy,capabilityandapplicabilityofCCHE3Dtostudythreedimensionalflowaroundinstreamstructures.Anumericalstudyfocusingonacurvedchannelreach,VictoriaBendwayoftheMississippiRiver,ispresented,inwhichmanysubmergeddikeswereconstructedtoimprovethechannelnavigationcondition.Tosupportthestudy,3DvelocitydatawerecollectedusingADCPacrossthechannel.Thesimulatedflowfieldandthemeasureddatashowedgoodagreement,thusthemodel’sapplicabilitytosimulatenaturalriverprocesseswasconfirmed.TheCCHE3Dmodelwasappliedtostudythesecondaryflowandinvestigatetheeffectivenessofthesesubmergedweirsforimprovingnavigation.
Keywords:CCHE3D;MississippiRiverBendways;ADCP;Submergedrivers
·8·
EcologicalRiverWaterwayConstructionandIssuesinCHINA
Bendways
HuaqingZhang
Abstract
Theunderstandingoftheecologicalchannelisacombinationofnavigationandecologicalfunctions.Theecosystemsofconstruction,maintenanceanduseindifferentperiodsarecompleteinstructureandsoundinfunction.Ithasstrongcarryingcapacityandselfrecoveryfornaturalandhumanstress.Ithassixcharacteristicsofhydrology,topography,landformattributes,waterquality,biology,landscapeandmanagementinlinewithecologicalnavigationchannels,forminganecologicalchannelcharacteristicssystem.Theproblemsandchallengesintheecologicalprotectionofinlandriversareintroducedindetail,andtheimpactsofwaterwaydevelopmentandconstructiononriverecologyareanalyzed.Withreferencetotheconstructionhistoryandpositiveresultsofforeignecologicalwaterways,combinedwiththecharacteristicsoftheconstructionanddevelopmentofChina′sdomesticriverchannel,suggestionsforwaterwayengineeringproblemsincludingecologicalsurveyand monitoring, ecologicaldispatch,ecologicalprotectionofbeaches,ecologicalrevetment,andecologicaldredgingareproposed.
Keywords:EcologicalRiverWaterway;Ecologicalprotection;Waterquality
·9·
DevelopmentofMultiscaleMultiphysicsTsunamiSimulator
TaroARIKAWA
CivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,ChuoUniversity,Tokyo,Japan
Abstract
The2011GreatEastJapanEarthquake(GEJE)hasshownthattsunamidisastersarenotlimitedtoinundationdamageinaspecifiedregion,butmaydestroyawidearea,causingamajordisaster.Evaluatingstandinglandstructuresanddamagetothemrequiresahighlypreciseevaluationofthreedimensionalfluidmotion— anexpensiveprocess.OurresearchgoalswerethustodevelopacouplingSTOCCADMAS(ArikawaandTomita,2014)couplingwiththestructureanalysis(Arikawaetal.,2009)toefficientlycalculateallstagesfromtsunamisourcetorunupincludingthedeformationofstructuresandtoverifytheirapplicability.WealsoinvestigatedthestabilityofbreakwatersatKamaishiBay.Fig.1showsthewholeofthiscalculationsystem.TheSTOCMLsimulatorapproximatespressurebyhydrostaticpressureandcalculatesthewaveprofilesbasedonanequationofcontinuity,therebyloweringcalculationcost,primarilycalculatingfromtheepicentertotheshallowregion.Asasimulator,STOCICsolvespressurebasedonaPoissonequationtoaccountforashallower,morecomplextopography,butreducescomputationcostslightlytocalculatetheareanearaportbysettingthewatersurfacebasedonanequationofcontinuity.CS3DalsosolvesaNavierStokesequationandsetsthewatersurfacebyVOFtodealwiththerunuparea,withitscomplexsurfacesofoverflowsandbores.STRsolvesthestructureanalysisincludingthegeoanalysisbasedontheBiot'sformula.Bycouplingthese,itefficientlycalculatesthetsunamiprofilefromthepropagationtotheinundation.ThenumericalresultscomparedwiththephysicalexperimentsdonebyArikawaetal.,2012.Itwasgoodagreementwiththeexperimentalones.Finally,thesystemappliedtothelocalsituationatKamaishibay.Thealmostbreakwaterswerewashedaway,whosesituationwassimilartothedamageatKamaishibay.
Keywords:Tsunamisimulator;Multiphysics;STOCCADMAS
·01·
ProgressandProspectsofResearch ontheIntelligentChannelofthe
YangtzeRiver
HuaihanLiu
Abstract
1.ConstructionoftheYangtzeRivertrunkchannelTheYangtzeRiverChannelistheonlywaterwaymainchannelthattraversestheeastern,centralandwesternregionsofChina.Itistheworld′slargestandmosttransportednaturalwaterway.ItisthemainskeletonforconstructingthecomprehensivethreedimensionaltrafficcorridoroftheYangtzeRiverEconomicBelt.Hasauniqueadvantageandanextremelyimportantposition.ThenationalstrategicconstructionoftheYangtzeRiverEconomicBelthasbeenimplemented,relyingonthegoldenwaterwaytocreateanecologicalcorridorandanintegratedthreedimensionaltransportationcorridor.2.ResearchprogressontheYangtzeRiverintelligentnavigationchannelSince2001,morethan10majorinformatizationconstructionprojectshavebeencarriedoutaroundthenavigationchannelinformationinfrastructure,waterwaymeasurementinfrastructureandequipment,anddigitalnavigationchannels.Nowithasthedynamiccollectioncapabilityofthemainchannelelements,constructstheinformationtransmissionnetworkoftheYangtzeRiverchannel,formsamultichannelchannelinformationservicecapability,realizestheinformationnetworkingapplicationofthechannelmaintenancebusiness,andinitiallyestablishestheYangtzeRiverdigitalchannelmanagementsystem.3.ProspectsforthedevelopmentoftheYangtzeRiverIntelligentWaterwayCurrentlyintheeraofgreatchangesintransportation,thechannelinformationizationwillberedefined,andtheeraofintelligentshippingrepresentedbyunmannedportsandunmannedmerchantshipsiscoming.Atpresent,thecoretaskofchannelinformationizationistocreateanewecologicalchannelinfrastructure,realizethematerialization,onlineizationandnetworkingofthechannel;createmassiveandorderlychanneldataassets,andrealizetheassetization,dataizationandvirtualizationofchannelresources.Createafulllifechanneloperationguarantee,realizetheonline,visualandintelligentnavigationchanneloperation;createaubiquitouschannelpublicservice,andrealizethetransformationofthechannelelectronicmaptotheshippingoperationscenemap.
TheYangtzeRiverintelligentwaterwaydevelopmenthassixkeyresearchtasks,including·11·
the"Internet+"YangtzeRiverchanneltopleveldesign,theYangtzeRiverchannelfullfactorintegrationlargescalerapidmobilemeasurementkeytechnology,cloudbasedYangtzeRiverchannelbigdataplatform keytechnology,ChanghesectionMultidimensionalnumericalsimulationandvisualizationtechnologyofchannelelements,dynamicresearchandpredictiontechnologyofchannelconditionsbasedonchannelbigdataandkeytechnologiesofchannelserviceapplicationbasedonInternet+.
Keywords:TheYangtzeRiverintelligentwaterway;Bigdata;Internet
·21·
WideRiverorNarrowRiver:Future RiverTrainingStrategyforLower YellowRiverunderGlobalChange
DeyuZhong
Abstract
1.IntroductionCurrently,theYellow Riverisfacingtwocrucialissues,frequentoverbankflowsandconsecutivedeposition.RivertrainingisofgreatsignificanceformaintainingthestabilityofthelowerYellowRiverandisoneoftheprimarytasksoflocalandcentralgovernmentinfloodcontrol.Therearetwocompletelydifferentstrategiesforrivertraining,widerivertrainingstrategyandnarrowrivertrainingstrategy.Thewiderivertrainingstrategyistobuildaleveeawayfromthemainpassage,topreventfloodinganddepositexcesssedimentonabroadfloodplain,andthisstrategystillappliestoday.Thenarrowrivertrainingstrategyistoimplementvariousrivertrainingprojectstodeliverfloodsandoverdepositedsedimentsdownstream,astrategythatisonlyusedinarelativelyshortperiodoftime.Futurerivertrainingstrategy:Wideriverornarrowriver?2.MethodOnedimensional(1D)andthreedimensional(3D)numericalmodelswereusedtodiscussthemethodsoftheabovemeasures,andthelowerYellowRiverrespondedtobothtrainingstrategies.3.ConclusionIfthepresenttrendofdecreasingbothwaterandsedimentloadsustains,reductioninsedimentationintheLYRisexpectednomatterwhatstrategyisadopted.ThenarrowrivertrainingcanleadtolessdepositionormoreerosioncomparedtothewiderivertrainingintheLYR,andincreasethesedimenttransportcapacity.
Iftheincomingwatersedimentconditionrecoverstothemeanleveloflastcentury,thebehaviorofchannelshrinkagewilloccurandbankfulldischargewilldegradeforbothwideandnarrowrivertrainingstrategies.Thenarrowrivertrainingwillaggravatethe"humpdeposition"inthetransitionalreachandfurtherworsenthesituationthere.
WeshouldholdacautiousattitudetowardschangesinrivertrainingstrategyfortheLYR.
Keywords:Wideriver;Narrowriver;TheYellowRiver;Numericalmodels·31·
FishConservationintheUpperYangtze RiverunderLargeHydropower
Development
QiuwenChen
NanjingHydraulicResearchInstitute
Abstract
1.BackgroundHydraulicengineeringforwaterresourcesandhydropowercurrentlyfacetwochallenges:Ecoenvironment,geologicaldisasters.Amongthem,fishconservationisachallengingtopicinhydroengineering.2.FishoverbarriermeasuresFishoverbarrierexperimentisbasedoncomputervisualizationandRadioFrequencyIdentification,obtainthepositionandcorrespondingflowcondition,establishtherelationbetweenfishbehaviorandhydrodynamiccondition.Fishoverbarrierdesignisdependingonselfmotivationswimparameters,determinethemaximumvelocityandthelengthofhighvelocityzoneforverticalfishslot,addingarasterfishguidefacility3.EcologicalflowforfishhabitatWithregardtofishhabitatpreferenceexperiments,theresultsofthepaperindicatethatjuvenilefishermenintheYangtzeRivernaturehaveapreferenceforblackmatrixevolutionduringthedayandnight.Damlikelycausedamajorbehavioralchangebyjuveniles.4.FishhabitatrestorationHistorichabitatrestorationistherestorationofthespawninggroundbythereleaseofrehabilitatedfish.
Keywords:Fishoverbarriermeasures;Fishhabitat;Fishoverbarrier
·41·
AViewTowardtheFutureof SubsurfaceHydrologicscience
TianChyiJimYeh
Abstract
1.BackgrandThefutureofsubsurfacehydrologicscienceneedtoPrincipleofParsimony,butthePrincipleofParsimonyisnotjustamatterofsimplicity,itmustachievetheaccuracyoftherequirements.Thefuturedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyofgroundwatershouldfocusonhowtoseefurtherandmoresophisticated.2.MethodFirstly,groundwaterscienceresearchiscarriedoutfromtheperspectiveofsmallscale(SmallScale)problem.Usinghydraulictomographyscanningtechnology,combinedwithalargenumberofpressuredataseriesandthegeographicalinformationobtainedintheearlystage,thedetailedlinear3DdistributionofhydrauliccharacteristicsisobtainedbyusingthecontinuouslinearestimationmethodofYeh.Then,fromthebasin(watershed)scale,theeffectsofhighenergynaturalstimuliongroundwaterforcecharacteristicswerestudiedbyriverwaterpressurescanning,lightningscanningandseismicscanning.3.NewChallengesWhenstudyingthefuturedevelopmentofgroundwaterscience,therewillbemanynewchallenges,suchaswhatinformationisuseful,theproblemofinformationoverloadincludingsmartsimulation,datamanagement.Realtimeinformationprocessingandsmartsensordeploymentandmanagementisveryimportant.
Keywords:Subsurfacehydrologic;SmallScaleProblems;Tomography;Hydraulictomography
·51·
HydrologicalProcessesandTheir Modeling
MinjiaoLu
Abstract
Throughthedescriptionofthehydrologicalcycle,thecalculationofthefloodpeakflow,thecalculationoftheflowprocessline,howtheexcesssaturationrunoffisproduced,andthecomparisonofthesuperosmoticflowandthefullflowflowdescribethehydrologicalmodel.Thenbasedontheexistinghydrologicalmodel,byintroducingnewrainfallproportionalparametersandevaporationproportionalparameters,revealingthemathematicalrelationshipbetweenthedecaycoefficientandtime,andoptimizingtheXinanjiang(XAJ)hydrologicalmodel.Finally,acalibrationfreeXin'anjianghydrologicalmodelisproposed.
Keywords:Hydrologicalmodeling;Floodpeakflow;XinAnJiang(XAJ)Model
·61·
GroundwaterResourcesandEnvironmentinQaidamBasin
XueyaDang
Abstract
1.BackgrandTheQaidam BasinisthethirdlargestaridbasininChina.Ithasaridclimate,rareprecipitation,fragileecologicalenvironmentandeconomicbackwardness.However,thebasinisrichinmineralresourcesandenergy,anditseconomicvalueishuge.Developmentandutilizationareinevitablechoicesforpovertyalleviation.Facedwiththeconstraintsofwatershortageandenvironmentalpollution,constructionanddevelopmentmusttaketheroadofcirculareconomy.2.ProblemsandprogressThespatialandtemporaldistributionofsurfacewaterinthebasinisuneven,andthewatersupplyguaranteerateisnothighenoughtofullymeettheneedsofdevelopmentandconstruction.AccordingtotheactualgeologicalconditionsandprecipitationconditionsintheQaidamBasin,theQuaternaryporewaterisconsideredtobethemostsignificantgroundwaterresource.Avarietyofdeploymentshavebeenmadetoaddresstheissues,includingwaterresourcesandenvironmentalconditionssurveysandscientificresearchatkeyscales,watersheds,andbasins.TheamountofsurfacewaterresourcesunderdifferentabundanceanddryconditionsintheplainareaoftheQaidamBasinandtheaverageannualwaterresourceswereobtained,andtheQuaternaryhydrogeologicalstructureandgroundwateroccurrenceconditions,enrichmentandevolutionlawswereidentified.Finally,therelationshipbetweenvegetationandgroundwaterisrevealed,andthethresholdofgroundwaterformaintainingnaturalvegetationisproposed,whichrevealstheimpactofclimatechangeandengineeringactivitiesonQaidamwaterresourcesandenvironment.3.OutlookItisnecessarytocarryoutresearchonthecoordinatedutilizationandoptimalallocationofsurfacewaterandgroundwater,carryoutmonitoringandearlywarningofdynamicchangesofglacierandfrozensoilinthebasinmountains,carryoutdeepexploration,andsolvetherelationshipbetweengroundwaterandsaltlakebrine.
Keywords:TheQaidamBasin;Quaternaryporewater;Groundwater·71·
SedimentTransportLawandWaterway RegulationTechnologyintheThree
GorgesReservoir
ShengfaYang
Abstract
1.IntruductionThebalanceofsedimentationinthereservoirareaoftheThreeGorgesReservoiris16billionm3,andtheshoalwasimpededintheperennialandvariablebackwaterareas.SuspendedsedimentationoccursinthebackwaterareaoftheThreeGorges,withahighsiltationrateandafinegrainsize,whichhasimpededthephenomenonofshoal.2.InnovationAccordingtothenewsedimentproblemaftertheactualoperationoftheThreeGorgesReservoir,thedynamicsedimentationmechanismofthepebblebedinthefluctuatingbackwaterareaoftheThreeGorgesReservoir,therapidsiltationmechanismofthesiltinthebackwaterareaandtheThreeGorgesReservoirunderthenewwaterandsedimentconditionswerestudied.Sedimenttransporttrendsandothersedimenttransportlaws,includingthepredictionofchannelconstructionconditions,dynamicsiltationshoalremediation,sharpbendtillersiltshoalremediationtechnologyandenvironmentalprotectiondredginginthereservoirarea,andotherthreeGorgesreservoirchannelremediationtechnologies.3.ApplicationTheseachievementstechnologieshaveexertedgreatvalue.Finally,theyhavebeenappliedtothenavigationprojectfortheobstructionoftheThreeGorgesreservoirarea,the4.5mwaterwayconstructionprojectfromChongqingtoFuling,thewaterwayconstructionprojectfromJiulongpotoChaotianmenintheupperreachesoftheYangtzeRiverandthemaintenanceoftheHuanghuachengchannelintheThreeGorgesreservoirarea.
Keywords:TheThreeGorgesReservoir;Sedimenttransport;Channelmaintenance
·81·
ModelingHydrodynamicandMorphodynamicProcessesinCoastsandEstuariesDuetoTropicalCyclones
YanDing
U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers
Abstract
Incoastsandestuaries,tropicalcyclones(hurricanesortyphoons)cancausehazardousflooding,inundation,andshorelineerosionduetohighwaves,stormsurges,strongcurrents,andrainfallgeneratedriverfloodflows.Assessmentofhazardsincoastsandestuariesduetocyclonesrequiresaccuratepredictionsofhydrodynamicandmorphodynamicprocessesvaryinginspaceandtime.Fullyintegratedcoastalandoceanicprocessesmodelsarethemostadequateassessmenttoolsforfulfillingthosemultipleengineeringpurposesforcoastalhazardousstormmanagementandplanning.Thispaperpresentsanumberofengineeringapplications(casestudies)forsedimentationmanagement,coastalfloodingprotection,andimpactofstructureinstallationincoasts,rivermouths,andestuariesbyusingintegratedcoastalandoceanicprocessesmodels.Usingthiskindoffullycoupledfluvial,estuarine,andcoastalprocessesmodelsenablestoproducehighfidelitysimulationresultsofwaves,tides,stormssurges,riverflows,sedimenttransport,andmorphologicalchangesincoastsandestuarieswhichhavecomplexgeometryandinfrastructures.
Keywords:Coastalprocessesmodeling;Waves;Sedimenttransport;Morphologicalchange;CoastalandEstuaryMan
YanDing U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineersEmail:ding@ncche.olemiss.edu
·91·
ModelingSedimentPathwaysAroundanInlet
HonghaiLi,KevinHodgens,KellyLegault
USACE
Abstract
1.IntroductionFortPierceInletislocatedontheeasternFloridacoastofUSA,about180kmnorthofthecityofMiami,andtheinletconnectstheIntracoastalWaterway(ICW)totheAtlanticOceanthrougharegularlymaintainednavigationchannel(Figure1).Underthecombinedinfluenceofoceanwavesandtidalcurrent,andtheinteractionsbetweentheinletstructureandcoastalprocesses,theinletsystemexperienceschangesinlongshoresandtransportpathwaysandrates,whichrequiresvigorousevaluationsofchannelconditionsanddredgedmaterialplacementforfuturenavigationoperationandmaintenanceplanning,andsedimentmanagement.2.MethodTheCoastalModelingSystem(CMS)wereselectedforwave,hydrodynamic,andsedimenttransportsimulations(Linetal.2008;Sanchezetal.2011).Themodelresultswerecalibratedandvalidatedusingthesurveydata.Byperformingsedimentmapping,evaluatinglocalsedimenttransportandmorphologicalchange,andsimulatingtheprocessofsedimenttracerreleaseandmovement,sedimenttransportpathwayswereinvestigatedundercombinedwave,hydrodynamic,andatmosphericforcingconditionsaroundtheinletsystem.3.SedimenttracerstudyandmodelconfigurationSandtracerreleaseandsamplingprogramwasdesignedandimplementedbyEnvironmentalTracingSystems(ETS).250kgofsandtracerwerereleasedonthebeachesnorthandsouthoftheinlet,respectively,and200kginsidetheinlet.Grabsamplesaroundtheinletandnearshoreareaswerecollected4045daysafterthetracerreleases.Samplinganalysiswascarriedouttoobtaintracerparticleinformationandtoaccesspotentialtracertransportpathways.
ACMSFlowdomainisestablishedsurroundingFortPierceInlet,coveringtheICWandtheopenocean,andextendsapproximately12kmalongshoreand14kmacrossshore(Figure1).Atelescopinggridsystemwithmorethan75,000gridcellsiscreatedtodiscretizetheentirecityandthenearshoreregion.Thegridsystempermittedmuchfinerresolution(20m)inareasofhighinterestsuchastheinlet.TheCMSWavemodelingwasperformedonavariablerectangulargridcoveringthesameareaastheCMSFlow.Thewavegridconsistsof217×178
·02·
cellswithaminimumcellspacingof18m.4.ResultsThecalculatedresultsandthemeasuredsedimenttracerdataindicatethatthetracerreleasedonthebeachestendstomovealongtheshoreandveryloworzeroconcentrationsoftracerarefoundintheoffshorearea.Thesandtracerreleasedinsidetheinletwasnotseenoutsidetheinlet.Althoughtsometracerwasidentifiedintheseaward(eastern)endoftheinlet,noclearnorthernorsouthernlongshoremovementcouldbedetermined.
Keywords:Numericalmodeling;Sedimenttransport;Sedimenttracer;Hydrodynamics;Waves;Coastalinlet
HonghaiLi USACEEmail:honghai.li@usace.army.mil
·12·
ResearchonNavigationobstructionReasonofSandyPebbleReachDownstreamof
ThreeGorgesProject
MingLi,MingXu
ChangjiangWaterwayInstituteofPlanningandDesignandResearch
Abstract
Foralongtime,navigationobstructioncharacteristicinLujiahewaterwaywas“shallowwater,steeperwatersurfacegradient,andlargeflowvelocity”inmiddleShaHong.Inpresentyears,itis“steeperwatersurfacegradientandlargeflowvelocity”inMaojiahuawushallowgrooveandshallowwaterinfrontedgeofSanninghuagong.CharacteristicsofLujiahewaterwayriverbedscouringandsilting,hydrodynamicconditionsandshoalcompositionareanalyzedbyprototypedataanalysismethod.Theresultsshowedthat:(1)scouringoflowersandyriverbedleadstoincreasingofwaterheightinuppersandypebblereach.Itisprimaryfactorfortheformationof“steeperwatersurfacegradientandlargeflowvelocity”phenomenon;(2)pebblebedload,whichproducedbyscouringinMaojiahuawushallow groove,depositsinfrontedgeofSanninghuagong,whereriverwidthisrelativelywideandmeanflowvelocityissmaller.ThesedimentaccumulationsqueezesnavigationgrooveandnavigationdimensionsofLujiahewaterway.
Keywords:Navigationobstructionreason;Sandypebblereach;Lujiahewaterway
MingLi ChangjiangWaterwayInstituteofPlanningandDesignandResearchEmail:84657659@qq.com
·22·
InvestigationofHydrodynamicsAroundaTidalStreamTurbineUndertheWavecurrentInteraction
JiekangGu1,JishengZhang1,RishengWang2
1.HohaiUniversity2.ShandongJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Physicalmodeltestswerecarriedouttoinvestigatethecharacteristicsoftheflowfieldandthedynamicpropertiesoftheturbineinthepresenceofsurfacewavesbycomparingwithsteadyflowcondition.
Athreebladedmodelofahorizontalaxistidalturbinewitharotordiameterof0.27mwasconnectedtosuperstructureandexposedtowaterflowwithasteadyuniformupstreamvelocity.Regularsurfacewavesweregeneratedusingapushtypewavemakercapableofproducingawiderangeofwaveconditionsinacurrentdominatedflow.Todeterminethefluctuationsinthecurrentvelocitiescausedbythesurfacewaves,anacousticdopplervelocimeter(ADV)wasusedtomeasurethethreedimensionalvelocitycomponentsatvariousdepths.Thrustdataweremeasuredbysixcomponentforcesensorfromtheturbineunderflowconditionswithdifferentwaveforms.Thecharacteristicsofwavecurrent,meanvelocitychanges,turbulentintensity,Reynoldsstressdistributionandstructureforceareconsideredinthemodeltests.
Theoverallrecoverylawofwakevelocityattherearofturbineunderthewavecurrentinteractionconditionisapproximatelythesameandisalittlebitdifferentfromthecaseofsteadyflowcondition.Theturbulenceintensityisnotsensitivetotheperiodicvariationofthewavebutismoresensitivetothechangesofwaveheight.Comparedwiththesteadyflowcondition,thetimemeanvalueoftheturbinethrustcoefficientdoesnotchangeunderthewavecurrentcondition,andonlythefluctuationrangeoftheturbinethrustcoefficientisaffected.
TherelationshipbetweenfrequencyandamplitudeisobtainedbyFouriervariationofthethrustcoefficient.Itcanbefoundthattheperiodicityofwavewillinfluencetheperiodicityofthrustcoefficientandtwoperiodsarethesame.Thehigherthewaveheight,thegreatertheamplitudecorrespondingtothepositionofthefrequencyextremum.
Keywords:Tidalstreamturbine;Wavecurrentinteraction;Hydrodynamics;Physicalmodeltest;Turbulentintensity
JiekangGu HohaiUniversityEmail:gujiekang93@163.com
·32·
ResearchonMultiparameterMeasurementMethodofSelfpropelledShipModelBasedonImageTrackingand
RecognitionTechnology
JunWu,PeiyangShi,YuejieShu,YuanhangZhou
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Theselfpropelledshipmodeltestisanadvancedexperimentalresearchmethodtotestthenavigationeffectoftheshipinthehydraulic/hydraulicphysicalmodeltest.However,asthecurrentshiptrajectorymeasurementmethodislimitedtothelaserinplanescanning,andtheshipmodelneedstobemodified,whichhasacertaininfluenceonnavigationoftheship.Theimagetrackingandrecognitionmeasurementmethodisnotonlyanoncontactmeasurement,butalsobasicallyhasnoneedformodificationoftheshipmodel.Therefore,itisofgreatsignificancetocarryoutindepthresearchinthisfield.Aimingatpresentsituationofthevarioussizesofrivermodelsandthedifficultyinmonitoringtheentirerivermodelunderasinglevideoacquisitiondevice,aschemeisproposedforcombinedmeasurementwithanumberofvideoacquisitiondevices,andthedistortioncorrection,stitching,andcoordinatesmappingmethodoftheimagesarestudied.Fortheshipmodelstructure,theFasterRCNNalgorithmwithgoodperformanceintargetrecognitionisusedtodetecttheinitialpositionoftheshipmodel,andtheinterframedifferencemethodandtheFreemanchaincodeareusedtoextractthecoordinateinformationofthebowandstern,whichimprovetheaccuracyofshipmodelinformationacquisition.Verificationexperimentswereperformedonanumberofhydraulicandphysicalmodels.TheaccuracyrecallratecurveandaverageaccuracyobtainedfromthenetworkmodelprovedthevalidityoftheFasterRCNNnetworkmodelforshipmodeldetection.
Keywords:Selfpropelled Ship Model;Image Tracking;Combined measurement;Targetrecognition;Distortioncorrection
JunWu ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:195575462@qq.com
·42·
NumericalStudyontheNourishedBeachErosionMechanismunderStormImpacts
WenzhangFan,JinhaiZheng,ChiZhang
HohaiUniversity
Abstract
Beachnourishmentisoneofthemainmethodsusedtoprotectthebeach.However,nourishedbeachesusuallyhavesteeperslopewhichmakesitmorelikelytobeeroded,andoftenthebeachsurfacesaremildwhichmakesthebeachesmoreavailableforinundationandalsoerosion.Stormisakindofnormalnaturaldisasterallovertheworldcoastalareas.Theinducedlargewavesandstormsurgescanleadtoabruptwaterlevelchange,transportingsignificantamountofsediments,whichwillconsequentlyimpactthebeachmorphologyinashorttime.Thusitisofgreatsignificancetoputmoreeffortintothestudyonthenourishedbeacherosionmechanismunderstormimpacts.
Thisarticle,choosingthenourishedbeachinWeifangastheresearchcase,studiesthecausingandimpactingfactorsofthenourishedbeacherosionwithinhalfayearusingnumericalsimulation.TwodimensionwavecurrentsedimentintegratedmodelissetupbyXBeachtosimulatetherevolutionofthenourishedbeachinWeifang.Byadoptingdifferentwavecalculationmodesunderdifferentwaveconditions,thecalculationefficiencyofXBeachoverseveralmonths’timescaleiseffectivelyimproved.Thesimulatingresultsareverifiedbyfieldsurveydata.Thecharacteristicsandcausingfactorsofthebeacherosionareanalyzedindetail.Itrevealsfromtheresultsthatstormisthemaincauseofthebeacherosion,andmostofthesedimentsaretransportedtotheoffshoreareawhilepartialofthemmovetothewestofthebeach.Inordertostudytheimpactofbreakwatersonerosion,initialnourishedbeachwithwestbreakwateronlyandwitheastbreakwateronlyaresimulated.Asimulationwithoutinfragravitywavesisalsoconducted.Theresultindicatesthatbreakwaterscanonlypreventpartialsedimentlossratherthanthewholebeacharea,whileinfragravitywavesaresignificantcausesinthestormthatcontributetothebeacherosion.
Tosimulatetheimpactofstormclustersonerosionofthenourishedbeach,simulationsofbeacherosionundernonstormcondition,firstsingleandsecondsinglestormconditionareconducted.Theresultsshowthatthevolumeofbeacherosionisreducedbynearly20%regardlessofthefirststorm,nearly50% regardlessofthesecondstorm,andnearly80% when
·52·
bothstormsarenottakenintoaccount.Besides,biggerstormintervalhassmallerimpactonthebeacherosion.Theeffectsofoffshoreartificialsandextractionontheerosionareexploredbyfillinginthedeeptroughintheinitialterrain.Theresultsshowthatoffshoreartificialextractionofsandincreasesthebeacherosionby7.5%.Anartificialsandbaristhensetintheprevioustroughareainthesimulation,andprovedtohavegoodeffectsoninhibitingbeacherosionbydecreasing20%.
Keywords:Storm;Beachnourishment;Beacherosion;Numericalsimulation
WenzhangFan HohaiUniversityEmail:479317247@qq.com
·62·
TheResidualSedimentTransportResponsetoHugeNavigationChannelEngineeringandItsImpactonSiltinginNavigationChannel
inChangjiangEstuary
GaofengLiu
ShanghaiEstuarineandCoastalScienceResearchCenter
Abstract
1.IntroductionThereversingcurrentisformedduetotideinanestuary.Thewaterormaterialconveyedbycurrentmoveduetoperiodiccurrentandcan’treturntothesameplaceafterasymmetricaltransport.Thedriftofwaterormaterialisresidualtransport(Zhu.,2005;Wu.,2006).Thematerialresidualtransportfluxisthemostconcernedscienceproblem.TheconcernofresidualcurrentwasadvancedbasedonthewaterresidualtransportandwasputforwardbyZimmerman(1981).Theresidualsedimenttransportshowdifferentpatternafterdifferentphaseofthehugedeepwaternavigationchannel(DNC)inChangjiangestuary.2.MethodologyResidualsedimentfluxcanbecalculatedaccordingtothefollowingequation,where,Fcisresidualsedimentflux,cissuspendedsedimentconcentration(SSC);Tisthetidalperiodofthetidalcurrent;Histhewaterdepth,Distherelativedepth,Visthehorizontalcomponentofvelocity.Thepatternofresidualsedimenttransportbyvariousmechanismwasinvestigatedbyavalidated3dimensionsedimenttransportmodelEcom3DsiSed.3.ResultsThepatternofresidualsedimentfluxbeforeDNCisshowninFigure1.ThepatternofresidualsedimentfluxaftertheDNCisshowninFigure2.
TheresidualsedimentfluxisseawardnotonlyatupestuarybutdownestuaryofmouthbarbeforetheDNC,whilethatisseawardatupestuaryofmouthbarbutlandwardatdownestuaryofmouthbar.Themeetingpointisidenticaltotheheaviestsiltingareainnavigationchannel.Theresidualsedimentfluxisaconvergencepatternovermouthbar.4.ConclusionsThepatternsofresidualsedimentfluxbeforeandaftertheDNCwereinvestigatedbyavalidatedsedimentmodelEcom3DsiSed.Thestudyresultsshowthattheresidualsedimentfluxinmain
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channelisseawardalongtheNorthPassagebeforetheDNCwhilethatisseawardatupestuaryofmouthbarbutlandwardatdownestuaryofmouthbarafterDNC.Theconvergencepatternofresidualsedimentfluxconducetotheheavysiltinginthemiddleofdeepwaterchannel.
Keywords:Theresidualsedimenttransport;Convergencepattern;Hugenavigationchannelengineering
GaofengLiu ShanghaiEstuarineandCoastalScienceResearchCenterEmail:gfliu@163.com
·82·
ImpactbyOverturningWavesonaCoastalStructure
BingyueSong1,ChongweiZhang2
1.DepartmentofElectricPowerEngineering,KunmingUniversityofScienceandTechnology2.StateKeyLaboratoryofCoastalandOffshoreEngineering,DalianUniversityofTechnology
Abstract
Impactbyvarioustypesofwaveshasbeenstudiedsince1930s.Thesituationwithanaircavityentrappedbetweentheincomingwaveandthestructurehasdrawnspecialattentiongiventheprominentroleitplaysontheimpactdynamics.Thiscouldhappenwheneitheranoverturningwavestrikesaverticalwalloranovertoppingwavefronthitsthetopofastructure.Inthecurrentstudy,theprocessofimpactbyanoverturningwaveonaverticalwallisstudiednumericallywithBoundaryElementMethod(BEM)basedonthepotentialflowtheory.Totacklethenumericaldifficultycausedbytheinitialimpactstagewhenthewavefronttouchesthewallfromonepoint,amultiscalealgorithmisproposedbasedonastretchedcoordinatesystem.Inthisway,boththeinitialimpactstageofthelocalimpactregiononthewallandthefollowingwater/air/wallinteractionprocesscouldbesimulatedwithhighaccuracy.Fortheformer,localpressurepeaksareobservedalongthewallneartheturningpointsofthefreesurface.Forthelater,pressureoscillationhappensalongwiththepulsationoftheaircavityastheimpactgoeson.Interestingphenomenonofperiodicinnerfreejestsisobservedtobegeneratedfromtheuppersideofthecavitysurfacenearthewallduringitspulsation.Thiscouldshedlightonthemechanismofthebreakupoftheaircavity,andcouldbewellexplainedbythedistributionofthepressurefieldattheendofeachexpansionstageoftheaircavity.Itisyettobeverifiedinfutureexperimentalstudies.
Keywords:Waveimpact;Aircavity;Multiscalealgorithm;Stretchedcoordinatesystem;Boundaryelementmethod;Potentialflow
BingyueSong DepartmentofElectricPowerEngineering,KunmingUniversityofScienceandTechnologyEmail:Bingyue_song@163.com
·92·
ResearchonCalculationalMethodofRegulationParametersof
ProtectiveWaterwayRegulationProjects
LinshuangLiu,MingLi,LingJiang
ChangjiangWaterwayInstituteofPlanningandDesignandResearch
Abstract
Thetraditionalwaterwayregulationparametertheoryismainlybasedonthetheoryof“sandscouringbyflowcontraction”,whichisnotverypracticalinriverchannelswithlargeflow,highvelocityandcomplicatedriverbedsections.Thiswork,basedontheconceptof“benchlandprotectionandtroughstabilization”,characterizesprotectiveprojectsandproposestheconceptofregulationintensity.Relationsbetweenregulationlinewidths,configurationsofwaterwayregulationstructuresandregulationintensityarerevealed.Calculationmethodofregulationparametersisbuild,andappliedtoNianziwanwaterwayandTiaoguanWaterwayRegulationProjectinJingjiangriver.Theresultsshowthatprotectivewaterwayregulationengineeringsstabilizebenchlandmainlybysedimenttransportonthebenchland.ThenewregulationparametercalculationalmethodiswelladaptstocharacteristicofmiddleandlowerYangtzeriverunderthestrongscourtingcondition.
Keywords:Regulation parameters; ProtectiveWaterwayRegulation Projects; Regulationintensity
LinshuangLiu ChangjiangWaterwayInstituteofPlanningandDesignandResearchEmail:liu1965888@163.com
·03·
ExperimentalStudyonErosionDamageofAnticorrosionCoating
LiqinZeng,MingweiLiu
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Duetoproblemssuchasshallowcoveranddeepwaterconstructioninmountainousrivers,thelowerpartofthepieradoptsmoreconcretefilledsteeltubularpiles.Thepilefoundationandverticalandhorizontalsupportsareheavilyusedinsteelstructures.Theanticorrosioncoatingofsteelmembersiserodedandwornbysandladenwater,andthereisalargerangeofshedding.Inviewofthelargeflowvelocityandsedimentconcentrationinmountainousrivers,thisarticlesimulatestheerosiontestinsteelcontainedflowenvironmentbyapplyinganticorrosioncoatingonsteelmembers,andstudiestheerosioncharacteristicsofsteelmembersanticorrosioncoatingundersandyflowconditions,theprocessofcoatingdamagewasanalyzedandtheerosiondamagemechanismwasobtained.Theresultsshowthat:(1)Theerosionlossoftheanticorrosioncoatingincreaseswiththeincreaseoftheerosionspeed,thecoatingerosionrateisexponentiallyrelatedtotheerosionvelocity,linearlyrelatedtotheerosiontime,andexponentiallyrelatedtotheerosionsedimentconcentration.(2)Thesurfacedamageofthecoatingshowstwomechanismsofparticlewearandfatiguedamage.(3)Thedamageofthecoatingsteelinterfaceismainlyreflectedintheweakeningoftheinterfacialbondstrength.Theweakeningprocessisroughlydividedintothreestages:“slowaccelerationslowdown”.Theresultsofthispaperprovideatheoreticalbasisforcorrosionprotectionofhydraulicsteelmembers.
Keywords:Mountainrivers;Steelmembers;Anticorrosioncoating;Erosiontest;Damagemechanism
LiqinZeng ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:22954255064@qq.com
·13·
AssessmentofWaveinducedLiquefactionDepthinaCohesiveSeabed
LinlongTong1,2,JinhaiZheng1,2,JishengZhang1,2,YongSungPark3
1.CollegeofHarbor,CoastalandOffshoreEngineering,HohaiUniversity2.StateKeyLaboratoryofHydrologyWaterResourcesandHydraulicEngineering,HohaiUniversity
3.DivisionofCivilEngineering,UniversityofDundee
Abstract
Liquefactiondepthisoneoftheimportantfactorsforpredictingthestabilityofmarinestructuresintheseabed.Manystudieshavebeencarriedouttoevaluatetheliquefactionpotentialoftheseabedinthepastdecades.However,mostofthemfocusonpredictingtheliquefactiondepthatcertainwaveconditionandpaylittleattentiontothepostliquefactionstage.
Inthisstudy,welayemphasisonassessingtheliquefactiondepthinapostliquefactioncohesiveseabed.Twoanalyticalmethods,oneforlongprogressivewavesandtheotheroneforshortprogressivewaves,arepresentedtoevaluatetheliquefactiondepthbyinverselyusingthetheoriespurposedbyLiu&Chan(J.FluidMech.vol.579,2007,p.467,hereinafterreferredtoasLC)andMeietal.(J.FluidMech.vol.643,2010,p.33,hereinafterreferredtoasMK).Inthesemethods,theinteractionbetweenthewaveandtheliquefiedlayerarestudiedbyatwolayeredfluidsystem.Usingasetofperturbationmethods,theimplicitsolutionsoftheliquefactiondeptharederived,bywhichtheliquefactiondepthcanbefastcalculatedbasedonthewavedamping.Tovalidatethepresentmethods,aseriesofexperimentsarecarriedoutinawaveflume,inwhichsoftsiltisadoptedtomodelthecohesiveseabed.Duringtheexperiments,obviouswavedampingandsoilliquefactionphenomenahavebeenobserved.Thefreesurfaceelevationandtheexcessporepressurearesynchronouslymeasuredtoinvestigatethewavedampingrateandliquefactiondepth,respectively.Analysisshowsthattheexperimentalresultsagreewellwiththetheoreticalsolutionswhentheseabedisliquefied,whichdemonstratesthatthepresentmethodhasastrongabilityinassessingtheliquefactiondepthinacohesiveseabed.Inaddition,theanalyticalmethodbasedonLCperformsbetterthantheotherwhichisbasedonMK,iftheseabedisnotliquefiedortheliquefactiondepthisverysmall.
Keywords:Liquefaction;Viscousdamping;Progressivewaves;Softsilt;Bottomboundarylayer
LinlongTong CollegeofHarbor,CoastalandOffshoreEngineering,HohaiUniversityEmail:tonglinlongnanj@163.com
·23·
ModelingStudyonHydrodynamicsofHorizontalAxisTidalStreamTurbine
ZihaoTang,YunxiuCao,JishengZhang
HohaiUniversity
Abstract
Tidalstreamenergyhasbecomeoneofthemostimportantrenewableenergiesduetoitsrichresource,reliableprediction,andeasyextracting.Formorereasonablelayoutofturbinesandbetterutilizationoftidalcurrentenergy,itismeaningfultostudythehydrodynamicsaroundtheturbine.
Thispaperfocusedontheexperimentandthenumericalsimulationtoinvestigatethehydrodynamicsofthesinglehorizontalaxisturbineunderthesingleflowcondition.Thestudyshowstheturbinespeeddifferences,waterlevelvariety,verticalandhorizontalvelocitydistributionwithdifferentinletvelocityandturbineinstallationheight.Thereare3typicalinletvelocities(0.3m/s,0.35m/s,0.4m/s)and3differentturbineinstallationheights(0.8D,1D,1.2D)choseninourstudy.
TheresultshowsthattheTurbinespeedispositivelycorrelatedwiththeinletflowvelocity,aswellastheinstallationheight.Furthermore,thestudyofwakeattenuationandaveragevelocityrestorationisalsoincluded.Obviously,theflowvelocitydecreasedbehindtheturbineduetotherestingsinglepileandtherotaryturbineblades.
Theexperimentrevealsthatthehighertheinstallationheight,thefastertheflowraterecoveryinalldirectionbehindturbine,andthefastertheincomingflow,thelongerthewakerecoverydistance.
Keywords:Tidalstreamenergy;Horizontalaxisturbine;Singleflowcondition;Hydrodynamic
ZihaoTang HohaiUniversityEmail:tangzihao6611@foxmail.com
·33·
ResourceAssessmentofTidalStreamEnergyandResearchonLayoutOptimizationofTurbineArray
YaWang1,JishengZhang1,2,LinlongTong1,2
1.CollegeofHarbor,CoastalandOffshoreEngineering,HohaiUniversity2.StateKeyLaboratoryofHydrologyWaterResourcesandHydraulicEngineering,HohaiUniversity
Abstract
Tidalstreamenergy,animportantcomponentofmarinerenewableenergy,iseasyforpredictionandhasrichstorage.Atidalstreamturbineisadeviceforharnessingenergyfromtidalstream,andturbineslayoutisalwaysthehotfocuswhichdirectlyrelatedtoeconomicbenefitsoftidalfarm.Theresearchesonturbineslayoutaremainlyfocusedupontheartificialoptimizationsuchasnormalarrangementandstaggeredarrangement,whileafewstudiesdealtwiththeautomaticoptimization.Onedemonstrationprojectforexploringthetidalstream energyisrecentlylaunchedinZhoushanarea,China.Theresourceassessmentoftidalstreamenergy,thesiteselectionofthefarmandthelayoutoptimizationofturbinearrayareimportanttothesensibleexplorationoftidalstreamenergyinHuludaoSeaArea.
OpenTidalFarm(www.opentidalfarm.org)isacodewhichsolvestheshallowwaterequationsusingthefiniteelementmethod.Itisbuiltonacodegenerationframeworkwhichfacilitatesefficientcomputation,includingaccesstothegradientbyadjointlyapproach,andisspecificallydesignedfortheoptimizationofturbinemicrositing.ThisworkusestheOpenTidalFarmnumericalmodellingpackagetobuildthenumericalmodelbasedupontheZhoushanDemonstrationProject.Inthisstudy,thehydrodynamicmodelisestablishedintheseaareaofZhoushanTidalStreamEnergyDemonstrationProject,whichisbasedontheopensourcecodeOpenTidalFarmandverifiedbythemeasurementdata.
Basedonthesimulatedcurrentvelocities,theFarmmethod,FluxmethodandZhengmethodareappliedseparatelytoevaluatingthetidalstream energyresourcesofHuludaoWaterway,andthecorrespondingresultsare435MW,297MW and594MW.Afteracomprehensiveanalysisofthestreamvelocity,streamdirectionandwaterdepthofHuludaoWaterway,thesiteBisselectedasthetidalstreamenergyfarm.Inthismodel,thetidalstreamturbineisapproximatedbyalocallyincreasedbottom friction,andtheturbineslayoutisoptimizedbyiterativealgorithmandadjointmethod.Comparedwiththeinitialregularlayout,thepoweroftheoptimized2×2、4×2、2×6、6×2、3×4、4×3and4×4turbinesisincreased
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by1648%、1296%、4472%、308%、4312%、961% and911% respectively.Byanalyzingthehydrodynamicforce,itisfoundthatalargerangeoflowvelocityseaareaappearsintherearoftheturbinearray,witharangeofabout65D×30D.Withtheincreaseofthenumberofturbinesinfarm,thereductionofthevelocityintherearareaofthearrayisgreaterandthevelocitycanberestoredtomorethan90% oftheoriginalvelocityofflow.Additionally,thewaterlevelappearstobehighbeforethearrayandbeginstofellsharplyafterthearray.Therelativewaterlevelisminimumat245Dandcanberecoveredtomorethan96% withincreasingdistancetoarray.
Numericalresultsareingoodagreementwiththefieldmeasurementsintermsofamplitudeandvelocity.Withfixedtotalnumberofturbines,automaticallyoptimizedturbineslayoutcancontributetoahigherelectricitypowercomparedtoalignedlayout.
Keywords:Tidalstream turbine;Numericalsimulation;Resource assessment;Layoutoptimization;Wakeflowfield
YaWang CollegeofHarbor,CoastalandOffshoreEngineering,HohaiUniversityEmail:819969182@qq.com
·53·
InfluenceofSoilResistanceDampingonStandingWaveinducedPorePressureAccumulation
CanZhang1,LinlongTong1,2,JishengZhang1,2,JinhaiZheng1,2
1.CollegeofHarbor,CoastalandOffshoreEngineering,HohaiUniversity2.StateKeyLaboratoryofHydrologyWaterResourcesandHydraulicEngineering
Abstract
Itiswellknownthatwavepropagatingovertheporousseabedwillgenerateoscillatorywaterpressure,whichultimatelyresultsinchangesoftheporepressureandeffectivestressintheseabed.Inthesituationwhentheincidentwaveislarge,theexcessporepressurecanincreasedramaticallywhichmayleadtothesoilliquefaction.
Inthisstudy,atwodimensionalporoelastoplasticmodel,whichconsiderstheinfluenceofsoilresistance,isproposedtoinvestigatetheaccumulationofporewaterpressureinasandybed.ThestandingwavemotionisgovernedbytheRANSequationsandtheresidualporepressureissimulatedusingamodifiedaccumulationmodel.ThecomputationaldomainanddimensionsizesofthisnumericalstudyareshownintheFig1.Thepropertiesofthesimulationsystem,includingtheincidentwaveandtheseabed,arelistedinTable1.
Thesimulationresultsshowthattheresidualporepressureaccumulatesrapidlyatthenodeandslowlyattheantinode.Andtheresidualporepressureatthenodewillkeepgrowthuntilitreachesalargevalue,whichalmostequalstotheinitialverticaleffectivestress.Itislogicallythattheliquefactionislikelytooccuraroundthenodeduetothediminishingoftheeffectivestress.Thedecreaseofsoilresistanceledbytheliquefactionhasgreateffectonthedevelopmentoftheresidualporepressure.
Thesimulationdemonstratesthatifthedecreaseofsoilresistanceisnotconsidered,theresidualporepressureintheliquefactionzonecanfurtheraccumulatetoalargevalue.Becauseofthedownwardpressuregradientwhichpreventstheporewaterseepageupwardgenerates,thesoilinthenonliquefactionzoneismorelikelytobeliquefied.Thismeansthatthesoilliquefactiondepthwillbeoverestimated,whenthesoilresistancedampingisnotconsidered.
Keywords:Residualporepressure;Shearmodulus;Liquefaction;Standingwave
CanZhang CollegeofHarbor,CoastalandOffshoreEngineering,HohaiUniversityEmail:zhangcan6617@foxmail.com
·63·
ModelofWaveinducedSandySeabedResponseAroundaTrenchedPipeline
YanyanZhai
HohaiUniversity
Abstract
Waveseabedpipelineinteractionhasbecomeoneofthemainconcernsofcoastalengineersandresearchers,asitmaylargelyaffecttheseabedinstabilityandpipelinesafety.Muchefforthasbeenmadebymanyinvestigatorstostudythewaveseabedpipelineinteractioninthepastdecades.However,mostofthemfocusonthewaveinducedresponsearoundasubmarinepipelineonburiedconditionswithinnumericalmodelandlaboratoryexperiments.Unlikethepreviousstudies,aseriesofregularwaveexperimentandnumericalmodelhavebeendonetoinvestigatethewaveinducedporepressureinthesandyseabedaroundpipelinewithdifferentbackfilleddepth.Figure1showsthespecificlocationsintheexperimentandFigure2presentsthewaveseabedtrenchedpipelineinteractioninthenumericalmodel.Themodelpipelinewiththreediameters(D=6cm,8cm,10cm)isburiedinthreekindsofsands,includingd50=0.15mm,d50=0.3mmandd50=0.5mmwithdifferentbackfilleddepth.TheresultsshowtheporepressureamplitudeintheseabedisminimalwithbackfilleddepthD,andwhichwithfullbackfillorbackfilleddepth0ismaximal.Theamplitudeofporepressureincreasesasthemediandiameterofbackfillsandincreases.Theeffectsofpipelinediameteronporewaterpressurearealsoanalyzedanddiscussed.
Keywords:Waveseabedpipelineinteractions;Sandyseabed;Backfilleddepth;Backfillsoiltype
YanyanZhai HohaiUniversityEmail:1278983684@qq.com
·73·
NumericalStudyonEffectofHubandSupportStructureonPerformanceofHorizontalAxisTidalTurbine
SiyuanLiu,JishengZhang
HohaiUniversity
Abstract
Tidalstreamenergyhasgainedmoreandmoreattentionbecauseofitsenvironmentalprotection,highpredictabilityandhighpowerdensitieswhenthepressureofenvironmentandenergyresourceissevererandseverer.Thehorizontalaxistidalturbine(HATT)isoneofthematurestandmosteconomicalmachinesusedtogettidalstreamenergy,whichhascapturedmajorityofmarketfortidalstreamconversion.ButthereislittleattentiongiventoeffectofthesupportstructureontheperformanceoftheHATTs,whichiscalledTowerShadowforwindpower.Andfewpausetonoticethattheimprovementofthehubmayleadtotheincreaseofpowerefficient.
Basedonopensource3D CFD (ComputationalFluidDynamics)softwarepackageOpenFOAM,asimulationmodelwasestablishedtostudytheeffectofthehubandthesupportstructureontheperformanceoftheHATT.ThemodelwasvalidatedbasedontheexperimentdonebyBahajetal.in2007(RENEWABLEENERGY.2007,32(3):407426.),Fig.1showthecomparisonbetweenthesimulationresultandtheexperimentdata.Toblockouttheinfluenceofscaleeffects,afullscaleHATTof20mdiameterwhichbladesweredevelopedfromtheprofileshapeofNACA63A818wasdesigned,itisshowninFig.2.Themeshindependence,prismlayerthicknessindependenceandtimestepindependencewerestudied.8kindsofsectionshapesofthesupportstructureand4kindsofdistancesbetweenthe
supportstructureandtherotatingplaneweresimulated,andtheturbinewithoutsupportstructurewasconsideredascontrolgroup.Theresultsshowthatthedistanceandthesectionshapewillaffectpowerefficientandthrustefficientobservablyespeciallywhentheturbineisbackwardtothetidalflow.6kindsofshapesofhubwerestudied.TheresultsshowthatconventionalshapesofhubhavealmostnoeffectontheperformanceoftheHATT,butanewkindofhubwillresultinincreaseofpowerefficient.
Keywords:Hub;Supportstructure;Horizontalaxistidalturbine;Performance
SiyuanLiu HohaiUniversityEmail:zglsyuan@gmail.com
·83·
ResearchProgressintheInfluenceofWaterLevelFluctuationsontheNavigationSafetyofShipsintheEntranceAreaoftheApproachChannel
YunliWang1,NanZhang2
1.SoutheastHydraulicInstituteforWaterways,ChongqingJiaotongUniversity2.ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Forsomelargescalehydraulicprojectswithdailyregulationfunction,duetoabigdischargevariationinaveryshorttime,theflooddischargefromthereleasesluicesandthedailyregulationofthehydropowerstationeasilycausealargefluctuationinthewaterlevelintheentranceareaoftheapproachchannel,whichseriouslythreatensthenavigationsafetyofshipspassinginandoutoftheapproachchannel.Thispaperanalyzedtheformationmechanismofwaterlevelfluctuationsintheentranceareaofthedownstreamapproachchannel,summarizedtheresearchmethodsandtheprogressesofthenavigationwaterflowconditions,andfinallyproposedtheparametersofshipnavigationsafetyindicators,whichareofgreatimportancetodesignareasonableoperationmodeforahydraulicprojectinordertoensurethenavigationsafetyofships.
Keywords:Theentranceareaoftheapproachchannel;Waterlevelfluctuation;Safetynavigationofship;Research
YunliWang SoutheastHydraulicInstituteforWaterways,ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:1649591194@qq.com
·93·
ExperimentalInvestigationofWaveinducedPorePressureResponsearoundTwinPipelines
intheFinesandySeabed
FangshuQian1,JialinZhao1,2,JishengZhang1,2,DongyingDai1,XinglinWei1
1.CollegeofHarbor,CoastalandOffshoreEngineering,HohaiUniversity2.StateKeyLaboratoryofHydrologyWaterResourcesandHydraulicEngineering,HohaiUniversity
Abstract
Submarinepipelinesarewidelyusedinmarineengineering,sotheirpotentialinstabilityduetowaveinducedliquefactioninaporousseabedmustbeconsideredinthedesignandinstallation.Manyexperimentalandtheoreticalinvestigationshavebeencarriedouttostudythesoildynamicsaroundthepipelinesinthepastdecades.However,mostofthemfocusonsinglepipelineignoringtheinteractionsbetweenthetwinpipelines.
Inthisstudy,aseriesoflaboratoryexperimentsarecarriedouttoinvestigatethedistributionofthewaveinducedporepressurearoundthetwinpipelinesinafinesandyseabed,inwhich,boththeexcessporepressureandthefreesurfacearemeasured.Theeffectsofwaveperiods,burialdepthsandtheintervalspacingbetweenthepipelinesonthestabilityofpipelinesarediscussed.Comparedwiththesinglepipelineexperiment,theidenticalcylinderclosetotheexistingpipelinehassignificantimpactsonthedistributionofporewaterpressurearoundthepipelines.Theporewaterpressureincreaseswiththeincreasingofthewaveperiod,whiletheamplitudeofporepressuredecreaseswiththeincreasingoftheintervalspacingandtheburialdepth.
Keywords:Oscillatingporepressure;Twinpipelines;Sandyseabed;Propagatingwaves
FangshuQian CollegeofHarbor,CoastalandOffshoreEngineering,HohaiUniversityEmail:1551212677@qq.com
·04·
NumericalStimulationoftheMovementofFishundertheInfluenceofFishBoneTypeDividingDike
YiLiu1,2,YongjunLu1,HuaixiangLiu1,TingjieHuang1,2
1.NanjingHydraulicResearchInstitute2.HohaiUniversity
Abstract
Inthispaper,anumericalmodeloffishmovementinDongliuwaterwayhasbeenbuilt.Afishbonetypedividingdikehasbeenconstructedattheheadofriverislandsince2012.Thus,theflowandsedimentregimehasalsobeenchanged,whichhasdramaticallyimpactonthesuitabilityoffishtowaterdepthandvelocity.Consideringthespeedandsuitabilityoffish,themovementoffishhasbeencalculatedbeforeandaftertheengineering,andthedistributionfishhasbeenverifiedwithmeasureddata.Theresultsshowthatfishswitchtotheotherbranchduetothedike.
Keywords:Fishbonetypedividing;Suitability;Movementanddistributionoffish;Dongliuwaterway
YiLiu NanjingHydraulicResearchInstituteEmail:yiliu08@163.com
·14·
TheStudyonInfluenceofWaterDepthontheFlowFieldCharacteristicsofHighPressureWaterJet
GuanbingXu1,2,ShengfaYang1,2,WeiYang1,2,XianglongWei3
1.ChongqingJiaotongUniversity2.NationalEngineeringResearchCenterforInlandWaterwayRegulation
3.SichuanUniversity
Abstract
Intheengineeringpracticeofusinghighpressurewaterjetstoremoveunderwaterreefs,waterdepthisanimportantcharacteristicvariablethataffectsconstructionefficiency.Inthispaper,themathematicalmodelwasusedtosimulatethedifferentworkingconditionsofhighpressurewaterjetunderwateroperationtoexploretheinfluenceofwaterdepthontheflowfieldcharacteristicsofthejet.Theresultsshowedthattheradialflowvelocitydistributionruleisdifferentunderdifferentwaterdepthconditions.The0meterswaterdepthattenuationistheslowest,20metersisthesecondandthe40metersdecaysthefastest.Thepresenceofwaterdepthwillcausetheaxialflowvelocitytodecayandthegreaterthewaterdepth,thegreatertheflowattenuation.Solvingthewaterdepthisofgreatsignificancetotheproblemofwaterjetimpactonrockefficiency.
Keywords:Highpressurewaterjet;Flowfieldcharacteristics;Waterwayregulation
GuanbingXu ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:237367310@qq.com
·24·
BSTEM BoatgeneratedWaveerosionModel:DevelopmentandApplications
YavuzOzeren1,AndrewSimon2,EddyLangendoen3
1.TheUniversityofMississippi2.NaturalResources&HealthSciencesDivision,Cardno
3.U.S.Dept.ofAgriculture,AgriculturalResearchService,NationalSedimentationLaboratory
Abstract
Boatgeneratedwavescanhavesignificantcontributiontobankerosionalonginlandstreamsandwaterways.Wavesgeneratedbythefrequentpassesofhighspeedboatsinshallowwaterwayscansubstantiallyincreaselocalvelocities,sedimentconcentration,andturbidity.Recurrentwaveactionalongcohesivebanksduetoboattrafficmaycausescouringthebasalregionsofstreambanks,contributingtosteepening,undercuttingandeventualcollapseoftheupperpartofthebankmass.InthisstudyaboatwaveerosionmodelisdevelopedwhichincorporatesaboatgeneratedwavepredictionmodelintothetoeerosionsubmodeloftheBankStabilityandToeErosionModel(BSTEM)oftheUSDAARS.Theboatwavesubmodelpredictsthemaximumwaveheightandperiodbasedontheboatspeed,boatgeometry,localwaterdepthanddistancetotheshoreline,andusingthepredictedwaveproperties,calculatesanadditionalshearstressthatisintermittentlyappliedonthebankface.LikethetoeerosionsubmodelwithinBSTEM,erosionforthetimestepisthencalculatedthroughanexcessshearapproachbasedonthecriticalshearstressofthesurficialsediments.Theerosionrateisintegratedwithrespecttotimetocalculatetheaverageerosiondistance.Thecombinedmodelwasthensuccessfullyappliedat25sitestopredictbankerosionovera15yearperiod.
Keywords:Boatwaves;Bankerosion;Waveerosion
YavuzOzeren TheUniversityofMississippiEmail:yozeren@ncche.olemiss.edu
·34·
AnalyticalSolutionoftheMotionofaBoxoverFocusedWave
QingheFang,RongcanHong,AnxinGuo
HarbinInstituteofTechnology
Abstract
Theroguewavecancausecatastrophicdamagetomarineandcoastalstructures.Bythedispersivefocusingmethod,manyresearchersstudiedthekinematicsofthefocusedwaveanditsactiononstructures.Thispaperpresentsananalyticalmethodtothemotionofafloatingboxduringafocusedwavegroup.Theboundaryvalueproblemofthefloatingboxunderfocusedwaveissetupfirst,andtheanalyticalformulafortheproblemisderivedusingthematchingeigenfunctionmethod.Testdatafrom awaveflumeexperimentisusedtovalidatetheeffectivenessoftheanalyticalmodel.Withthevalidatedanalyticalmodel,theeffectofthestructuralconfigurationandpropertiesofthefocusedwavegrouparecarefullydiscussed.
Keywords:Analyticalsolution;Focusedwave;Motions;Eigenfunctionexpansion
QingheFang HarbinInstituteofTechnologyEmail:qinghefang@hit.edu.cn
·44·
NumericalModelingofAlternativestoReduceChannelShoalingattheBolivarFlareoftheGulfIntracoastal
WaterwayinGalvestonBay,Texas
LihwaLin,ZekiDemirbilek,TriciaCampbell,PaulHamilton,SethJones
USArmyCorpsofEngineers
Abstract
ChannelshoalingintheGulfIntracoastalWaterway(GIWW)nearthejunctionwithHoustonShipChannel(HSC),Texas,issignificantattheBolivarFlare(Fig.1).TheGIWWBolivarFlare,locatedatthewestendofBolivarPeninsula,becomesasedimentationhotspotthatrequiresannualmaintenancedredgingforsafenavigation.SupportedbytheUSArmyCorpsofEngineers(USACE)RegionalSedimentManagementProgram,anumericalmodelingstudyispresentlyconducted toexploreinnovativesolutionstochannelshoalingand sedimentmanagementissues.TheGIWW sectionthroughGalvestonBaywasoriginallyauthorizedin1925.ItservesasanimportantcommercecorridorneartheintersectionofHSC,TexasCityShipChannel(TCSC),andGalvestonHarbor.TheGIWW istypically125ft(38m)wide,ashallowdraftchannel.Itwidensprogressivelyto300ft(92m)intheBolivarFlare.Theauthorizeddepthis13ft(4m)relativetoMeanSeaLevel.TheBolivarFlarechannelisdredgedonanannualbasiswithapproximately280,000cubicyards(214,000cubicmeters)removal.SedimentinGalvestonBayismixedwithincreasedpercentagesofsandneartheGalvestonEntranceChannelandfinermaterialintheGIWW andHSCawayfromtheBayEntrance.ThesedimentintheBolivarFlareandnearareaisrelativelysandywitharepresentativemediangrainsizeof0.1mm.
TheUSACECoastalModelingSystem(CMS)wasusedtosimulatethephysicalprocessesintheGalvestoncoastalandentirebayareaincludingGIWW,TCSC,HSC,andBolivarFlare.TheCMSisahydrodynamicandwavenumericalmodelwhichalsocalculatessedimenttransportandmorphologicchange(DemirbilekandRosati,2011).Themodelingwasconductedforoneyearsimulationof2010representingatypicalyearwithnormalenvironmentalconditions.WindandwaveforcingwasbasedondatafromNOAACoastalBuoy42035,located22nauticalmileseastofGalveston.Themodelwascalibratedusinginferredshoalingratesbasedonthehistoricaldredgingrecords(Townsendetal.2015).
·54·
ThreealternativeswereconsideredandsimulatedtohelpalleviateshoalingissueinBolivarFlare.Alterative1(Alt1)extendsthecontainmentstructurenortheastwardsofBolivarFlaretobetterconfinedisplacedmaterial.Alternative2(Alt2)consistsofasedimenttrapdredgedsouthoftheBolivarFlareintendedtointerceptsedimenttransportentertheBolivarFlare.Alternative3(Alt3)consistsofanewbreakwateralongthenorthsideofBolivarFlarechanneltointerruptsedimenttransportfrom GalvestonBay.Thesealternativesaresimulatedandcomparedtotheexistingconfiguration,notedasAlternative0(Alt0),i.e.,nophysicalchangesmadetothepresentBolivarFlare.Figure2showstheoneyearmorphologicalevolutionforeachsimulation.Thevolumetricchangeforoneyearsimulationwascomparedinsixchannelreaches(Fig.2).ModelingresultsindicatedAlts1and2provideonlysmallreductionofthesedimentshoalingrateinBolivarFlare.Alt3showsasubstantialreductionofthechannelshoalingrateinBolivarFlarebutincreasesthesedimentdepositinthelowerHSC.BecausethisincreaseofsedimentdepositoccursinmuchdeepersectionoftheHSC,itisnotconsideredasadversityofAlt3.However,alongerbreakwaterinAlt3wouldimpactvesseltrafficturningnorthtotheHSCfromtheBolivarFlare.Moremodelresultandcorrespondingvolumechangecomparisonofalternativeswereprovidedinthefullpaper.
Keywords:Numericalmodeling;Channelshoaling;GalvestonBay
LihwaLin USArmyCorpsofEngineersEmail:Lin3204@att.net
·64·
TheStudyonEvolutionoftheMouthBarunderRunoffandWaveActionTogetherby
FlumeSectionModelTest
MenwuWu,LiYan,TianshengWu,ShiyouGao,XiaoleiTong
KeyLaboratoryofthePearlRiverEstuarineDynamicsandAssociatedProcessRegulation,MinistryofWaterResources
Abstract
BasedonthehydrodynamicsandsedimentmovementinModaomenofPearlRiverestuary,builtaflumesectionmodelofmouthbarinModaomenEstuarywhichcansimulatethewaterandsedimentmovementoflongitudinalsectionofmouthbar.Andthelongitudinalsectionofthesanddoorisusedastheresearchobject,thecomparativeobservationforprofileevolutionbetweenfrequencyfloodandthecombinationoffloodandwavewasheldtoproposethecharacteristicsoftheevolutionofmouthbarinModaomenEstuary.Theresultshowsthat:onlywhenthefrequencyfloodtakeseffectonthemouthbar,theInnerslopeandthetopwillbescouredandthepositionofthetopwillbepushedoutwardwhilethealtitudechangelittle.Underthecommonactionoffloodandwave,thereisanobviouserosionontheinnerandouterslope,andthepositionofthetopispushedoutward,butthedistanceisshorterthantheconditionwithoutwavewhilethealtitudeishigher.
Keywords:Modaomen;Mouthbar;Wave;Runoff;Flumetest
MenwuWu KeyLaboratoryofthePearlRiverEstuarineDynamicsandAssociatedProcessRegulation,MinistryofWaterResourcesEmail:wumw@163.com
·74·
AnExperimentalStudyonWavevegetationInteractionConsideringtheCombinedEffectofWavesandCurrents
YanqiaoWang1,LimingTan1,ZhiguoHe1,WeimingWu2
1.ZhejiangUniversity2.ClarksonUniversity
Abstract
Thispaperpresentstheresultsofanexperimentalstudyonwavevegetationinteractionunderbothwaveconditionsandwavecurrentcouplingconditions.Bothfollowingandopposingcurrentsareconsideredusingdifferentwaterdepth,waveperiods,andwaveheights.Underwaveconditions,rapidwavedecayisfoundinthevegetationzonewhileamoreuniformvelocityprofileappearswithlargerwaveperiods.ScatteringofthedragcoefficientshasahighercorrelationtoKeuleganCarpenternumber(KC)thanReynoldsnumber(Re).Theresultsalsoindicatethatthemechanismofwavevegetationinteractionconsideringcurrentsisquitesimilartothatwithoutcurrentsunderthepresentexperimentalconditions.
Keywords:Wavevegetationinteraction;Wavecurrentcoupling;Dragcoefficients;KeuleganCarpenternumber;Re
YanqiaoWang ZhejiangUniversityEmail:wangyanqiao0810@zju.edu.cn
·84·
ATwodimensionalModelofSedimentTransportDuringStormSurge
LudiXu,ZhiguoHe
ZhejiangUniversity
Abstract
Inthispaper,atwodimensionalmodelcoupledwithSWANspectralwavetransformationmodelisdevelopedtosimulatethewaves,currentandsedimenttransportprocessesduringstormsurge.Rectangulargridsareappliedinthismodel,andanexplicitfinitevolumemethodisadoptedtosolvethecurrentsusingthedepthaveraged2Dshallowwaterequationandnonequilibriumtotalloadsedimenttransportequation.Waveradiationstressisaccountedinshallowwaterequationtoconsidertheinteractionsbetweenwavesandcurrent.TheHLLapproximateRiemannsolvermethodisusedtocalculatetheflux.Afteraccuracyandefficiencytest,themodelisthenappliedtoarealisticcase.Theresultsindicatethatthecoastalareawillsuffersignificanterosionduringstormsurge.
Keywords:Storm surge;Numericalsimulation;Sedimenttransport;Shallow waterflow;Erosion;Finitevolumemethod
LudiXu ZhejiangUniversityEmail:xuludi@zju.edu.cn
·94·
NumericalSimulationofCurrentsandWavesInfluencedbyTyphoonintheNorthernSouthChinaSea
ZhuzhuYu,ZhiguoHe
ZhejiangUniversity
Abstract
ForecastingtyphoonwavesinSouthChinaSeaisofparticularimportance.Inthispaper,ahydrodynamicmodelisdevelopedusingFVCOMtoanalyzethetidesandtidalcurrentsinthenorthernSouthChinaSea,especiallyintheBeibuGulf.Further,themodeliscoupledwithSWANtosimulatethetyphoonwaveprocessbyconsideringthetyphoonwindfieldusinganempiricalformula.Themodelisvalidatedusingthemeasureddataandthesimulationresultsagreewellwiththefieldobservationdata.ThestormsurgeprocessandwaveprocessarecalculatedbythecoupledmodelundertheconditionsoftheNO.1621typhoon.Theresultsareofpracticalsignificanceforprotectionofcoastalengineeringduringtyphoons.
Keywords:Numericalmodeling;Typhoonwaves;SouthChinaSea;Tidalcurrent
ZhuzhuYu ZhejiangUniversityEmail:3130103079@zju.edu.cn
·05·
InterAnnualVariabilityoftheTurbidityMaximumZoneinHangzhouBayBasedonLandsatImagery
TaoYe1,LiLi1,2,YanmingYao1,2,YuezhangXia1,2,WeibingGuan1,2
1.ZhejiangUniversity2.SecondInstituteofOceanography,SOA
Abstract
Theturbiditymaximumzone(TMZ)areainHangzhouBaywasimpactedbynaturalandanthropogenicprocesses.Aremotesensinginversionmodelwasdevelopedtoestimatethesurfacesuspendedsedimentconcentration(SSC)inHangzhouBay,usingthethirtyLandsatimagesofthebayduringthepast30years.Themodelwaswellcalibratedusingthefielddata,withrelativeaverageerrorof23.3%.TheTMZareawasthenextractedfromeachimagetoinvestigateitsinterannualvariationsfrom1984to2015.Theimagesweredividedintofivegroups;theaverageTMZareaofeachgroupwasestimated.ResultsshowthattheSSCvalueshasamoreasymmetricdistributionpatternfrom1984to2015,withlowturbidareaincreased,asshownbythecoefficientofskewness.From1984to2015,theSSCvaluesdecreasedinalmosttheentirebay.TheStationLuchaogangwitnessthelargestdecreaseofabout73%.TheannualtrendratioofTMZareais-4.57%,whiletheannualtrendratioofsedimentloadareais-3.74%.Hence,theinterannualvariabilityofTMZareaissupposedtobeaffectedbythecombinedeffectsofthereductionoftheriverinesedimentdischarge,aswellasthetidalflatreclamationaroundHangzhouBay.
Keywords:HangzhouBay;Suspendedsedimentconcentration;Landsat;Turbiditymaximumzone;Interannualvariability
TaoYe ZhejiangUniversityEmail:yetaoyan@foxmail.com
·15·
EffectsofDeepSeaPortontheRayongBayCoastline,Thailand
ButsawanBidorn,ChaipantRukvichai
ChulalongkornUniversity
Abstract
ShorelinechangesalongtheRayongBayhavebeenanalyzedtoassesstheeffectsoftheMapTaPhutPort,whichisthelargestindustrialportinThailand.HistoricalshorelinepositionsoftheRayongbaybetween1956and2016wereextractedfromaerialphotographsandsatelliteimageryusingArcGISrelease10.4software,andthedigitalshorelineanalysissystem(DSAS)wasusedtocalculatetheshorelinechangeratesofpreandpostportconstruction.TheresultsshowthattheRayongBaywasrelativelystablewithanaveragerateofshorelinechangelessthan1m/abeforetheportconstruction.AfterthecompletionofthefirstphaseoftheMapTaPhutportin1992,about6% oftheRayongcoastexperiencedasevereerosionupto6m/a.Asignificantshorelineaccretionwasfoundatbotheasternandwesternendsoftheport(approximately1% ofthetotalcoastline).However,theshorelineretreatincreasedto17% ofthecoastsincetheconstructionofthesecondphaseMapTaPhutprojectwascompletedin1999.Numerouscoastalstructureshavebeenappliedtothoserecessionareastostabilizethecoastline.WiththeexistingofallcoastalstructuresintheMapTaPhutdeepseaportproject,ittookabout15yearstoreachanewequilibriumshorelineoftheRayongBay.
Keywords:MapTaPhutPort;Shorelinechange;Coastalprotection;Beacherosion;Equilibriumshoreline
ButsawanBidorn ChulalongkornUniversityEmail:butsawan.p@chula.ac.th
·25·
FundamentalCriteriaandChallengestoIncreasingWaterwayDepthsDownstreamof
theThreeGorgesDam
YunpingYang1,MingjinZhang1,YibingLi1,2,HuaihanLiu2,HuaqingZhang1,WanliLiu1
1.TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineering,MinistryofTransport2.ChangjiangWaterwayBureau
Abstract
Waterwaydepthsarecloselyassociatedwiththeevolutionofriverchannelsanderosioninlowwaterchannelsisamainprocessindeepeningwaterways.BystudyingriverchannelsdownstreamoftheThreeGorgesDam,wehaveobjectivelyevaluatedthefundamentalcriteriaandchallengesassociatedwithincreasingthedepthsofthewaterway.Ourstudyshowedthatthethalwegofriverchannelsdownstream oftheThreeGorgesReservoirimpoundmentweredramaticallyincised(410km)andthattheincreasesinwaterleveltocompensatefordischargesduringlowwaterperiodscouldnotcancelouttheeffectsoflowerwaterlevelscausedbyincisionsatdamproximalriverbedsdownstream.Therefore,thephenomenonof“steepslopesandrapiddischarges”isstillobviousatsomereaches,andcontrollingthereductioninlowwaterlevelsduetoriverbedincisionisagreatchallengetoincreasingthedepthofthewaterway.SincetheimpoundingoftheThreeGorgesReservoir,asystematicwaterwayregulationprojecthasbeenimplementedattheYichangAnqingreach,downstreamofthedam.Thisprojecthasadjustedtheimbalancebetweenerosionatshallowbeachesandthedevelopmentofchannelbranchesandstabilizedtheconditionsofthewaterways,therebyleadingtothegradualdevelopmentofdeeper,narrowerchannelsandtheachievementofthe2020targetoftheYangtzeRiverMainstreamWaterwayPlanningOutlinefiveyearsinadvance.Comparingthewaterwaydepthsupstreamanddownstream,thewaterwayisshallowerattheYichangAnqingreachthanattheupstreamreservoirareaandthedeepwaterwaterwaysdownstream;thisrestrictsthedevelopmentofshippingontheYangtzeRiver.Weintegratedandanalyzedparametersincludingthenumbersandlengthsoftheshallowzonesconsideringthevesseltypesanddemandsofeconomicdevelopment.WeconcludedthatitisappropriatetoincreasethescalesofthewaterwayattheYichangWuhanandWuhanAnqingreachesby4.5m ×200mand6.0m ×200m,respectively.WhileindepthinvestigationsoftheimpactsoftheThreeGorgesReservoirimpoundmentonadjustmentstorivermorphologiesandwaterwaydepthsareessential,the
·35·
maintenanceofharmoniousrelationsamongwaterwayregulationprojects,floodpreventionandmitigation,andlocalecosystemsshouldalsobeproperlyaddressed.
Keywords:Waterwaydepths;Fundamentalsandchallenges;ThreeGorgesReservoir;MiddlelowerYangtzeRiver
YunpingYang TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineering,MinistryofTransportEmail:yangsan520_521@163.com
·45·
TheResearchofPortRiskAssessmentModelBasedonGridStandard
XiaosongLi,XianweiKong
TianjinResearchInstitudeforWaterTransportEngineering
Abstract
Thisthesisbuildthesafetyevaluatingindexsystembyadoptingunifiedrisksource,establishportriskassessmentmodelbasedongridstandard,buildtheportriskassessmentplatformfinally.Theplatform canevaluateeachgridriskquantitatively.ThroughtheanalysisofcharacteristicsofTianjinportnavigationenvironment,vesseltrafficaccidents,navigationandanchoring,itcanverifytherationalityandvalidityoftheportriskassessmentmodel.
Keywords:Marinetrafficsituation;Vesseltrafficenvironment;Unifiedrisksource;Risksource;Gridstandard
XiaosongLi TianjinResearchInstitudeforWaterTransportEngineeringEmail:xiaosonghanghai@126.com
·55·
PossibilitiesandChallengesofExpandingtheDimensionsoftheWaterwayDownstreamofThreeGorgesDam
YunpingYang1,MingjinZhang1,YibingLi2,HuaqingZhang1,WanliLiu1,JianjunWang1,XiaoxingLi1
1.TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineering,MinistryofTransport2.ChangjiangWaterwayBureau
Abstract
ThewaterwayinthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiverhaslongbeenknownasthe“GoldenWaterway”andisanimportantlinkintheconstructionoftheYangtzeRiverEconomicBelt.Therefore,determiningwhetherthereisscopetoexpanditsdimensionsisasignificantgoal,particularlygiventhelongrangecumulativeerosionoccurringdownstreamoftheThreeGorgesReservoir(TGR).Theerosionhasbeenconcentratedinthedryriverchannel.ThiscombinedwiththeregulationofthevolumeoftheupstreamreservoirsandtheTGR,theminimumflowandwaterleveloftheriverdownstreamareincreasing,andcreatingfavorableconditionsunderwhichtoimprovethedepthofthewaterway.Theflowcompensationeffectduringthedryseasonoffsetsthedeclineinthewaterlevelintheriverchannelcausedbydowncuttingpartoftheriverbed,buttheminimumnavigablewaterlevelofthesegmentnearthedamstillshowsadownwardtrend.Inrecentyears,severalwaterwayremediationprojectshavebeenimplementedinthesereachesoftheYangtzeRiverandalthoughthewaterwaydepthandwidthhavebeenincreased,theyarestilllowintheYichangAnqingreachcomparedtothereservoirareaupstreamandthedeepwaterchannelinthetidalreachdownstream.Acomprehensiveanalysisofthewaterdepthcompositionandthenumberandlengthoftheshoalsinthewaterwayindicatesthatitsdimensionscanbeincreasedto4.5m ×200mand6.0m×200mintheYichangWuhanandWuhanAnqingreaches,respectively.Thisisalsofeasiblegiventheremediationtechnologiesavailablecurrently,butremediationprojectsneedtobecoordinatedwiththoseforfloodpreventionandecologicalprotection.
Keywords:Waterwaydimension;Conditionanalysis;ThreeGorgesDam;MiddleandlowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver
YunpingYang TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineering,MinistryofTransportEmail:yangsan520_521@163.com
·65·
ResearchonSafetyConditionMonitoringMethodforBollardStructureofPortEngineeringBased
onFiberBraggSensing
ShiliangZhou,SongqiXu,JunWu,YuejieShu,ZhifangFu
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Asthesignificantincreaseofthetonnageofberthingshipsatdocks,themooringcapacityhasalsoincreasedsignificantly.Inaddition,therearealsocaseswheremultiplecablesaremooredonasinglebollard.Oncethemooringforceexceedsthedesignvalue,itwillcauseaseriousdamagetothemooringbollardstructuresandcausetheshiptofalloffthecablefurther.Forthisreason,themonitoringofthebollardmooringcableundercomplexmooringconditionshasbecomeamajorsafetyissuethatneedstoberesolvedduringtheoperationoftheDaxieContainerTerminal.Aimingatthe1,500kNbollardstructureofNingboDaxieContainerTerminal,alocalfiniteelementanalysismodelincludingthebollard,superstructureofthewharfandpilefoundationwasestablished.Basedontheanalysisofthestressstateofthebollardunderdifferentworkingconditions,thestructuralweaknessofthebollardwasdetermined,andthestraincontrolindexofthekeypositionwasdetermined.Basedonthoseanalysisabove,amethodofmonitoringthesafetystatusofbollardsbasedonfiberBragggratingsensingwasproposedthroughtheanalysisofconventionalcabletetheringmethods.Aimingatthebollardstructure,thespecificarrangementoffibergratingstrainsensorsandthebondingfixingschemewerealsoproposedforbollardstructures.Furthermore,thenetworkingandlinkoptimizationsolutionsforopticalfibersensorswascompleted,andthecorrespondingsoftwareforthesafetymonitoringofbollardstructureswasdeveloped.
Keywords:Portengineering;Safetyconditionmonitoring;Shipbuildingstructure;Finiteelementanalysis
ShiliangZhou ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:290927144@qq.com
·75·
SedimentTransportandTrappingintheNorthPassageofChangjiangEstuaryDuring
theFloodSeason2015
QiShen1,2,FengfengGu2,DingmanQi2
1.TongjiUniversity2.ShanghaiEstuarineandCoastalScienceResearchCenter
Abstract
SedimentbacksiltingintheNorthPassageoftheChangjiangEstuary,wheretheDeepwaterNavigationChannel(DNC)islocated,hasbeenamajorconcerninthepastdecades.Inthisstudy,profilesoftidalcurrent,seawatersalinityandsuspendedsedimentconcentration(SSC)weremeasuredat16anchoredboatsitesdeployedalongtheNorthPassageaswellasacrosstheDNCduringthespringtideinfloodseason2015.TheresultsshowedthatthedistributionofSSCintheNorthPassageshowedasignificantspatialdisparitysuchasthealongchanneldifferenceofSSCandthecrosschanneldifferenceatthemiddlereach.ThetimedependenttransportofTurbidityMaximum(TM)alongtheNorthPassageduringthefloodtidewasquietlydifferentfromthetransportduringtheebbtide.ThetransformbetweenthestratificationandmixingwasexistedatthemiddleandlowerreachoftheNorthPassageduetotheimpactoftheadvancingandretreatingofsaltwedge.Theturbulentmixingatthelowerlayerofwatercolumnwasrelativelystrongerattheearlyfloodtidethanattheearlyebbtidebecauseoftheverticalmoreuniformsalinitydistributionpersistinginthefloodtide.Thesufficientcurrentmomentumaswellasthewellmixingconditionhelpedtotrapandretainmoresedimentparticlesduringtheearlyfloodtidethanduringtheearlyebbtide.Therefore,theeffectofTidalPumping(TP)wassignificantatthemiddlereachoftheNorthPassagewhichinducedtheoppsitenettransportofsediment.Atthehighsiltationarea,theTPtransportofsedimentlocatedatbothflanksoftheDNCwaslandwardandaseawardTPtransportwasmeasuredwithintheDNC.Thealongchannelaswellasthelateralconvergenceofbottomresidualsedimenttransportwasdetectedatthemiddlereachwhichcouldhavebeenresponsiblefortheserverchannelsiltation.
Keywords:ChangjiangEstuary;Sedimenttransport;Stratificationandmixing;Tidalpumping
QiShen TongjiUniversityEmail:shenqimath@hotmail.com
·85·
StudyonMethodstoEstimatetheBedShearStressesinYangtzeEstuary
FengfengGu1,YuanyeWang1,HanfangLu2,YuanyangWan1
1.ShanghaiEstuarine&CoastalScienceResearchCenter2.OceanUniversityofChina
Abstract
HighspatialandtemporalcurrentresolutionvelocitiesweremeasuredbyuseofanacousticDopplervelocimetry(ADV)inthetidalbottomlayerofNorthPassageDeepwaterNavigationalChannel(DNC)ofYangtzeEstuaryinChina.AndtheverticalprofilesofmeanvelocityinthefloodandebbtidalperiodsweremeasuredbyuseofapulsecoherentacousticDopplerprofiler(PCADP).Theturbulentkineticenergy(TKE)methodandthelogarithmicprofile(LP)methodwererespectivelyusedtoestimatethebedshearstresses.Theresultshowstheverticaldistributionofmeanvelocitiesintidalperiodswasalmostlogarithmic.Basedontheseverticallogarithmicprofilesofvelocity,theLPmethodwasusedtoestimatethebedshearstresses.HoweveritwasshownthattheresultsareusuallylargerthantheresultsestimatedbyTKEmethodintheareaofestuary.Itisindirectlydemonstratedthattheverticallogarithmicprofileofvelocitieshasbeentransformedeveninthetidalbottomboundarylayer(BBL)bytheunsteadyflows,anditoftencausestheLPmethodtooverestimatethebedstressinestuary.
Keywords:Yangtzeestuary;Bedshearstress;Thelogarithmicvelocitydistribution
FengfengGu ShanghaiEstuarine&CoastalScienceResearchCenterEmail:6737632@qq.com
·95·
ResearchontheAllowableSpanLengthoftheSubmarinePipelineinShallowWater
ChangjingFu1,GuoyingLi2,3,TianlongZhao1
1.ChongqingJiaotongUniversity2.NanjingHydraulicResearchInstitute
3.KeyLaboratoryofMinistryofEducationforGeomechanicsandEmbankmentEngineering
Abstract
Becauseofthecomplexgeologicalconditionsoftheseabed,thesubmarineburiedpipelineswouldsuspendontheseabedunderthelongtermscourofwaves.Thespanningsubmarinepipelinesarevulnerabletodamageundertheactionoftheexternalenvironmentload.Thepipelinesaccidentsnotonlyresultinagreatlossofpropertybutalsobringthepollutionofthemarineenvironment.Thespanlengthisthekeyfactorinaffectingthedamageofpipelines.Therefore,theallowablespanlengthofthesubmarinepipelineisdetermined,andthepipelinecanbepreventedfrombeingdamagedduetotheexcessivespanlength.Becausemostoftheoilfieldwasbuiltinoffshoreareasindevelopingcountry,thecharacteristicsofwavesinshallowwatershouldbeconsidered.BasedonthefirstorderapproximatecnoidalwavetheoryandMorisonequation,theexpressionsofthehydrodynamicloadsonthesuspendedspansofpipelinesisdeveloped.Forthecommonformsoffreespanningsubmarinepipeline,considerthatthemaxbendingstressesislessthanthematerial’sallowablestress,theformulaoftheallowablefreespanlengthisderived.Finally,combinedwiththesubseapipelinesprojectinBohaibay,theallowablefreespanlengthofthepipelinesiscalculated.Theresultsshowthattheoperationofthespanningpipelinesisstability.
Keywords:Spanlength;Shallowwaterwaves;Hydrodynamicforce
ChangjingFu ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:nhri_fuchangjing@163.com
·06·
NumericalSimulationStudyontheWaterLevelFluctuationsintheUpstreamApproachChannelundertheConditionoftheLoadRejectionofHydraulicPowerStation
JinchaoHe1,YunliWang1,MeitaoXiang2
1.SoutheastHydraulicInstituteforWaterways,ChongqingJiaotongUniversity2.SoutheastofShanghaiEngineeringConsultingCo.,LTD,Shanghai
Abstract
Loadrejectionofthehydraulicpowerstationwillcausethewaterlevelfluctuationsintheupstreamapproachchannel,whichcouldbeharmfultothenavigationsafetyofships.BasedontheresultsofthephysicalmodeltestsonFuJinBahydraulicpowerstation,inthispapera2Dunsteadyflownumericalmodelhasbeenestablishedtostudytheopeningtypeofthepartitionwalloftheupstreamapproachchannelinordertoreducethewaterlevelfluctuationamplitude.Theresultsshowedthatcomparedtotheoriginaldesign,for4improvementschemes,thecompletelyclosedopeningsorthehalfopeningsdidnotworkwellwhentheywereadoptedalone,whereasthemaximumamplitudeofthewaterlevelfluctuationswoulddecreasewhenthebothofthemwereusedtogether.
Keywords:Loadrejectionofthehydraulicpowerstation;Upstreamapproachchannel;Waterlevelfluctuations
JinchaoHe SoutheastHydraulicInstituteforWaterways,ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:4753328@qq.com
·16·
DynamicResponseAnalysesofOffshoreWindTurbinewithHighriseCapandLowriseCapFoundationSubjectedtoShipImpact
LijiLong
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Highrisecapandlowrisecapwithmultiplepilefoundationforoffshorewindturbinesiscomposedofsteelpiles,concretecap.Withtheincreaseoftheriskofoffshorewindturbinesupportstructurestrickenbyashipduringtheserviceperiod,moreandmoreattentionpayfortheresearchesofshipcollision.Theshipimpactforceisinvestigatedbothempiricalformula,numericalsimulation,offshorewindturbinewithhighpilecapfoundationandlowpilecapfoundationimpactedbya5001,000tshipatdifferentspeedsisnumericallysimulatedbyusingLSDYNA.OnthebasisofnonlinearFEdynamicmodelofbargepiercollision,thenumericalmodeliscarriedouttodeterminethesensitivitydegreeoffthedifferentfactorsinfluencingthebargeimpactforcetopierduringthecollisiontimehistoryandComparativeanalysisofcrashperformancebetweenHighrisecapandlowrisecap.
Keywords:Offshorewindturbine;Highrisecap;Lowriseca;Shipimpact;Impactforce
LijiLong ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:longliji@qq.com
·26·
ManagementStrategiesforanEcologicalWaterwayintheBifurcatedRiverSectionsattheLower
ReachesoftheYangtzeRiver
JianjunWang
TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineering
Abstract
ThemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiverhavethereputationofbeing“goldenwaterways”andareimportantcomponentsfortheestablishmentoftheYangtzeRiverDeltaEconomicBelt.Theconstructionofanecologicalwaterwaythereisimminentundertheprincipleofprioritizingtheenvironmentwhendevelopingwatersheds.TheWuhuYuxikoureachlocatedatthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiverisusedasacasestudy.Recently,theJiangxinsandbank(CaoguandChenjiasandbanks)hassubsidedandthecollapseoftherightbankisobvious.Atthesametime,braidingandmultichannelflowisdeveloping,whichisnotconducivetothestabilityofthewaterwayandalsothreatensthebiologicalhabitattoacertainextent.Afterexaminingtheevolutionoftheriverchannelandforecastingthevariationtrendofthewaterway,theproposalistoimplementmaintenancemeasuresfortheJiangxinsandbankandbedprotectionmeasuresforthechannelsinordertoachievestablewaterwayconditions.Theecologicaleffectsoftheprojectwerethoroughlyconsideredwhenpreparingthemanagementstrategies.ForsectionsoftheJiangxinsandbankbelowthelowwaterlevel,aprojecttoprotectthebeachbeltwillbeimplemented.Thepurposeistopromotesiltationsothatthelowbeachbiologicalhabitatwillgraduallyrecover.Forsectionsabovethelowwaterlevel,asteppedrevetmentprojectwillbeusedtocreateanenvironmentthatpromotesharmonybetweentheproject,landscape,people,andthebodyofwater.Afterstudyingthecharacteristicsofmigratoryfish,itisdeemedundesirableforallthechannelstobeblocked.Hence,passagesaretobekeptopentoallowfishtomigratethroughthebifurcatedchannels.Inaddition,theuseofecologicalreeftypestructuresandmaterialsisrecommendedforprotectingthechannelbed.Thisstudycanprovideatechnicalreferenceforthemanagementofecologicalriversystemsandcanalsobepromotedformanagingothertypesofrivers.
Keywords:Ecologicalwaterway;Managementstrategies;Bifurcatedreach;LowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver
JianjunWang TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineeringEmail:271803237@qq.com
·36·
ResearchontheRulesandInfluencingFactorsofScourandDepositionChangesinRiverIslandsof
TypicalSectionsintheLowerReachoftheThreeGorgesProject
PengfeiLiu
TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineering,M.O.T.
Abstract
SincetheoperationoftheThreeGorgesProject,riverscourhasbeentheoverallembodimentofthedam’slowerreachontheconditionofthesubstantialdecreaseinsedimentamount.Apartfromthis,therealsohavebeenmanyotherproblems,includingtheworsenedscour,frequentchanges,andinstabilityofriverislands.AllthesehaveexercisedanegativeinfluenceontheriverregimeandchannelconditionsoftheYangtzeRiver.TakingforexamplethetypicalreachessuchasXinzhouJiujangSectionandLiyushanChannelinthelowerreachoftheThreeGorgesProject,thispaperanalyzesthecharacteristicsofscouranddepositionchangesintheriverislandsofXujiawanBayandHuanglianBar.Thefindingsshowthatscourattheheadanddepositionatthetailarethecharacteristicsofthecentralbarsinthecurvedandstraightreaches.Then,onthisbasis,thispaperperformsafurtheranalysisonthefactorsinfluencingtheevolutionofriverislandsintheriverreachesunderthedam.
Keywords:ThreeGorgesProject;Riverislands;Riverbedscouranddeposition;Curvedreach;Straightreach
PengfeiLiu TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineering,M.O.T.Email:tiankuo77@163.com
·46·
ResearchonBenchlandShapingTechniqueofComplexReachesundertheConditionofFloods
ControllingandNavigationImprovement
JingtaoZheng,MeiyuanPan,YouweiLi
ChangjiangWaterwayInstituteofPlanningandDesignandResearch
Abstract
Thealtitude,sizeandintegrityofbeachlandhavegreatinfluenceonnavigationcondition.Fishbonedamandspurdikeswerewidelyappliedtoshapingthebeach,butitisnotgoodforfloodcontrols.Inthiswork,theoreticalanalysismethodandflumetestmethodwereusedtodeterminedaevaluationmethodforbeachandtroughpatterndistributionstate.Anewbenchlandshapingtechniqueisbuiltinreachwithlargefloodcontrolpressure.
Keywords:Benchlandshapingtechnique;Floodscontrolling;Navigationlmprovement
JingtaoZheng ChangjiangWaterwayInstituteofPlanningandDesignandResearchEmail:83479830@qq.com
·56·
TheVelocitydipPhenomenoninOpenBendFlow
XinWang
TianjinResearchInstitudeforWaterTransportEngineering
Abstract
Thevelocitiesatthefreesurfacearesignificantindexesforboththeactualnavigationandhydraulicphysicalmodel.Atpresent,regardingthestreamwisevelocityatthefreesurfaceasthemaximumvalueisstillancommonhandlingmethod.However,thefreesurfaceasaspecialboundaryconditioninopenchannelflowmakesthemaximumvelocityexistsbelowthewatersurface,knownasvelocitydipphenomenon,whichdisagreeswiththecommonpoint.Moreover,theopenchannelbend,asthebasicunitofnaturalriver,hasthespecialmotioncharacteristics.Flowstructureinitexhibitstwospecificfeatures:(1)thesecondaryflowcausedbythechannelcurvature;and(2)thevelocitydipphenomenoncausedbythefreesurface,whichaffectthesurfaceflowfielddirectly.Toexplainthesefeatures,thispaperproposesacoupledmodelthatprovidestheoreticalthreedimensionalbendflow solutions. Considering the transversedistributionsofhydraulicparametersasnonuniformandinfluencedbythesidewallstresses,thecompletesecondarycirculationisobtainedtheoretically.Usingamodifiedlogwakelaw,thevelocitydipphenomenonisanalysedandfoundtoexistinbothprimaryandsecondaryflows.Theabovetheoreticalresearchesofopenbendflowwillimprovethecalculatingaccuracyofflowstructure,whichhashighengineeringvalue.
Keywords:Velocitydipphenomenon;Analyticalsolutions;Bendflow;Openchannel;Velocitydistribution
XinWang TianjinResearchInstitudeforWaterTransportEngineeringEmail:yefuxinxin@aliyun.com
·66·
TheInfluenceofThermalDischargeontheWaterIntakeandDrainagePlaneLayoutfor
theCoalfiredPowerPlant
ZhonghuaTan,HaiyuanLiu,HanbaoChen,HaichengLiu
TianjinResearchInstituteofWaterTransportEngineering,M.O.T.
Abstract
Inthispaper,throughestablishingthetwodimensionaldepthaveragedmathematicalmodelofthecoastalprojectareaforthecoalfiredpowerplantinPakistan,differentwaterintakeanddrainageprojectlayoutsweresimulated.Thediffusionandtransportationrulesofthermaldischargeintheseawaterwereanalyzed.Thethermaldischargeinfluenceonthewatertemperatureriseattheintakeandseaareanearbytheprojectwasresearched.Inordertoensurethenormalandefficientoperationofthepowerplant,evensatisfyingtherequirementofaveragetemperatureriseinacirclewithradius100mofoutletnotexceeding3.0℃,thewaterintakeanddrainageplanelayoutswereoptimizedandthelayoutofmultipointintakesandoutletsatdeepwaterwasproposedwhichcanprovideascientificbasisforenvironmentalimpactassessmentandthedesignofwaterintakeanddrainageplanelayout.
Keywords:Coastalarea;Numericalmodel;Thermaldischarge;Waterintakeanddrainageplanelayout
ZhonghuaTan TianjinResearchInstituteofWaterTransportEngineering,M.O.T.Email:tanzhonghua1987@163.com
·76·
ImpactsofLargescaleEstuarineEngineeringProjectsonRecentMorphologicalEvolutionProcesses
oftheYangtzeEstuary
HualongLuan,TonghuanLiu
ChangjiangRiverScientificResearchInstitute
Abstract
Impactsoflocalhumaninterventionsonmorphodynamicsoflargeriverdeltasareinsufficientlyunderstood,especiallysuperimposedupondeltaerosionduetodiminishingsedimentsupplies.ThedenselypopulatedYangtzeEstuaryinChinaisincreasinglyinfluencedbylargescaleestuarineengineeringprojectsintherecenttwodecadesandtherebyprovidesausefulexampletoaddressthisissue.ThisworkinvestigatesthemorphologicalimpactsoftheDeepwaterNavigationChannelProject(DNCP)includingdikesandgroynesimplementedin19972010onthemouthbarareaoftheYangtzeEstuarythroughmorphologicalevolutionanalysisandprocessbasedmodelingapproach(Delft3D).Theseawardportionofthemouthbararea,definedasthestudyareaforcalculationofsedimentvolumechange,convertedfromnetaccretiontoneterosionduring19972013primarilyduetoriversedimentreduction.However,theEastHengshaShoal(EHS)showedabnormalaccretioninthesameperiod.Theaccretionerosionconversionoccurredaroundtheyear2007andislargelycontributedbytwoerosionzonesatthenorthernandsouthernsubaqueousdelta,respectively.HydrodynamicsimulationsindicatethatthetrainingwallsresultinweakertidalflowandlongerslackperiodattheEHSandstrongertidalflowatthesouthernerosionzone.Subsequently,morphologicalmodelingdemonstratesthatthetrainingwallsenhanceaccretionattheEHS,whichismainlyattributetothedownstreamhalfofthenorthdike.Thiscanbeverifiedbytheconsistentperiod(20022004)ofthedikeextensiontothepresentlocationandaccretionpeakoftheEHS.Morphologicalmodelingalsoindicatesthatthedownstreamhalfofthenorthdikeenhancederosionatthesouthernerosionzone,whichcanpartlyexplainthegradualincreaseintheerosionvolumeofbotherosionzonesafter2004.Underlargescaleestuarineengineeringprojects,theYangtzesubaqueousdeltaisacceleratingtoapproachmorphodynamicequilibrium.Thetimescaletotheerosionlimitandsustainableestuarinemanagementmeritfurthersystematicresearch.
Keywords:Morphodynamics;Riversedimentreduction;Estuarineengineeringprojects;YangtzeEstuary
HualongLuan ChangjiangRiverScientificResearchInstituteEmail:luanhualong@126.com
·86·
StudyofBearingCapacityandParameterSensitivityAnalysisofOffshoreWindTurbineBucket
FoundationinSoftClay
ZhanqingXing,LiweiHuang,JinjieZhang,PingFu
ChinaInstituteofWaterResourcesandHydropowerResearch
Abstract
Inordertostudythebearingcapacityofthebucketfoundationinclay,afewofcentrifugalmodelandnumericalanalysistestswerecarriedout.Theloaddisplacementcurveofbucketfoundation,themainfailuremodeandtheinfluenceofthesoilparametersandthebasicdimensionswereobtainedinthispaper.Themainconclusionsinclude:thefailuremodeofthebucketfoundationofoffshorewindturbineismainlytorotate;κ,ν,e0,γhavegreatinfluenceonthecalculations,ifthemodifiedcamclaymodelwasused;theoptimalbucketfoundationheighttodiameterratioisabout0.57ontheresearchconditions.
Keywords:Offshorewindturbine;Bucketfoundation;Bearingcapacity;Parametersensitivityanalysis
ZhanqingXing ChinaInstituteofWaterResourcesandHydropowerResearchEmail:xinzq123@126.com
·96·
StudyonAccumulativeDeformationofOffshoreWindTurbineBucketFoundationinClay
ZhanqingXing,JizhangGao,JinjieZhang,PingFu
ChinaInstituteofWaterResourcesandHydropowerResearch
Abstract
Comparedwithotheroffshorestructures,theoffshorewindturbineisatoweringstructure,whereinthehorizontalloadandbendingmomentonthefoundationareconsiderable;therunningofthewindturbineimposesahighrequirementforthetiltrateofthefoundation,andthefoundationdesignisusuallycontrolledbythedeformation.Theeasterncoastareainchinaissuitableforlargescaledevelopmentofoffshorewindpower,buttheseabedinthisareaisgenerallydistributedwiththickermarineclay(usuallythickerthan10m).Thebucketfoundationiseasytoinstall,shorttermsandlowcost,andthebucketfoundationgenerallyhasbetteradaptabilitytothedeepclayfoundation,withoutneedtoenterthedeepbearingstratumwithbetterphysicalproperties.
Undertheeffectofcyclicwind/waveload,claysoftens,anddeformationhasobvioustimeliness.Cycliccumulativedeformationcharacteristicsarenotonlyrelatedtothephysicalindicatorsofsoilandstateofconsolidation,butalsoarecloselyrelatedtostaticload,cyclicload,numberofcyclicvibrationtimes.Afterthephysicalindicatorsandconsolidationstatusofsoilisdetermined,therearethreeaspectsforthemainfactorsaffectingthedeformationcharacteristicsofsoil:(1)soilunit’sinitialstressstatebeforecyclicloadingisineffect;(2)thesizeandwayinwhichthecyclicloadisineffect;(3)thenumberoftimesofthecyclicloadineffect.Duringtherunningofthewindturbine,thebucketfoundationisaffectedjointlybytheweightofthestructureandtheloadcausedbywindandwaves,whereintheweightandtheloadcausedbywaveswillremainunchangedforalongtime,andthefoundationsoilunitgeneratesstaticstressofdifferentsizesqs;fluctuatingwindpressureandwavegeneratedloadistransmittedthroughthefoundationtothegroundfoundationsoilbody,andinturnmakethesoilunitsubjectedtothecyclicstresschangingwithtime,andthedynamicstressmagnitudeofthedifferentsoilunitsisqd.Theaccumulativestrainofthesoilunitincreasesasthenumberofcycletimesincreases,thenumberofcycletimescanbetakenasatimeprocess,thecyclicaccumulativedeformationismadeequivalenttoacreepincrement,andthestrainincrementof
·07·
thesoilunitcanbedividedintotheelasticstrainincrementdεe,plasticstrainincrementdεpandcreepstrainincrementdεc,namelydε=dεe +dεp +dεc.Throughtheincrementalelastoplasticfiniteelementcalculations,thesoilunit’sstaticstressqsanddynamicstressamplitudeqdcanbedetermined,thenthecreepstrainincrementdεciscalculated,andthenthroughincrementalelastoplasticfiniteelementcalculations,theaccumulativedeformationofthebucketfoundationjointlyaffectedbystaticloadandacertainnumberofcycletimescanbeworkedout.Inordertoachieveaccumulativedeformationofoffshorewindturbinebucketfoundationinclayunderlongtermwindandwaveloading,afiniteelementmethodtakingcycliccumulativedeformationascreep,wasdeveloped.A comparisonwasmadebetweenthetheoreticalvaluesandcalculatedvalues,andthedifferencebetweenthemissmall,andthusthemodeldevelopmentisreasonable.
TheXiangshui2MWoffshorewindturbineintestisabout3.5kmfromshore,wherethedepthofwaterisabout4mandclayisdominantwithinthedepthof19mbelowtheseabed.Inthispaper,thelongtermobservationdataofXiangshuioffshorewindandwavewasanalysed.Takingthe2MWdemonstrationwindturbineasanexample,ananalysismodelisestablished.Underdifferentcyclenumber,thedeformationofbucketfoundationincludingcentralsettlement,unevensettlementandgradientofslope,wasstudiedbythismethod.
Thecentralverticaldisplacement,unevensettlementandtiltrateareroughlylogarithmicwithrespecttothenumberofcycletimes;verticallyupwardnegativesettlementoccursatthebucketfoundationcenterpoint,andthemaximumverticaldisplacementincrementafter108
cyclesis0039m;thebucketfoundationistilted,after108cyclesthemaximumunevensettlementis0135m,andthemaximumtiltrateis0449%.Theresultshowsthatthedeformationofbucketfoundationstillmeettherequirementsofwindturbineoperationintheoperationperiod(50years).
Keywords:Offshorewindturbine;Bucketfoundation;Accumulativedeformation;Repeatedload
ZhanqingXing ChinaInstituteofWaterResourcesandHydropowerResearchEmail:xinzq123@126.com
·17·
ExperimentalStudyofAttenuationofWaveRunupbyLandslidesintheThreeGorgesReservoir
PingMou,PingyiWang,LingfengHan,JieZhang
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
WaterwavesgeneratedbylandslidesfrequentlyoccurintheThreeGorgesReservoir(TGR).Waterwavesgeneratedbylandslides,asthemainsecondarydisaster,andwaverunupposeenormouspotentialrisktowharves,ships,andbankslope.TheprocessofsimulationoflandslidewassimulatedbyusingthegeneralizedphysicalmodelbasedontheWanzhouJiangnanTuoKouWharfinTGR,thewaveheightandwaverunupwererecordedmeasuredbythewaveheightgauge.Thelandslidesunderdifferentworkingconditionsweresimulated,andanalyzed.Theresultsshowedthatthemaximumheightofwaverunupappearedinabout1.5mfromtheothersideofthelandslidebecauseofthewharfandtopography.FortherangeofthelandslidemasswidthintheYangtzeRiver,thewaverunupwasattenuatedbytheexponentialrelationshipbetweentheslopesoftheslopesandthewavesofthesameshore.Forthebendingreachesinthereservoir,linearrelationshipattenuationwasobservedonthebothsides.
Keywords:Waterwavesgeneratedbylandslides;Thewaveheight;Waverunup
PingMou ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:mpdream2012@163.com
·27·
StudyontheEffectofDamOperationonNavigationFlowCondition
ina90DegreeSharpBendReachBetweentheThreeGorgesDamandtheGezhouDam
ChunhangXie,QianMa,YahuiLiu
SouthwesternHydraulicsEngineeringResearchInstituteforWaterTransport,JiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Forabendchannel,flowconditionhasagreatinfluenceonthenavigationsafety.Thesmallbendingradiusandthecomplicatedflowregimemakesshipmovementmorecomplexthanthatinastraightone.Withtheoperationofhydropowerstation,flowconditioninthebendchannelisaffectednotonlybythevariedtopography,butalsotheoperationofthedams.Byuseofathreedimensionalnumericalmethod,theflowstructuresina90degreesharpbendchannelbetweentheThreeGorgesDam andtheGezhouDam intheYangziRiverwasinvestigated.Thefieldobservationdataofthewatersurfacelevelandtheflowvelocitiesisusedtoverifytheresultsofthenumericalmodel.Inordertostudytheeffectofdamoperationonnavigationflowconditioninthesharpbendchannel,aseriesofsimulationscenarioswithvaryingflowratesofbothdamswereset.OutflowrateoftheThreeGorgesrangedfrom10,000m3/sto567,000m3/s,whilethewaterlevelbeforetheGezhouDamwasintherangeof6366m.CharacteristicsofboththelongitudinalandtransversewatersurfaceslopewereanalyzedaccordingtothewidthandlengthofthetypicalshipintheYangziRiveratpresent.Rangeofthecirculation,distributionofthevelocities,andwidthofchannelforshipinthebendchannelunderdifferentscenariowerealsoinvestigated.Basedonthat,effectofdamoperationonnavigationflowconditionina90degreesharpbendreachwasconducted.Furthermore,optimaloperationforthedamswaspresented.Thisworkisofgreatvaluefortheestablishmentofengineeringandoperationmeasurestoimprovementthenavigationconditionofabendchannel.
Keywords:Sharpbendchannel;Navigationflow condition;Dam operation;Numericalsimulation
ChunhangXie SouthwesternHydraulicsEngineeringResearchInstituteforWaterTransport,JiaotongUniversityEmail:402123421@qq.com
·37·
StudyonReliabilityofRiprapRockDamsunderUnsteadyFlowConditions
JielongHu1,PingyiWang1,2,JingxuanRen1,MeiliWang1,2,TaoYu1,2
1.KeyLaboratoryofWaterConservancyandWaterTransportationEngineeringofMinistryofEducation,ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
2.CollegeofArchitectureandUrbanPlanning,ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Thespurdikeisthemostcommonlyusedwaterwayrectificationstructureandplaysanimportantroleinnarrowingtheriverbed,divertingwatertothetrough,adjustingtheflowdirection,changingtheflowvelocity,scouringtheshoal,andguidingthesediment.Amongthem,thespurdikeiswidelyusedbecauseofitslowcostandeasyaccesstomaterials,butthewaterdamageoftherockdumpgroinsisveryseriousandhasaseriousimpactonthenavigabilityofwaterways.Throughthephysicalmodeltestofthewatertank,theunsteadyflowprocessisusedasthecontrolcondition,thedepthofthescourholeisthequantificationcondition,thefailurecriteriaoftherockfillingspurdamaredefined,andthereliabilityofthespurdiggingdamisstudiedtoprovidereferenceforthewaterwayregulationandmanagement.
Keywords:Unsteadyflow;Riprap;Reliability;Flowprocess;Depthofscouringpit
JielongHu KeyLaboratoryofWaterConservancyandWaterTransportationEngineeringofMinistryofEducation,ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:1150710547@qq.com
·47·
ExperimentalStudyontheConnectionForcesofXtypeSoftBodyRowunderNonsteadyFlow
JieZhang,PingyiWang,GentingGuo
NationalKeyLaboratoryofInlandWaterwayRegulationTechnology,ChongqingJiaotongUniversity,KeyLaboratoryofWaterConservancyandWaterwayEngineering,MinistryofEducationChongqing
Abstract
Xtypeconcreteblocksoftbodyrow(abbreviatedasXtyperow)isthemostwidelyusedbeachprotectionstructureinthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver.TheoverallstructureoftheXshapedplatoonisstable,butundertheactionofunsteadyflow,theXshapedplatoonsaresubjectedtocomplexforces,oftenappearingwaterbodydestructionphenomenon,anddirectlyaffectingthebeachprotectioneffect.BasedonthebindingforcebetweentheXtypeblockblocks,thephysicalpropertiesoftheXshapedrowundernonsteadyflowconditionswerestudiedthroughphysicalmodeltests.ThetimecoursechangesandspatialdistributionoftheXdisplacementforceswereanalyzed.AndgivestheXshapedrowpossiblewaterdamagedamage.
Keywords:Xtypeconcreteblocksoftbodyrow;Knotforce;Unsteadyflow
JieZhang NationalKeyLaboratoryofInlandWaterwayRegulationTechnology,ChongqingJiaotongUniversity,KeyLaboratoryofWaterConservancyandWaterwayEngineering,MinistryofEducationChongqingEmail:85304438@qq.com
·57·
DevelopmentaNewEcologicalEmbankmentProjectStructureStyle
XiaofeiLiu,YanliLi,WanliLiu,JiaZheng
TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineering,M.O.T.
Abstract
Theecologicalembankmentprojecthasbecomethemaintrendofmodernrivermanagement.Thistextputforwardanewtypeofecologicalembankmentprojectstructurestyle,demonstratesthedesignideasanddesignparameters,andanalysistheecologicalandstabilitycharacteristics.ThisnewecologicalembankmentstructuralstyledevelopmentprovidetechnicalsupportforresearchingthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYangtzeriverecologicalembankmentprojectstructurestyle.
Keywords:Inlandwaterway;Ecologicalembankmentproject;Structuralstyle
XiaofeiLiu TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineering,M.O.TEmail:544016379@qq.com
·67·
InfluenceofAmbientFlowVelocityontheFlowFieldCharacteristicsofUnderwaterAbrasive
WaterJet
DaiHuang1,2,ShengfaYang1,2,ShiyuZeng1,2
1.ChongqingJiaotongUniversity2.NationalRiverChannelRegulationEngineeringTechnologyResearchCenter
Abstract
Inapplicationofunderwaterreefclearengineering,theambientflowvelocityplayanimportantroleeffectingtheflowfieldcharacteristicsofthejet.Inthispaper,themathematicalmodelisusedtosimulatetheflowstateofunderwaterabrasivewaterjetunderdifferentambientflowvelocities.Theinvestigationshowsthatthedeviationofjetwillhappenalongthedirectionofdifferentambientflowandbecomemoreobviouswithgrowingambientflowvelocity.Butthepotentialcorearea,whichcontainthemainmechanicalenergyofjet,receivelittleimpactfromambientflow.
Keywords:Abrasivewaterjet;Flowfieldcharacteristics;Waterwayregulation
DaiHuang ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:646198359@qq.com
·77·
TheResearchontheWaterStopTechnologyofHydraumaticButterflyRubberBag
YeyingChen
SchoolofRiverandOceanEngineering,ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Hydraumaticbutterflyrubberbagwasanewtypeofwaterstopstructure,usedinhighdamspillway.Therubberbagwasmadelikebutterfly,soastocontactcompletelywithconcretegroove,andcanmeettherequirementsforsteelgatedeformation.Thewatertightnessofthebutterflyrubberbagwasincreasedwiththehydraulicpressure.Thesurfaceofthewaterstopstructurewasmadeintostreamlinedshapelikeasthebutterflyback,whichcanensurethewaterresistancecoefficientwaslow.Whenthegatewastobeopentodischargeflood,watercan’tbetrappedandvibrated,evenifthewaterstopstructurewasplacedonsidewall.Thebutterflyrubberbagwasanenclosedconstructiontoholdcompressedgasorpressuredliquid.Itspressureontheconcretegroovewasverysmall,andcan’tdamagethetensileconcretestructure.Inthemeanwhile,onaccountofthegoodsealingofbutterflyrubberbag,compressedgasorpressuredliquidwasnoteasytodrain,whichimprovetheservicelifeofrubberbagofbutterfly.
Keywords:Thehighdamreservoir;Gatesealing;Butterflyrubberbag;Layeredsheetsteel
YeyingChen SchoolofRiverandOceanEngineering,ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:cyy2227@163.com
·87·
AModelFrameworkontheCarryingCapacityofInlandWaterwayShipping
WenjieLi1,HaoLong2,ShengfaYang1,WeiYang1,YiXiao1,JiangHu1
1.NationalInlandWaterwayRegulationEngineeringResearchCenter,ChongqingJiaotongUniversity2.KeyLaboratoryofMinistryofEducationforHydraulic
andWaterTransportEngineering,ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Thebasictheoryofinlandwaterwayplanningconstructionisnotyetperfect.Unfortunately,thereisnosimulationmethodfortheintegratedoperationoftheshippingsystemtoservethesocialeconomy.Inviewoftheabove,amodelofinlandshippingcapacityisproposed,analyzingitscorephysicalprocessesincludingtheeconomicdrivingprocessoffreightdemand,thecompetitionprocessoffreightbetweenwaterway,road,andrailway,andthefreighttransportprocessofthewaterway.Thekeyscientificissuesofshippingcapacitywerediscussed.Finally,thebasicframeworkandconstructionideasoftheshippingcapacitymodelwereinitiallyproposed.It’sworthwhiletometethatthedatabaseofresearchontheinlandshippingcapacityissetupbycollectingandinvestigatingthesocialeconomy,comprehensivetransportation,andfreightvolumedata.TakingtheYangtzeRiverasanexample,anempiricalmodelfortheshippingcapacityoftheYangtzeRiverwasconstructed,includinganeconomicmodeldrivenbytheinputoutputtable,anallocationmodelbasedonthewaterdepthofthechannel,andadiscriminantmodelofwaterwaytransportofgoodsbasedonthechannelcapacity.WiththeuseofthetotalfreightvolumeanddistributionoftheelevenProvincesandmunicipalitiesintheYangtzeRivereconomicbeltfrom2012to2015,theproportionofthedistributionofwaterway,road,andrailwaywascalibratedandverified.ThesimulationresultsmeettheexpectedgoalandtheshippingcapacityoftheYangtzeRivercanbeidentifiedpreliminarily.Themodelofinlandshippingcapacityproposedinthispaperhasthepotentialcapacitytosimulatethedemandoffreighttransportationundertheplannedeconomiclevelandtoassesstheadaptabilityofshippingandeconomicdevelopmentlevel.Itcanprovidetechnicalsupportforshippingplanningconstruction.
Keywords:Shippingcarryingcapacity;Freightdrivenbytheeconomy;Competitionbetweenwaterway,road,andrailway;Freighttransportinthewaterways;Modelconstruction
WenjieLi NationalInlandWaterwayRegulationEngineeringResearchCenter,ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:979942830@qq.com
·97·
WaterwayEvolutioninMeanderRiversunderImpactsofRiverEngineeringcomparisonoftheLowerMississippiRiverandJingjiang
ReachoftheYangtzeRiver
JunzhouWang,LiChen,FanChen
StateKeyLaboratoryofWaterResourcesandHydropowerEngineeringScience,WuhanUniversity
Abstract
TheLowerMississippiRiverandJingjiangreachoftheYangtzeRiverarebothmeanderriversandhaveintensivemorphologicaladjustmentsinwaterwaysduetoanthropogenicactivities.Aftercomparingthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinthemorphologicalchangeofthetwowaterwaysthefollowingconclusionsaredraw.(1)TheconstructionofprojectsgreatlychangedtheflowandsedimentregimeoftheLowerMississippiRiverandJingjiangreach.Bothsedimentreductionduetoupstreamdamconstructionsandslopeincreaseduetoartificialcutoffscantriggerintensivechannelincisionaftertheimplementation.(2)DuetothechangesintheregimeofflowandsedimenttransportalargenumberofchutecutoffsappearedintheLowerMississippiRiverandJingjiangreachwhichchangedthewaterwaycondition.(3)MoreattentionhasbeenpaidontheecologicalenvironmentrecoveryoftheLowerMississippiRiverinrecentyearssincethemorphologicalchangeduetoriverengineeringbecomesslow.ItisofgreatsignificancetotheconstructionofecologicalwaterwayinJingjiangreachoftheYangtzeRiver.
Keywords:TheLowerMississippiRiver;JingjiangreachofYangtzeRiver;Waterwayevolution;Riverengineering
JunzhouWang StateKeyLaboratoryofWaterResourcesandHydropowerEngineeringScience,WuhanUniversityEmail:744984879@qq.com
·08·
ApplicationandDevelopmentofSmallScaleSelfpropelledShipModelSimulationTechnology
XiaoBiaoLi
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Comparedwiththenumericalshipmodelandtherealshipexperiment,thesmallscaleselfpropelledshipmodelhasthecharacteristicsofbeingmoreintuitiveandeconomical,anditisanecessarymeansforstudyingthenavigationconditionsofthewaterway.Fromtheaspectsofengineeringapplication,system compositionanddevelopmentdirection,thispaperdidasystematicandcomprehensiveintroductionaboutthesmallscaleselfpropelledshipsimulationtechnology.Itwasfocusedontheproblemsanddeficienciesinthetheory,testmethodsandsimulationmethodsofthecurrentsmallscaleselfpropelledshipmodel.Asaresult,comparedwithsomeachievementsincurrentstage,thesolutionideasanddevelopmentdirectionsaregiven.
Keywords:Smallscaleselfpropelledshipmodel;Testingmethod;Simulationmethod
XiaoBiaoLi ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:1397769143@qq.com
·18·
PreliminaryStudyontheShipManeuveringMotionBasedonShallowWaterEffectand
NonuniformFlow
XiaoyaTang,SichenTong
NationalEngineeringResearchCenterforInlandWaterwayRegulation
Abstract
AthreedegreesoffreedomshipmotionnumericalmodelbasedonopenchannelnonuniformflowandshallowwatereffectisproposedwiththehelpoftheopenchannelnonuniformflownumericalmodelandtheMMGmodel.Acontainershipisselectedasasampleshiptosimulateshipmaneuveringmotioninmountainousrivers.TurningtestandZigZagmotiontestarecarriedoutrelyontheshallowwatermodel.Analysisfromtheresultsshowthatthespeedofstraightforwardmotiondecreasesandturningdiameterincreaseswiththedecreaseofdepthdraftratio.TheperiodofZigZagmotionincreaseswiththedecreaseofdepthdraftratio,whichmeansthatshallowwatereffectismoreprominentandmaneuverabilityisworse.Thisstudycanprovideabasisforfurtherinvestigationintotheshallowwatereffect,aswellastobeabetterunderstandingofmotioncharacteristicsinshallowwater.
Keywords:Shipmotionnumericalmodel;Shallowwatereffect;Nonuniformflow;TheMMGmodel;Shipmaneuverability
XiaoyaTang NationalEngineeringResearchCenterforInlandWaterwayRegulationEmail:txy_say@126.com
·28·
EstimationofDesignLNWLinInlandWaterwaysandUncertaintyAnalysisunderChangingEnvironment
JiangyanZhao1,PingXie1,2,ZiyiWu1,YanfangSang3
1.StateKeyLaboratoryofWaterResourcesandHydropowerEngineeringScience,WuhanUniversity2.CollaborativeInnovationCenterforTerritorialSovereigntyandMaritimeRights
3.KeyLaboratoryofWaterCycleandRelatedLandSurfaceProcesses,InstituteofGeographicSciencesandNaturalResourcesResearch,ChineseAcademyofSciences
Abstract
Withtheinfluenceofchangingenvironment,includingglobalclimatechangeandhumanactivities,conventionalmethodsfordesigningthelowestnavigablewaterlevel(LNWL)ininlandwaterways,beingbasedonstationarydata,werenotavailableandwouldcauserisksfornavigation.Inthisarticle,weproposedanonstationarystatisticalapproachtodesigningtheLNWLbasedondurationfrequencymethod,whichcontainsthreemainsteps:(1)Thedailyaveragewaterlevelwasfirstlysortedfromlargetosmallineachyear,andthensamplesweretakenaccordingtonavigationdurationforeachyear,thatwas,90%,95% and98% respectively;(2)Hydrologicaltimeserieswasassumedtobecomposedofdeterministic(trend,jumpandperiodicities)andstochasticcomponents,thusstationarysamplesserieswithdifferentnavigationdurationcouldbegeneratedbyaddingthecorrespondingdeterministiccomponentandstationarystochasticcomponent;(3)thedistributionofthesestationarysamplesseriescouldbeestimated,basedonwhichtheLNWLcouldbedeterminedfortherequirementofdesignfrequency(orreturnperiod).Moreover,inordertoquantifyuncertaintyofdesignLNWL,thebootstrapmethodisusedevaluatetheconfidenceintervalsofthesedesignvalues.ThewaterlevelseriesmeasuredatYunjinghongStationintheLancangRiverBasinwasusedtoverifytheproposedapproach.TheresultsclearlyconfirmedtheinfluenceofnonstationarycharacteristicsontheestimationofLNWL,whichshouldbecarefullyconsideredandevaluatedforthenavigationriskassessment.
Keywords:Lowestnavigablewaterlevel;Durationfrequencymethod;Inland waterways;Hydrologicnonstationary
JiangyanZhao StateKeyLaboratoryofWaterResourcesandHydropowerEngineeringScience,WuhanUniversityEmail:zhaojiangyan@whu.edu.cn
·38·
AnalysisonInfluencingFactorsofActualShippingRouteinMountainousRiver
XiaojieZhou
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Instandardizationandlargescaleinlandrivershipsunderthebackgroundofrapiddevelopment,channeldesignstandardshiptypeisnotconsistentwithrepresentativesofnavigationchannellevelandnavigationabilityisnotharmonious,triggeringmalignanteventssuchascollision,stranding,isontherock.BycollectingtheupperYangtzeriverwaterwaycomplexhydrology,topographyandshipvoyagedata,usingthenumberoftwodimensionalwaterflowmodelforsimulatingstudyofflow,andcleartheheadwatersoftheYangtzerivernavigablerivercomplexterrainconditionsandhydrodynamiccharacteristics,navigationstatusandmechanism ofobstruction.Accordingtochannelspecificationandtheoreticalcalculation,upstream oftheYangtzeriverchannelwidth,depth,bendingradiusandvelocitygradientcombinationvaluescorrespondingtotheshiponthebeachofindexcalculation,analysisandevaluation,theresearchofthecorrespondingspecificationdesignscale.
Keywords:Discriminantindicators;Statisticalanalysis;Airworthiness route;Numericalsimulation
XiaojieZhou ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:879788827@qq.com
·48·
TheInfluenceofLocalSandExtractiononWaterwayRegulationSchemefromHeyuan
toShilonginDongjiangRiver
LingyunXie
SouthwestWatertransportandHydrotechnicsInstitution
Abstract
AwaterwayregulationschemearisestopromoteshippingcapacityinmiddlereachanddownreachofDongjiangRiverfromHeyuantoShilong.However,frequentartificialsandmininginthiswaterareawilllaunchenormousanddeterminateeffectonthewaterwayregulationexpectation.Inthispaper,atwodimensionalflowmodelhasbeensettosimulateeffectcausedbysandextractionwithlocation,size,depthandvolumeofartificialsandminingconsidered.Simulationresultindicatesthatlocalsandextractionwillreducenavigationwaterdepthandexaggeratelocalcurrentvelocityaroundsandmininglocation.Reregulationofrelatedchannelwillconductdominoeffectonentailchannelregulationprojectwithlargerexcavationquantityandlowerfeasibility.
Keywords:Waterwayregulation;Artificialsandmining;Numericalsimulation
LingyunXie SouthwestWatertransportandHydrotechnicsInstitutionEmail:1178883846@qq.com
·58·
RouteSelectionofShipBasedonPquantileMethod
FanFeng
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
TherearemanyproblemsintheupperreachesoftheYangtzeRiver,andthechanneldivisionismostlybasedonplanning.Thescaleofthechannelcannotbeeffectivelymatchedwiththeshipsizeandtheactualchannelflowconditions,leadingtotheexistenceofrestrictedandobstructedareasintheupperreachesoftheYangtzeRiver.BasedonthePquantilemethod,thispaperputsforwardthemethodofdeterminingtheupstreamanddownstreamroutesoftheship.Accordingtothestatisticalflowvelocityoftheship’scruisetrackwithdifferentflowconditions,thePvalueisselecteddynamically.Thechannelisfurtherdividedintothemainstreamzone,subslowflowzoneandslowflowzone,soastoeffectivelyguidethechoiceoftheshipupanddownroutes.ThismethodisapplicabletothedivisionoftheupperreachesoftheYangtzeRiverandotherinlandwaterwayroutes.
Keywords:Pquantilemethod;Route;Velocityzone;Channel
FanFeng ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:337695354@qq.com
·68·
IdeasandSchemesforManagingtheBraidedRiverSectionamongtheShoalGroupComplexattheMiddleReachesoftheSonghuaRiver
YangGuo
TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineering
Abstract
TheNongnongRiverSanzhanRiversection(NS)oftheSonghuaRiverisformedbythreeshoalgroups—theNongnongRiver,TaipingMountain,andSanzhan—andisatypicalcomplexbraidedreach.Theshoalsectioncontainsvariousnavigationobstacles,includingawideandshallowriverbed,numerousislands,flowdispersion,lackofdepth,smallbendingradius,andfrequentlyoscillatingnavigationroutes.Thegoalofimprovingthewaterwayconditionscannotbeachievedbydependingsolelyonthenaturalevolutionoftheriverbed.ThereisanurgentneedtomanagethekeyNSshoalstoensurethatthewaterwayatthemiddlereachesoftheSonghuaRiverremainseasilynavigable.Therelationshipbetweenwatersedimentmovementandtheevolutionoftheriverchannelisexaminedwithterraindatameasuredinrecentyearsbeingusedasthebasis.Thepurposeistounderstandthemechanismbehindtheformationofthenavigationobstaclesatthevariousshoalgroups.AfteranalyzingthesandbankchangesandtrendsinwaterwaychangesatthethreeNSshoals,theproposedideasforwaterwaymanagementincludestabilizingtheheadofthesandbank,blockingthetributariesanddeepeningthemainriver;andclearingsandusingtheconvergingflowmethod.Thecorrespondinglayoutplansfortheproposalarealsoprepared.Next,mathematicalmodelingisusedforaninitialtestoftheeffectivenessoftheproposal.ThisstudycanprovidetechnicalsupportformanagingthecomplexbraidedwaterwayoftheSonghuaRiverBasin.
Keywords:Braidedreach;Managementideas;Trendforecasting;MiddlereachesoftheSonghuaRiver
YangGuo TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineeringEmail:271803237@qq.com
·78·
ResearchonTridalWaterLevelofOverlengthShallowAreaintheCentralofBohaiSea
XianweiKong
TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineering,M.O.T
Abstract
Thewaterdepthatthelowestpointis24.5monchartinthecentralareaoftheBohaiSeaandthebiggestshipdraftallowedis21.4m.Thelengthoftheshallowzonewhichcan’tsatisfythenavigationrequirementofthe400,000tshipwithdraft23.0mis76nm.AmathematicalmodelwasusedtosimulatethetidallevelinBohaiwatersfor1year.Andanalyzedthepropagationlawoftidalwavesintheoverlengthshallowareaassaidabove.Thenputforwardthetidewaterlevelofthissupershallowarea.Andcomputedthebiggestdraftofthe400,000tshipwhichbeallowed.Theresultsshowthatthebiggesttidallevelisadvisable1.0m,andbasedonthistidallevel,thebiggestdraftofthe400,000tshipallowedis22.1mintheoverlengthshallowareaabove.
Keywords:400,000tship;Bohai;Thebiggestshipdraftallowed
XianweiKong TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineering,M.O.TEmail:tkykxw@vip.126.com
·88·
NumericalSimulationStudyontheOptimizationofReefBlastingSchemeinFomiantanBeach
ZhongchaoYang QiujieHuang
ChongqingJiaotongUniversing
Abstract
TheFomiantanbeachthatisareefextendtheheartoftheriverbetweenFulingandFengduYangtzeRiver,whichcausestrongcrossflowandflowdisorderinfloodseason,theshipmustgoupstreamby“crosstheriver”,conflictwiththedownstreamroutesoastoendangerthesafetyoftheship’snavigation.Thereforetakingblastingpartialreefimprovethenavigationflowcondition.ThispaperestablishedtwodimensionalflowmathematicalmodeloftheFomiantanbeach.Accordingtothemostturbulentflowthatthreatenmostlyship’snavigation,theseflowofeightreefblastingschemearesimulated,andtheoptimalreefblastingschemeisobtainedbycomparingtheflowvelocity,transversevelocity,ratiooftransverseandlongitudinalofvelocity,ratioofpushanddragforceofshipandeffectiveratioofunitdeepdepthofeachreefscheme,whichcanbeusedforthewaterwayregulationoftheFomiantanbeach.
Keywords:Fomiantanbeach;Waterwayregulation;Numericalsimulation;Reefblasting
ZhongchaoYang ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:475312252@qq.com
·98·
StudyontheEvolutionCharacteristicsandInfluencingFactorsofJingjiangBeachunder
NewWaterandSandConditions
YunchengWen,HuaXu
NanjingHydraulicResearchInstitute
Abstract
Onthebasicofthemeasuredwater,sedimentandtopographyoftheupstreamanddownstreamofFujiangsandshoalincludingJingjiangsidebarastheresearchobject,firstly,thepaperanalyzesthedynamiccharacteristicsofwaterandsandinJingjiangsidebar,secondly,analyzestheevolutioncharacteristicofJingjiangsidebarbyyearsofpracticalterraindatawhichisfromangleofthechangeofriverbedandthesidebarcuttingfeatures,finally,analyzestheinfluenceofflowandsedimentupstream,floodandebbtideinshore,thevariedriverregimeofbeachandgrooveinengineeringreachontheevolutionofJingjiangsidebar,theresearchshowedthatthesedimentationspeedwillslowandevolutionperiodwillbechangeunderthebackgroundoftherecedeofthevariedofriverregimeintheupstreamanddownstreamandthereduceofthesedimentupstream.
Keywords:Sidebar;Evolutioncharacteristic;Impactfactors
YunchengWen NanjingHydraulicResearchInstituteEmail:wyc1003@163.com
·09·
ArrangementandExperimentalStudyofWaterFillingandEmptyingSystemwithLongUnilateralCorridorandCrossBranchCorridorsforHighHeadShipLock
XujinZhang,ZhaobingWang,LiangChen,QianSun
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
1.PurposesCaojieNavigationandPowerProjectisthelargestnavigationandelectrichubontheJialingRiver.ThefirstlinelockhasbeenconstructedontheleftbankoftheJialingRiver,andtheplannedsecondlinelockwillbelocatedclosetothefirstlinelockandalreadybuiltYuheExpressway.Ifthesecondlinelockisarrangedinaconventionalway,notonlytheconstructionofsecondlinelockrequiresanextensiveexcavationofthemountains,butalsoYuheExpresswayneedschangeroute,whichresultintheconstructioncostsubstantiallyincreasing.Therefore,thesecondlinelockadoptunilateralcorridorfillingemptyingsystem,whichisanewtypeofwaterfillingandemptyingsystemwithnoapplicationforsimilarlocks.Inaddition,Caojielockhasalargewaterhead,highhydraulicindexandtechnicaldifficulty.Itisofgreatsignificancetostudythearrangementoftheunilateralwaterfillingandemptyingsystemandthehydraulicproblemsforthehighheadlock.Finally,throughtheresearchinthispaper,thearrangementofCaojiesecondlinelockanditstechnicaldifficultiesinhydraulicshavebeensolved,whichguaranteedthesmoothimplementationoftheproject,promotedthedevelopmentofshiplockhydraulics,andprovidedreferenceforsimilarprojects.2.MethodsThe1∶40localphysicalmodelandthe1∶25overallphysicalmodel.3.Results(1)Thelayoutpatternofthewaterfillingandemptyingsystemwithaunilateralwallcorridorandthecrossbranchcorridorsforhighheadlockwasputforward.Thepatternanddimensionsforeachpartofthelockweredetermined.(2)Therelationshipbetweenflowdistributionruleandarcradiusofthecrossbranchcorridorinletswereanalyzed.Theinlettypewithsameareaanddifferentarcradiusofcrossbranchcorridorwereproposed,whichmadetheinletflow
·19·
distributionmoreuniform.(3)Asystematicstudywasconductedonthelayoutofthedoubleopenditchenergydissipaterinthechamberforthehighheadlock,thedissipationeffectiveness,theflowdischargedistribution,andtheflowdistributionrulesinthelateralbranchorificesconnectedwithcrossbranchcorridors.Asaresult,theenergydissipationeffectofthedissipaterwasimprovedandtheshipberthingconditionswereamelioratedinthechamber.4.ConclusionsUndertheconditionofthemaximumwaterhead,thewaterdeliverytimeofthelock,theberthingconditionsinthechamber,andthepressureateachpartofthecorridor,etc.,canmeettherequirementsofspecificationanddesign.TheresearchresultsprovidedscientificbasisforthedesignofCaojiesecondlineshiplock.Theapplicationfieldsofthewaterfillingandemptyingsystemwithaunilateralcorridorforhighheadlockwasbroadened,andthehydraulicsresearchlevelwasimproved.
Keywords:Waterfillingandemptyingsystem;Unilateralcorridor;Crossbranchcorridors;Highheadlock
XujinZhang ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:714806094@qq.com
·29·
HydrodynamicCharacteristicsofCombinedEnergyDissipationChambersforLockhead
FillingSystems
MingChen,JiankangMiao,LimingDuan
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
AcombinedchamberwithgratedportsforenergydissipationisrecentlyintroducedandwidelyusedintheshortculvertsystemsfornavigationlocksinChina,whereassuchdissipationdevicewithoutanyotherauxiliarydissipatorcannotperformwellbasedonpreviousstudies.Thispaperproposesanewdesignforthecombinedchamberwithanameas“Ktypeenergydissipator”.Laboratoryexperimentswerecarriedouttoinvestigatethehydraulicperformanceofthecombinedchamberwithnewdesignforauxiliaryenergydissipators.Inaddition,athreedimensionalCFDmodelisdevelopedtorevealthehydraulicbehaviorsindetail.BothoftheexperimentalandnumericalresultsconfirmthattheKtypeenergydissipatorperformsbetterthanothersintermsofthevelocitydistributioninlockchamberanddischargedistributionofgratedports.
Keywords:Navigationlock;Flowstructure;Experimental;Numericalsimulation
MingChen ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:chenmingjy@126.com
·39·
书书书
StudyontheArrangementandHydraulicsCharacteristicsofWatersavingShipLockwithWaterMutualFillingandEmptyingSystem
LiangChen1,ZhaobinWang1,QianSun2
1.SouthwestHydraulicInstituteforWaterways,ChongqingJiaotongUniversity2.ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
WiththedevelopmentofChina’sinlandwaterwaybusiness,thedemandforlogisticsisincreasingdaybyday,andtheexistinglockthroughputcapacitycannotmeetthedemandforthefreightvolume.Asaresult,inrecentyears,alargenumberofdoubleline,threeline,andfourlineshiplockshavebeenbuiltinChina.However,fortheinlandriverslackingwaterinthedryseason,thecontradictionbetweentheshipping,powergenerationandwaterirrigationisveryprominent.Itisanurgentproblemfornewandextendedshiplocksthathowtosavewaterconsumptionandimprovethecapacityofshiplock.BasedondoublelineorthreelineshiplockswithwatermutualfillingandemptyingsystemofFeilaixiahydraulicpowerstation,inthispaperaphysicalmodelofthescaleof1∶30isadoptedtostudythearrangementofthewatermutualfillingandemptyingsystem,theoperationmodeofsinglelineanddoublelineshiplocks,waterhydraulicindex,andtheberthingconditionsinchamber.Theresultsshowthatthemaximumwatersavingratecanreach48.6%,theannualwaterconsumptioncanreach306millionm3undertherecommendedtestconditions,andtheshiplockcapacitycanalsomeetthedesignrequirements.Withsimplelayoutandsmallamountofengineering,thistypeofwatermutualfillingandemptyingsystem caneffectivelysavethewaterconsumption,andhassignificanteconomicbenefits.Theresearchresultscanbedirectlyappliedtothedesign,constructionandmanagementofshiplockinChina,anditspopularizationandapplicationprospectisverybroad.
Keywords:Doublelineshiplocks;Watermutualfillingandemptyingsystem;Physicalmodeltests;Watersaving
LiangChen SouthwestHydraulicInstituteforWaterways,ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:362364541@qq.com
·49·
TheReachofSecondaryRegulationIdeasandControlParametersoftheBranching
ReachintheHillyRegion
ChenyangWang,JianjunWang,Yi’anWang
TianjinResearchInstituteforwatertransportengineering,M.O.T.
Abstract
TheSonghuariverfromPuyahetoPutaojiaisatypicalbranchingreachwithmanycomplexterrainandshoals.Oldregulatingstructuresoftheriver,suchasspurdikesandclosuredamsetc,aredamagedandcollapsed.Inthispaper,thefeatureofwaterandsedimentinflowsareanalyzed.
Then,theriverbedevolutionlawandtheformingreasonofshoalsarestudiedbasedonyearsofthetopographicandhydrologicdata.Andsecondaryregulationideasareproposedfinally.Furthermore,schemeeffectsondifferentheightofregulatingstructuresanddiverseregulationwidthsareevaluatedbyusingthe2Dmathematicalmodel.
Theresultsindicated:regulationstageoftherivermustbe0.7mabovethedesignlevelandwidthofthewaterwaymustbe450m.
Keywords:Branchingreach;Riverbedevolution;Ideaofregulation;Mathematicalmodel
ChenyangWang TianjinResearchInstituteforwatertransportengineering,M.O.T.Email:chenyang3623@163.com
·59·
NumericalSimulationsofOverlandFlowsforSoilErosion
YafeiJia1,SimonXu2,FenliZheng2,JiayuFang1
1.TheUniversityofMississippi2.StateKeyLaboratoryofSoilErosionandDrylandFarmingontheLoessPlateau
Abstract
Soilerosionfromfarmlandsresultsintopsoilandnutrientloss,andformsgulliesonthelandsurfacedowngradingtheproductivityandcultivability.Tostudytheerosionandgullyformingprocessoverasoilsurface,themethodsofphysicalexperimentsandnumericalsimulationsareoftenused.Inthispaper,aphysicallybasedhydrodynamicmodel,CCHE2D,isappliedtosimulatetheoverlandflowprocessesinindoorphysicalexperimentsforsoilerosionandgullydevelopmentonloessandmollisolsoilslopes.Thesimulatedphysicalparameters,flowvelocity,waterdepthandunitdischarges,werecomparedwiththeobserveddata.Theflowconditionsincludedrainfall,lateralflowsandupstreamflows,andtotalnineteensetsofexperimentsweresimulated.Thenumericalsimulationsareingoodagreementtotheexperimentsconsideringthecomplexsoiltopography.Thisstudyvalidatedthisphysicallybasedmodelandconfirmeditsapplicabilitytooverlandflowsonhillslopeswithsoilerosionandgullydevelopment.
Keywords:Overlandflow;Numericalsimulation;Soilerosion;Modelvalidation;Experiment
YafeiJia TheUniversityofMississippiEmail:jia@ncche.olemiss.edu
·69·
DevelopmentofanAdaptiveMultidimensionalSurfaceWaterNutrientandContaminant
ModelingCapability
BillyJohnson1,TateMcAlpin1,ZhonglongZhang2,DavidSmith1,JodiRyder1,GauravSavant3
1.ArmyEngineerResearchandDevelopmentCenter(ERDC)2.LimnoTechInc
3.DynamicSolutionsIncAbstract
TheAdaptiveHydraulics(AdH)model(1D/2D/3D)isastateoftheartphysicsbasedhydrodynamicandtransportmodelbuiltfromthegroundupbytheUSArmyCorpofEngineers(USACE);itistheUSACEEnterpriseFiniteElementNumericalModel,utilizingmodernnumericalsolutions,multiplatformcapabilities,andlibraryformatforefficientlyintegratingsedimentandwaterqualitymodules.AdHisuniqueinitsabilitytochange(adapt)itscomputationalmeshaswellascomputationaltimestepasitcalculateshydrodynamicsandtransport.Thisabilitytoadaptmeansthatthespatialandtemporalresolutionneededforaccuratecalculationofsystem variables,particularalongfronts,orgradients,offlowortransportedmaterials,isalwayspresentwhenneeded.Whenthefrontorgradientdissipates,theadditionalresolutionisautomaticallyremovedsothattheadditionalcomputationaleffortisonlyexpendedwhenneeded.AdHisdesignedtocommunicatewithprocessmodules,allowingtheusertoselectthemostappropriateandrelevantprocessesfortheproblemathand.AdHislinkedtomodulesforturbulenceclosureschemes,flowcontrolstructures,andsedimenttransportandbedevolution(SEDLIB).Morerecently,theU.S.ArmyEngineerResearchandDevelopmentCenter(ERDC)hasbeendevelopingnutrientandcontaminantmodules,NutrientSimulationModule(NSM)andContaminantSimulationModule(CSM)respectively.NSMsimulatescomplexalgal,nitrogen,phosphorus,andcarboncyclesalongwithotherwaterqualityconstituents.CSM wasdevelopedtosimulatecomplexorganicandinorganickineticsfordissolvedandsorbedformedchemicalsandmetals.TheintegrationofthesemoduleswithAdHprovideUSACEwiththecapabilitytoperformmultidimensionalhydrodynamic,sediment,nutrient,andcontaminantsimulationsforavarietyofproblemsatthescalewarrantedbytheprojectgoals.ThispaperwilldiscusscurrentdevelopmentactivitiesinvolvingAdHanditsassociatedmodulesaswellastestingandvalidationstudiesdemonstratingthenewcapabilities.
Keywords:AdH;NSM;CSM;Hydrodynamics;Sediment;Nutrients;Contaminants
BillyJohnson ArmyEngineerResearchandDevelopmentCenter(ERDC)Email:billy.e.johnson@usace.army.mil
·79·
OntheStudyofDebrisFlowUsingComputationalFluidDynamics(CFD)
NicolasSchaer1,2,DamienKuss3,YannQueffelean3,MatthieuDufresne2,JoséVazquez1,JonathanWertel2,GillesIsenmann1
1.LaboratoryICube,UniversityofStrasbourg2.3DEau3.RTM
Abstract
Whenheavyrainshappeninmountains,populationareascanbeimpactedbyfloodingandsedimenttransportsuchasdebrisflows.Theyaregeologicalphenomenainwhichwaterladenmassesofsoilandfragmentedrockrushdownmountainsides,funnelintostreamchannels,entrainobjectsintheirpaths,andformthick,muddydepositsonvalleyfloors.Today,thepredictionofareaswhichcanbepotentiallyimpactedbydebrisflowsisassessedusing1Dor2Dcalculationmodels.However,thesenumericaltoolscannotfullyrepresentthefreesurfaceflowandthenonNewtonianbehaviorofadebrisflows.Toimprovethis,numericalmodelingwithathreedimensionalapproachispossible.
Thispaperpresentacomplementarystudybetween2D numericalapproach andcomputationalfluiddynamics(CFD)forthecaseoftheVaudaineRiver,intheFrenchAlps.TheobjectiveofthestudyaretofullyrepresenttherheologicalbehaviorofthedebrisflowwithCFDandtohighlightthedifferencesbetweenthetwoapproaches.
The2DmodelhasbeendevelopedbytheInstitutnationaldeRechercheenSciencesetTechnologiespourl’Environnementetl’Agriculture(IRSTEA),formerlyknownasCemagref,whichisapublicresearchinstituteinFrancefocusingonlandmanagementissues,suchaswaterresourcesandagriculturaltechnology.ThesoftwareLave2DhasbeenusedlastyearsbytheOfficeNationaldesForêts(ONF)topredictthepotentialimpactedzonesandtodesignprotectionbuildingsalongthecatchmentbasinoftheVaudaineRiver.
The3DnumericalmodelhasbeenbuiltbasedonthegeometricmeasurementofthecatchmentareaoftheVaudaineRiver(threedimensionalscan).ThemeshoftheCFDmodeliscomposedof1,400,000cells(agridsensitivityanalysishasbeencarriedouttocheckthismesh).ThesoftwareOpenFOAMandthesolverInterFoamhavebeenusedforthesimulationoftheflow.ThebehaviorofdebrisflowisdescribedbytheHerschelBulkleymodelwhichdefinestheliquidregimeandthesolidregimeoftheyieldstressfluid.Torunthesimulations,weusedthebiviscousregularizedmodel(TannerandMilthrope,1983).Debrisflowdepths,velocity
·89·
fieldsandmechanicalstresseshavebeenextractedandcomparedtothoseestimatedinthetwodimensionalmodel.
Forthedepths,thedifferencebetween2Dand3Dresultsismorethan5%.Themaindifferenceishowthefrictionbetweendebrisflowandthegroundisrepresentedinthecode.Comparedtoatheoreticalmodel,thedifferencewithCFDintermsofdepthsisapproximately20%.Numericalsimulationshavealsobeencarriedoutinordertocomparethebehaviorofthedebrisflowclosetoaroadbridge.Theaimofthiscomparisonwastoestimatetheimpactoftheflowonthecivilengineeringstructure.ThiscomparisonshowsthatthestressfieldisbetterdescribedwiththeCFDapproach.ItcanbeexplainedbythefactthattheCFDmodeltakesintoaccountthedeformationandthedistributionofthevelocityfieldaccordingtheverticalaxisclosetothebridge.
Attheendofthisstudy,themainconclusionarethefollowing.TheCFDmodel(withoutanycalibration)showssomedifferenceintheresultscomparedtothebidimensionalmodelforthedepthsandtherelativelygoodagreementforthevelocities(despitesomehypothesis).ACFDmodelcanbeusedtoeasilyandrapidlytestanumberofconfigurationsbeforedesignthebestprotectionbuilding.Thereisthereforeagoodcomplementaritybetweenthe2Dmodelandthe3Dmodel.Abidimensionalmodelcanbeusedtocollectinformationaboutzoneswherethereisarisktomeetsomespreadingofthedebrisflow.Finally,aCFDmodelcanbeusedtocompletethoseprimariesresultsdependingontheaspectofthedebrisflowthatwewanttorefine:depth,velocity,impactforce.Acoupledapproachbetweenthesetwotoolscanthereforebeusedfortheupcomingprojectstomanagedebrisflows.
Keywords:Debrisflow;ComputationalFluidDynamics(CFD);NonNewtonianfluid;Yieldstressfluids;Sediment
NicolasSchaer LaboratoryICube,UniversityofStrasbourgEmail:nicolas.schaer@3deau.fr
·99·
ExperimentalStudyonBankEffectModelofInlandShipsunderUnconstantFlowConditions
YahuiLiu,PengSun,TengZhao
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Basedonthecombinationoftheoreticalanalysisandmodeltest,themethodofshipmodeltestanddataacquisitionunderunsteadyflowconditionsaredesignedundertheconditionofspecificwaterdepth.
Andwecarryoutshipmodeltestsunderdifferentdistanceofshipandshoreanddifferentvelocity.Theresultsofcomparisontestandtheoreticalanalysisshowthattheexperimentalresultsareclosetothetheoreticalanalysis.Whichprovesthefeasibilityofthetestmethodusedinshallowdraftandnarrowchannelshipmodeltest,andprovidesreferenceforthemodeltestanalysisofinlandriverships.
Keywords:Shipmodeltest;Testmethod;Unsteadyflow
YahuiLiu ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:602811760@qq.com
·001·
TheStudyonInfluenceofWaterDepthontheFlowFieldCharacteristicsofHighPressureWaterJet
GuanbingXu1,2,ShengfaYang1,2,WeiYang1,2,XianglongWei1,2
1.DepartmentofRiverandOceanEngineering,HydraulicEngineering,ChongqingJiaotongUniversity2.NationalEngineeringResearchCenterforInlandWaterwayRegulation
Abstract
Intheengineeringpracticeofusinghighpressurewaterjetstoremoveunderwaterreefs,waterdepthisanimportantcharacteristicvariablethataffectsconstructionefficiency.Inthispaper,themathematicalmodelwasusedtosimulatethedifferentworkingconditionsofhighpressurewaterjetunderwateroperationtoexploretheinfluenceofwaterdepthontheflowfieldcharacteristicsofthejet.Theresultsshowedthattheradialflowvelocitydistributionruleisdifferentunderdifferentwaterdepthconditions.The0meterswaterdepthattenuationistheslowest,20metersisthesecondandthe40metersdecaysthefastest.Thepresenceofwaterdepthwillcausetheaxialflowvelocitytodecayandthegreaterthewaterdepth,thegreatertheflowattenuation.Solvingthewaterdepthisofgreatsignificancetotheproblemofwaterjetimpactonrockefficiency.
Keywords:Highpressurewaterjet;Flowfieldcharacteristics;Waterwayregulation
GuanbingXu DepartmentofRiverandOceanEngineering,HydraulicEngineering,ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:237367310@qq.com
·101·
3DNumericalModelingoftheInfluenceofGateRemovalTimeonDamBreakFlowCharacteristics
MustafaAltinakar,NuttitaPophet,YavuzOzeren
TheUniversityofMississippi
Abstract
TheinfluenceofthegateopeningspeedontheflowcharacteristicsoflaboratorygenerateddambreakflowsareinvestigatedbythreedimensionalnumericalmodelingwithOpenFOAM.ThenumericalmodelemploysfinitevolumediscretizationonaCartesiangrid.ThefreesurfaceismodeledusingVOF(VolumeofFluid)method.ThediscretizedequationsaresolvedusingInterFOAMsolver.Themovementofthegateissimulatedasadynamicinternalboundarycondition.Inthenumericalmodel,thegateisassumedtomoveupwardwithaprescribedspeed.Theboundaryconditionforthedownstreamfaceofthecellimmediatelyupstreamofthegateismodifiedtopasstheflowassoonasthelowerlipoftheupwardmovinggatereachestheheightofthecenterofthethatcell.Themodeledexperimentalsystemdepictsachannelupstreamofthegatewhereasthedownstreamfloodplainisnonchannelized.Thenumericalexperimentsarecarriedoutatdifferentgatesspeedsandtheupwardgatespeedistakenfromtheexperimentaldata.Theexperimentalstudyandtheresultsarepresentedinasecondpaper,forwhichasecondabstracthasbeensubmittedtothisconference.Thenumericalresultsarecomparedwiththeexperimentaldataobtainedinlaboratorytestfacilityunderthesameconditions.Thepaperpresentstheresultsofthenumericalexperimentsandtheircomparisonwithexperimentaldata.Theconclusionsdiscusstheinfluenceofthegatespeedonthelaboratorydambreakflows.
Keywords:Dambreak;Numericalmodel;Gateremovalspeed
MustafaAltinakar TheUniversityofMississippiEmail:altinakar@ncche.olemiss.edu
·201·
StudyontheMeasurementofWaterFlowCharacteristicsofSubmergentRigidVegetation
HefangJing,YingtingSong,WeihongWang,ChunguangLi
NorthMinzuUniversity
Abstract
Inordertostudytheflowcharacteristicswithaquaticvegetation,seriesoflaboratoryexperimentsinopenchannelshavebeendone,inwhichplantsaresubstitutedbyglassrodswithdiametersof6mm,8mmand10mm,respectively.Foreachdiameterofglassrods,fourtypicalcasesaresetaccordingtodensityandarrangementoftheglassrods.Thevelocityandwaterleveldistributionsunderthefourcaseshavebeenmeasuredbyseveralinstruments,suchasthreedimensional(3D)laserDopplervelocimeter(LDV),waterlevelgauge,etc.Thewatersurfaceslope,watervelocity,waterheadloss,anddragforceofvegetationandhydraulicslopearecalculated,analyzedanddiscussed.Thehorizontalvegetationdensity,verticalvegetationdensityandtotalvegetationdensityinthevegetationareaweredefinedandtherelationshipsbetweenthemandthewatersurfaceslopewerestudied.Theheadlossandhydraulicslopeinthevegetationareawerealsocalculated,comparedandanalyzed.Throughthestudy,itisfoundthatthewatersurfaceslope,velocity,headlossandhydraulicslopeinthevegetationareahavedeeprelationshipwiththearrangement,density,anddiameterofthevegetation.Andtherelationshipswerepresentedqualitativelyorquantitativelyinthisstudy.
Keywords:Aquaticvegetation;Flowvelocity;LDV;Headloss;Hydraulicslope
HefangJing NorthMinzuUniversityEmail:jinghef@163.com
·301·
NumericalModelingofFlowandSedimentinPelahatchieBayandItsUplandWatershed
XiaoboChao1,RonaldBingner2,YaoxinZhang1,LindseyYasarer2,YafeiJia1
1.TheUniversityofMississippi2.USDANationalSedimentationLaboratory
Abstract
PelahatchieBaylocatedinthenortheastofJackson,thecapitalcityofMississippi.Itsuplandwatershed,MillPelahatchieCreekWatershedcontainsahighpercentageofconstructionsitesanddevelopedarea,causingalotofsedimentandassociatedpollutantstodischargeintothebaythroughrunoff.Inaddition,sediment,nutrients,andotherpollutantsmayalsoflowintoPelahatchieBayfromtheupstreamPelahatchieCreek.
ThemajorwaterqualityprobleminPelahatchieBayissedimentation,whichcauseshighturbidityandlimitsboatnavigationinthebay.Thelevelsofnitrogenandphosphorusinthebayarerelativelyhighandcauseexcessivegrowthofaquaticplants.Thedenseaquaticvegetationmayreducethewatersurfacearea,causemoresedimentdepositionandaffectboatnavigation.
Inthisstudy,theAnnualizedAgriculturalNonPointSource(AnnAGNPS)pollutantloadingwatershedmanagementmodel,developedattheUSDAARS,NationalSedimentationLaboratory(NSL),areappliedtosimulatetheloadsofrunoffandsedimentfromtheuplandwatershed.ThesimulatedresultsareusedasboundaryconditionsforCCHE,afreesurfaceflow,sedimentandwaterqualitymodeldevelopedattheNationalCenterforComputationalHydroscienceandEngineering(NCCHE),tosimulateflow,sedimentandwaterqualityprocessesinPelahatchieBay.Theconcentrationdistributionsofsedimentandnutrients(nitrogenandphosphorus),andtheirvariationsintimeduetotheinfluencesofuplandloadingandwind,aresimulated.Themodelresultsarecomparedwithfieldmeasurements,andgoodagreementsareobtained.
Keywords:Numericalmodel;Watershedmodel;Flow;Sediment
XiaoboChao TheUniversityofMississippiEmail:chao@ncche.olemiss.edu
·401·
StrategytoCoupleanImplicitHydrodynamicModelandWaterQualityModuleswithTemperatureModuleasaDemonstration
YongG.Lai
U.S.BureauofReclamation
Abstract
Governmentregulatorshavespecifiedacceptablewaterqualityvaluesduetohealthconcernsandbasedonhabitatandbiologicalcriteria.Thesestreamwaterqualitythresholdsimposeconstraintsonreservoiroperationsandcanlimitwaterdeliveriesandpowergeneration.Existingtoolsbasedonlowordermodelingsimplifyastreamtoasimplelinewithlimitedspatialdistributionofinputsandpoorlyrepresentphysicsofstreamprocesses.Thelimitedspatialextentsrestricttheusefulnessoflowordermodelingforsuchfeaturesasagriculturalreturns,gravelpits,groundwaterupwelling,sidechannelactivation,andstreamsidevegetation.Italsoimposeslimitationonfishhabitatassessmentandreoperationoutsidetherangeofthecalibrationdatasets.
Thisstudydevelopsastrategytocoupleanimplicit,twodimensional(2D),depthaveragedhydrodynamicandsedimenttransportmodeltothewaterqualitymodules(WQM).ThehydrodynamicmodelisbasedonSRH2DdevelopedattheU.S.BureauofReclamationandwidelyusedforengineeringprojects.The2Dmodelincorporatesdatawithbothlateralandlongitudinalgeographicextentsratherthanlumpingresultsintoapointtopointorunidirectionalrepresentation.Theobjectiveistoimprovetherepresentationofspatialfeatureswherelowordermodelsresorttoempiricismforalumpedtreatment.Betterrepresentationofprocessesleadstoincreasedpredictabilityandaccuracyandhigherconfidence.TheWQMsaredevelopedattheUSArmyCorpsofEngineer(USACE)whichhavebeenincorporatedintoothermodelssuchasHECRAS1D,HECResSimandAdHmodels.
Inthepaper,strategyandtechniquesarepresentedonhowthecouplingofhydrodynamicandwaterqualitymodelsisachievedandhowthemodelrobustnessandeaseofusemayberealizedforengineeringapplications.Inparticular,thecouplingmethodistestedandverifiedwiththetemperaturemoduleasademonstrationofthecouplingstrategy.Thetemperaturemodelutilizesmeteorologicaldataasinputs(solarradiation,cloudcover,airtemperature,dewpointtemperatureandwindspeed).Physicalprocessesmodeledincludesolarandatmospheric
·501·
radiations,waterbackradiation,heatexchangebetweenwaterandriverbed,watersurfaceevaporativeandconductivelosses.Testandverificationareforsimplecasesfirstwithanalyticalsolutions.Themodelisthenverifiedbyapplyingtorealstreams.
Keywords:Waterquality;2Dwaterqualitymodel;Temperaturemodel;Integratedmodel
YongG.Lai U.S.BureauofReclamationEmail:ylai@usbr.gov
·601·
ApplicationofFastADISolvertoComplexGeometriesonGPU
YaoxinZhang,YafeiJia
TheUniversityofMississippi
Abstract
InCFD(ComputationalFluidsDynamics)analysis,theADI(AlternatingDirectionImplicit)solverforthetridiagonalsystemhasbeenwidelyusedamongthemodelsbasedonthestructuredmeshsystem.TheADIsolverissimpleandeasytoimplement,althoughitsimplicitnessanddependencyarenotasstrongastheSIP(StrongImplicitProcedure,Stone,1968)solverandthusitsconvergencespeedisslower.Infact,thestrongdependencyoftheSIPsolvermakesitextremelyunfriendlyforparallelization.AsfortheADIsolver,basedontheParallelCyclicReduction(PCR)algorithm proposedbyHockenyandJesshope(1981),ithasbeensuccessfullyparallelizedandappliedtoflowsimulationsinCFDanalysis(Sakharnykh,2009;ZhangandJia,2013aand2013b)andheatconductionsimulations(Zhangetal.,2010;Weietal.,2013).
ForCFDanalysis,therearethreemainproblemsidentifiedforthefastADIsolversparallelizedwiththePCRonGPUswhenapplyingtocomplexgeometries:(1)thenumericalstabilityproblemduetoitssemiimplicitness(Thatis,implicitinonedirectionbutexplicitinanotherdirection);(2)theinsufficientcomputationaccuracyduetotheuseofsingleprecisioncomputationor/andthefastmathlibrary;and,(3)thesizelimitationsbythethreadsblockmappingsandtheuseofsharedmemoryinthePCRforlargescaledomainswherethereareusuallymuchmoremeshlinesthanthenumberofthreadsperblockonGPU.Inthisstudy,theaboveproblemsofthefastADIsolverwereexplored.BoththeserialversionandparallelversionoftheADIsolverwerereviewed.Anewmappingmethod,namely,mapping,wasproposedtoresolvethesizelimitationsproblemsofthePCRonGPU.Differentmappingmethods(oneblockwithoutiteration,oneblockwithiterations,multiblockwithoutiteration,andoneblockwithpartitions)werereviewedandcomparedaccordingtothenumericalapplicationsincomplexgeometries.
Keywords:ADI;ParallelComputing;GPU;CUDA
YaoxinZhang TheUniversityofMississippiEmail:yzhang@ncche.olemiss.edu
·701·
LargeEddySimulationforFlowoveraBackwardfacingStepwithHighReynoldsNumber
FangfangWang1,2,ShiqiangWu1,AngGao1
1.NanjingHydraulicResearchInstitute2.HohaiUniversity
Abstract
Turbulentflowoverathreedimensionalbackwardfacingstepissuccessfullysimulatedbythelargeeddysimulation(LES).SimulationiscarriedoutatahighReynoldsnumberof9,000(basedonthefreestreamvelocityUbandstepheighth)withachannelexpansionradioof2.DynamicSmagorinskyLilymodelisusedasthesubgridscalemodel.Asaresult,therecirculationlengthandothermeancharacteristicsallagreewellwiththeDNSandtheexperimentalresults.Thetransientlargescalevortexesweregraphicallydepictedinthetwodimensionalinstantaneousstreamlines.Boththemeanandtransientcharacteristicsforthebackwardfacingflowwereanalyzed.LESturbulentmodelcouldbeausefultoolforinvestigatingtheseparatedturbulentflow.
Keywords:Backwardfacingstep;Largeeddysimulation;HighReynolds;Coherentlargescalevortex
FangfangWang NanjingHydraulicResearchInstituteEmail:717044621@qq.com
·801·
NumericalSimulationsofAirPressurisationWithinDdropshafts
AdrianWingKeungLaw1,MinLi1,JieSong2,AdrianChunHinLai1
1.NanyangTechnologicalUniversity2.HyundaiEngineering&ConstructionCo.Ltd
Abstract
Dropshaftsarecommonlyusedtotransferwaterfromsurfacechannelstodeeptunnels.Whenthedropheightishigh,largeairpressurisationmaydevelopinthesystemwhichmayrestricttheflowrateofthetransfer.Numerousstudiesutilisingphysicalmodelshavebeencommonlyundertakentoaddressthisissueinthepast.However,studiesutilisingphysicalmodelsarerelativelytimeconsumingandexpensive.Thealternativeuseofnumericalmodelsisnowbecomingpopularinengineeringstudiestoaugmentthedesignoptimisation.However,theaccuracyofnumericalsimulationsremainsanimportantissuetobefurtheraddressedcomprehensivelyforengineeringapplications.
Inthisstudy,weadopttheFLOW3Dsoftwarewiththekepsilonturbulencemodeltosimulatethetwophasetransferofwaterandairinthedropshaft.Thesimulationresultsarecomparedwiththeresultsofaphysicalmodelstudyreportedintheliteraturetoassessthefeasibilityandaccuracyofthesimulations.Particularly,theairpressuresarecomparedatvariouslocationsalongthedropshaft.Thepreparationprocessforthecomplexmeshdomain,thecomputationalresources,andsimulatedtimerequiredaresummarisedtowardstheirsuitabilityforengineeringdesigncalculations.Intermsofcomparison,wefindthatthetrendoftheairpressurevariationalongthedropshaftmatcheswellbetweenthenumericallysimulatedandphysicalmodellingresults.However,therearesomesignificantdiscrepanciesinthepressurevaluesatsomespecificlocationswhichthedesignengineerneedstobemindful.ThedifferencesmaybeduetothelimitationsoftheFLOW3Dsoftwarefortwophaseflowsimulations.Overall,thestudyshowsthatnumericalmodellingcanbeusedinacosteffectivewaytoassistintheengineeringassessmentofairpressurisationwithindropshaftsbuttheaccuracyrangemustbeconsideredtogether.
Keywords:Dropshaft;Numericalsimulation;FLOW3D
AdrianWingKeungLaw NanyangTechnologicalUniversityEmail:cwklaw@ntu.edu.sg
·901·
EffectsofSpurDikesonWeightedUsableAreaofEndenmicSpeciesintheMinjiangRiverbyTwodimensionalNumericalModel
BingdongLi,XinhuaZhang
StateKeyLaboratoryofHydraulicsandMountainRiverEngineeringSichuanUniversity
Abstract
Cityrivershavedegradedsubstantiallybothinaquatichabitatandriverineecosystemduetochannelizationforfloodcontrolandwastedischarging.Howtoimprovethesituationisabigchallengeforthemaintenanceofthesedegradedcityrivers.Inthisstudy,spurdikeasatraditionalregulationworkfornavigationandbankprotectionisproposedtorestoretheaquatichabitat.Inordertoevaluatetheeffectofspurdikes,atwodimensionalnumericalmodelwasdevelopedandafish,Pelteobagrusfulvidraco,wasselectedasatargetspeciestoassessthesuitabilityindicesofaquatichabitatbyafieldinvestigation.AcasestudywasconductedinMinjiangRiverlocatedatHuayangriverreachwiththreespurdikesalongtheinnerbank.Resultsindicatethatspurdikescanbeeffectivetoincreasetheweightedusablearea(WUA)oftheendemicfishhabitatsubstantially.Inaddition,theneedoftheminimumecologicalflowcanalsobelowered.
Keywords:Cityriver;Spurdike;Minimumecologicalflow;Weightedusablearea;Numericalmodel
BingdongLi StateKeyLaboratoryofHydraulicsandMountainRiverEngineeringSichuanUniversityEmail:libingdong@scu.edu.cn
·011·
HighresolutionandRapidSimulationofFlowsandSedimentTransportinYangtzeEstuary
DechaoHu1,MinWang2,GengQu2,ShimingYao2
1.HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology2.YangtzeRiverScientificResearchInstitute
Abstract
Hugecomputationcost,requiredforthehighresolutionsimulationoftheflows,sedimenttransportandriverbedevolutioninYangtzeestuary,challengesmostexistingnumericalmodels.A2DmodelisdevelopedfortheentireYangtzeestuaryfromDatongtorivermouths(620km)andpartialEastSea,usingachannelrefinedgridof200,000cells.Themodelachievesagooddescriptionoftherivercoastoceancoupling,irregularboundariesandlocalriverregimes,andanaccuratesimulation.Benefitingfrom“allowinglargetimesteps”,“multiscalarproperty”,“nestproperty”and“parallelizable”,theresultingmodelingsystemisquiteefficient.Inefficiencytests,ittakesthemodel12.2h(using16cores)tocompleteasimulationofa1yearunsteadyrunofftideflows,sedimenttransportandriverbedevolutioninYangtzeestuary.
Keywords:Yangtzeestuary;Sedimenttransport;Morphologicaldynamics;Numericalmodel;Highefficiency
DechaoHu HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnologyEmail:hudc04@foxmail.com
·111·
EffectsofDeflectionAnglesonSecondaryFlowinRvierBends
XinhuaZhang,BingdongLi
StateKeyLaboratoryofHydraulicsandMountainRiverEngineeringSichuanUniversity
Abstract
Naturalmeanderingriversareshapedbythesecondaryflowwiththeactionofdifferentbendingordeflectionangles.Understandingtheinfluencesofthedifferentdeflectionanglesissignificantinboththeoreticalstudyandengineeringapplication.Inordertosystematicallyinvestigationontheeffectsofsuchdeflectionangleonsecondaryflows,athreedimensionalReNormalizationGroup(RNG)κεmodelandavolumeoffluid(VOF)methodwasdevelopedtoevaluatethesecondaryflowbydifferentdeflectionangle30°,60°,90°,120°,150°,and180°.Inaddition,thevariationofwatersurfaceandshearstressarealsoinvestigatedaccordingly.Thenumericalresultsindicatethatthemaximumtransverseslopeofwatersurfaceoccursatthemiddlecrosssectionofabend,anditincreaseswiththeincreaseofdeflectionangle.Besidesamajorvortex,or,theprimarycirculationcellnearthechannelbottom,asecondaryvortex,oranouterbankcell,mayalsoappearabovetheformerandneartheouterbankwhenthedeflectionangleissufficientlylarge.Thestrengthofthesecondarycirculationsincreasesalsowiththeincreaseofdeflectionangle.Themaximumofshearstressontheinnerbankincreasesnonlinearlywiththeangle,anditsmaximumsontheouterbankandonthebedtakeplacewhenthedeflectionanglebecomes120°.
Keywords:Riverbend;Deflectionangle;Secondaryflow;Shearstress
XinhuaZhang StateKeyLaboratoryofHydraulicsandMountainRiverEngineeringSichuanUniversityEmail:xhzhang@scu.edu.cn
·211·
SimulationofHydraulicCharacteristicsofanInclinedOverflowGatebytheFreesurfaceLatticeBoltzmannimmersedBoundaryCouplingScheme
WeiDiao,ChunzeZhang
SouthwestHydraulicInstituteforWaterways,ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Inclinedoverflowgatesarewidelyusedinopenchannelstomeetdifferentflowraterequirementsbypromptlyadjustingtheiropeningsaccordingtovariedwaterlevels.Thecharacteristicsofsuchgatesarequitecomplexandneedintensivestudy.Todevelopaneffectiveandefficientnumericalmethodforstudyingthehydrodynamicfeaturesofsimilarengineeringstructureswithfluidstructureinteractionsandfreesurfaceflows,weproposeafreesurfacelatticeBoltzmannimmersedboundary(FSLBIB)couplingmodel,inwhichthefreesurfaceflowismodeledbythelatticeBoltzmann(LB)methodandthemovingboundariesarehandledbytheimmersedboundary(IB)method.TosolvetheincompatibilityissuearisingfromthecouplingoftheFSLBmodelandIBmethod,twotreatments,namelythevelocitycorrectionintheemptycellsformatchingtheIBspeedwiththelocalfluidvelocity,andtheiterativeforcecorrectionforenhancingaccuracy,areintroduced.Thefeasibilityandaccuracyoftheproposedcouplingschemearefirstvalidatedbytwobenchmarkcases.ThentheFSLBIBschemeisappliedtoanalyzethehydrauliccharacteristicsofaninclinedoverflowgateindifferentworkingconditions.Thegoodagreementsbetweenthesimulatedandempiricalhydraulicparametersaswellasthereasonableflowfeaturesshowthattheproposedcouplingschemeisfeasibleforsimulatingpracticalhydraulicproblems.
Keywords:Overflowgates;FreesurfacelatticeBoltzmannimmersedboundary;LatticeBoltzmann
WeiDiao SouthwestHydraulicInstituteforWaterways,ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:774999408@qq.com
·311·
ThreeDimensionalNumericalSimulationStudyonFlowConditionsinChamberwithFillingandEmptyingSystemofLongCorridorLockWall
YongqinPeng1,TaoPeng2
1.ChongqingJiaotongUniversity2.ChinaCoalTechnology&EngineeringGroup,ChongqingDesign&ResearchInstitute
Abstract
Intheprocessofshiplockwaterconveying,theflowconditionofthelockchamberisthekeyfactoraffectingthesafetyoftheship’sberthing.Atpresent,thestudyontheflowconditionofthelockchamberisnotyetmatureinthethreedimensionalnumericalsimulation.Basedonthemathematicalmodelofwaterfillingandemptyingsystem,thedynamicgridtechnologyandVOFmethodareusedtosimulatetheunsteadyflowofthreedimensionalturbulenceintheprocessoflockemptyingandfilling.Temporalandspatialevolutionofflowfieldareanalyzedinthispaper.Theresultsshowthattheflowvelocityofthelateralbranchporeflowincreasesfromtheupstreamtothedownstream,andtheflowvelocityofthelateralbranchholeincreasesfirstandthendecreases,andthevelocityofthelateralholejetisdifferent.Asaresult,threedimensionalnumericalsimulationcannotonlybeaneffectivecomplementtothephysicalmodeltest,butalsocanprovideareliablebasisforthedesignofshiplockwaterfillingandemptyingsystem.
Keywords:Shiplock;Threedimensionalnumericalsimulation;Threedimensionalvelocityfield;Bafflesill
YongqinPeng ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:174588703@qq.com
·411·
ANewMultislopeMUSCLSchemeforSolving2DShallowWaterEquationsonUnstructuredGrids
HaiyongXu,XingnianLiu,FujianLi,ShengHuang,ChaoLiu
SichuanUniversity
Abstract
Twodimensionalshallowwaterequations(SWEs)havebeenincreasinglyemployedtosimulatepredominantlyhorizontal,freesurfaceflowsovernaturaltopography,forinstance,dambreakflow,urbanflooding,tsunamiinundation,etc.Unfortunately,analyticalsolutionsofSWEsareonlyavailableforafewsimplifiedsituationswithhorizontalorregularbottomandinfinitewatervolume.Turningtonumericalschemesisnecessaryinordertokeepthebalancebetweenaccuracyandefficiency. Thispaperpresentsanewmultislopeschemeonthebasisofthemonotoneupstreamschemeforconservationlaw(MUSCL)fornumericallysolvingnonlinearshallowwaterequationsontwodimensionaltriangulargridswithintheframeworkofthetwodimensionalcellcenteredGodunovtypefinitevolume(CCFV)method.Thevaluesofflowvariablesonbothsidesoftheconsiderededgearecalculatedbyanedgebasedreconstructingandlimitingprocedurewheretheupwindslopeiseasilyobtained,sincetheupwindpointisfixedatthenodecorrespondingtotheconsiderededge.Moreover,thedownwindslopeisalsoeasytoevaluatebymeansofastraightforwardcriterion.Thenovelaspectofthisschemeisthatittakesadvantageofthegeometricalcharacteristicsoftriangulargridsinthereconstructingandlimitingprocedures.Thealgorithmissimplifiedcomparedwiththeconventionallimitedcentraldifference(LCD)schemeandotherexistingmultislopeMUSCLschemeswhicheffectivelyreducesthecostofcomputationandprovideshigherresolutionandaccuracycomparedwithclassicalMUSCLtypeschemes,socomputationcostisobviouslyreducedwithoutsacrificingaccuracyandrobustness. Seventestswerecarriedouttoverifythisnewscheme:(1)StationaryFlowwithWetDryInterface;(2)PotentialFlowoverUnevenBottom;(3)WaterSloshinginaParabolicBasin;(4)SteadyFlowoverFrictionalUnevenBottom;(5)FlowinaCompoundChannel;(6)FlowinaContractingExpandingChanneloverUnevenBottom;and(7)ASymmetric2DRiemannProblem.ThecomputationalresultsshowthatlowertimecostforreachingconvergentresultsisachievedcomparedwiththeclassicalmonoslopeandmultislopeMUSCLschemes.Inaddition,itisalsoshownthatthisnewschemeismoreflexibleontriangulargridsandmorestraightforward
·511·
toimplementfortakingaccountofthegeometricalcharacteristicsoftriangulargridswithoutsacrificingaccuracy,robustness,andresolution.Furthermore,thisnewmultislopereconstructionmethodisindependentoftheapproximatedRiemannsolversandSWEs,soitcanbeimmediatelyintegratedwithnumericalschemesbasedonotherhyperbolictypeequationsandRiemannsolvers. Tosumup,thenewschemeprovidesanidealalternativetotheexistingmonoslopeandmultislopeMUSCLschemesfornumericallysolvingSWEsandotherhyperbolictypeequations,andisworthyoffurtherresearch.
Keywords:Shallowwaterequations;FVM;Unstructuredgrids;MUSCL
HaiyongXu SichuanUniversityEmail:xuhiyong@163.com
·611·
ModellingofSecondaryFlowsintheRotatingAnnularFlumebyOpenFOAM
ZhonglianJiang1,ZhenYu2,ChengZhong1,FengyangLiu2
1.WuhanUniversityofTechnology2.ChangjiangWaterwayPlanningDesignandResearchInstitute
Abstract
Rotatingannularflumeshavebeenwidelyappliedintheresearchofsedimentmotioncharacteristics(e.g.entrainment,settlingandflocculation),especiallyforcohesivesediments.Duetotheirspecialoperationmodes,theflowcharacteristicsinarotatingannularflumearegenerallycomplicated.TheopensourceprogramOpenFOAMhasbeenintroducedtosimulatetheflowstructuresintherotatingannularflume.Thepredictivecapabilityofdifferentturbulencemodelsiscomparedthroughthedistributionsofthesecondaryflowandthetangentialbedshearstress,amongwhichtheRNG κεmodelperformsreasonablewell.Thestrengthanddistributionsofthesecondaryflowinthecrosssectionareevaluatedintermsofkineticenergy,maximumvelocityratioandkineticenergyratio.Theminimumsecondaryflowappearswhentherotationratioequalsto2.78fortheannularflumeatHohaiUniversity,China.Moreover,therelationshipbetweenthespatiallyaveragedbedshearstressandringspeedofannularflumeisproposedas:τ=0.005,34Ω1.51.Astheroughnessheightincreases,bothabsolutestrengthofthesecondaryflowandbedshearstressincreases.
Keywords:Rotatingannularflume;secondaryflow;BedShearstress;Numericalmodeling;OpenFOAM
ZhonglianJiang WuhanUniversityofTechnologyEmail:z.jiang@whut.edu.cn
·711·
EffectofReservationScouringPitonTrajectoryBucketEnergyDissipation
JiayingYu,WenwuSong,JianxuChen,LunWan,XuLuo
SchoolofEnergyandPowerEngineering,XihuaUniversity
Abstract
Inthispaper,combinedwithengineeringexample,RNGtwoequationturbulencemodelwasusedtonumericallysimulatethecontinuesflipbucketwithreservedsemicircularcylinderscourhole.Andthecomparisonwasmadebetweenitandflipbucketwithoutreservedsourpit.Furthermore,combinedwithtwokindsofdifferentdownstreamwaterdepthconditions,therewerefourdesignconditionstotally.Theresultsshowedthatalthoughthedepthofreservedscouringpitincreasedtheverticaldistanceofjetflow,thespeedandturbulentkineticenergyofnappealsoincreasedslightly.However,thelengthofnappeanditscontactareawithairwerebothincreased,whichissameaskineticenergydissipationrate.
Keywords:Reservationscouringpit;Trajectorybucketenergydissipation;Continuousflipbucket;Numericalsimulation
JiayingYu SchoolofEnergyandPowerEngineering,XihuaUniversityEmail:446128156@qq.com
·811·
NumericalSimulationofEnergyDissipationforContinuousFlipBucketinSpillway
ofLongxingqiaoReservoir
JiayingYu,WenwuSong,XuLuo,JianxuChen,LunWan
SchoolofEnergyandPowerEngineering,XihuaUniversity
Abstract
Theflowofturbulenceisakindofcommonturbulentflowwithacomplexfreesurface.Inthispaper,VOFmethodandκεturbulencemodelareutilizedtonumericalsimulationhydraulicelementsofacontinuousflipbucketinZhejiangLongxingqiaoreservoir.Themodelwassimulatedbytwodimensionalmodel.Theresultsshowedthatthenumericalsimulationresultsofwatersurfacelineandthewaterinletanglewereingoodagreementwiththemeasuredvalues,whichindicatesthatitispracticabletousethemathematicalmodeltosimulatethehydrauliccharacteristics.Andcalculateddynamicpressuredistributionofthebottomoftheplungepoolmakesupfortheshortcomingsthatitisunabletobemeasuredaccuratelyinfact,andprovidessomereferencevalueforengineeringdesignandmaterialselection.
Keywords:Hydraulicengineering;Energydissipation;Numericalsimulation
JiayingYu SchoolofEnergyandPowerEngineering,XihuaUniversityEmail:446128156@qq.com
·911·
SimulationofLocalScourAroundBridgeAbutmentsUsingArtificialNeuralNetworks(ANNs)
YasserMoussa,MahmoudAtta
AssociateprofessorCollegeofEngineeringZagazigUniversityEgypt
Abstract
Accuratelyestimatingthelocalscourdepthatbridgeabutmentsprovidedwithscourcountermeasuressuchascollarsisimportantinestablishingaproperfoundationdesign.Artificialneuralnetworks(ANNs)havebeenusedintheliteraturetopredictthemaximumlocalscourdepthatbridgeabutmentssurroundedbydifferentcollararrangements.AmultilayerbackpropagationmethodwithonehiddenlayeristrainedusingtheLevenbergMarquardtalgorithmtoobtainthemostaccurateneuralnetwork.TheresultsoftheANNmodelarecomparedwiththoseofthenumericalsimulationandthemultiplelinearregression(MLR)model.TheproposedmodelforpredictingthelocalscourdepthusingANNshasproducedbetterresults(R2 =983%,standarderror=0.03)thanthenumericalsimulation(R2=97.4,standarderror=004).TheMLRmodelalsoshowsalowerefficiency(R2=80% andstandarderror=0.11)thantheANNsandnumericalmodelsinpredictingthelocalscouratbridgeabutments.
Keywords:Localscour;Hydraulicstructure;Abutment;ANNs;MLR
YasserMoussa AssociateprofessorCollegeofEngineeringZagazigUniversityEgyptEmail:yasser_eng1997@yahoo.com
·021·
ASecondorderAccuracyBoundaryConditionforLatticeBoltzmannShallowWaterModel
ChunzeZhang,QinZhou,JiHou,JiashanMi
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
AnewdynamicsboundarymethodforthetwodimensionallatticeBotlzmannshallowwatermodelhasbeenpresentinthispaper.Basedonthebasicformoftheequilibriumdistributionfunction,anadditionalconstraintcondition,whichrelatedthemacroscopicquantityandthemesoscopicdistributionfunctionoftheboundary,isproposedtoclosetheboundaryequations.Afternumericalverification,itisfoundthatthemethodhassecondorderaccuracyandgoodstability.Inaddition,thismethodhasbetterdataindependenceanddoesnotincreasethecomputationalcomplexityofGPUparalleloperation,soithasagoodapplicationprospect.
Keywords:LatticeBotlzmann;Shallowwater;Boundarycondition;Secondorder
ChunzeZhang ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:zhangchunze@whu.edu.cn
·121·
TheNumericalStudyofVesselNavigationbyThreeDimensionalFluidSolidCouplingMethod
XiqinMa
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Navigationconditionsintheintermediatechannelbetweenthetwoshipliftsortwolockhavedrawnwideattention.Inthispaper,thevesselnavigationresistance,squatanditsinfluencingfactorswereobtainedbythreedimensionalfluidsolidcouplingmethodinFLOW3D.Numericaltestsindicatedthatthenavigationspeedandvesselshapewerethemainfactorsoftheresistance,andthenavigationspeedwasthesignificantindexwhichaffectedthesquat.Inaddition,whenthesailingvelocityinonewaywaslessthan2.0m/s,theshipwave,shipsquatandshipsailingresistancewasnotlarge.Throughtheanalysisanddiscussionontheresults,wecancometotheconclusionthatthethreedimensionalfluidsolidcouplingmethodinFLOW3Dhasuniqueadvantagetosimulatethevesselnavigationconditionsandthesailingvelocitywasthesignificantdeterminantforthevesselnavigationsafety.
Keywords:Vesselnavigationresistance;Fluidsolidinteraction;VOF;Intermediatechannel;Squat
XiqinMa ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:281068092@qq.com
·221·
ThreedimensionalNumericalStudyontheEffectofAddingAntishipCollisionFacilitiesontheNavigationFlowConditionsfor
theExistingBridges
ZhaobinWang,YunliWang,WeiDiao
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Withtheincreaseofthewaterwaylevels,theantishipcollisionabilityofalargenumberofexistingbridgescannolongermeettheantishipcollisionrequirementsofthenewrepresentativeshiptype.Therefore,itisnecessarytoinvestigatethecorrectantishipcollisionfacilitiesforeachexistingbridge.Inthispaper,thethreedimensionalnumericalsimulationwasadoptedtostudytheeffectofaddingantishipcollisionfacilitiesonthenavigationflowconditionsforanexistingbridgeinBeijiangRiver.Theresultsshowedthatthehardantishipcollisionfacilitieswouldhaveagreatimpactonthenavigationconditionsofthebridge.Finally,itwasrecommendedthatthemeasuressuchasreducingthemaximumnavigationdischarge,addingthenavigationfacilitiesandstrengtheningthemanagementshouldbetakentoprotectthesafetyofthebridgeandtheship.
Keywords:Threedimensionalnumericalstudy;Antishipcollisionfacilities;Navigationflowconditions
ZhaobinWang ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:408158516@qq.com
·321·
SimulationforHydrodynamicPerformanceofShipBerthinginHighPiledWharf
PengSun,TengZhao,JiayuZhou
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Inordertofigureoutthemechanismofinteractionbetweenahighpiledwharfandaberthingship,andtheyweretookasanexample.BybuildinganumericalmodelingandcarryingonthesimulationusingCFDsoftware,aVOFmethodwasadaptedtoanalyzethecurrentforcewhenthebargewasberthing.Finally,thehydrodynamicperformanceofthebargewasgot.Itofferedatheoreticalreferencetoshipsberthinghighpiledwharfandthestructuredesignofhighpiledwharf.
Keywords:Ship;Highpiledwharf;CFD;Simulation;Hydrodynamicperformance
PengSun ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:sunpeng@cqjtu.edu.cn
·421·
NumericalSimulationofHydrodynamicFieldsunderWaveCurrentInteractioninOujiangEstuary
WanxingZhao1,JilunMiao2,ZhengangJi3
1.ChongqingAcademyofMetrologyandQualityInspection2.ChongqingJiaotongUniversity3.ChongqingUniversity
Abstract
ConsideringthecomplextopographyandstrongtideconditionsofOujiangEstuary,a3D,timedependenthydrodynamicmodelunderorthogonalcurvilinearcoordinatesystemwasestablished,andthehydrodynamiccharacteristicsoftheinteractionofrunoffandtideinOujiangEstuarywasstudied.ThestudyareawasuptoMeidai,downtoDongtouandKanmen,97×233horizontalcellsofthecomputationalgridwereused.8sitestide,suchasWenzhouwasusedtomodelcalibration,6sitesvelocityofNo.1No.6wasusedtomodelverification.Thehydrodynamicfieldunderdifferenttidesandrunoffconditionswassimulated,aswellasthewaterwaybuildings’influence.Theresultshowthatthemodelvalueswasgoodagreementwiththemeasuredvalues,themodelhadgoodadaptability,couldbemeetthestudyingrequirementofwavecurrentinteractioninOujiangEstuaryandofthewaterwaybuildings’influence.ThesewasusefultounderstandingthehydrodynamiccharacteristicsofOujiangEstuary,andalsofurtherprovidingsupportofwaterwayconstructionandwaterenvironmentresearch.
Keywords:Wavecurrentinteraction;Tide;Runoff;Hydrodynamicfield;Numericalsimulation
WanxingZhao ChongqingAcademyofMetrologyandQualityInspectionEmail:58314047@qq.com
·521·
ResearchonHydraulicCharacteristicsintheValveSectionwithExpandedCorridoratthe
TopforShipLock
QianSun,XujinZhang,ZhaobingWang,LiangChen
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
1.PurposesBecauseofthelongtermoperationoftheshiplock’svalvesintheconditionofunsteadyhighspeedwaterflow,problemssuchasthecavitation,theacousticvibration,andthepressurepulsationwereprominent.Atpresent,forthestudyofthevalvehydraulics,mostofthestudiesinthenumericalmodelhaveonlyestablishedalocalmodelofthevalvesection,andtheboundaryconditionsattheoutletofthevalvesectionhavenotachievedanonconstantprocessthatvariedwiththewaterlevelinthelockchamber,whichcouldnotfullyreflectedtheactualsituation.Therefore,athreedimensionalnumericalmodeloftheshiplockwithoverallwaterfillingandemptyingsystemwasestablished,andthehydrauliccharacteristicsinthevalvesectionwithexpandedcorridoratthetopwerestudied.2.MethodsThethreedimensionalnumericalmodeloftheshiplockwithoverallwaterfillingandemptyingsystemwasestablished.Thedynamicmeshtechnologywasappliedtorealizetheopeningprocessofthevalve,andthenumericalmodelwasverifiedbythephysicalmodeltests.3.Results(1)Theeddyoccurredbehindthevalveintheprocessofthevalveopening.Asthevalveopeningrationincreased,theeddyrangegraduallydecreasedandmovedtowardstheupstreamandthetopofcorridors.(2)Atthebeginningofthewaterfilling,ahighspeedjetwasformedbetweenthebottomedgeofthevalveandthefloorofthecorridor.(3)Alowpressureareaappearedatthetopofcorridors’junctionsbetweentheexpandedcorridorandthehorizontalcorridorbehindthevalve,andgraduallymovedtowardstheupstreamasthevalveopeningrationincreased.4.ConclusionsTheeddyoccurredbehindthevalveintheprocessofthevalveopening.Thewaterflowvelocityandthepressureincreasedwiththeopeningofthevalveandthendecreased.Theminimum
·621·
pressureappearedatthetopofthecorridorwhenthevalveopeningrationis0.4.Themostunfavorablevalveopeningtimewasfiveminutesandopeningthevalvewithshorttimewasaneffectivewaytoincreasethepressureofcorridorsbehindthevalve.Comparingthenumericalsimulationresultswiththephysicalmodeltestresults,thetwoareingoodagreementwitheachother,indicatingthefeasibilityofthenumericalsimulationmethod.
Keywords:Threedimensionalnumericalsimulation;Shiplock;Valve;Dynamicmesh;Overallwaterfillingandemptyingsystem
QianSun ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:sqlvyezi@163.com
·721·
A3DFiniteelementGroundwaterModelandItsApplicationtoHyporheicFlows
withaTwolayerSedimentBed
JiayuFang,YafeiJia
NCCHE
Abstract
Theinteractionbetweentheopenchannelflowandthegroundwaterinashallowriverbedsedimentsublayer,“hyporheiczone”,isveryimportanttotheecosystemoftheriver.Duemainlytothepressureheaddistribution,channelwatermayinfiltrateintoandoutofthehyporheiczoneactively.Thisstudyfocusesontheinfiltrationprocessinthehyporheiczoneunderthedunelikebedforms.
Anew3Dnumericalmodelbasedonthefiniteelementmethod,whichconservesbothlocalandglobalmass,isdevelopedforthehyporheiczone.Themodelisverifiedbycomparingthenumericalresultswiththreetypicalanaltyicalsolutions.Themodelagreeswellwiththeseanalyticalsolutions.Themodelisthenappliedtoinvesitgatethehyporheicflowdistributionsintwolayersedimentriverbedswithdifferentthicknessandconductivity.Itisfoundthatthehyporheicfluxincreaseslinearlywiththeconductivityoftheupperlayer,butnonlinearlywithitsthickness.Empiricalformulasfortheserelationshipshavebeenobtainedbasedonthesimulatedresults.
Keywords:Hyporheiczone;Subsurfaceflow;Twolayersediment;Groundwater;Finiteelementmethod
JiayuFang NCCHEEmail:jfang@ncche.olemiss.edu
·821·
SecondorderAccuracySource(ExternalForce)TermSchemeforLatticeBoltzmannShallow
WaterEquations
QinZhou
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Asource&externalforcetermschemeisproposedforlatticeBoltzmannshallowwaterequations(LBSWE).Thenewschemecannotonlyintroducemomentumexternalforceterm,butalsointroducemasssource(alsocalledexternalforce)term.Typicalcases,includingthelateralinflowofarectangularflume,thesteadyflowoverahump,andtheunsteadytidalflow,aresimulatedtoverifyandvalidatethescheme.Finally,basedontheproposedscheme,arainfallrunoffmodelforLBSWEisestablished,andthesimulationresultsareingoodagreementwiththeexperimentalresults.Fortheshallowwaterequationswiththenonzeromasssourceterm,suchasrainfall,infiltrationandcompletesedimentmodels,thepresentschemeprovidesthepossibilityofmodelingandsolvingbylatticeBoltzmannmethod.
Keywords:LatticeBoltzmann;Shallowwater;Source&externalforceterm;Rainfallrunoff
QinZhou ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:373216627@qq.com
·921·
NumericalModellingofTransientAirwaterFlowsWithinaRiserDownstreamofaTrunkSewer
BiaoHuang1,MenggeFan2,DavidZhu3,ShiqiangWu4
1.ZhengzhouUniversity2.HydrologicalBureauofZhejiangProvince
3.UniversityofAlberta4.NanjingHydraulicsResearchInstitute
Abstract
Pressuretransientsduetoflowsurchargeswerefoundtobethemaincauseforstructurefailure,excessivesurges,waterovershootingthroughthedropshaftandstormwatergeysers.Predictionofthosepressuretransientshasbeendifficult,astheyarerelatedtoairpocketsizeanditsmovement,flowvelocityanddepth,pipesizeandslope,ventingandboundaryconditions.Airtrappedaslargepocketsinrisersmayresultinsignificantlyhighertransientsunderrapidfillingconditions.Itsreleasecanalsocauselocalaccelerationsresultinginhighvelocitiesandsubsequentlywaterhammereffects.Thesepressurescanbemanytimesthesystempressure.Inaddition,thereleaseoftheentrappedairpocketcanbeviolentwiththeeruptionofair/watermixtures(geysers),andcausecoverblowoff,orevenfailureofpipelines.
Theobjectivesofthepresentstudyaretoinvestigatethepressureoscillationsandflowfieldforasystemwithariserovertherapidfillingprocess.Forthescenarioofwhichtheriserhasadeadend,themethodofcharacteristicsandrigidcolumnmethodhavebeenusedtocalculatethepressureprocess,andcomparedtothreedimensional(3D)computationalfluiddynamics(CFD)modelingresults.Forscenariosofwhichtheriserhasanorificeoranopening,CFDmodelingwasadopted.ThehomogeneoustwophasemodelwithVOFmethodwasusedbysolvingasinglesetofconservativeequationsandtrackingthevolumefractionofeachofthefluidsthroughoutthedomain.Theresultsshowthattheentrappedairwithintherisercancauseabout4timeshigherpressurepeakthanthedrivehead,andtherigidcolumnmethodisaccurateandefficientforsuchcases.Detailedairwaterflowfieldcanbegivenbythe3DCFDmodel,aswellaspressurepatterns.Waterhammereffectscanbeobservedundercertainconditionsduetoairexpulsionandthesizeoftheorificeonthetopoftherisercanbecritical.Thesefindingsmaycontributetounderstandpressuretransientsinurbandrainagesystemsanddesignconsiderations.
Keywords:Transientairwater;Trunksewer;3DCFDmodel
BiaoHuang ZhengzhouUniversityEmail:bhuang@zzu.edu.cn
·031·
NumericalInvestigationofSedimentTransportInducedbyInternalSolitaryWaves
HaiZhu1,LinglingWang1,HongwuTang1,AnteMunjiza2,JohnWilliams2,QunliangYang3,ZhenzhenYu4
1.HohaiUniversity2.QueenMary,UniversityofLondon
3.ChinaWaterResourcesPearRiverPlanningSurveying&DesigningCo.Ltd4.WaterResourcesProtectionandResearchInstitute,YellowRiverBasinWaterResourcesProtectionBureau
Abstract
Internalsolitarywaves(ISWs)commonlyexistincoastalregions,deeplakesandreservoirs,whicharebelievedtoresuspendsedimentsandnutrientsfromthebenthicboundarylayer(BBL)intotheupperlayerofstratifiedwaterbody.Inthepresentwork,largeeddysimulation(LES)isemployedtostudythedynamicsofthecomplexISWinducedflowfieldcoupledwithbackgroundcurrent,inwhichthesedimenttransportcharacteristicsaresimulatedbyaselfdevelopedEulerLagrangemethod.Discreteelementmethodisusedtomodelthedynamicsofthesedimentparticleswhileafourwaycouplingtechniqueisappliedtodealwiththeparticleladenflowsystem,inwhichtheinteractionsoffluidtoparticles,particlestofluidandparticlestoparticlesareallcorrectlyconsidered.TheresultsshowthatthebenthicboundarylayeroftheISWcurrentdevelopsinthreestages,flowseparation,twodimensionalvortexsheddingandthreedimensionalturbulence.Comparedwiththeonewaycouplingcase,turbulencetransitionfrom2Dto3Disfasterinthefourwaycouplingcaseduetothelocalflowfielddisturbedbythesedimentparticles.
Keywords:Internalsolitarywaves;Sedimenttransport;Largeeddysimulation;Discreteelementmethod;Fourway
HaiZhu HohaiUniversityEmail:h.zhu@hhu.edu.cn
·131·
ASubgridScaleBankErosionModelforTELEMAC2D/SISYPHE
EddyLangendoen1,MickUrsic1,AlejandroMendoza2,JorgeAbad3,RiadhAta4,KamalElkadiAbderrezzak4,PabloTassi4
1.U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture2.MetropolitanAutonomousUniversity
3.UniversityofTechnologyandEngineering4.EDFR&D,LNHE
Abstract
Thenearbankregionofariver,wherethestreambedandstreambankmeet,isoftencharacterizedbylargespatialgradientsintheriver’sgeometryresultingincomplexflowpatternsandsedimenttransportratesanddirections.Inaddition,thegrainsizedistributionsandresistancetoerosionpropertiesofthebedandbankmaterialscanbequitedifferent.Theseprocessesresultinlateral(bank)erosionratesthatcanbeordersofmagnitudegreaterthantherateofverticaladjustmentoftheriverbed.Thisdiscrepancyinerosionratesisoftenobservedinnaturalmeandering,braided,oranastomosingriversystems.But,theycanalsobecharacteristicsofdisturbedstreamsandadverselyimpactfloodplaininfrastructureandresources,thereforerequiringbankprotectionmeasuresorstream corridorrestoration.Multidimensionalcomputermodels ofrivermorphodynamicsusedinstreamrestorationhaveeitherneglectedorusedoverlysimplifiedconceptualmodelsofriverbankerosion,limitingthemtostudiesofriverineenvironmentswherebanksdonotmove,smalltimescales,orratherqualitativeevaluationsoftheriver’smorphology.Though,riverbankerosionprocessesarerelativelyeasytoimplementintoonedimensionalcomputermodels,suchastheUSDepartmentofAgricultureCONCEPTSchannelevolutionmodel,theirincorporationintomultidimensionalcomputermodelsisrathercomplicated.ResearchersattheUSDepartmentofAgriculture,UniversityofTechnologyandEngineering,andElectricitydeFrance(EDF)haveincorporatedCONCEPTS’riverbankerosionalgorithmsintoEDF’sTELEMAC2D/SISYPHEcomputermodelsofrivermorphodynamics.Whereascurrentmultidimensionalcomputermodelsusehighlysimplifiedbankgeometry(e.g.,verticalbank)anderosionmechanics(e.g.,onlyfluvialerosion),thebankerosionsimulationoftheimprovedmodelisbasedonactualbankgeometryandbankerosionprocesses.Further,itistightlyintegratedwiththesimulationofriverhydrodynamicsandsedimenttransportprocessesusingaporosityapproach.ThedynamiccapabilitiesofthenewmodelarehighlightedbyapplicationstotheGoodwinCreek,Mississippi.
Keywords:Bankerosion;Numericalmodeling;TELEMAC;Porositymethod;Subgridscale
EddyLangendoen U.S.DepartmentofAgricultureEmail:eddy.langendoen@ars.usda.gov
·231·
MeasurementoftheTurbulenceStatisticsandtheReynoldsStressStructureoftheTurbulentBoundaryLayerFlowAroundaTwoDimensionalEmbankment
BaoShiShiau,JiaChunTsai
NationalTaiwanOceanUniversity
Abstract
Intheturbulentflow,theReynoldsstressplaysanimportantroleformomentumtransport.AninsightstudyontheturbulencestatisticsandtheReynoldsstressstructureoftheturbulentflowcanprovidedetailofmomentum transportcharacteristicsaroundtheembankment.TheexperimentalmeasurementsoftheturbulencestatisticsandtheReynoldsstressstructurearoundatwodimensionalembankmentwithupwindanddownwindslopesof4∶1(horizontal∶vertical)wereconductedinthelaboratory.TheQuadrantanalysistechniquewasemployedtoyieldtheReynoldsstressstructureoffourevents(ejection,sweep,inwardinteraction,outwardinteraction)contribution.
Keywords:Turbulentboundarylayerflow;Embankment;Turbulencestatistics;Quadrantanalysis;Reynoldsstress
BaoShiShiau NationalTaiwanOceanUniversityEmail:bsshiau@gate.sinica.edu.tw
·331·
TimeresolvedStereoscopicParticleimagevelocimetrySystemforApplicationinWaterFlows
QigangChen1,QiangZhong2
1.BeijingJiaotongUniversity2.ChinaAgriculturalUniversity
Abstract
Mostwaterflowsencounteredinnatureandengineeringapplicationsareessentiallythreedimensional(3D)andunsteadyturbulence.However,theclassicalparticleimagevelocimetrymethodiscapableofmeasuringonlythetwoinplanevelocitycomponents.Moreover,themeasuredvelocitycomponentsareaffectedbyanunrecoverableerrorduetotheperspectivetransformation.
Tomeasuretherapidlychanging3Dplanervelocityfieldsinwaterflow,atimeresolvedstereoscopicparticleimagevelocimetry(TRSPIV)system wasdeveloped.TheTRSPIVsystemconsiststwohighframeratecameras,ahighrepetitionratepulselaser,lasersheetoptics,asynchronizer,andprocessingsoftware.Thelaserhasamaximumrepetitionrateof10kHzandamaximumoutputpulseenergyof20mJ.Thecamerahasamaximumframerateof730fpsataresolutionof400megapixel.ANikon50mmf/2.8lensisconnectedtothecamerathroughaScheimpflugadaptor.Themappingfunctionoftheimagingsystemisapproximatedbyapolynomialwithcubicdependenceintheinplanecoordinatesandquadraticdependenceintheoutofplanecoordinate.Theunknownparametersofthefunctionaredeterminedbymeansofaleastsquaresfittingprocedurefromacalibrationtarget.Aselfcalibrationapproachisthenappliedtorefinethemappingfunctiontocorrectpossiblemisalignmentsbetweenthecalibrationplaneandthelasersheet.Theparticleimagescapturedbyeachcameraareinterrogatedusingamultiframepyramidcorrelationalgorithmtoobtaintwodimensional(2D)velocityfields.Thecorrelationfunctionbetweentwointerrogationwindowsiscalculatedwithamultigridwindowdeformationalgorithm.The3Dvelocityfieldsarereconstructedfromthe2DvelocityfieldsmeasuredsimultaneouslybyeachcamerawiththeSoloffmethod.
TheSPIVsystemwastestedpreliminarilyinsteadyanduniformopenchannelflows.Thetwocameraswerearrangedinanangulardisplacementconfigurationtoobservetracerparticlesfromthesamesideofthelasersheet.Asequenceoftimeresolved3Dvelocityfieldswere
·431·
obtainedinthestreamwise/wallnormalplaneoftheflow.TheperformanceofthesystemwasevaluatedbycomparingtheturbulentstatisticsbasedonSPIVmeasurementwiththeexistingDNSandPIVresults.ThecomparisonrevealedboththemeritsandthedeficienciesofthedevelopedSPIVsystem.
Keywords:Stereoscopicparticleimagevelocimetry;Turbulentflow;Timeresolvedmeasurement
QigangChen BeijingJiaotongUniversityEmail:chenqg@bjtu.edu.cn
·531·
ExperimentalStudyofTurbulenceCharacteristicsofFlowoverDune
AngGao1,2,ShiqiangWu2,1,ChenLi1,FangfangWang2,SenlinZhu2
1.WuhanUniversity2.NanjingHydraulicResearchInstitute
Abstract
Researchonflowoverduneisthekeytothestudyofduneresistanceandsedimenttransport.Duetothedifficultyofmeasurementonflowoverdynamicdune,thepaperstudiedtheflowovertypicalfixedduneatflume.ThreedimensionalAcousticsDopplerVelocity(ADV)wasadoptedforthemeasurementofthreedimensionalvelocityoverdune,liquidtracerdisplaytechnologywasalsosupplementedtoqualitativelyanalyzeonflowstructure.Turbulenceintensity,Reynoldsstressandprobabilitydensityoffluctuatingvelocityofflowwereanalyzed,waveletanalysisandspectrumanalysiswerealsoadoptedtostudyflowmultiscaleandspectrumcharacteristics.Resultsshowthatthedifferentproportionofmainflowandminorflowhasdifferenteffectonthedownstreamdune;Theinfluenceregionofduneonflowstructureisabout1.4duneheight;Thestrongestfluctuatingpointisabout2.5duneheightdownstreamdunecrest.Analysesofvelocityspectraldensityindicatethatlargescalevortexesholdsmainenergyofflow,thedissipationratioofhighfrequencyvortexesisabout7/4.
Keywords:Dune;Flowstructure;Statisticalanalysis;Waveletanalysis;Spectrumanalysis
AngGao WuhanUniversityEmail:gaoang@whu.edu.cn
·631·
InfluenceofBladeWrapAngleonCavitationPerformanceofHighSpeedCentrifugalPump
LunWan,WenwuSong
XihuaUniversity
Abstract
Inordertostudytheeffectofbladewrapangleonthecavitationperformanceofcentrifugalpumpwithhighspecificspeed.
BasedontheCFturboandUGsoftware,usingRNGκεturbulencemodelandRayleighPlessetcavitationmodelinCFX,Centrifugalpumpswithacontrastspeedof185wereusedtoinvestigatethecavitationcharacteristicsofthecentrifugalpumpwhenthewrapangleswere90°,95°,100°,105°and110°.
Respectivelytheresultsshow,Vaneanglehasasignificanteffectontheexternalcharacteristicsofcentrifugalpumpswithhighspecificspeed.Thepumpheadwiththepackageangleincreasesanddecreases,andthesmallflowangleincreaseswiththeincreaseofefficiency,thecontrary,whenthelargeflow;atthesametime,withtheincreaseoftheangleoftheblade,theareaoftheinletlowpressureareaincreased,thevolumefractionofimportedvacuolesdecreases,theinternalflowofthecentrifugalpumpissmootherandsmoother,thevortexonthebackofthevanedisappears,andthestreamlineintheimpellerflowchanneltendstobemoreintheshapeofthevane.
Thesizeofthebladewrapangleisnegativelycorrelatedwiththeinletturbulentkineticenergyofthecentrifugalpump;Thelargerthewrapangle,Anticavitationperformanceofhighspeedcentrifugalpumpisbetter.
Keywords:Highspeed;Centrifugalpump;Cavitationperformance;Anglepackage;Numericalsimulation
LunWan XihuaUniversityEmail:1416030910@qq.com
·731·
ANovelModelofIncipientSedimentMotionBasedonTurbulenceKineticEnergy
HaoliangWu
NanyangTechnologicalUniversity
Abstract
Inthispaper,westudytheincipientmotionoffinesedimentwithavarietyofturbulenceconditions.Asmostresearchersagreethatthenearbedturbulencestructuresareofprimaryimportanceforthecriterionofincipientmotion,thestudiesofsedimenttransportwithripplesanddunes,largerelativeroughness,vegetation,andotherconditionswithcomplexturbulencestilllackauniformmodel.Startingfromtheexperimentofinitiationwithnonshearturbulenceinducedbyoscillatinggrid,thecriticalincipientmotionisregardedasthedynamicprocessofaparticlemovingfromtherestingpositiontothecriticalpositionwherethepotentialenergyreachespeak.ThenewperspectiveintroducesacriticalprotrusionoftheparticlewhichmodifiestheordinaryShieldsnumberandparticleReynoldsnumber.Thecorrelationofthetwodimensionlessparameters,fromtheviewpointofenergy,showsabettervaliditythanstaticmodelsbasedonthebalanceofforces,inpredictingtheinitiationwithzeromeantraction.Likepreviousstudieswithoscillatinggridturbulence(OGT),however,itisquitehardtobuildconnectionsbetweensedimentmotionsinshearflowsandthosewithisotropicturbulenceabove(likewithOGT).Toextendthemodeltoopenchannelflow,thenearwallturbulencestructuresofbothconditionsarecompared,andthepeakturbulencekineticenergy(TKE)nearbedrequiresamodificationtoformaunifiedmodel.Althoughtheresultsofexperimentswithopenchannelflowusuallylackthedataofreposeangle,steepslope,andthemeasurementsofnearbedinstantaneousvelocityfield,thethresholdofincipientmotionaretestedwithdatasupplementderivedfromtheoreticalandempiricalmodels.Witherrorsanalyzedtobeacceptable,thismodelistestifiedwiththecompilationofvariousexperimentresultsandtheorypredictions.Moreover,theresultsdemonstratethatTKEisavalidcriterionforincipientmotion,regardlessofthecomplexityofnearwallturbulencestructures.
Keywords:Incipientmotion;Turbulencekineticenergy;Angleofrepose;Velocityfluctuation;Criticalprotrusion
HaoliangWu NanyangTechnologicalUniversityEmail:hwu010@e.ntu.edu.sg
·831·
FluctuatingPressureontheBottomofaStillingWell
JingjingZhai,QingyuanYang
ChangjiangRiverScientificResearchInstitute
Abstract
Inhydraulicengineering,therearetwotypeswayofenergydissipation:oneiscalledthebasicwayofenergydissipation,suchasenergydissipationbyhydraulicjump,skijumpenergydissipation,bucketandsubmergedbucketenergydissipation,etc.Theothertypeiscalledspecialenergydissipater,suchasimpacttypeenergydissipater,jetenergydissipation,andstillingwelldissipation,etc.Jetflowstillingwelldissipatetheenergybythejetflowimpactingonthebottom.Thehighspeedwatergetsintothewellthroughthejetpipe,runagainstthewellbottom,andmixeswithotherwaterinthewell.Theflowfluctuatesstrongly,andplentyofenergyisdissipatedinthewell.Asthewatergetsoutfromthewell,theflowisusuallymild.Thejetflowstillingwellisgoodforenergydissipationofwaterwithhighheadandlowflowrate.Forthoseverticaljetflows,thepressureishugeatthecenterofbottom,andissmallattherecirculationzone.Themaximumimpactpressureoccursatthecenterofthebottom,anditmaygenerateerosionwhenthewaterheadishighandtheflowrateislarge.Themaximumpressureisveryimportantforthesafetyofstillingwell,andfewstudiesareworkingonthisarea.Thepurposeofthispaperistoinvestigatetheimpactpressureonbottomofstillingwell.Stillingwellisusuallyusedfortheenergydissipationofpipeflowswithhighheadandlowflowrate.Manystudiesarefocusontheempiricalformulaofthewellscaleandflowrate,andfewareabouttheflowfieldandpressurepropertiesinthewell.Withoutthepressuredistribution,itishardtoanalyzethesafetyofthewellduringitsfunctioning.Inthispaper,aphysicalmodelisproposedtoinvestigatethepropertiesofpressureactingonthebottomofthestillingwell.Therunsoftheexperimentarewithdifferentflowratesanddistancesbetweentheoutletofjetpipetothebottom.Quantitativerelationshipsamongpressureparameters,flowrateandoutletdistanceareestablished.
ThestudyshowthatthepressureactingonthebottomdecreasesnonlinearlyasthedistanceLriseatsameflowrate.WhentheΔequalsto0.5D(D,diameterofthepipe),thepressureismuchlargerthanthatwith1.0D.Whenthedistancechangesto1.5D(andabove),thepressuredecreaseslittlecomparedtothatwith1.0D.
Keywords:Stillingwell;Fluctuatingpressure;Distancebetweenoutletandwellbottom
JingjingZhai ChangjiangRiverScientificResearchInstituteEmail:topzhaijingjing@163.com
·931·
SimulationandAnalysisofFlowFieldinHighPressureWaterJetNozzle
KuiYu,PengSun,TengZhao
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Afterstudingthemechanismofhighpressurewaterjetdeeply.Theinternalflowfieldofcuttinggunwithdifferentbendinganglesisestablishedby
numericalsimulationtechnology.Andtheeffectsofdifferentbendinganglesandthedifferenttransitionregionsonthewholeinternalflowfieldarecomparedandanalyzed.
Theresultsshowthatthelengthofthetransitionregionhasacertaineffectontheoutflowvelocity.Thebendinganglehasgreatinfluenceontheflowfield.Whenthebendingangleisfixed.Theinternalflowfieldcanbechangedbychangingthelengthofthetransitionregion.Thereisanoptimallengthtomakethemainstreammoreuniforminthepipediameter.
Keywords:Waterjet;Nozzle;CFD
KuiYu ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:1258661572@qq.com
·041·
QuadrantAnalysisofTurbulentFlowCharacteristicsinanOpenChannelwithDispersedBedRoughness
LiangZhong,TongJiang,JianmeiZhang,GuangxiangXu,YingShen
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Thequadrantanalysisofturbulentflowcharacteristicsishelpfultorevealtheformationmechanismofturbulence.Thisstudyprovidesadetailedinvestigationofquadrantdistributionofturbulentflowparametersinanopenchannelwithdispersedbedroughness,theinstantaneousvelocityismeasuredbyusinghighdefinitionparticleimagevelocimetry(PIV)measurementtechniques.Analysisoftheexperimentaldatarevealsthat:(1)Eachquadrantfluctuatingvelocityrepresentsoneturbulenteventthatoccursintheflow,whichcanbeabbreviatedasQ1,Q2,Q3,andQ4turbulenceeventsrespectively.Withtheincreaseofwaterdepth,theverticaldistributiontrendsoftheaboveturbulenteventsprobabilityareincreasedfirstandthendecreased,theverticaldistributionsofQ1,Q3turbulenceeventsprobabilityareleftconvexcurves,whileQ2,Q4turbulenceeventsprobabilityarerightconvexcurves,alsotheQ2,Q4eventsprobabilityaregenerallygreaterthantheQ1,Q3events.(2)Alongthebottomtothewatersurface,eachquadrantReynoldsstressshowedatrendoffirstincreaseandthendecrease,theReynoldsstressandturbulentkineticenergyofthesecond,fourthquadrantareoverallgreaterthanthefirst,thirdquadrant,especiallyaremaximuminthesecondquadrant,theratioofturbulentkineticenergyinthisquadranttothetotalturbulentkineticenergycanreach33%.(3)Theinfluencesofbedroughnessontheparameterssuchasturbulenteventsprobability,Reynoldsstressandturbulentkineticenergyineachquadrantaremainlyreflectedintheareabelowthetopoftheparticle,whileabovethetopoftheparticle,thedistributioncurvesoftheabovementionedparameterscoincidebasicallywitheachother.Theturbulenteventsprobabilityratio,P24,Reynoldsstressratio,R24,andturbulentkineticenergyratio,k24,inthesecondandfourthquadrantaresignificantlyrelated,R24andk24decreaselinearlywithP24,whilek24increaseslinearlywithR24.
Keywords:Openchannelflow;Turbulenteventprobability;Reynoldsstress;Turbulentkineticenergy
LiangZhong ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:393641413@qq.com
·141·
AnalysisofParameterUncertaintyofGreenRoofsHydrologicRetentionPerformanceReliability
LingwanYou,YeouKoungTung
NationalChiaoTungUniversity,Hsinchu,Taiwan
Abstract
Theuseofgreenroofsisoneawellknownschemeforsustainablemanagementofurbanstormwaterquantityandquality.Throughtheiruses,manyadvantagescanberealized,whichincludereducingrainproducingrunoffandairpollution,enhancingbiodiversity,andimprovingbuildingenergyefficiency,amongothers.Thisstudyfocusesonhydrologicperformanceofgreenroofstoretainrainfallfromproducingrunoff.However,theexistenceofuncertaintiesaffectingvariousaspectsofgreenroofperformanceisubiquitously.Thisimpliesthattheperformanceofagreenroofsystemisuncertain.Byconsideringaleatoryuncertaintyduetonaturalrandomnessofrainfallamountandintereventtime,theprobabilisticmodelofZhangandGuo(2013)wasextendedthatallowstheestablishmentofarelationshipbetweentargetretentionratio,achievableperformancereliability,andgrowingmediumdepthofgreenroofs.Thisstudyfurtherincorporatesepistemicuncertaintiesinsoil/plantproperties(i.e.,evapotranspirationrate,fieldcapacity,wiltingpoint,interceptionloss)toquantifytheuncertaintyfeaturesofstatisticalpropertiesofretentionratioandthereliabilityofachievingatargetretentionratio.LatinHypercubesampling(LHS)approachisappliedtoanalyzetheuncertainfeaturesoftheresultsoftheprobabilisticgreenroofsmodel.StatisticalAnalysisofVariance(ANOVA)revealsthattheuncertaintiesoffieldcapacity,wiltingpointandinterceptionlosshavecrucialroleindeterminingtheretentionofagreenroofsysteminaninherentlyrandomenvironment.Withtheavailabilityofthedistributionfunctionoftheretentionratio,thisstudyshowsthatarelationshipbetweentargetretentionratio,confidenceofachievableperformancereliability,andgrowingmediumdepthcanbeestablishedforprobabilisticbaseddesignand/orevaluationofagreenroofsystem.
Keywords:Greenroof;Uncertainty;Retention;LatinHypercubesampling;Analysisofvariance;Probabilisticbaseddesign
LingwanYou NationalChiaoTungUniversity,Hsinchu,TaiwanEmail:lucie751111@gmail.com
·241·
CCHESWMM BasedFloodModelingtoEvaluatetheEffectofLIDonChongqing
SpongeCityPilotProjects
XinJin
BeijingSinfotecTechnologyCo.,Ltd.
Abstract
SpongeCityConstructionPlanwasinitiatedbyChinesegovernmentin2014toachieveurbansustainabilityandhealthyenvironments.Similartolowimpactdevelopment(LID),thebasicprincipleofthisprojectistousenaturalprocesses,e.g.,soil,vegetationtoretainasmuchwateraspossibleinthecitieslikeabig“sponge”.
In2015,ChongqingCitywasselectedinthefirstsetofpilotcities.Thispapertookthepilotarea,YuelaiTownasastudyareawithanareaof20squarekilometers.Weinvestigatedtheapplicationandcapabilityofa2Dhydrodynamicmodel—CCHE2D,developedbyNationalCenterforComputationalHydroscienceandEngineering(NCCHE)atUniversityofMississippitomodeltheinlandfloodingandstudytheeffectoflow impactdevelopment(LID)measurements,suchasrainwaterstoragereservoirs.Thefirststepinthisprojectwastoconstructsubcatchmentsforrainfallinfiltration,runoffgenerationandroutingandthedrainagenetworkusingStormWaterManagementModel(SWMM)tostudytheoverflowfromthepipelinenodes.Basingontheresultsfromthefirststep,thesecondstepwastoconstructthe2DshallowwaterfloodingmodelusingCCHE2Dbasedonthetopographyandlanduseplaninthefuture.Beforebeingapplied,themodelwascalibratedwiththemeasuredandrecordedsubmergedpositionanddepths.Withthecalibratedmodel,theriskofwaterloggingatvariousrainstormreturnperiodsof10,50and100yearsaftertheconstructionofLIDfacilitieswerestudiedanddelineated.ThepreandpostdevelopmentresultswerealsocomparedtoevaluatetheeffectofLID.Theresultsfromthisstudywillprovidebasisfordesigners,administratorsanddecisionmakersofthespongecity.
Inaddition,thecharacteristicsrelatedtospongecityconstructionatmountainousareas,e.g.,runoffgenerationandoverlandrouting,pipelineoverflowroutingonthelargeslopewerealsoaddressed.
Keywords:CCHE2D;SWMM;Lowimpactdevelopment;Flood
XinJin BeijingSinfotecTechnologyCo.,Ltd.Email:18610751824@163.com
·341·
IntegratedBenefitEvaluationsofGreenInfrastructureintheUnitedStatesandIts
ReferentialSignificancetoChina
QianYu,NaLi
ChinaInstituteofWaterResourcesandHydropowerResearch
Abstract
SinceDecember2013,theSpongeCityConstruction(SCC)projecthasbeencarriedoutformorethanthreeyearsinChina.30citieshavebeenselectedasthenationallevelpilotcitiestoimplementtheSCCproject.However,thepublicstillhavedoubtsoverthebenefitoffloodingmitigationoftheSCCprojectduetothefrequentoccurrencesofheavywaterlogginginsummerduringtheseyears.Therefore,notonlyfloodingmitigationbenefitbutalsootherbenefitsareimportantforbuildingSCC.Thispaperinvestigatestheintegratedbenefitevaluationsofgreeninfrastructure(GI)intheUS.Incontrastwithgreyinfrastructure,i.e.deeptunnel,GIhasmanyadvantagesfrommanyaspects.ThissystemanalyzesGIintermsoftheeconomicbenefits,thesocialbenefits,andtheenvironmentalbenefits.Morespecifically,economicbenefitsincludejobcreation,reducedinfrastructurecostsandsoon.Thesocialbenefitsincludequalityoflife,andaestheticswhileenvironmentalbenefitsincludereducedstormwaterrunoff,andotherindexes.ThisstudyprovidesreferencestothecurrentlyongoingSCCprojectsinChina.
Keywords:Integratedbenefitevaluations;Greeninfrastructure;Lowimpactdevelopment;Urbanwatermanagement
QianYu ChinaInstituteofWaterResourcesandHydropowerResearchEmail:yqcherie@126.com
·441·
CharacteristicsofStormwaterPollutantsCapturedinCatchBasinInserts
AHMFaisalAnwar,MdZahanggirAlam,AnnaHeitz
CurtinUniversity
Abstract
GrossanddissolvedstormwaterpollutantswerecharacterizedinsamplescollectedfromfourcatchbasininsertslocatedwithinanurbancommercialareainWesternAustraliaoveroneyear(May/2015April/2016).Grosspollutantsweresieved(0.0754.75mm)andcategorizedasvegetation,plastic,paper,cansandothers(cigarettebutts,syringes,glassetc.).Vegetationcomprised>90% ofgrosspollutants.WatersamplesweretestedfortotalsuspendedsolidsTSS,phosphate(PO4—P),nitrate(NO3—N),nitrite(NO2—N)andammonia(NH3—N).ConcentrationsofNH3—Nwerethehighestoutofthese.TheCBIusedinthisstudyshowedhighpotentialtocapturestormwatergrosspollutantsat>150μm.
Keywords:Stormwater;Catchbasininserts;Waterquality;Pollutants;Treatment
AHMFaisalAnwar CurtinUniversityEmail:f.anwar@curtin.edu.au
·541·
ApplicationofLIDtoUrbanRunoffControlUsingSWMM:CaseStudyinaRetrofittedArea
YaoChen1,ZiqiZhu1,LinhongDuan1,YiXiong2,YuQin1
1.ChongqingJiaotongUniversity2.ZhongboEngineeringConsultLtd.Co.Chongqing
Abstract
FloodingandstormwaterpollutionbyurbanrunoffcausingbyrapidurbanizationonbothhydrologyandwaterqualityhavebecomeaseriousissueinChina.Lowimpactdevelopment(LID)regardingasagreenapproachinrestoringtheoriginalhydrologicalcycleiscurrentlybeingwidelyproposedtomitigatetheimpactofincreasingimpervioussurfacesonstormwaterrunoff.However,thepotentialofmultipleLIDimplementationstomitigatetheimpactsofurbanstormwaterinaretrofittedareaisnotyetfullyunderstood,particularlyamongdifferentrainfallrecurrenceinterval.Inthisstudy,hydrologicalresponsesofLIDcontrolmodels(raingarden,permeablepavementandbioretention)todifferentfourrainfallrecurrenceintervalscenarios(1a,10a,50aand100a)inaretrofittedareawasexploredusingtheStromWaterManagementModel(SWMM)LIDmodel.Modelsimulationresultsshowedthatthemodelcanbecalibratedandvalidatedwithtrialanderrormethodbasedonfourtypicalrainfallfieldmeasuresinthelackofdailyprecipitationdata,andthemostsensitiveparametertorunoffpeakwasDstoreImpervinSWMM,whichcandecreasewiththeincreaseofrainfall.Meanwhile,theyalsoconfirmedtheeffectivenessofLIDcontrolsinthereconstructingofdevelopedareas;however,hydrologicalperformanceofretrofittedscenariowasstillnotyetuptothepredevelopmentlevel,especiallywherethehigherrainfall,thelowerpotentialofLIDimplementationsonhydrologicalresponses.
Keywords:Runoffcontrol;SWMM;LID;Rainfallrecurrenceinterval;Hydrologicalperformance
YaoChen ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:chenyao@cqjtu.edu.cn
·641·
StudyonControlEffectofLowImpactDevelopmentMeasuresofUrbanPipeNetworkBasedonSWMM
QinZhang,ShoupingZhang,QingweiYang
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
ThemodelofurbanpipelinenetworkwasestablishedbytherainwatermanagementmodelSWMM,whichdividedtheareaanddeterminedtheparametersinZihui,YueLai,Chongqingcity.TheChicagohydrographmodelisemployedtosimulateddifferentrainfallcharacteristic(returnperiods,rainfalldurationandrainfallpeakposition).TheLowimpactdevelopment(LID)measures(greenroof,permeablepavement,vegetableswaleandraingarden)areusedtosimulatedandevaluatedtheeffectofrainfloodcontrolinthestudyarea.ThestudyshowsthatreasonableuseofLIDcaneffectivelyimprovetheabilityofregionaldrainagesystem,whichtocopewithheavyrainfallandreducetheriskofwaterlogging.Also,Itcanprovideatheoreticalbasisfortheengineeringpracticeoflowimpactdevelopmentinspongecity.
Keywords:Lowimpactdevelopment(LID);SWMM model;Urbanpipenetwork;Rainfallcharacteristics
QinZhang ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:523897929@qq.com
·741·
DesignParadigmforHydraulicEngineeringSustainability
TsungChowJoeSu
FloridaAtlanticUniversity
Abstract
Scouringwhichisaspecifictypeoferosionisthemaincauseofcoastalstructuredestructionresponsiblefor60% ofbridgefailures.Scouringpreventionisamajorhydraulicengineeringchallenge.Currentapproachessuchasprotectionusingconcreterubbleareunabletoachievelongtermscouringprevention.HereweshowthatanengineeringprinciplefirststatedinthethirdcenturyB.C.canbeusedtopreventscouring.TheDujiangyanirrigationsystem,wasconstructedaround256B.C.forwaterconservationandfloodcontrol.Thishydraulicengineeringsystemcontinuestooperatetoday,makingittheonlylargehydraulicprojectthathassurvivedfromancienttimes.OntheeastsideofDujiangyan,peoplehavebuiltashrineforLiBing,theengineerandgovernor.SeveralofLiBing’sdesignparadigmsareinscribedintheshrine.Oneparadigmstates,“Whenencounteringfrontalflow,maketheheartofthestructureporous”.Weshowforthefirsttimethatthisparadigmcanbeappliedinmodernhydraulicengineeringchallenges,namelyinpreventingbridgeandpipescour.Wehavefound,throughvisualinvestigationinarecirculatingflume,thatthisancientparadigmcanpreventscouring,openinganewapproachtowardengineeringsustainability.Wereportthevisualinvestigation,relatethedesignparadigmtoestablishedprinciplesofmodernfluiddynamics,andprovideanexplanationforitspossibleancientphilosophicalorigin.Weappliedthisparadigmtoflowcontrolwithporousstructures.Weanticipatethatourworkwillhaveasignificantimpactonhydraulicengineeringdesignprinciples,willsubstantiallyreduceinfrastructuremaintenancecosts,improvetheperformanceoffluidmachineriesandwillenableinfrastructuresurvivalthroughupcomingclimatechanges.
Keywords:Hydraulicengineering;Scouringprevention;Dujiangyanirrigationsystem
TsungChowJoeSu FloridaAtlanticUniversityEmail:ccli@dprc.ncku.edu.tw
·841·
StudyoftheEffectingFactorsandtheComprehensiveAssessmentofPublicPrivate
PartnershipsConstructionProjectinSpongeCity
LiwenCao
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
AccordingtothecharacteristicsofPublicPrivatePartnershipsconstructionprojectinSpongeCity,determinedthefactorsinfluencingPPPconstructioninSpongeCityfromgovernment;society,economy;ecology,etc.Referringtothenewideasofadaptivestewardshipfromadvancedcountries,thispaperanalyzestheproblemsandpressuresintheprocessofpromotingtheconstructionofPPPprojectinSpongeCity.Amethodbasedontheanalytichierarchyprocess(AHP)andthetechniquefororderpreferencebysimilaritytoidealsolution(TOPSIS)isusedtoevaluatethePublicPrivatePartnershipsconstructionprojectinSpongeCity.Finally,itdeliverssomeproposalsforadoptinglowimpactdevelopment;securingwatersafety;speedingupurbanreservoirstoenhancesustainableutilizationandmanagementofurbanwaterresources.
Keywords:SpongeCity;PPPmodel;Analytichierarchyprocess(AHP);Techniquefororderpreferencebysimilarit
LiwenCao ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:liwencqjtu@163.com
·941·
EvaluationofSeveralRemoteSensingSoilMoistureDataProductsoverChina
JingjingSun,WenWang
HohaiUniversity
Abstract
Fourofremotesensingsoilmoisturedataproducts(ESACCI,FY3B,SMOS/BEC,SMOS/CATDS)overChinaareevaluatedfrom theaspectsoftheirstatisticalcharacteristics,correlationswithprecipitationmeasurementsandconsistencywithgroundbasedmeasurements.Further,fourproductsarecomparedwithsimulateddatafrom globallandsurfacedataassimilationsystem(GLDAS).TheresultsshowthatESACCIproductperformsbestamongthefoursatelliteproducts,whosespatialdistributionmatchesthatoftheactualsoilmoistureinChina,thevariationcoefficientisamongthenormalvariationrange,andithasthebestcorrelationwithprecipitation.FY3Bproductoverestimatesoilmoistureinhumidregionswhileunderestimatesoilmoistureinaridregionscomparedwithgroundobservations,butthevariationcoefficientisstillwithinthenormalrange.ThesoilmoisturefromSMOS/BECproductisgenerallylowerthantheotherproducts,thevariationcoefficientisabnormalinthenorthwest,andthecorrelationwithprecipitationispoor.SMOS/CATDSproducthastheworstdataqualitywithgenerallyabnormalcoefficientofvariationandlowcorrelationwithprecipitation.AllthefoursatellitebasedsoilmoisturedatacannotcapturetheseasonalvariationsofsoilmoistureinnortheastChina,northChinaandXinjiangprovinceproperly,andtheyunderestimategenerallyinthoseareas.Comparedwithsatellitebasedsoilmoistureproducts,soilmoisturesimulatedbyGLDASshowsbetterstatisticalcharacteristics,highercorrelationwithprecipitation,andbetterconsistencywithgroundmeasurements.
Keywords:Soilmoistureproducts;Satelliteremotesensing;GLDAS
JingjingSun HohaiUniversityEmail:1441918214@qq.com
·051·
CurrentStatusofVOCsRecoveryConstructionandRelatedRegulationsinChina
ChunxiaQiu,XuanyaWang
ChinaAcademyofTransportationSciences
Abstract
AirpollutionpreventionhasbeengothighattentioninChina.Asoneofthemostimportantenergyconservationandemissionreductionworkinrecenttenyears,theVOCsrecoveryonoilterminalhasbeenincludedinto“LawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonthepreventionandcontrolofairpollution”(2015edition).Tillnow,VOCsrecoveryunitshavebeeninstalledonabout20oilterminals.But90% ofthemhavenotcomeintoserviceyet.Theregulation“TechnicalspecificationofTerminalVOCsrecoveryunitsconstruction(JTS196122017)”hasbeenpublishedandrelatedemissionstandardsareinthepreparationprocess.Presentlythereisnoencouragingnormandatorypolicyontheoilterminals’VOCsrecovery.Relatedstandardsorregulationstillneedtobeimproved.Moreover,thedifficultiesofreconstructionofoldterminalsandships,aswellasthekeytechnologiesofVOC’srecoveryproject,aresobigthatneedstoberesolvedurgently.
Keywords:VOCsrecoveryconstruction;Energyconservation;Emissionreductionwork
ChunxiaQiu ChinaAcademyofTransportationSciencesEmail:qiucx@126.com
·151·
ModelingStudyofaTurbulentHydrothermalPlumeandParticleMotionsinStratifiedFluids
YingzhongLou1,ZhiguoHe1,2,XiqiuHan1,2
1.ZhejiangUniversity2.TheSecondInstituteofOceanography,StateOceanicAdministration
Abstract
AcomputationalfluiddynamicmodelthatnumericallysolvestheunsteadyReynoldsaveragedNavierStokesEquations,thespeciestransportequationsandtheequationsofmotionforparticleswasdeveloped.Itsimulatedanaxisymmetricturbulenthydrothermalplumewithinitialmomentumandpositivesourcebuoyancyfluxthateruptsfromacircularventintoalinearlystratifiedenvironmentwithaconstantbackgroundbuoyancyfrequency.Moreover,itshowedtrajectoriesofhydrothermalparticlespredictedbythediscreteparticlemodel.Themodelresultsprovideevidencefortheobservationsthatthetraditionalentrainmentassumptionsareonlyapplicableuptothebottomoftheneutralbuoyancylayer,andturbulentviscosityreachesitsmaximumneartheplumecapregion.Furthermore,theresultsgiveanestimationofthespatialscalingofhorizontaltransportofparticlesreleasedbyaplumeinatypicaloceanenvironment.
Keywords:Hydrothermalplumehydrodynamics;Turbulentmixing;Discreteparticlemodel;Computationalfluiddynamic
YingzhongLou ZhejiangUniversityEmail:21734013@zju.edu.cn
·251·
AQuantitativeStudyontheEcologicalCompensationStandardintheThreeGorgesReservoirAreaBasedonEcologicalFootprint
JianZhou
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
FollowupdevelopmentoftheThreeGorgesReservoirAreahasbeenthefocusofattentionfromallcircles,andecologicalcompensationisakeydirectionofthestudy.Basedontheecologicalfootprintmodel,thedynamiccorrectionofthecarriedoutbyusingthe“pha”method.Furthermore,thispapercalculatedtheecologicalfootprintandecologicalcarryingcapacityofeverydistrictsintheChongqingsectionoftheThreeGorgesReservoirareawiththedataof2010to2015whichhasbeendynamiccorrected,andecologicalsecurityindexhavebeencalculatedtorevealthestatusofeachdistrict.Moreover,useopportunitycostmethod,theecologicalcompensationvalueswereobtainedfordynamicanalysis.Bymergingtheecologicalmethodintoecologicalcompensationstandard,theaccountingscopecouldbeexpandedtoincreasetheaccuracyoftheresults.ThisresearchresultscanprovidereferencefortheecologicalcompensationstandardandpolicyforthefollowupdevelopmentoftheThreeGorgesReservoirArea.
Keywords:Ecologicalcompensationstandard;ThreeGorgesReservoir;Ecologicalfootprintmodel;Opportunitycostmethod
JianZhou ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:979167475@qq.com
·351·
StudyofThreedimensionalMotiononLockexchangeGravityCurrent
JieXiong
ZhejiangUniversity
Abstract
Thispaperpresentstheresultsofalargenumberofexperimentsontherisespeedofthegateongravitycurrentandplaneforms.Laboratorygravitycurrentsaregeneratedinahorizontalrectangulartankbytwodigitalcamerastorecordthedistanceandvelocityinlongitudinalandlateraldirection.Theplaneshapeofthealternatingcurrentiscomposedoflobesandclefs.Owingtothedifferencebetweenthelateraldiffusionandthefrictionalresistanceofthesidewall,thethreedimensionaleffectofthegravitycurrentisaltered,whichmaybethecauseoftheuncertaintyaboutthegravitycurrent.
Keywords:Gravitycurrent;Threedimensionaleffect
JieXiong ZhejiangUniversityEmail:21634054@zju.edu.cn
·451·
PredictionofFlowVelocityProfilesofOpenChannelswithSubmergedVegetation
XiaonanTang
Xi’anJiaotongLiverpoolUniversity
Abstract
Forsubmergedvegetatedflow,theverticalvelocityprofilecanoftenbedescribedbytwolayers,thevegetationlayerinthelowerregionandthesurfacelayerintheuppernonvegetatedregion.Inthispaper,basedonthemomentumequationofflowwithanassumptionofturbulenteddyviscositybeingalinearrelationshipwiththelocalvelocity,atwolayervelocityprofileforflowinanopenchannelwithrigidsubmergedvegetationisproposed.Theproposedmodelwastestedagainstseveraldatasetswidelyusedpreviouslyinliterature.Ourstudiesshowthatthemodelcanpredictthevelocityprofileswellforalldatasets.Inthetest,itwasfoundthatthemixinglengthscaleofeddies(l)iswellrelatedwithbothvegetationheight(h)andflowdepthofsurfacelayer(i.e.heightofnonvegetationlayer,H-h).Closeexaminationofthelengthscalelintheproposedmodelshowedthatwhenl/h=0.03(H/h-1)1/2,themodelcanpredictvelocityprofileswellforallthedatasetsused.Thedatasetsusedincludevarioussubmergence[flowdepth(H)/vegetationheight(h)=1.253.33],differentvegetationdensitiesofa=1.118.5m-1(adefinedasthefrontalareaofthevegetationperunitvolume)andbedslopes(So=4.0×1044.0×103).
Keywords:Velocityprofile;Vegetatedflow;Submergedvegetation;Analyticalmodel;Openchannelflow
XiaonanTang Xi’anJiaotongLiverpoolUniversityEmail:xiao.tang@xjtlu.edu.cn
·551·
CompositionandEvaluationofSoilPollutantsintheThreeGorgesFluctuatingBelt
ShuoWang,XuhuiFu
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
WiththeunderstandingofaseriesofecologicalproblemsthatmaybecausedbythecompletionoftheThreeGorgesproject,thewaterandsoilerosionoftheThreeGorgesreservoir,thepollutionofwaterqualityandtheecosystemhavegraduallybecomeahotanddifficultpointintheresearchofmanysubjectsinChina.Inthispaper,theresearchstatusofsoilintheThreeGorgesreservoirisreviewed,thecompositionandsourceofsoilpollutantsintheThreeGorgeszonearereviewed,andthethreeriskassessmentmethodsareusedtomakethelatestevaluationandanalysisontheeliminationzone.Finally,thesoilpollutionleveloftheThreeGorgesreservoirisobtainedbycomprehensivethreeriskassessmentmethods.Theseincludethesourceofmajorpollutantsfromsourcesofpollutants.Thethreeevaluationmethodsarethesinglepollutionindexmethodofsoilindexevaluationmethodandtheinnerromemcomprehensivepollutionindexmethod,thegeologicalaccumulationindexmethod,thepollutiondamageequivalentmethod.ThreeassessmentmethodswereusedtoevaluatethesoiloftheThreeGorgesfluctuatingbelt,andthesoilpollutionleveloftheThreeGorgesfluctuatingbeltwasobtained,andreasonablemeasureswereputforward.
Keywords:FluctuatingBeltintheThreeGorges;Contaminants;Composition;Evaluation;Soilpollution
ShuoWang ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:949561145@qq.com
·651·
BlueJeansDyeAttributes&ScopetoSparseEnvironmentalImpingement
VihangGirishPathare,PrachiNanaWakode
DilkapRsearchInstituteofEngineering&ResearchStudies
Abstract
CapeTownwaitingfor‘DayZero’whentapwaterfor4millioninhabitantswillbeceasedissymbolicofahugewatercrisis.AccordingtoWorldHealthOrganisation(WHO)andtheUnitedNations(UN),today,2.1billionpeoplelivewithoutsafedrinkingwaterathome;affectingtheirhealth,educationandlivelihoods.
Notbeingabletoaccesscleanwaterisadenialofthebasichumanrightofthepeople.TheUnitedNationsestimatesthatby2050,atleastoneinfourpeopleislikelytoliveinacountryaffectedbychronicorrecurringshortagesoffreshwaterandthesewillallbeindevelopingorunderdevelopednations.
Accordingtothereport“Water:Atwhatcost?”releasedbyWaterAid(2018),about76crorepeople,whichis5% ofIndia’stotalpopulation,aredeprivedofsafewaterandthecountryregistersaround14lakhchilddeathsannuallyduetodiarrhoea,mainlywaterbornedisease.
Thepaperfocussesontheilleffectsofdyeingprocessesonthewater,contaminationofUlhasRiverinTalukaAmbernathofThaneDistrictofMaharashtra,India,suggestsimprovementinthedyeingprocessesandcallsfordrasticstepstobeundertakenforriverwaterconservation.
Keywords:Blue;Jeans;Indigo;Water;UlhasRiver
VihangGirishPathare DilkapRsearchInstituteofEngineering&ResearchStudiesEmail:vihangpathare@gmail.com
·751·
StudyonVelocityProfileandDragCoefficientofFlowThroughDoubleLayerVegetation
HamidrezaRahimi1,XiaonanTang2,ToktamHatamisengeli3
1.PhDcandidateatXi’anJiaotongLiverpoolUniversity2.AssociateprofessoratXi’anJiaotongLiverpoolUniversity
3.MasteratShahroodUniversityofTechnology
Abstract
Thepresentpaperstudiesthecharacteristicsofflowthatpassesthroughtwolayervegetationinopenchannelsunderemergentandsubmergedconditionsforshortandtallvegetationrespectively.Variousdischargesandflowdepthshavebeenstudiedtoprovideacomprehensivesightofflowdetailsthroughthevegetationlayers,whicharemodelledbycylindricaldowelswith6.35mmdiameterandtwoheightsof10mmand20mminstalledina10mmthickness.FlowvelocityindifferentlocationswasmeasuredbyaNortekADVvelocimetry.
Thevelocityprofilesinsinglelayervegetationunderemergentconditionshowauniformconstantvelocityallovertheflowdepth.Inourstudy,experimentaldataindicatethatthereismorecomplexityaroundtheedgeofshortvegetationwhichcouldbeduetovortexsheddingexistence.Dragcoefficientasaresistanceparameter,hasalargervaluecomparedwithopenchannelwithoutvegetation.Morespecifically,invegetationlayerstheresistanceparametersarefoundtobedependentoftheflowdepthandsubmergencecondition,ontheotherhandchannelswithoutvegetationusuallyhasaconstantroughnesscoefficient.Whentheshortvegetationwasfullysubmerged,thedragcoefficientreducedthroughtheflowdepth.Meanwhile,dragcoefficientshowedareversetendencyinmixedlayercondition.
Velocityprofilesmeasuredindifferentlocationsanddepthsindicatethatlocationisanimportantfactortovelocityprofiles.Thevelocityprofileabovetheshortvegetationintwolayervegetationconditionsismuchlargerthanthatinsinglelayerconditions.Generally,theflowvelocityinsidethevegetationlayerissignificantlysmallerthanthatinthesurfacelayer(i.e.nonvegetationlayer).Anearconstantvelocitydominatesinsidethevegetationlayer,andthenstartstoincreaseneartheinterfaceatthetopofvegetation.Thereisasuddenchangeinthevelocityprofilenearthetopedgeofshortvegetation.Theresultsalsoshowedthatinchannelswithdoublelayervegetation,theflowvelocityisstronglydependentonlocations.
Keywords:Doublelayervegetation;Openchannelflow;Dragcoefficient;Velocityprofile
HamidrezaRahimi PhDcandidateatXi’anJiaotongLiverpoolUniversityEmail:hamidreza.rahimi@liverpool.ac.uk
·851·
NumericalSimulationonOptimumDesignDistanceBetweenRhombicArtificialReefs
MeiliWang,ShengfaYang,PingyiWang,LinfengHan,HeWang
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
SincetheThreeGorgesreservoir,thehydrologicalandecologicalsysteminthemiddlelowerreachesofYangtzeriverhaschangedsignificantly,whichleadedtofourmajorChinesecarpsspawningsuitabilitydecreasedandreproductivemigratoryfishlikeacipensersinensiseggshatchingratedecreased.Artificialreefsplacedinwaterwithdifferentdistance,willnotonlyaffecttheusingeffectbutalsotheprojectcost.TheflowfieldofrhombicartificialreefondifferentdesigndistanceweresimulatedusingtheRNGturbulentmodelbasedonflowconditioninthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYangtzeriveaftertheimpoundmentoftheThreeGorges.Thenumericalsimulationresultsareconsistentwithresultsobservedintestmethods.Theresultsshowthatnumericalsimulationandmodeltestarebasicallyidentical.Afterconsideringtheecologicalfunction,economicrationalityandconstructiondifficultyoftheartificialreefs.Thispaperfinallytook1mastheoptimumdesigndistanceoftheartificialreefsinthemiddlelowerreachesofYangtzeRiver,whichaccordingtothemaximumadaptivespeedofdifferentkindsoffishastheupperlimitofwatervelocity.
Keywords:Rhombicartificialreefs;Designdistance;Numericalsimulation;Computationalfluiddynamics
MeiliWang ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:1214859339@qq.com
·951·
StudyontheCharacteristicsofHydrochemistryandHydrogenandOxygenIsotopesoftheGroundwater
intheTypicalIrrigationDistrictoftheYellowRiverinTumochuanPlain
ZiheWang1,2,Weiliu1,2,YipingZhao1,2,TenglinDeng1,2,DiLiu1,2,YongfuWei1,2,XiaofengDu1,2,MingxinWang1,2
1.InstituteOfWaterResourcesforPastoralArea,MWR2.IWHR
Abstract
TumochuanplainisoneofthemainirrigationdistrictsintheupstreamsectionoftheYellowRiver,locatinginthearidandsemiaridarea.Thereisalargeareaofinferiorqualityofgroundwaterwhosetotaldissolvedsolidreaches1.26~17.46g/LfromMinshengcanaltotheembankmentofYellowRiver,reaching31.25g/Linlocal.Hydrochemicalcompositionandhydrogen,oxygenisotopesweremeasuredinsamplesofprecipitation,irrigationwaterandgroundwater,whichwerecollectedduringwinterirrigationin2016andspringirrigationin2017.Thevariationsofthesecompositionsareanalyzedtotherechargesourcesofgroundwaterandtheenvironmentalsignificance.TheresultsshowthattheslopeofmeteoricwaterlineforirrigationdistrictofYellowRiverinTumochuanPlainislowerthanthatofmeteoricwaterlineinglobal,whichshowsthathydrogenandoxygenisotopesareenriched,resultinginevaporation.Changesofhydrogenandoxygenisotopiccharacteristicsofirrigationwaterandgroundwaterareobviouslydifferent,andthehydrogen,oxygenisotopesaredepletedfromirrigationwatertogroundwater.ThehydrochemicaltypesofprecipitationandirrigationwaterareHCO3·NO3—CaandCl·SO4—Na·Carespectively,andthehydrochemicaltypesofthegroundwaterareHCO3·Cl·SO4—NaandSO4·Cl—NaandCl—Nainturnformnorthwesttosoutheast.Thecontentofsulfateionincentralregionishigh,mainlyaffectedbythedissolutionofgypsumformation,andtotaldissolvedsolidsaregenerallyhigh,mainlyaffectedbythestrongevaporation.Thehydrogen,oxygenisotopesofirrigationwaterandgroundwatervaryfrom(-87~-62)×103and(-11.4~-8.4)×103respectively,theseisotopiccompositionsareenrichedgraduallyfromsoutheasttonorthwest.YellowRiverwaterhastheimportantrechargesourcesforthelargearea,andprecipitationandthelateralseepagewaterarethemainsourcesintheareaofHesenmaoandHouhuangdi.
Keywords:Tumochuanplain;Hydrogenandoxygenisotopes;Hydrochemicalcharacteristics;Groundwater
ZiheWang InstituteOfWaterResourcesforPastoralArea,MWREmail:wangzihe_168@163.com
·061·
ResearchonPassengerShipFormofInternationalWaterwayfromChinaMyanmarBoundaryMarkeratUpperMekongRivertoLuangPrabang,Laos
YanhuaYang
TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineering
Abstract
OriginatingfromTanggulaMountain,Qinghai,China,theMekongRiverflowsintotheSouthChinaSea(calledasLancangRiverwithinChineseterritory)atHoChiMinhCity,VietnamthroughChina,Myanmar,Laos,Thailand,CambodiaandVietnam,withtheoveralllengthof4,880km,anditisthesixthlargestriverintheworld.WiththeKhoneFallsastheboundary,theupperpartiscalledastheUpperMekongRiver,andthelowerpartiscalledastheLowerMekongRiver;asageologicalfissure,theKhoneFallsblockthenavigationoftheUpperandLowerMekongRiver.ThefreenavigablereachofmerchantshipsdeterminedbyChina,Laos,MyanmarandThailandislocatedattheUpperMekongRiver(seeFig.1),inthenavigationsectionof890km,thesectionwith259kmfromNandebaPortAreainSimaotoChinaMyanmarBoundaryMarker243istheinlandriverinChina,thesectionwith31kmfromChinaMyanmarBoundaryMarker243toChinaLaosMyanmarBoundaryMarker244isChinaMyanmarBoundaryRiver,thesectionwith300kmfromChinaLaosMyanmarBoundaryMarker244toHouaysai,LaosisLaosMyanmarandLaosThailandBoundaryRiver,andthesectionwith300kmfromHouaysai,LaostoLuangPrabang,LaosistheinlandriverinLaos.
Withveryrichtourismresources,brightandcolorfulexoticandsubtropicalsceneryintheUpperMekongRiverBasin,theinternationalwaterwayfromChinaMyanmarBoundaryMarker243atUpperMekongRivertoLuangPrabang,Laosconnectsdifferentcountriesandregions,whichispraisedbytheinternationaltourism industryasatouristrouteintegratinggreenecologicaltourism,ethnictourism,exploration,sightseeing,leisureandscientificinvestigationandsoon.However,atpresent,theageofpassengershipsintheUpperMekongRiveriselder,withspottyquality,whichhavenotyetdevelopedserialpassengershipformswithinternationaltourismandshippingcharacteristicsintheUpperMekongRiver.Inviewofthis,thispaperanalyzesthedevelopmentdirectionofpassengershipofinternationalwaterwayfromChinaMyanmarBoundaryMarker243atUpperMekongRivertoLuangPrabang,Laos,andaccordingtothecharacteristicsofinternationalwaterwayintheUpperMekongRiver,onthe
·161·
basisoffullreferenceforexcellentshipformsofdomesticandoverseassimilarrivers,thecomprehensiveevaluationindexeswithmultipleaspectsincludingshiptechnology,economy,societyandenvironmentalprotectionareestablished,andthemaindimensionsofpassengershipformforhighgradeforeignrelatedtourismaredevelopedthroughstudyingtheconformityofthewaterwayandmarketdemandandmeetingthetourismandcomfortdemandsofinternationalpassengertransportintheUpperMekongRiver.
Keywords:UpperMekongRiver;Passengership;Shipform;Maindimensions;Internationalwaterway
YanhuaYang TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineeringEmail:yyh200@163.com
·261·
SoluteTransportina3DRoughwalledFracture:theEffectofChannelsandImmobileZones
BinLu1,JianLu2,3,ShiqiangWu1,XinghuaXie1,YanGong1
1.NanjingHydraulicResearchInstitute2.HohaiUniversity
3.ScienceandTechnologyPromotionCenter,MinistryofWaterResourcesP.R.C
Abstract
Solutetransportinroughwalledfracturesisimportantinmanyproblemssuchasgroundwatercontaminatedremediationandgeologicstorageofradioactivewaste.Inordertounderstandtheanomalousbehaviorsofsolutetransportinroughwalledfractures,fluidflowandtransportsimulationsareconductedforathreedimensionalfracturemodel,concentrationdistributionandbreakthroughcurves(BTCs)werecaught.OurdirectnumericalsimulationsofsolutetransportshowedearlyarrivalandheavytailinginBTCs.Solutetransportinroughwalledfractureisstronglydependentonthevariabilityoffractureaperture.Ontheonehand,tracertransportquicklythroughthelargeraperturechannels,ontheother,narrowapertureregionshaveslowvelocity,anddiffusiondominatedofthetransportprocessesinthoseimmobilezones,itisoneoftheprimaryreasonsthatcausedheavytailinginBTCs.
Keywords:Fracture;Solutetransport;Anomaloustransport;Breakthroughcurves
BinLu NanjingHydraulicResearchInstituteEmail:blu@nhri.cn
·361·
InfluenceofChannelRegulatingStructuresontheTransportationandDissipationofSupersaturatedTotalDissolvedGas
QianMa1,RanLi2,XiaShen2,QinZhou1,ChunzeZhang1
1.SouthwesternHydraulicsEngineeringResearchInstituteforWaterTransport,ChongqingJiaotongUniversity2.StateKeyLaboratoryofHydraulicsandMountainRiverEngineering(SichuanUniversity)
Abstract
Bubbledissolutiondownstreamofadammaycreatezonesofhightotaldissolvedgas(TDG)concentration.SincedissipationofsupersaturatedTDGisextremelyslow,elevatedTDGmayremainwithinthewaterforhundredsofkilometersdownstream,whichmayleadtogasbubbledisease(GBD)orfishmortality.Innavigablerivers,dikeswithvariedsizesandshapesarecommonlyconstructedtoimprovethenavigationflowcondition.Itwouldsignificantlychangetheturbulenceintensityandhydropressureoftheflow,whicharemainfactorsaffectthedissipationofTDG.Therefore,TDGdistributioninthewaterwayisdifferentfromthatinthenaturalriver.ToanalyzetheinfluenceofregulationstructuresonthetransportationanddissipationofsupertsaturatedTDG,adepthaveraged,twodimensionalmodelofTDGdissipationataninlandwaterwaywasestablished.Themodelwasverifiedbyaflumeexperimentandsimulationresultsmatchedwellwiththeexperimentaldata.Basedonthat,anumericalsimulationoftheTDGattheupperreachesoftheYangtzeRiverwasconducted.Effectofthedikes’sizeandshapewasinvestigated.Asblankcontrol,simulationinthewaterwayunderthenaturalcondition,i.e.withoutregulationstructure,wasset.Finally,theeffectsofTDGsupersaturationonfishunderdifferentsimulationscenarioswereevaluatedbasedontoleranceresearchresultsfornativefish.Thestudycanbeusedtoidentifytheenvironmentalinfluenceofwaterwayregulation.Itisoftheoreticalvalueandpracticalsignificanceindevelopingecoenvironmentallyfriendlywaterway.
Keywords:Totaldissolvedgas;Supersaturation;Dissipation;Channelregulatingstructures;Numericalmodeling
QinZhou SouthwesternHydraulicsEngineeringResearchInstituteforWaterTransport,ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:zhouqin@126.com
·461·
BinaryComponentSorptionofCadmium,andCopperIonsontoYangtzeRiverSediments
withDifferentParticleSizes
JianxinFan,GuoliangZhao
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Sorptionisacrucialprocessthatinfluencesimmobilizationandmigrationofheavymetalsinanaqueousenvironment.Sedimentsrepresentoneoftheultimatesinksforheavymetalsdischargedintowaterbody.Moreover,theparticlesizeofsedimentsplaysanextremelyimportantroleintheimmobilizationofheavymetals.Inthisstudy,thesorptionanddesorptionofcadmium(Cd)andcopper(Cu)ontosedimentswithdifferentparticlesizeswereinvestigatedtopredicttherateandcapacityofsorption,tounderstandtheirenvironmentalbehaviorsinanaqueousenvironment.BatchsorptionandkineticexperimentswereconductedtoobtaintheretainedamountandrateofCdandCuinabinarysystem.Experimentaldataweresimulatedusingsorptionmodelstoascertainthesorptioncapacityandthekineticrate.ResultsofEuropeanCommunitiesBureau ofReference (BCR) sequentialextraction showed the highestconcentrationofCd(0.344mg·kg-1),anditsdistributionvariedwithsedimentparticlesizeandsite.Furthermore,mostofCu(approximately57% to84%)existedasaresidualfraction.ThesorptionofCuontosixsedimentsfollowedapseudofirstorderreaction,whereasthatofCdfollowedapseudosecondorderreaction.Additionally,thecompetitiveLangmuirmodelfittedthebatchsorptionexperimentaldataextremelywell.ThehighestsorptioncapacitiesofCdandCureach0.641mmol·kg-1and62.3mmol·kg-1,respectively,onthesmallestsubmergedsedimentparticles.TheamountsofCuandCddesorbed(mmol·kg-1)increasedlinearlywiththeinitialconcentrationincreasing.Thus,sedimenttextureisanimportantfactorthatinfluencesthesorptionofheavymetalontosediments.
Keywords:CuandCd;Sorption;Desorption;Particlesize;Sediment
JianxinFan ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:jxfanw@cqjtu.edu.cn
·561·
StudyonSRTInfluencetoPhosphorousRemovalandSludgeCharactersofHAA/AMCOProcess
NingZuo,JinchaoHe,DeweiMu,XiaLi
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Anadvancedprocesscombiningexcesssludgereductionandphosphorousandnitrogenremovalisdeveloped,forshort,HAA/AMCOprocess(HydrolysisAcidificationAnaerobic/AnoxicMultistepContinuousOxictank),whichishelpfulforimprovingphosphorousandnitrogenremovalinsludgereductiontechnologies.HAA/AMCOprocesshasbetterperformanceofsimultaneoussludgereductionandphosphorousandnitrogenremoval.ThisstudyisaimedtoinvestigatetheinfluenceofSRTonphosphorusremovalandsludgecharacteristicsinHAA/AMCOProcess.
ExtendedSRT(sludgeretentiontime)ishelpfultoimproveabilityofanaerobicphosphorousreleaseandchemicalrecoveryofphosphate,yetphosphorousremovalefficiencywillnotbeaffected.ExtendedSRTmakesthesystemtohaveevenmoreactivesludge,italsocanleadtothesystemhavepowerfulabilityofbiochemicalreactionbyusingsuperiorityofconcentration,meanwhile,extendedSRTcanstillreducesludgeyield.ExtendedSRTcannotmakeSMP(solublemetabolicproducts)accumulateinthereactorsothatpollutantsremovalpowerisreduced,italsocannotaffecttheactivityofsludge.However,extendedSRTwillbeabletomakecoagulationofsludgehard,SVIvalueincrease,yetitcannotcausesludgebulking.
Keywords:Phosphorous Removal; Sludge reduction; Phosphorous anaerobic release;Phosphorousaerobicabsorption
NingZuo ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:401839655@qq.com
·661·
ExtractionoftheEnvironmentalConditionsSuitablefortheSpawningofSweetfish
intheShimantoRiver
ShojiOkada1,ZhangHao2,NaoakiMatsuoka1
1.NationalInstituteofTechnology,KochiCollege2.KochiUniversity
Abstract
Inrecentyears,catchesofsweetfishintheShimantoRiverhavedecreasedtoonethirtiethofitspreviouslevelsfrom1975to2009.Oneoftheprimaryreasonsforthisdecreaseisconsideredtobethenarrowingoftheriverwidthcausedbythespreadingofrivervegetation.Toexaminethiscauseandcreatesuitableconditionsforthespawningofsweetfish,weextractedthetopographicandhydraulicconditionsoftheriverbyconductingdetailedrivertopographymeasurementsbeforeandafterafloodusingtheUAVphotogrammetrytechnique,ariverbedpenetrationsurveyaroundthesweetfishspawninggroundsandatwodimensionalanalysisoftheflow.
Keywords:Sweetfish;Spawningground;UAVphotogrammetry;Twodimensionalanalysisoftheflow
ShojiOkada NationalInstituteofTechnology,KochiCollegeEmail:shoji.okada@gmail.com
·761·
MechanismofAerobicNitrogenRemovalaboutAdvancedSludgeReductionProcess—HAA/AMCO
DeweiMu,NingZuo,JinchaoHe,YongqinPeng,XiaLi
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Inordertoexplorethemethodofimprovingphosphorousandnitrogenremovalinsludgereductiontechnologies,anadvancedprocesscombiningsludgereductionandphosphorousandnitrogenremovalisdeveloped,forshort,HAA/AMCOProcess(HydrolysisAcidogenosisAnaerobic/AnoxicMultistepContinuousOxictank).Undertheconditionofthisprocessachievingfavorableeffectofphosphorousandnitrogenremovalandsludgereduction,testresultsoftheprocesstreatingcampuswastewatershowthatwheninfluentaverageTNis47mg/L,theeffluentTNis10.9mg/L,andTNremovalrateis76.8%,ofwhich,therateofaerobicnitrogenremovalis50%,andtherateofanoxicnitrogenremovalis26%.ThereareacertainamountofbacteriawhichareprovidedwithdenitrificationabilityunderaerobicconditioninHAA/AMCOsystem.Theyhavecontributedtoaerobicnitrogenremoval,andDOcannotaffecttheirdenitrificationability.DOconcentrationgradientofoxictankcontributestoforminganoxicenvironmentinsludgeflocunderaerobiccondition,whichcanpromotesimultaneousnitrificationanddenitrification(SND).Besides,reducingthesizeofsludgefloccandecreaseofanoxicareaproportionofsludgefloc,accordinglyreducenitrogenremovalefficiencyofSND.
Keywords:Sludgereduction;Phosphorousandnitrogenremoval;Aerobicdenitrification;Simultaneousnitrifica
DeweiMu ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:401839655@qq.com
·861·
EvaluationofLongxiRiverWaterEcologicalConstruction
JieZhang1,YangCheng1,XiaoqingWang2
1.ChongqingJiaotongUniversity2.ChongqingSouthwestWaterTransportEngineeringInstitute
Abstract
TheLongxiRiverBasinspansLiangpingDistrict,DianjiangCountyandChangshouDistrictofChongqingCity,andfinallyflowsintotheYangtzeRiver.Sincethewastewaterfromsurroundingproductionandlivingdoesnotmeetthedischargestandards,thewaterqualityofLongxiRiveronceturnedintoblackandodorlesswater,andtheecologicalenvironmentoftheriverdeteriorated.Seriouslyaffectingpeople’sproductionandlife,andimprovingtheecologyoftheLongxiRiverisimminent.BasedonthedatacollectionandinvestigationofLongxiRiver,combinedwiththeactualsituationofthebasin,thispapersystematicallyindexesandestablishesanevaluationindexsystemofwaterecologicalconstructionsuitableforLongxiRiver.Then,acomprehensiveevaluationmethodwasusedtoevaluatethewaterecologicalconstructionofLongxiRiver.TheresultsshowedthatthewholewaterecologicalconstructionofLongxiRiverwasinageneralstate.Thesituationinthedownstreamsegmentisbetterthanintheupstreamsegment,whichisgreatlyaffectedbythewaterqualityinthewaterfunctionzone.
Keywords:Longxiriver;Evaluationindex;Waterecologicalconstruction
ZhangJie ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:1429823040@qq.com
·961·
AReviewofDistribution,AnalysisMethods,ModelMethodsandEnvironmental
EffectsofMicroplastics
GuoliangZhao1,JianxinFan1,2
1.ChongqingJiaotongUniversity2.SouthwestUniversity
Abstract
Microplastics,anewtypeofcontaminant,whichattractedwideattentionowntoeasilydischargedand difficultlyrecovered.Thepapersummarizesthe research situation ofmicroplasticsathomeandabroadinrecentyears,aimingtoprovideareliabledirectionforthefutureresearchofmicroplastics.
Basedonthephysicalandchemicalproperties,thispapersummarizesresearchprogressthesource,distribution,migration,analysismethods,simulationandpredictionmethods,andenvironmentaleffectsofmicroplastics.
Theresearchresultsshowthatthesourceofmicroplasticsinriversandlakesincludedirectemissionsintheprocessofproductionwithprimarymicroplasticsandlargepiecesofplasticbreakdowntoformsecondarymicroplastics,itsabundanceisoftenassociatedwiththedegreeofurbanization;Bothonlandandsea,microplasticshavethecharacteristicsofdistributingwidelyandtheregionalfocus,andthedeepseamaybethegatheringplaceofmicroplasticsintheend,theabundanceofmicroplasticsofthewaterandsedimentinChinareachedthousandsofpercubicmeter.Withthedevelopmentofmicroplasticsanalysistechnology,suchasFTIR,Ramanspectrometer,PyrGCMSandscanningelectronmicroscopyspectrometercoupledmethodhasbeenappliedtotheanalysisofthemicroplasticsidentification.Somemodelshavealsobeguntobeusedinthemigrationandquantificationresearchofmicroplastics.Duetothemicroplasticsbiologicaleffectandthecompositeeffectofthecombinationofotherpollutants(heavymetals,organicpollutantsandmicroorganisms),causedthebiologicalhealththreatenedwithhugepotentialdanger.
Furtherstudiesareneededonthedistribution,environmentaleffects,fasterandmoreaccurateanalysismethodsandpreventionandcontroltechniquesofmicroplasticsintheenvironmentoffreshwaterbasin.
Keywords:Microplastics;Source;Distribution;Model;Environmentaleffects;Contaminant
GuoliangZhao ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:15328594810@163.com
·071·
PreliminaryStudyonSoilErosionattheWaterLevelFluctuatingZoneofthe
ThreeGorgeReservoir
DingdanTang
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
AfterthecompletionoftheThreeGorgesProject,theoperationmodeof“storageanddischargeoffloods”wasadopted,andafallzonewithadropof30moccurred.Theslopesofthefluctuatingzoneareaffectedbythecyclicaleffectsofdrywetalternation.Thegroundvegetationandsoilstructureareseverelydamaged.Soilerosionandisstrong.Theproblemofsoilerosioninthewaterlevelfluctuatingzoneshouldbegivenfullattention.Throughreadingalargeamountofliterature,thecausesofsoilerosioninthewaterlevelfluctuatingzonewereattemptedtobeanalyzedandseveraltypicalformsofsoilerosioninthewaterlevelfluctuatingzoneoftheThreeGorgesReservoirwereconcluded:waveerosion,rainfallrunofferosion,collapse,landslides,etc.Severaltypesoferosionwereanalyzedandstudied,amongwhichwaveerosionandcollapsearethemostserious.Inordertobetterprotecttheecosafetyofthewaterlevelfluctuatingzone,thebasiccharacteristicsandecologicalfunctionsofthewaterlevelfluctuatingzonewereunderstoodandanalyzed.
Keywords:TheThreeGorgesReservoir;Thewaterlevelfluctuatingzone;Waveerosion;Collapse
DingdanTang ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:1060207459@qq.com
·171·
CompositionofFloatingDebrisinDifferentWaterBodies
WeiGao1,YanmeiYang1,2,ZihangZhang1
1.ChongqingJiaotongUniversity2.NationalInlandWaterwayImprovementEngineeringResearchCenter
Abstract
1.PurposeTounderstandthespeciesoffloatingdebrisindifferentwaters(sea,river,lakeandreservoir),andtoprovidebasisforthecontroloffloatingdebrisinthefuture.2.MethodConsulttheliteratureonfloatingdebris.3.ConclusionFordifferentwaters(sea,river,lake,reservoir)floatingdebris,iffromthesourceofit,itcanbedividedintonaturalfloatingdebrisandartificialfloatingdebris.
Keywords:Floatingdebris;Riversandlakes;Environment
WeiGao ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:495561626@qq.com
·271·
ResearchonHighefficiencyTreatmentofBlackOdorousWaterSuspendedSolidsBasedon
theCombinationofHydraulicRotatingDeviceandFlocculation
YuanyuanSong,XuhuiFu
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Withtherapiddevelopmentofsocietyandeconomy,thecontradictionbetweenthesupplyanddemandofwaterresourcesisprominent,andthepollutionofmalodorousblackriverincitiesisbecomingincreasinglypolluted.ItisurgenttochooseefficientwatertreatmenttechnologyThisthesisisbasedononlyrelyonhydraulicrotatingdeviceforexperimentalresearch,jointflocculanttoachievehighefficiencyofwastewatertreatment.Experimentswereconductedthroughspecificphysicalmodelsandtestresultswereobtained.Theanalysisandsummarizationofthetestdatawereconductedtostudytheeffectofthedosage,placementposition,andinfluentflowonthepurificationeffectofthesewage.Theresearchcontentofthispapercanbeusedtocontrolthemalodorousblackriverincities,aswellastopromotetheapplicationofadvancedwatersavingtechnologiessuchasurbanpretreatmentforacceleratedfloodinganddripirrigation.
Keywords:Hydraulicrotating;Flocculant;Malodorousblackriverincities;Physicalmodel
YuanyuanSong ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:alice691288009@126.com
·371·
TheColdIslandEffectandItsInternalMechanismofthe“SourceHui”LandscapePatternintheYangtzeRiverEconomicBelt
LidanCheng,DongjieGuan
ChongQingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Basedontheextracted“sourcesink”landscapespatialinformation,thisstudyanalyzesthelandscapeevolutionof“sourcesink”intheYangtzeRivereconomicbeltandstudiesitsstructuralfeaturesandlandscapefeatures.Fromthemultidimensionalperspectivesoflandscapepattern,spatialdistributionandmorphologicalcharacteristics,thispaperconstructsacoupledsystemofsourcesinklandscapepatchesandsurfacethermalenvironmenteffects.Furthermore,thetheoreticalmethodofcoldislandeffectof“source”landscapeisputforward,andthemechanismofurbancoldislandpatterninthestudyareaisclarifiedintermsofinterannualevolutioncharacteristics,seasonalevolutioncharacteristics,coldislandprofileanalysisandimpactfactoranalysis.Becausethecontributionofwetlandpatchestothereliefoftheheatislandeffectisgenerallyhigherthanthatofotherecosystempatches,thestudyselectedthewetlandlandscapeastheresearchfocusofthe“source”landscapecoldislandeffect,throughthecomprehensiveanalysisofthesingleimpactfactorandcompoundimpactfactor,Urbanlandscapeplanningofwetlandlandscapeunderthegradientofurbansuburbs,andthenputforwardcountermeasuresandsuggestionsontherationallayoutofurbanland.
Keywords:Coldislandeffect;TheYangtzeRivereconomicbelt;“Sourcesink”landscape
LidanCheng ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:cldheipingguo@163.com
·471·
DelineatingUrbanGrowthBoundariesUsingFLUSModel:theCaseofChongqing
ZulunZhao
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Choses9constraintindicatorsofChongqingtodelineatetheurbangrowthboundarywithstrongbinding,theseindicatorsareselectedbyconsideringecologicalsecurity,foodprotection,disasterpreventionandterrainlimit.BasedontheFutureLandUseSimulationmodel(FLUS)model,thispaperselectednatural,socialandeconomicindicators,whichdeeplyinfluencelandusechange,predictedthechangeoflandusein2020anddelineatedtheurbangrowthboundarywithinareasonableperiod.TheresearchshowsthattheFLUSmodelisaneffectivetooltodemarcatetheurbangrowthboundary.
Keywords:FutureLandUseSimulation(FLUS);Urbangrowthboundary(UGB);Mountainouscity
ZulunZhao ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:769301533@qq.com
·571·
FutureScenariosfortheHydrologicalVariablesundertheImpactofClimateChangeintheHaiheRiverBasin,NorthChina
ZhenxinBao1,2,JianyunZhang1,2,GuoqingWang1,2,XiaolinYan1,2
1.NanjingHydraulicResearchInstitute2.StateKeyLaboratoryofHydrologyWaterResourcesandHydraulicEngineering
Abstract
Climatechangewillleadtoasignificantimpactonhydrologicalcycleandwaterresourcessystem.Thehydrologicalprojections(streamflow,evapotranspiration,andsoilwater)areassessedbytheVariableInfiltrationCapacity(VIC)modelusingfourGCMsastheinputs,intheHaiheRiverbasin(HRB)underfourclimatechangescenariosinthe21stcentury.Basedonthemodelparameterscalibrationin15catchmentsinandaroundtheHRBandparametersregionalization,thehydrologicalsimulationforthewholeHRBdenotegoodperformanceoftheVICmodel.TheoutputsfromthefourGCMsindicatethattheHRBwillbecomewarmerandwetterinthe21stcentury.Basedontheassessmentresults,theremightbeanincreasingtrendsforthestreamflowandevapotranspirationintheHRBunderfutureclimatechangescenarios,comparedtoitinthebaseline.Monthly,thehighestandlowestincreasingtrendsforstreamflow(evapotranspiration)areinsummer(winter)andspring(summer),respectively.Spatiallytakingthe A1B scenario asan example, the increasing trendsforstreamflow andevapotranspirationinthenorthHRBarehigherthanthatinthesouthpartsoftheHRB.HoweverthereisnotaclearrelativechangeofthesoilwaterintheHRB.Duetotheuncertaintyfromtheclimateprojections,animportantissueshouldbefocused,thatthereisstillasignificantvariabilityfortheassessmentofthehydrologicalprojectionsintheHaiheRiverbasinduringthe21stcentury,amongthedifferentGCMsandclimatechangescenarios.
Keywords:Hydrologicalprojections;Climatechange;Impact;HaiheRiverbasin
ZhenxinBao NanjingHydraulicResearchInstituteEmail:zxbao@nhri.cn
·671·
QuantitativeEffectsofClimateFluctuationandLandCoverChangeonWatershedRunoffand
SedimentGeneration
ChengchengMeng1,HuilanZhang1,YunqiWang1,XingkuiWang2,DanxunLi2
1.BeijingForestryUniversity2.TsinghuaUniversity
Abstract
VariationofrunoffandsedimentloadsintheUpperYangtzeRiverofChinahavereceivedconsiderableattentionowingtothedramaticchangesofhumaninducedlanduseandclimateduringrecentdecades.Zhenjiangguanwatershed,locatedintheheadwaterregionofMinRiverBasinandwithfewengineeringconstructionswithinit,waschosentoqualitativelyassesstheeffectsofclimatefluctuationandLandUseandLandCoverChange(LUCC)onrunoffandsedimentyieldswithmethodsofstatisticalanalysesanddistributedhydrologicmodeling.Firstly,thetrendsandabruptchangesofmeteorologicalandhydrologicalvariablesduring19642003andNDVI(Normalizeddifferencevegetationindex)valuesbetween1980and2003weredetectedbycumulativedeparturemethodandnonparametricMannKendalltest.Resultsshowedthatsignificantandslightincreasingtrendswerefoundforrunoffandsedimentloadsrespectively,andtheyear1995dividedthewholetimeperiodintoincreasinganddecreasingtimestages;thecontributionofLUCCtorunoffandsedimentloadschangedfrompositivetonegativeforthesetwostages.Furthermore,RedundancyAnalysis(RDA)methodwasappliedtostatisticallypartitionedcontributionratesofclimatechangeandLUCC,andtheresultsshowedthatcontributionsofclimateandLUCCtobothrunoffandsedimentwas4∶1respectively,indicatingamoresignificantroleofNDVIafter1995.Finally,simulationsbythedistributedmodelBasicPollutionCalculationCenter(BPCC)confirmedthatclimatefactors(precipitationandtemperature)andLUCCledtothereductionofrunoffdepthandsedimentloadduring19802003;TheeffectofclimatefluctuationandLUCCtorunoffwas5∶1,whiletosedimentrateswas3∶1,exhibitingthedominateroleofclimatechangeandthestrongersensitivityofsedimentloadstohumaninterference.Resultsfrom distributedhydrologicalmodelinggenerallyagreedwiththatofstatisticalanalyses,whileprovidedmoredetailedinformationandinnermechanicsofhydrologyandsoilerosionprocesses.
Keywords:Climatefluctuation;LUCC;Tendencyanalysis;Quantitativepartition;Distributedhydrologicmodeling
ChengchengMeng BeijingForestryUniversityEmail:mengcc5@bjfu.edu.cn
·771·
3DModelingofTurbidityCurrentthroughShihmenReservoirinTaiwan
YongG.Lai1,KuoweiWu2
1.U.S.BureauofReclamation2.WaterResourcesPlanningInstitute,WaterResourcesAgency,Taiwan
Abstract
Adensitycurrentformswhenafinitesizeflowenterslargerreceivingwaterwithdifferentdensities.Turbiditycurrentinareservoirisaspecialdensitycurrentwithwhichaturbidstreamentersclearorlessturbidwater.SuchturbiditycurrentsoccuroftenatShihmenReservoirinTaiwanwhichledtovariousproblems.Forone,thereservoirhasbeensubjecttomuchincreasedsedimentdeliveryduringtyphoonsoverthelasttwodecades.Duetolimiteddiversionandsluicingcapability,amajorportionofthefinesedimentshasdepositedinthereservoircausingasignificantlossofthestoragecapacity.Further,extremeeventshadproducedsuchhighsedimentconcentrationsthatwatersupplyhasbeeninterruptedcausingunexpectedeconomicandpoliticalconsequences.Variousmeasuresareneededinordertoextendreservoirlifeandmaintainwatersupply.
Inthisstudy,anewthreedimensional(3D)numericalmodel,SRH3D,isspecificallydevelopedtosimulateturbiditycurrentsinreservoirs.SRH3Dadoptsanewmeshtypeandnewnumericalalgorithms.Inthepaperabriefreviewofturbiditycurrentmodellingisfirstprovidedandthegoverningequationsarethenpresented.Theproposednumericalmethodisbasedonthefinitevolumeformulationwithseparatehorizontalandverticaltreatmentsofturbulence.TheSRH3Dmodelhasbeensubjecttoextensivetestandverification.Selectedtestcasesarereportedtoverifythemodel.Finally,themodelisappliedtosimulatetheturbiditycurrentmovementandsedimentsluicingoutofoutletsfortheShihmenReservoirinTaiwan.3Dmodelresultswillbecomparedwithavailableexperimentaldataandkeyfindingswillbereportedanddiscussed.
Keywords:Turbiditycurrent;3Dmodel;Sedimentsluicing;Turbiditycurrentventing;Reservoirsedimentation
YongG.Lai U.S.BureauofReclamationEmail:ylai@usbr.gov
·871·
ClearwaterScourDevelopmentatSubmergedWeirs
LuWang1,BruceMelville1,ColinWhittaker1,DaweiGuan2
1.UniversityofAuckland2.HohaiUniversity
Abstract
Theexistenceofasubmergedweirinrivercancauselocalscour,leadingtostructuredamageandfailure.Forclearwaterscour,theequilibriumscourdepthisnotnormallyarchivedduetoashortdurationofflood.Thispaperpresentsanexperimentalstudyonthetemporalevolutionofthescourdepthatasubmergedweir.10clearwatertestswerecarriedoutina12mlong,0.44mwideand0.6mdeepflumeusingtwouniformsands(d50=0.26and0.85mm).Theexperimentalresultsshowthattheupstreamscourdepthatthesubmergeweirisnegligible,thedownstreamscourdepthhasanexponentialrelationshipwithtime.Thedataalsoshowthattheequilibriumdownstreamscourdepthincreaseswithvelocity,therequiredtimefortheequilibriumdownstreamscourdepthcanbeincreasedbytheincreaseineithertheapproachvelocityorthegrainsize.Inaddition,apowerlawequationisproposedforestimatingthetemporaldownstreamscourdepthatasubmergedweir.
Keywords:Clearwaterscour;Submergedweir;Temporalevolution
WangLu UniversityofAucklandEmail:wlu175@aucklanduni.ac.nz
·971·
ApplingaTwoDimensionalNumericalModeltoAssesstheEvolutionofSoftBedrockChannelSlope
KuoweiWu1,KehChiaYeh1,YongG.Lai2,WeiJungLin3
1.NationalChiaoTungUniversity,Taiwan2.TechnicalServiceCenter,USBR
3.TheFourthRiverManagementOffice,WaterResourcesAgency,Taiwan
Abstract
RriversinTaiwantypicallyhavesteepslopesandsubjecttohighsedimenttransportflows.Duringthepastdecades,earthquakeinducedriverbeduplift,instreamstructure,andsandminingarethreemajoragentsaggravatethechannelmigrationinmostlowerriverreachesofthewestcentralTaiwan.Thearmorlayerwaswashedawayandsoftbedrockexposedintheriverbedimmediatelydownstreamofartificialstructure.Channelstabilitybecomesanimportantissueforthelimitedwaterresourcesandfloodpreventionundertheacceleratedchannelslopeadjustmentforsoftbedrockerosionandknightpointmigration.Toreducethedamageriskofcrossstreaminfrastructures,waterintakestructures,andfloodpreventionworksfromthecontinuedbedrockerosionduringasinglefloodevent.Anumberofstabilityengineeringprojectshavebeenproposedfortheseveresoftbedrockerosionriverreaches.However,theevolutionofsoftbedrockchannelslopebecomesthemostimportantfactorforengineeringprojectconstructionunderthecontinuingmorphdynamicprocesses.
Inthisstudy,thedownstreamriverreachofJiJiWeir,ChoShuiRiver,isselectedforstudyarea.Tofigureoutthecharacteristicofchannelslopeofthesoftbedrockerosionriverreachforstabilityengineeringprojectallocation,atwodimensionalflowmodelisappliedtocalculatetheaccuratechannelslopeovermultiyearsmeasuredtopography.Then,theriverreachisdividedinto4zonesaccordingtoanalyzedchannelslopecharacteristicsandbedmaterialproperty.Also,atwodimensionalflowandmobilebednumericalmodelwithbedrockerosioncapability,SRH2D,isusedtopredictfuturechannelslopedevelopmenttendency.Finallythestablecharacteristicofsoftbedrockchannelslope,integratedwiththestabilityengineeringproject,wasvalidatedbytwoscenariosmodeling,whicharenamed“currentcondition”and“engineeringscheme”scenario.Thesimulatedresultsshowsthattheaveragechannelerosiondepthof“engineeringscheme”scenariocouldbesignificantlyreducedthan“currentcondition”one.However,theimplicationofstablechannelslopederivedfromthestudyareaalsopointoutafurtherstudyneeds.
Keywords:Softbedrock;SRH2D;Engineeringscheme;Scenariomodeling
KuoweiWu NationalChiaoTungUniversity,TaiwanEmail:kuowei.wu@icloud.com
·081·
PreliminaryForecastMethodonInflowSedimentConcentrationofThreeGorgesReservoir
MiaolinWang
HydrologyandWaterResourcesSurveyBureauofUpperYangtzeRiver,BureauofHydrology,CWRC
Abstract
TomeettheneedsofrealtimeschedulingandmanagementforThreeGorgesReservoir,itisnecessarytocarryouttheresearchofreservoirinflowsedimentpredictiontechnology.BasedontheexistingsedimentmonitoringandreportingstationsintheupperreachesofYangtzeRiver,theforecastsystemandmethodofreservoirinflowsedimentconcentrationinThreeGorgesReservoirwaspreliminaryestablished.(1)Theforecastsystemwasbasedontherelationshipbetweenthesedimentconcentrationofupstreamanddownstreamstation,combinedwiththeshorttermrainfallandrunoffforecastmethodandresults.ThefourinflowcontrolstationsincludetheBeibeistationontheJialingRiver,theZhutuoandCuntanstationontheupperYangtzeRiverandtheWulongstationontheWujiangRiver.(2)Basedonthedataofrunoffandsedimentfrom2000to2014,therelationshipsbetweensedimentconcentrationofupstreamanddownstreamstationsweresimulatedandverified,andthemodelaccuracywassatisfied.(3)Theaccuracyevaluationindexesforsedimentforecastwereproposed.Theerrorlimitwasadoptedas30% ofthemeasuredvalueforthepredictionofsedimentconcentrationprocess,sedimentpeakandsedimentdischarge.(4)ThereservoirinflowsedimentforecastingtestandforecastaccuracyevaluationresultsforThreeGorgesReservoirduringfloodperiodfrom2012to2014wereintroduced.68timessedimentpredictionshadbeencompletedfrom2012to2014.Theresultsshowedthatforecastvaluewasclosetotheactual.Forexample,thepassrateofamountofsedimenttransportationforecastonCuntanstationin2012was83%;theaveragerelativeerrorofthe24hourprocesspredictiononCuntanstationwas24%.ThepredictionresultshavebeensuccessfullyappliedinsedimentflooddispatchingtestinfloodseasonforThreeGorgesReservoir.FinallyitwasconcludedthatthesystemandmethodhasgoodfeasibilityandtimelinessandforecastingaccuracymeettherequirementsfortheoperationofThreeGorgesReservoir.
Keywords:Reservoirsediment;Forecast;Sedimentconcentration;ThreeGorgesReservoir;TheupperreachesofYangtzeRiver
MiaolinWang HydrologyandWaterResourcesSurveyBureauofUpperYangtzeRiver,BureauofHydrology,CWRCEmail:wangmiaolin@163.com
·181·
ModelExperimentsofBedLoadTransportPathEffecttheWaterwaySecurityinUpperYangtzeRiver
XuhuiFu2,1,ShengfaYang1,2,JiangHu1,WenjieLi1,YiXiao1,SichenTong1
1.ChongqingJiaotongUniversity2.NationalEngineeringResearchCenterofInlandWaterwayRegulation
Abstract
Thebedloadtransportpathisvitaltothesecurityofmountainriverchannels.Predictionofspatialandtemporalofbedloadmovementisrequiredtokeepvesselspassthroughtheshadowregioninmountainouswaterwaysafelyandquicklyduringlowwaterlevelperiods.OnMarch2009,thewaterwayofZhuerqishoalofChongqingreachinupperYangtzeRiverhadbeendredgedto4.5meterslowerthanminimumnavigablewaterstage.Buttwomonthslater,thedredgedchannelwasdepositedagainwhichisunsatisfiedwiththeminimumrequirementof3mdepth.Amovablescalemodelwascarriedouttosimulatethedepositedprocesstoreproducethephenomenaoftherouteofbedloadtransport.Comparisonofflowconditionbetweenbedloadtransportrouteandothershowsthattopographyofriverbedisthekeyinfectfacts.
Keywords:Modelexperiments;Bedloadtransport;UpperYangtzeRiver
XuhuiFu ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:fuxuhui@hotmail.com
·281·
RealtimeFieldMeasurementsandSimulationofShorttermGeneralScourEvolution—ACaseStudyoftheChoShuiRiverinTaiwan
WenDarGuo1,JianHaoHong1,ChengHsinChen1,JihnSungLai2
1.NationalAppliedResearchLaboratories2.NationalTaiwanUniversity
Abstract
Floodinducedriverbedscourcancausesignificantdamagestoconstructionsoffloodprevention,andthusposesthepotentialthreattohumanlivesduetotheriskofconstructionfailure.Thescourmeasurementisofimportanceinprovidingvaluableinformationforreducingriverbedscourdisasters.However,fewstudieshavebeendoneonthetemporalvariationofshorttermriverbedscour.Therefore,thispaperpresentstherealtimefieldmeasurementsandsimulationofshorttermgeneralscourevolutionduringfloods.Twodimensionalfreesurfaceflowmodel,namelySFM2Dthatisaccurateandcapableofsimulatingshallowwaterflowsinthegravelbedriverispresented.Anattractiveadvantageofthedevelopedmodelisthatitissuitableforpracticalapplicationssinceitadoptsthereliablegeneralscourcomputationequationwhichfitsthefielddatamuchbetterthantraditionalequations.ThedevelopedmodelisappliedtosimulatethetemporalvariationofriverbedscouringatthemiddlereachoftheChoShuiRiverinTaiwan.Todemonstratethesimulationcapabilityofthemodel,therealtimeriverbedscourmonitoringwasperformedbyusingthesandpotsandthewirelesstracersformeasuringthefieldscourdata.ThescourmeasurementwasinstalledattheriverbedbetweenPier3andPier4oftheMingchuBridge,asshowninFigure1,toautomaticallyobtaingeneralscourevolution.Comparisonsaremadebetweenthemeasuredandsimulatedgeneralscourevolution,aswellastheresultsbyusingtraditionalequations.AsshowninFigure2,theresultbyBlench(1969)tendstooverestimatemeasuredscourdepth.However,thedevelopedmodelprovidesareasonablefitcomparedwiththemeasuredtemporalvariationofriverbedscourdepthforthefloodeventduringJune25,2017.Basedontheresultsinthisstudy,thedevelopedmodelwasfoundtoreliablysimulatetheshorttermevolutionofriverbedscourcausedbytyphooninducedfloods.
Keywords:Generalscourevolution;Gravelbedriver;Scourmonitoring;Sandpots;Wirelesstracers
WenDarGuo NationalAppliedResearchLaboratoriesEmail:wdguo@narlabs.org.tw
·381·
PhysicalStudyontheRelationshipbetweenReservoirSedimentationDepthandBackwaterRaises
YitingWang1,2,SichenTong1,2
1.NationalEngineeringResearchCenterforInlandWaterwayRegulation2.DepartmentofRiverAndOceanEngineering
Abstract
Itiswellknownthatthebenefitofthereservoirismainlydependingonthevolumeofitscapacity.Sedimentationisoneofthemajorfactorswhichmayreducethereservoir’scapacity.Sedimentationcausesbackwaterofreservoirextendupwardandwaterlevelrises,whichaggravatethesedimentationandenlargethelossofreservoir’scapacity.Thispaperestablishedgeneralizedphysicalmodeltosimulatethereservoirsedimentationandthebackwater.Emphasiswasputontherelationshipbetweenthesedimentationdepthandthebackwaterrises.Resultsdemonstratethatthereisawelllinearrelationshipbetweenthethicknessofsedimentationalongthewayandbackwaterrises.Theinvestigationprovidesaconvincingexperimentdataandsupportformathematicalmodelofreservoirsedimentation.
Keywords:Sedimentation;Backwaterelevation;Generalizedphysicalexperiment
YitingWang NationalEngineeringResearchCenterforInlandWaterwayRegulationEmail:2384718901@qq.com
·481·
EffectsoftheLargeBarrageonSedimentLoadalongtheYomRiver,Thailand
MatharitNamsai1,RuetaitipMama2,ButsawanBidorn1,SereeChanyotha1,ChaipantRukvichai1
1.ChulalongkornUniversity2.ChungnamNationalUniversity
Abstract
TheobjectiveofthisstudywastoevaluatetheeffectsofMaeYomBarrageonthesedimentloadalongtheYomRiverdownstreamofthebarrage.Nineriversurveyscarriedoutbetween2011and2013,andthehistoricaldataonthedischargeandthesuspendedsedimentloadduringtheperiod19542014fromtheRoyalIrrigationDepartment(RID)wereused.Theresultssuggestedthattheconstructionofthelargebarragedidnotcauseasignificantchangeinsedimentloadsalongtheriver.Thesignificantchangeinsedimentloadinthisriverlikelyrelatedtoextremeclimate.Moreover,theresultrevealedthatthesedimentloadsinthelowerYomRiverweremainlytransportedassuspendedsedimentload,whichaccountforabout95%100% ofthetotalloads.
Keywords:Barrage;Sedimenttransport;Bedload;Suspendedload;Riversedimentation;Sedimentratingcurve
MatharitNamsai ChulalongkornUniversityEmail:matharit_mns@hotmail.com
·581·
LaboratoryMeasurementofBedloadDischargeUsingBottomTrackVelocityMeasuredbyADCP
AkiUehara1,ShojiOkada1,AtsuhiroYorozuya2,HiroshiKoseki2
1.KochiNationalCollegeofTechnology2.PublicWorksResearchInstituteWaterDisasterRiskManagementInternationalCenter
Abstract
Inthisstudy,weclarifytheeffectivenessofthecalculationmethodofbedloaddischargeusingADCPproposedbytheauthors.ApparentbedloadvelocitymeasuredbybottomtrackfunctionofADCPandspacetimeimagevelocimetry(STIV)methodwerecompared.Inaddition,timevariationofbedloadvolumedepositedatthedownstreamendofexperimentalchannelbySfMmethodwasinvestigated.Asaresult,undertheexperimentalconditions,thebottomtrackvelocityofADCPwasabletomeasureroughlytheapparentbedloadvelocity,anditwasfoundthatthebedloaddischargecaluclatedbytheauthors’methodwas1/10smallerthantheactualmeasurementvalue.
Keywords:ADCP;Bottom trackvelocity;Bedloaddischarge;Spacetimeimagevelocimetry(STIV)
AkiUehara KochiNationalCollegeofTechnologyEmail:aki.uehara.riverlab@gmail.com
·681·
SimultaneousObservationofWaterFlow,BedloadandSuspendedSedimentUsingAcousticDopplerCurrentProfilerintheBrahmaputraRiver,Bangladesh
KeisukeTauchi1,ShojiOkada1,AtsuhiroYorozuya2,HiroshiKoseki2
1.NationalInstituteofTechnology,KochiCollege2.InternationalCentreforWaterHazardandRiskManagementundertheauspicesofUNESCO(ICHARM)
Abstract
Waterflow,bedloadandsuspendedsedimenttransportintheBrahmaputraRiver,Bangladesh,weremeasuredsimultaneouslyusinganAcousticDopplerCurrentProfilertocharacterizesedimentmovementduringaflood.Inaddition,weimprovedahorizontalVanDornwatersamplerequippedwithawiredpressuregaugeanddirectlycollectedsuspendedsedimentwhilemonitoringthewaterdepthinrealtime.Thecalculatedbedloadandsuspendedsedimentdischargewithrespecttothemeasuredflowdischargeweresimilartothevaluesobservedbytheauthorsinanotherlocationin2015,andtheflowandsedimentdischargewerepositivelycorrelated.
Keywords:ADCP;Bedloadsediment;Suspendedsediment;Directwatersampling;Echointensity;Turbidity
KeisukeTauchi NationalInstituteofTechnology,KochiCollegeEmail:keisuke.tauchi.riverlab@gmail.com
·781·
NumericalSimulationontheSedimentationoftheThreeGorgesReservoirBasedontheNew
CharacteristicsofHydrologyandSedimentCondition
SichenTong,ChuanaiWang,XiaoyaTang
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
ThreeGorgesReservoir(TGR)playsasignificantimportantroleinthesustainabledevelopmentofChinesesocialeconomy.Sedimentationisoneofthekeyproblemsaffectthesustainableoperationofthereservoir.Afteritsimpoundmentin2003over90% sedimentationhaveoccurredintheperennialreachofthereservoirwhichshowsgreatlydifferencewiththeresultspredictedinthelastcentury.A2D flowandsedimentmodelwasestablishedbasedonthenewcharacteristicsofhydrologyand sedimentcondition.Resultshowsthatthecalculatedsedimentationparametersareagreeswellwiththefielddata.ThenSedimentationdevelopmentafternext30yearsoperationofthereservoirwassimulatedthoughthenewmodelforunderstandingthedistributionandrulesofthedepositionintheTGR.
Keywords:ThreeGorgesReservoir;Sedimentdeposition;Numericalsimulation;Sedimentationprediction
SichenTong ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:81441849@qq.com
·881·
ChannelEvolutionoftheJianliReachintheMiddleYangtzeRiverUndergoingUpstreamandDownstreamBoundaryControls
FenfenLin,JunqiangXia,MeirongZhou,ShanshanDeng,YingzhenWang
WuhanUniversity
Abstract
RemarkablechannelevolutionoccurredintheJianlireachintheMiddleYangtzeRiverowingtothecombinedeffectsoftheupstreamoperationoftheThreeGorgesProject(TGP),andthedownstreamconfluenceoftheDongtingLake.Thefocushasbeenplacedonthevariationinbankfullchannelgeometry,withtheeffectsofboundaryconditionsbeinginvestigated.Calculatedresultsindicatethat:(1)channelgeometryadjustedmainlyinthecomponentofbankfulldepthundertheimpactsofvariousriverregulationworks,withanincreaseinreachscalebankfulldepthof0.95mfrom2002to2016;(2)thereachscalebankfulldimensionsrespondedwelltothecumulativeeffectsofboththealteredincomingflowsedimentregimebecauseofupstreamdamconstruction,andthelocalbaselevelvariationowingtothedownstreamconfluenceoftheDongtingLake,and(3)thesebankfullvariablescanbeexpressedbyanempiricalfunctionofthepreviousfiveyearaveragefluvialerosion intensityduringflood seasonsatJianli(upstream),andthecorrespondingdifferencebetweentheaveragewaterstagesatJianliandLianhuatang(downstream).
Keywords:Bankfullchannelgeometry;Fluvialerosionintensity;Localbaselevel;Sharplymeanderingreach
FenfenLin WuhanUniversityEmail:fflin@whu.edu.cn
·981·
ApplicabilityofGPVSforMonitoringBedloadTransport
MiTian
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
ThechannelconditionsinthefluctuatingbackwaterareahavebeengreatlyimprovedwiththeimpoundmentoftheThreeGorgesReservoirupto175m.However,thereisstillsomelocalerosionanddepositionofbedmaterialindifferentdegreesinlocalarea.Tosolvetheproblemofobstructioncausedbyscouringandsiltingofgravel,thechannelmanagementandmaintenancedepartmentandscientificresearchunitshaveadoptedvariousmethodstoobservethebedloadtransport,dissatisfactoryresultswereobtained.
Theaim ofthispresentationistheintroductionofthepreparatoryworkfortheimplementationoftheGravelPressureandVoiceSynchronousobservationsystem(GPVS)allowingtheregistrationandrecordingofthebedloadtransportinrealtime.AspecialfocusisonthefeasibilityofGPVSinstalledinalaboratoryflumeforcalculatingbedloadtransportrate.ThereisalsoadiscussiontothepracticaluseoftheGPVStocharacterizethetransportedbedloadaccordingtoacousticenergyandmassinfield.
Keywords:GPVS;Bedloadtransport;Acoustics;Pressure;Realtimemonitoring;Flumetest;Fieldstudy
MiTian ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:tm0519@163.com
·091·
StudyontheCharacteristicsofRunoffandSedimentTransportinthePoyangLake
WentaoLei,ShimingYao,TonghuanLiu
ChangjiangRiverScientificResearchInstitute
Abstract
BasedonrunoffandsedimenttransportseriesdatafromtheeightrepresentativehydrologicstationsofHukou,Waizhou,Lijiadu,Meigang,Hushan,Dufengkeng,QiujinandWanjiabuaroundthePoyangLakeduring19562016,thecharacteristicsofrunoffandsedimenttransportprocessareanalyzedrespectively.TheresultsshowtherunoffvolumeinlettingfromthefiveriversandleakingtotheChangjiangRiverarebothgenerallystable,andtheinlettingsedimenttransportvolumedecreasedsignificantlyfrom1990s,especiallyfromtheGanjiangRiver.However,thehumanactivitiessomehowhaveeffectsonthechangeofinlettingandleakingsedimenttransportvolumeinthePoyangLake.
Keywords:PoyangLake;Runoff;Sedimenttransport;Humanactivities
WentaoLei ChangjiangRiverScientificResearchInstituteEmail:leiwt86@163.com
·191·
ResearchonErosionDepthandChangeofWaterLevelinLowerReachofHydrojunction
WanliLiu
TianjinResearchInstituteofWaterTransportEngineering
Abstract
Theriverbedadjustmentoflongitudinalsection,riverwidth,bedmaterialcomposition,themaximumerosiondepthandfallingofwaterlevelinlowerreachofhydrojunctionwereanalyzed.Thekeyfactorswhichinitiatedfallingofwaterlevelwereputforward,anditsregularityweresummarized.Throughtheflumeexperimentsbyclearwater,theadjustmentoflongitudinalbedprofile,thesandwaveheight,thebedmaterialcompositionandthecoarselayerthicknessofriverbedwerestudied.Themechanismofriverbederosionandfallingofwaterlevelwasanalyzed.Thecharacteristicsofbedloadtransportratewereanalyzed.Accordingtotheresultsofflumeexperiment,thechanginglawofbedloadtransportratewasinvestigated,andtheformulaoftransportratewaspresented.Theerosiondepthofriverbedandthefallingofwaterlevelarepresented.TheestimatedformulaswereadoptedinlowerreachofDanjiangkouReservoir.Thecomputedresultswereinbetteragreementwiththefieldones.
Keywords:Lowerreachofhydrojunction;Riverbederosion;Fallingofwaterlevel;Flumeexperiment
WanliLiu TianjinResearchInstituteofWaterTransportEngineeringEmail:tjtgliuwanli@163.com
·291·
书书书
InfluenceofIncomingSedimentConditionsonAlluvialRiverTypeConversion
WanliLiu
TianjinResearchInstituteofWaterTransportEngineering
Abstract
Basedontheanalysisofincomingsedimentandsedimenttransportcharacteristicsindifferentrivertypes,thispaperstudiestheinfluenceofincomingsedimentconditionsontherivertype.Thestudyresultsshowthatwhentheflowrateisconstant,thegreaterthesedimentconcentrationis,thelargertheparticlesizeisorthegreaterthesedimentationrateis,thegreatertheUJwillberequiredtobe,i.e.theriverisrequiredtobestraight,thegradientshouldbesteep,withsmallroughnesscoefficient,toform theaccumulativewanderingriver;thesmallerthesedimentconcentrationis,thefinertheparticlesizeisorthesmallerthesedimentationrateis,thesmallertheUJwillberequiredtobe,i.e.itisrequiredtoformacurvedriveroradivaricatingrivercharacterizedbygentgradientandsmallflowrate;andmeanwhile,asaresultofsplitflow,theflowrateofthedivaricatingriverisreducedandalsoitssedimentcarryingcapacityalsodecreases.Onthisbasis,theformationoftherivertypeisalsorelatedtotheboundaryconditionsandtheimpactofinterannualandannualchangesinincomingwaterandsedimentontheriverbed.Theconcretemanifestationisasfollows:ifthefloodssiltinganddryseasonscouringoftheriverbedmaketheheightdifferenceoftheswalegraduallyincrease,themainstreamwillberelativelystable,whichisconducivetothedevelopmentofacurvedriver;andifthefloodsscouringanddryseasonsiltingoftheriverbedmaketheheightdifferenceoftheswalebecomesmaller,themainstreamwillbeapttoswinganditisthemainreasonfortheformationofawanderingriver.Forthedivaricatingreach,thedivaricatingrivertypecanbemaintainedontheconditionthat:thereachbeforethedivaricatingissubjecttothefloodsscouringanddryseasonsilting,thebranchingreachissubjecttothefloodssiltinganddryseasonscouring,andonlywhenbothofthemachievetheequilibriumbetweenscouringanddepositionintimeandspacecanthebranchingkeependuring;however,whenthebranchingreachissubjecttothefloodsscouringanddryseasonsilting,leadingtoscouringanddeposition,thebranchingwilldecline.Inaddition,thehyperconcentrationsedimentfloodhasanextremelystrongshapingfunctionforthenarrowdeepcrosssection,andacurvedrivercanbeformedundercertainconditionsanditsstabilitycanbemaintained.Iftheoriginalcrosssectionisshallowandwide,itisaconditionformodelingawanderingriver.
Keywords:Incomingsedimentconditions;Rivertypeconversion;Alluvialriver
WanliLiu TianjinResearchInstituteofWaterTransportEngineeringEmail:tjtgliuwanli@163.com
·391·
AnalysisoftheEffectofFlexibleReservoirOperationMethodontheWaterSupplyCapacityofHyperconcentrationRiver
LiyaoGong,XinhongWang,LuYang,HongyanSui
Xi’anUniversityofTechnology
Abstract
TheresourcesinthenorthwestareaofChina(nearthemiddlereachesofYellowRiverBasin)alwayshaveacontradictoryproblem.Mostreservoirsshouldkeepacertainwaterlevelforthelackofwaterresources,butthereservoirmusttoreducethewaterlevelregularlytodesilttoavoidthesedimentationbecausethesedimentconcentrationofthisareaismuchhigherthanothers.Throughalongterm investigation,itisfoundthatthesedimentationofhyperconcentrationinflowfloodisthemaincauseofreservoirsedimentation.Thehyperconcentrationinflowfloodisinfrequentandstochasticbecauseitjustappearsonceortwiceayear.Andithasobviousinfluenceonthereservoirsedimentationduringfloodseason.Onaccountofthecomplicatedcharacteristicsofwaterresourcesinthisarea,itisdifficulttotakeintoaccountbothwatersupplyanddesiltingthroughthetraditionalreservoiroperationmethodwhichwouldsetthedesiltingperiodatafixedtime.Inthispaper,aprojecthasbeendonetoanalyzetheeffectivenessofwatersupplybyaflexiblereservoiroperationmethodwhichconsideringthedesiltingcriticalcondition.ItestablishedaonedimensionalwatersedimentmathematicalmodelbyatwentysixyearsmeasureddatafromFengJiashanreservoirtoconfirmthatwhetherthewatersupplycanbeguaranteedatthesametime,asmuchaspossibletoimprovesedimentdeliveryefficiency.Accordingtothecomparativeanalysisoflongtermeffectivestoragecapacity,theaccumulatedaccumulationamountofthereservoirareaandthewatersupplycapacityofthereservoirfromthemathematicalmodelcalculation,theavailablewatersupplyreservoirincreasedatleast10% inthesamedepositionconditionsbyusingflexibledesiltingmethod.Therefore,theflexiblereservoiroperationmethodhasmoresuitabledesiltingperiodandhigherdesiltingefficiencytotacklehyperconcentrationinflowfloodproblem.Itisconducivetoimprovingwatersupplycapacityandlongtermsafetyofreservoirs.
Keywords:Reservoiroperationmethod;Hyperconcentration;Watersupply;Desiltingcriticalcondition
LiyaoGong Xi’anUniversityofTechnologyEmail:gongliyao@126.com
·491·
ExperimentalandNumericalSimulationsofLocalScourAroundGroupsofPiles
YasserMoussa
Associateprofessor,collegeofEngineering,ZagazigUniversity,Egypt
Abstract
Groupsofpilesareusedtoenhanceminimizationandcontrollinglocalscourdeptharoundbridgesupports.Predictionofscouraroundthesepilesismorecomplexduetotheinteractionofvorticesaroundpilescomparedtosinglepiers.Fourarrangementsofpileswithdifferentspacesinlateralandlongitudinaldirections,underclearwaterconditionareinvestigatedtoobservethescourgenerationaroundbridgefoundation.Thetestedmodelsinclude,singlepile,1×2piles,2×1piles,and2×2pilegroups.Theexperimentalstudyiscarriedoutinarecirculatingrectangularopenchannelwithdimensionsof16.2mlong,65cmwidth,and66cmdepth.Inaddition,a3Dnumericalstudyusingcomputationalfluiddynamicmodel(SSIIM)isusedtosimulatethescourarounddifferentarrangementsofpilegroups.SSIIMflowmodelappliesthefinitevolumemethodtodiscretizetheNavierStokesequations.TheReynoldsstresstermiscalculatedbykεmodel.Theresultsofthepresentstudyshowsthat,thedifferentarrangementsofgroupsofpilesproducessmallerscourholescomparedtosinglepier.Thelocalscourdepthforthebestarrangementsofallgroupsofpiles,(i.e.2×1pilegroup)isreducedby30%.Finally,theresultsofnumericalmodelareverifiedwiththeexperimentaldata.Itisfoundthat,SSIIMnumericalmodelsimulateswellscourformingarounddifferentarrangementsofgroupsofpiles.
Keywords:Localscour;Hydraulicstructure;Groupofpiles;SSIIM
YasserMoussa Associateprofessor,collegeofEngineering,ZagazigUniversity,EgyptEmail:yasser_eng1997@yahoo.com
·591·
SedimentTransportandMorphologicResponsestoDecreasedFlowsinanAlluvialDesertReachoftheYellowRiver,China
ZhijunWang1,WanquanTa2
1.LanzhouUniversityofTechnology2.NorthwestInstituteofEcoEnvironmentandResources,KeyLaboratoryof
DesertandDesertification,ChineseAcademyofSciences
Abstract
Inthisstudy,anessentialroleofbedmaterialloadoriginatingfromcoarseaeoliansandratherthanthatofwashloadoriginatingfromtributariesoftheLoessPlateauinthedevelopmentofchannelmorphologyinresponsetodecreasedflowsinthealluvialdesertreachoftheYellowRiverisoutlined.Ourresultsbymeansoffieldinvestigationandanalysisindicatethatthecoarsesediment(0.080.25mm)mainlycomposedofaeoliansands,althoughonlyasmallfractionof10% onaverage,areactiveinsuspensionasbedmaterialloadorinsaltationasbedload.Thetransportationofthesebedmaterialsfollowingtheoperationoftheupstreamlargereservoirstriggersandleadstothechannelaggradationandlateralmigrationinourstudyreach.Thecalculatedvalueofrivercompetenceindicatort(0.922.5)indicatesthatthestudychannelshouldbetransitionalchannelortransitionaltolabile.
Keywords:Aeoliansand;Bedmaterial;Fluvialsedimentation;Alluvialgeomorphology;YellowRiver
ZhijunWang LanzhouUniversityofTechnologyEmail:wzj1159@163.com
·691·
PotentialEcologicalRiskofHeavyMetalsinRiverSedimentsatOneManganeseMineArea
inSouthChina
QingweiYang
RiveroceanEngineeringSchoolofChongqingJiaotongUniveisity
Abstract
Sedimentsinriversarethemainsinkforvariouscontaminatesincludingheavymetalsinaquaticenvironments,andthedistributionofmetalsinsedimentsmightprovideevidenceforhumanactivitiesandtheireffectsonecosystems,furthermore,metalssettledinsedimentsmayberesuspendedandcausesecondarycontaminationtothewaterenvironment.Forthesereasonsaresedimentscommonlychosenasenvironmentalindicatorsofthequalityandpotentialriskswithinaquaticsystems.AccumulationandpotentialecologicalriskevaluationofheavymetalsinsurfacesedimentsfromXiushanRiver,asthemostmajorfreshwaterriveratXiushanCountyofChina,werestudiedinthepresentstudyundertheinfluenceoflocalMnminingactivities.SurfacesedimentsweresampledfromfourteensitesalongXiushanRiverandMn,Pb,Cd,Cu,CrandZnweremeasuredbyusingatomicabsorptionspectrophotometer(AAS).HeavymetalecotoxicityandpotentialecologicalriskswereassessedviaSedimentQualityGuidelines(SQG)andHakansonpotentialecologicalriskindex(RI).Resultsshowedthatthesesixmetalsaveraged1854,64.9,3.43,125,57.3and121mg·kg1,respectively.Amongwhich,Pb,Cd,CuandCrweregreaterthanthresholdeffectlevel(TEL)fromSQGforalmostallsamplingsites,Pb,CdandCrexceededtheprobableeffectlevel(PEL)for7.1%,21.4% and21.4% ofsites,whileZnslightlyhigherorlowerthanTEL.ThepotentialecotoxicityofmetalswasCd>>Cu,Pb,Cr>Zn.AccordingtotheRI,sedimentsfromMeijiangRivershowed“high”or“veryhigh”ecologicalrisk,withCdasthemaincontributor,andtheecologicalrisksweremuchhigherinthemiddletodownstreamsites.BothSQGandRIrevealedaseriouslycombinedpollutionbyheavymetalsforsedimentsofMeijiangRiver,highlightingthateffectivemeasurementofpollutioncontrolandecologicalrestorationshouldbeconductedinthestudyarea.
Keywords:Sedimentheavymetals;Ecologicalrisk;Ecotoxicity;Sedimentqualityguidelines;Meijiangriver
QingweiYang RiveroceanEngineeringSchoolofChongqingJiaotongUniveisityEmail:qwyang2001@163.com
·791·
CaseStudy:EffectsofNarrowingCrosssectionontheLowerYellowRiver
LiHe
InstituteofGeographicSciencesandNaturalResourcesResearch,CAS
Abstract
TheaimofrivermanagementintheLowerYellowRiverisachievinganonsiltationorevenscouredchannel.Basedononedimensionalhydraulicmodeforhyperconcentratedsedimentladenflow,thedetailedeffectsofchannelnarrowingonconcentrationdecreasingandchanneldepositionwasstudiedbyacasestudy.Simulationoftypicalhyperconcentratedfloodeventsoccurredin1977showedthat,narrowinginthebraidedreachhasmoreadvantageonchangingthelongitudinaldistributionofsedimentconcentration,andthedecreasingtrendofsedimentconcentrationsloweddownintheHYKGCReach,butacceleratedinGCLJReach.Forlongitudinalvariationofdeposition,narrowinginthebraidedreachmaybenefitthemeanderingreach,whilenarrowinginthetransitionreachmayonlybenefitthelocalreach.
Keywords:Narrowingcrosssections;Hyperconcentrated sedimentladen flow;Numericalsimulation;LowerYellowRiver
LiHe InstituteofGeographicSciencesandNaturalResourcesResearch,CASEmail:heli@igsnrr.ac.cn
·891·
ExperimentalStudyonScouringCharacteristicsofCohesiveSoilofDistortedRiverBendsinthe
LowerYellowRiver
LinjuanXu
YellowRiverInstituteofHydraulicResearch
Abstract
Theerosionresistingcapacityofcohesivesoilisrelativelystrong,withitsmagnitudedeterminingtheerosionrateofcohesiveriverbank,anditiscombinedwithwaterflowtoinfluencetheformationofthedistortedriverbends.Inordertoresearchtheantiscourabilityofthecohesivesoilresistancetotheformationofthedistortedriverbendsformtheaspectsofsoilmechanicalproperties,aseriesoflaboratoryexperimentshavebeenconductedinaclosedrectangularflumefortheinvestigationofincipientconditionsandscouringcharacteristicsofthecohesivesoilsampledfromtheLowerYellowRiver.Firstly,thesoilsamplesweresampledinthetypicalsectionsoftheLowerYellowRiver,andaseriesofphysicalandmechanicalpropertiesofthecohesivesoilwereobtainedthroughthelaboratorysoiltest.Secondly,accordingtothestartingandscouringexperimentofthecohesivesoil,theincipientshearstresswasgot,andthequantitativerelationshipwereobtainedbetweentheincipientshearstressanddrydensity,particlecohesionanddrydensity,aswellassoilerosionrateandtheincipientshearstress,whichaccountedfortheeffectsofvariousphysicalpropertiesontheincipientmotionofcohesivesoil,ascomparedwiththeresultsoftheothers.Theexperimentalresultscanreflecttheinfluenceonriverbedsoiltotheformationofthedistortedriverbends.Throughtheanalysisoftherelationshipbetweentheantiscourabilityandthestartingofthecohesivesoil,theinfluencemechanismoftheriverbedcohesivesoilontheevolutionprocessoftheoccurrence,developmentandextinctionofdistortedriverbendsisrevealed.
Keywords:Cohesivesoil;Antiscourability;Distortedriverbends;TheLowerYellowRiver
LinjuanXu YellowRiverInstituteofHydraulicResearchEmail:282957173@qq.com
·991·
EvolutionMechanismandTrendForecastingofTidalRiverChannelsattheLowerReaches
oftheYangtzeRiver
JianjunWang
TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineering
Abstract
Themanagementofseawardnavigationchannelsisadifficulttaskowingtocomplexwatersedimentconditionsandchannelevolutionintidalrivers,aswellasunstablewaterwayconditions.TheLuochengzhoureachislocatedatthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiverwherethetidalboundaryfluctuates.Theriverpatternisaffectedbythesuperpositionofmultiplefactorsincludingbending,bifurcation,andbroadening.Thereisfrequentscouringandsiltingofthebattureinsidetheriverchannel,resultinginanunstablewaterwayandahighdegreeofnavigationobstruction.Furtherimprovementstothenaturaldepthofthewaterwayarelimited.Awaterwaymanagementprojectimplementedin20152017,withatargetdepthof12.5m,hassignificantlyimprovedtheconditionsofthenavigationchannel.However,theprojecthascausedseveresiltationissuesinnavigationchannelsoutsidethevicinityofthedredging.Ananalysisoftopographicalchangesbetween2006and2017revealsthatscouringoftheriverchannelintheupperreachesactsasthesourceofsandfortheleftmarginalbankoftheLuochengzhoureachandsiltationofthenavigationchannel.Duringyearswithheavyflooding,accretionoccursattheleftmarginalbankbutthereislesssiltationofthenavigationchannel.Inyearswithaverageprecipitationlevels,thereislessaccretionontheleftmarginalbank,butsiltationofthenavigationchannelbecomessignificant.Thecriticalflowratedemarcatingthedifferentscenariosis30,000m3/s.Atwodimensionaltidalcurrentsedimentmathematicalmodelwasestablishedtofurtherstudythechangingtrendofwaterwayconditions.Thecalculatedresultsshowacontinuedgradualsiltationoftheleftmarginalbank.Duringprolongedperiodswithaverageprecipitationlevels,itisdifficulttomitigatethesiltationsituationofthewaterwayintheshortterm.Thus,theproposalistoimplementdredgingprojects.Thisstudyprovidestheoreticalsupportfortheevolutionoftidalriverchannelsandtheproposalofmeasuresforimprovingandregulatingwaterways.
Keywords:Riverchannelevolution;Causeanalysis;Trendforecasting;Tidalriver;LowerreachesoftheYangtzRiver
JianjunWang TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineeringEmail:wangjianjunb@126.com
·002·
TheCirculationandSaltStratificationovertheSouthBranchoftheYangtzeEstuary
LinjuanLi1,WeiZhang2,3,JinhaiZheng2,3,YanwenXu2,3
1.BureauofHydrology,YangtzeRiverWaterConservancyCommission2.CollegeofHarbor,CoastalandOffshoreEngineering,HohaiUniversity
3.StateKeyLaboratoryofHydrologyWaterResourcesandHydraulicEngineering,HohaiUniversity
Abstract
ThehydrodynamicsofChina’sYangtzeEstuaryisverycomplicated.Theobservedstudyinthe2005wetseasonandthe2009dryseasonindifferentchannelsshowedthatthetidalstrainingeffectisamajorforcingmechanismonsalinitystratificationandsubtidalcirculationoftheYangtzeEstuary.ThetidalstraininginducedcirculationwasfoundtobeequallyimportantastheclassicalgravitationalcirculationintheYangtzeEstuary.Thisplayedanimportantroleinmaintainingsemidiurnalperiodicsalinitystratificationintheregion.
Keywords:YangtzeEstuary;Tidalcurrents;Salinitystratification;Tidalstraining
LinjuanLi BureauofHydrology,YangtzeRiverWaterConservancyCommissionEmail:lilj@cjh.com.cn
·102·
NewTendencyofSedimentLoadandDepositionintheThreeGorgesReservoirwith
theImpactofDams
JieLiu
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Althoughwaterdischargeactuallyhasdecreasedslightlybetween1956and2015,sedimentdischargethatpassingtheYichanghasfallenoffacliffafterthreereductionphases,thereductionin19892002wasmainlyresultofnumerousdamsconstructionaswellastheChangzhiprojectonJialingRiver;whilepostTGR(20032015),itwasmainlyresultedfromthetrappingoftheTGDandgiantcascadereservoirsoperationonJinshaRiver.SedimentsdepositionintheTGRismainlyhappenedintheperiodofthecofferdamstage,thenwiththenormaloperationofTGRsinceOct.2008,theretentionrateoftheTGDhasreachedto82.5%,themediumdiameterofsediment(D50)trappedintheTGRis<0.01mm,andshowsafinningpatternalongthebackwaterarea,sedimentationalongtheTGRpresentsaninconsecutivesheetdistribution,andmainlyfoundinbroadvalleysandcurvedchannelswhereflowvelocityissmallandisadvantageousforfinesedimentstoflocculateandsettledownbeforearriveregionnearbythedam.By2015,themostsedimenthasbeendepositedintheregionofQingxichangWanzhou;incontrast,nocumulativedepositionhasbeenobservedinnarrowgorgeswhereflowsareenergetic.AftertheoperationofXiangjiabaReservoir(2012)andXiluoduReservoir(2013)ontheJinshaRiver,sedimentscourhasappearedintheFluctuatingbackwaterareaoftheTGR,andsedimentoutflowfromTGRhasdecreasedto6.55Mt/yearin20142015,soerosionandriverbeddegradationaboveQingxichanganddownstreamTGRneedtobeconcernedinthefuture.
Keywords:Sedimentload;Humanactivities;ThreeGorgesReservoir;Sedimentsdeposition
JieLiu ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:595093255@qq.com
·202·
CalibrationofManning’sRoughnessCoefficientforTarimRiverFlowSimulationBased
onCCHE2DModel
YujianLi1,MustafaS.Altinakar2
1.CollegeofHydraulicandcivilengineeringofXinjiangAgriculturalUniversity,Urumqi2.NationalCenterforComputationalHydroscienceandEngineering,
UniversityofMississippi,Oxford,MS,38677,USA
Abstract
Usingthetopographydataandflowdatameasuredfromphysicalmodelastheinitialcondition,Manning’sroughnesscoefficientforTarimRiverflowsimulationiscalibratedusingCCHE2Dmodel.Theconsistencybetweenthesimulatedwatersurfaceandthemeasuredwatersurfaceiscompared,andtheManning’sroughnesscoefficientwhichmeetsminimumerrorisdetermined.ThecalibratedroughnesscoefficientusingCCHE2Disconsistentwiththecalculatedroughnesscoefficientfrom theManningformula.TheresultindicatesthatthemethodtocalibrateManning’sroughnesscoefficientusingCCHE2Disfeasibleandreliable.
Keywords:Manning’sroughnesscoefficient;Calibration;PhysicalModel;CCHE2D;TarimRiverflowsimulation
YujianLi CollegeofHydraulicandcivilengineeringofXinjiangAgriculturalUniversity,UrumqiEmail:1760191908@qq.com
·302·
LocalScourDepthFormulaofMiddletolowWaterHeadDam
ZhihuiNi,JunWang
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Thestudyoflocalscourdepthunderthedamisofgreatsignificanceinthedesignandconstructionofhydropowerprojects,thesafetyofhydraulicstructures,etc.However,researchonthedepthofscourdeepunderthemiddletolowwaterheaddamwhichadoptsenergydissipationbyunderflowisstillless.Inthispaper,themaininfluencingfactorsoflocalscourdepthunderthemiddletolowwaterheaddamaredeterminedbyreferencetopreviousresearches,andanewformulaoflocalscourdepthunderthemiddletolowwaterheadisestablishedbasedonthemethodofdimensionalanalysis.Byfittingtheexperimentalscourdatabycombiningmultiplelinearregressionanalysiswithleastsquaremethod,thephysicalquantitiesofinfluencingfactorsinthenewderivationformulasaredetermined.Thenewformulaisverifiedbythetestdataofseveralmodeltests,andcomparedwiththeexistingformula.Thereliabilityanalysisofthenewformulaisalsocarriedout.Researchresultsshowthat:thenewformulaconsideredthemaininfluencingfactorsoflocalscourdepthunderthedam.Comparedwiththeexistingformulas,calculationresultsofnewformulaaremoreconsistentwiththemodeltestresultsandmoreaccurate.Thisformulacanprovidereferencesfortheestimationoflocalscourdepthunderthedaminthepracticalengineering.
Keywords:Formula;Localscourdepth;Middletolowwaterheaddam;Dimensionalanalysis;Reliabilityanalysis
ZhihuiNi ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:545045845@qq.com
·402·
StudyontheGravelBedloadTransportinChongqingMainUrbanReachafterthe
ImpoundmentoftheThreeGorgesReservoir
ChenggangYang,QuanxiXu,JinYuan,BingjiangDong
HydrologyBureauoftheYangtzeRiverWaterConservancyCommission
Abstract
StudyingthesedimenttransportlawintheThreeGorgesReservoirareaisofgreatsignificanceforreductionofchannelsiltationandoptimizationofreservoiroperation.Basedonthelongseriesofmeasureddataandthecalculationofthetwodimensionalmathematicalmodel,thestartingconditionsareproposed.Theresultsfindthattheupstreamflow,downstreamwaterlevel,andhumanactivityaretherootcausesofthechanges.Andthestartingconditionsareproposed:thewaterlevelinfrontofthedamlessthan157m,andtheupstreamflowgreaterthan6,800m3/s.
Keywords:ThreeGorgesReservoir;ChongqingreachoftheYangtzeRiver;Pebblebedload;Startingconditions
ChenggangYang HydrologyBureauoftheYangtzeRiverWaterConservancyCommissionEmail:2474411087@qq.com
·502·
Developmentofa1DEmbankmentBreachingModel
WeimingWu,MengWang
ClarksonUniversity
Abstract
A1Dnumericalmodelhasbeendevelopedtosimulatedamandleveebreachingprocessesduetoovertoppingflows.Themodelsolvesthe1Dflow,sedimenttransportandbedchangeequationsusinganexplicitfinitevolumemethod.Itconsidersinteractionsamongtransientflow,strongsedimenttransportandrapidbedchangebyincludingbedchangeandvariableflowdensityintheflowcontinuityandmomentumequations.ThemodeladoptstheHLLapproximateRiemannsolvertohandlethemixedregimeflowsnearthebreachandthewettingdryingproblemefficiently.Itusesthenonequilibriumapproachfornoncohesivesedimenttransport.Itemploysalateralerosionalgorithmfornoncohesiveembankmentbreach,whichassumesthereposeangleforthebreachsideslope.Theheadandtailwaterconditionsaredeterminedusingthewaterbalanceequationforthereservoirorstoragebasin,orgivenasatimeseriesofwaterlevelsmeasuredorcalculatedbyanotherhydrodynamicmodel.Thedevelopedmodelhasbeentestedusinglaboratoryandfieldexperimentdata,predictingwellthebreachdimensionsandfloodcharacteristics.
Keywords:Dambreach;Numericalmodeling;Onedimensional;Noncohesivesediment
WeimingWu ClarksonUniversityEmail:wwu@clarkson.edu
·602·
InvestigationofDrainagePumpOperationandItsInfluenceontheFlowinaReceivingStream
HaoZhang1,HikariBandou1,TakuFujiwara1,ShojiOkada2
1.KochiUniversity2.KochiNationalCollegeofTechnology
Abstract
Urbanfloodingisoneofthemostchallengingproblemsintheworld.Althoughalotofeffortshavebeenmadetoenhancethecapacityandefficiencyofseweragesystemsandcorrespondingreceivingstreamsinthepastseveraldecades,littleattentionhasbeenpaidtotheinteractionbetweenthetwosystems.Methodstointegrateseweragesystemsandreceivingstreamsprovidenewavenuesforthemitigationofurbanflooding.
Inthisresearch,bothfieldsurveysandnumericalsimulationswereconductedtoinvestigatethehydraulicsofthereceivingstreaminresponsetotheoperationsofadrainagepumpingstation.Inthefieldsurveys,thewaterlevelchangesweremonitoredinanurbanstreaminKochiPrefectureofJapanwhichreceiveddischargesfrom theseweragesystem throughadrainagepumpingstation.Therelationshipbetweenthewaterlevelsandtheoutletdischargesofthepumpwasanalyzed.Moreover,twodimensionalnumericalsimulationswerecarriedouttoinvestigatetheinfluencesofthepumpoperationsontheflowdynamicsinthereceivingstream.Researchresultsindicatedthatthepumpoperationsexerteddifferentinfluencesonthereceivingstreamflowsinitsupstreamanddownstream,andthatitwasimportanttoconsideraswellastooptimizethepumpoperationswhichalteredtheflowsinboththeseweragesystemandthereceivingstream.
Acknowledgements:ThisresearchisfundedbytheJSPSGrantsinAidforYoungScientists(A):IntegratedRainwaterManagementTechnologyforRiverandSewerSystemsandItsApplicationinDisastersTimeline(GrantNo.16H06100,PI:Dr.HaoZhang).
Keywords:Urbanflooding;Pumpoperation;Seweragesystem;ReceivingStream;Fieldsurvey;Numericalsimulatio
HaoZhang KochiUniversityEmail:zhang@kochiu.ac.jp
·702·
GreatChangesonFloodControlofLowerYellowRiverandFutureProspects
HonghaiQi1,PuQi2,ZanyingSun2
1.JLTRe(NorthAmerica)Inc.2.YellowRiverInstituteofHydraulicResearch
Abstract
Damsandreservoirsrepresentthemostimportantinfluenceonthelandoceansedimentfluxesintheworld.Theyalterthecontinuityofsedimenttransportanddecreasethesupplyofsedimenttodownstreamreaches.Inrecentyears,thevariationsofflowandsedimentcausedbyharnessingtheupperandmiddlereachesoftheYellowRiverchangedthefloodcontrolsituationinthelowerreaches.Theamountoffloodandsedimententeringintothelowerreachhasbeengraduallyreducedsignificantly.Thevolumeofsedimentwhichistransportedtotheestuaryhasalsobeengreatlyreduced,soasthesiltationandextensionattherivermouth,thusitsimpactontheupperreachescanbeignored.AftertheoperationofXiaolangdiReservoir,strongscouringwascreatedonthedownstreamchannel,sotheflooddischargecapacityincreaseddramatically.Withtheembankmentsystem andproductiondikesalongtheYellowRiver,thecurrentdownstreamreachbecomesoneofthemostsecureriversintheworld.Byusingthemultiyearsedimentregulation,thecombinationsofflowandsedimententeringthelowerreachcanbeoptimized,andXiaolangdiReservoircanplayagreaterroleinthedownstream rivermanagement,whichwillinevitablyaffectthefutureprospectsofgoverningtheYellowRiverBasin.InordertopreventthesituationsduetoexcessiverivermanagementinNorthChina,whichcancausetheenvironmentoflowerreachesoftheYellowRivertodeteriorate,weshouldmaintainthehealthylifeoftheYellowRiver,andadjustthescaleofgovernanceprojectsontheupperandmiddlereaches.
Keywords:Scour;Siltation;Flood;Bankfulldischarge;XiaolangdiReservoir;YellowRiver
HonghaiQi JLTRe(NorthAmerica)Inc.Email:qhh999@gmail.com
·802·
TheInfluenceofGateRemovalTimeonDamBreakFlowCharacteristics
YavuzOzeren,MustafaAltinakar
TheUniversityofMississippi
Abstract
Laboratoryexperimentsofidealizeddambreakflowareusuallymodeledbyremovingagaterapidly,byslidingitup,downorflappingitforward.Regardlessofthetypeofmechanismusedandthespeed,theremovalofthegatealwaysinvolvesafinitetimeduringwhichthemovementofthegateaffectsthewaterimpoundedbehindthegateandtheflow.Theobjectiveofthisstudyistoexperimentallyinvestigatedambreakflowcharacteristicsatvariousgateremovalspeeds.TheexperimentswereconductedinadambreaktestbasinattheUSDAARSNationalSedimentationLaboratoryinOxford,MS,USA.Theexperimentalsetupconsistedofareservoirandadownstreamfloodplain,whichwereseparatedbyaslidinggate.Thegatewasactuatedbyaweightdropmechanismandthegatespeedwascontrolledbythedropheight.Highspeedcameraswereusedtomonitortheflowaroundthegateforeachtestcase.Thecameraswerepositionedoverthereservoir,overthedownstreamfloodplain,andonthesides.Thegatespeedwasmeasuredusingthevideorecordingsandtheflowpropertiesweremeasuredbycustomdevelopedimageanalysissoftware.Itwasobservedthatthevelocityprofilesneartheupstreamfaceofthegatewereslightlyalteredatveryhighgateremovalspeedsontheotherhandnolargescalerotationalstructureswereobservedinthereservoirduetohighgatespeeds.Futureworkshouldincludedetailedmeasurementoftheboundarylayerformationontheupstreamfaceofgate.
Keywords:Dambreakflow;Laboratoryexperiments;Gateremoval
YavuzOzeren TheUniversityofMississippiEmail:yozeren@ncche.olemiss.edu
·902·
TheFloodControlCompensationOptimizationMethodofParallelReservoirs
XueshanAi1,YueZhi1,ZuoDong1,MingzhuMo1,FanGuo1,ZhiyunGao2,PanLiu1
1.WuhanUniversity2.HubeiUrbanConstructionVocationalandTechnologicalCollege
Abstract
Reservoirisanimportantengineeringmeasureforfloodcontrol.Theoptimalfloodcontroloperation,asakeynonengineeringmeasure,helpsthereservoirtofunctionmoreeffectivelyinfloodcontrolwithoutinvestinganextrafund.Whentheparallelreservoirsasawholeundertakethefloodcontroltaskofthedownstreamprotectionarea,thestudyofunifiedoptimaloperationmethodcanassistthereservoirgrouptoworkatitsfullcapacity.Thespecificprocessesareasfollows:firstly,determinethelevelofcompensationforeachreservoirbasedonitslocation,proportionofcontrollingtheresourcesoffloodandthefloodstoragecapacity.Generally,areservoirwithinadequatefloodcontrolcapacityisseemedcompensatedreservoir.Secondly,calculatethedischargeprocessofeachreservoirwiththeFlatHeadCuttingmethod,followedbyfloodroutingcalculationusingfloodcalculationformulasuchasMuskingummethodorso.Thirdly,judgewhethertheflowoffloodcontrolpointsexceedsthesafetyflowstandard,ifitdoesthenreadjustthedischargeprocessofthereservoirsstepbystepaccordingtothecompensationorderandthetimerequiredforthedischargedwaterreachthecontrolpointandtakingtheprincipleofminimizationofmaximumflowofcontrolpointastheguidance.ResultsstudiedinXijiangbasininsouthwestofChinashowthatthismethodcaneffectivelyreducethemaximumflowoffloodcontrolpoints,andcanmakefulluseoffloodcontrolcapacityofthereservoirs.
Keywords:Parallelreservoirs;Floodcontrol;Compensationoperation;TheFlatHeadCuttingmethod;Muskingum
XueshanAi WuhanUniversityEmail:xsai@whu.edu.cn
·012·
DevelopmentofPriorityIndexforDeterminationofWarningStationinFloodForecasting
KwangSeokYoon,SooyoungKim
KoreaInstituteofCivilEngineeringandBuildingTechnology
Abstract
Inorderforflooddamagetominimize,the43stationsinthemainriversforfloodwarningweredesignatedbytheFloodControlOfficeinKorea.Recently,climatechangemakesrainfallspatialdistributioncomplexandflooddamagedareaincreasedandbecauseofthis,therequirementfortheexpansionofwarningstationisincreasing.Toaddthewarningstation,itisnecessarytodeterminetheorderofprioritywhichiscarriedoutbyquantitatively.However,thestationdesignationforfloodwarninghasbeendonebysemiempiricalmethod.Inthisstudy,theindexwhichiscapabletoquantifythedegreeofpotentialdamagesinthefloodproneareaconsideringtheimportantfactorssuchashydrologicalcharacteristics,theexistenceofimportantinfrastructure,etc.Todothis,thebasicconceptwasestablishedandthedevelopedtechniquewasappliedtotheNakdongRiverbasinonatrialbasis.Theresultofthestudywouldprovidereasonablemethodtoexpandthefloodwarningstationstotheupstreamareastoreduceflood.
Keywords:Floodforecast;Warningstation;Priorityindex;Potentialdamage;Hydrology;Rainfall;Floodcontrol
KwangSeokYoon KoreaInstituteofCivilEngineeringandBuildingTechnologyEmail:ksyoon@kict.re.kr
·112·
ParallelProcessingofMultiScenarioFloodSimulationUsingCloudComputingService
SatoshiYamaguchi1,TakashiKusuda2
1.Hitachi,Ltd.2.HitachiPowerSolutionsCo.,Ltd.
Abstract
Weproposeafloodsimulationsystem usingcloudcomputingserviceinordertoshortencalculationtime.Weconductedexperimentstoanalyzeindependent76floodscenariosconcurrentlyusing12virtualmachines.Intheexperiments,thecalculationshortenedto1/10.Thespeedupeffectwasalmostproportionatetothenumberofvirtualmachines.
Floodhazardmap,whichillustratespossiblefloodedareasandfloodeddepths,iswidelyusedtomitigateflooddisaster.Forcomprehensiveanddetailedassessmentofpossiblefloodscenarios,floodsimulationmodelespecially,coupledonedimensional(1D)rivermodelandtwodimensionalinundationmodel(2D),iscommonlyused.IntypicalpracticalcaseinJapan,cellsizeof1Dmodelis250m,andthatof2Dmodelis25m×25morfiner.Typicalsimulationperiodis3daysormoreinordertoassessflooddurationtime.Thenumberofscenarioisdozenstohundreds.Theserequirementsmakethetotalcalculationtimeverylong.
Toshortenthecalculationtime,wehavebeenproposedtwomethods.First,weproposeddynamicdomaindefiningmethod(DynamicDDM),whichmakesareasaroundfloodareaautomaticallyincludedinthecalculationarea,andnonfloodedareasareautomaticallyexcludedfromcalculationareaduringthecalculation.Second,weproposedvectorizationbyCPUextensioninstructions(StreamingSIMDExtensions)andmulticoresimultaneousexecutionprocessingusingMicrosoftParallelPatternsLibrary.Inthisstudy,weproposethirdmethod—usingcloudcomputingservice.
Theproposedsystemconsistsofonevirtualmachine(VM)formanagement(Manager),12VMsforcalculation(Worker),andoneshareddisk.ItisdeployedtoMicrosoftAzure.TheManagerdistributestaskstoWorkers.ManagercontrolsWorkers’diskaccesssothatonlyoneWorkercanaccesstotheshareddiskatanymoment.ThenumberofCPUcoresperWorkeris16,andthetotalnumberofCPUcoresis192.WeusedoursimulationsoftwareDioVISTAFlood.Weuseddistributedrunoffmodeland1D/2Dcoupledmodel.
Wesimulated76scenariosoflargescaleflooddisasterinYodoRiverbasin,Japan.Its·212·
Basinareais4,392km2.Floodareaswererangedbetweento119to222km2(average150km2).Parametersoftherunoffmodel(saturatedhydraulicconductivityofthecapillary/noncapillarysoillayer,depthofcapillary/noncapillarythesoillayer,surfaceroughness)wereadjustedtorecentthreefloodevents.AssumedrainfallscenariowasthedoublestrengthofthelargestrecordedfloodeventcausedbyTyphoonManyi(2013).Weassumed75leveebreachscenarioand1overflowingscenario.Theanalysisperiodwas72hoursandthecellsizeof2Dmodelwas25m×25m.
Weanalyzed76scenariosontheproposedsystem.FourVMsoutofthe12VMsanalyzed7scenarios,and8VMsanalyzed6scenarios.Allresultswereobtainedafter47,660seconds(13hours)fromthestartofcalculation.Thetotalcalculationtimewas450,286seconds(5days5hours).Thatis,theresultwasoutputtedataspeed10.4timesashighasthatinthecaseofexecutingononePC.WerecalculateusinghalfoftheVMs(6VMs),andthecalculationperiodincreased1.9times.ItturnedoutthatthenumberofVMproportionallycontributedtoshorteningthecalculationperiod.
Theproposedsystemusingthecloudcomputingservicecontributedtoshorteningtheanalysistime.Theproposedmethodiseffectiveforsimultaneousexecutionofindependentscenarios.Simultaneousexecutionofindependentscenarios.
Theproposedsystemispromisingtoapplynotonlyforfloodhazardmapping,butalsoforensembledataassimilation.
Keywords:Cloudcomputingservice;Oupledonedimensionalrivermodelandtwodimensionalinundationmodel
SatoshiYamaguchi Hitachi,Ltd.Email:satoshi.yamaguchi.vk@hitachi.com
·312·
BackwaterFloodingAnalysisintheTownAgva(NorthernTurkey)viaDifferentSettlementStrategies
AhmetNazimSahin,TaliaEkinTokyaySinha
MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity
Abstract
Agva(NorthernTurkey)isasmalltownwhichhaspopulationofabout2,500inwinterbuthostsaround15,000peopleinthesummer.TownislocatedattheconfluenceofGoksuandSungurlustreamsatYesilcayriverbasin.ThesestreamspourveryclosetoeachotherintotheBlackSea.Inthisstudy,thefloodroutingmodelapplicationsfortheGoksuandSungurlustreamsarestudiedinordertoidentifyriskareasanddecidethestrategiesforfloodpreventionandprotectionfortheTownAgva.Whenthefloodmodelrunsovereachstreamseparately,“backwaterflooding”effect,whichcausesariseinwatersurfaceelevationsontheotherstream,couldbeobserved.Therefore,theeffectofbackwaterfloodingonmaximumflowdepthsandvelocitiesisinvestigatedviadifferentsettlementstrategiesintheTownAgva.Backwaterfloodingcouldaffectthecapacityoffloodstorageandthedirectionoftheflowpath.
Keywords:Flood;Backwaterflooding;Agva;FLO2D
AhmetNazimSahin MiddleEastTechnicalUniversityEmail:ahmetnazim@gmail.com
·412·
ModelingDikeBreachingintheChaoPhrayaRiverBasinUsingHighResolution
ElevationData(Lidar)
TheerapolCharoensuk,TichaLolupiman,SathitChantip,PiyamarnSisomphon
HydroandAgroinformaticsInstitute
Abstract
Thispaperdescribestheimprovementof2Dfloodmodelusinghighresolutionelevationdata(Lidar)toaccuratelysimulatethedikebreachimpact.The2DfloodmodelwasinitiallydevelopedasapartofthedecisionsupportsystemfortheChaoPhrayaRiverBasinafterthemajorfloodingin2011.The2011floodwassignificantlyaffectedtheeconomyofthecountry.TheWorldBankhasestimated1,425trillionBahtineconomicdamagesandlossesduetofloodingandrankedastheworld’sfourthcostliestdisaster.Thereforetherewasastrongneedtodevelopanaccuratefloodmodelanddecisionsupportsystemtoprovidesufficientinformationandguidancetothedecisionmakerstoreducethelosses.Asthedikebreachwasoneofamajorreasonthatmadethe2011floodoutofcontrolthe2Dfloodmodelwasdevelopedtocoverthelowlandareaofabout16,643km2intheChaoPhrayaRiverBasintosimulatethisimpact.Usingthe30mresamplingfromoriginalDEMdataof30mandLidar10mhaveshowntheabilitytosimulatetheinundationinmostoftheflatareabuttheaccuracyforhighdetailareassuchasdikeorroadembankmentarestillquitepoor.Withtoday’stechnologythemodelcomputationtechnicsandcomputerhardwaredevelopmenthaveledtoanewevolutionofthecomputation.Itisnowbecomepossibletorunhighresolutionmodelwithinareasonabletime.ThehigherresolutionLidardatawithresolutionsof1and2mandDEMof5mhavebeenmergedandresamplingto30mintheimproved2Dfloodmodel.Itisfoundthatthenewresamplingelevationdatapavesasignificantroleinoptimizing2Dmeshandthismakesitpossibletoresolvecomplicatedandhighdetailflatareasuchastheinundationbetweenfirstandsecondarydike.Apartfromtheimprovedabilitytosimulatetheinundationanddikebreachesmoreaccurately,theoptimized2Dmeshalsohelpstoreducethecomputingtimeofabout36%.
Keywords:Dikebreaching;2Dfloodmodel;Highresolution;Lidar
TheerapolCharoensuk HydroandAgroinformaticsInstituteEmail:theerapol.c@haii.or.th
·512·
TheBoscastleFloodof16August2004:CauseAnalysisandCorrespondingEngineering
DefenceStructures
ZihangZhang,YanmeiYang
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
FlashfloodsalmostoccurredannuallyinsouthwestpeninsulaofEngland.Flashfloodsoftencausehugedamagestohumanlivesandproperties.On16August2004thecoastalvillageofBoscastleinnorthCornwall,southwestEnglandwasdevastatedbyoneofthemostsevereflashfloodeventsamongUKhistory.Aseriesoftorrentialrainstormsdepositedover200mmofrainfallwithin4hoursintothesmallrockycatchmentresulteda400yearreturnperiodfloodevent,over70propertieswerefloodedandseveraldestroyed,7080carsweresweptthroughthevillage,1,000residentsaffected,cost£2millioninfrastructuredamage.Thisarticleanalysesbothhydrologicalandmeteorologicalconditionsleadingtothistypicalevent.Itisconcludedthataseriesofhydrometeorologicalfactorssuchasrainstorm,quasistationaryconvergenceline,intenseconvectiverainfall,decreaseofsoilmoisturedeficit,flashylandsurface,steephillsideandsmallbasincausedthisdisaster.Topreventasimilardisasterfromhappeningagain,theEnvironmentalAgencyhasconductedaseriesoffloodcontrolsolutionssoonafterthisfloodevent.Itisconcludedthatwideninganddeepeningofwaterways,installingundergroundpipes,raisinggroundlevel,installingfloodculvertsandembankmentprotectionareeffectivehydraulicfloodcontrolsolutions.
Keywords:Boscastle;Flashflood;Causeanalysis;Defencestructures
ZihangZhang ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:1513018116@qq.com
·612·
FloodDisastersandFloodWarninginUrbanAreasofUkraine:LearnedLessonsandNewNeeds
ViacheslavManukalo
HeadofSection
Abstract
1.IntroductionRiverfloodsarethemostwidespreadanddangerousnaturalphenomenaintheUkrainian
urbanareas.Alotofcities,especiallythoselocatedintheregionofCarpathiansmountains,aresufferedfrommainfourtypesoffloods:regionalfloods(associatedwithlargeormesoscaleweatherpatterns);springtimefloods(causedbythecombinationofmeltingsnowandprecipitation);icefloods(linkedtoicephenomenaonrivers);flashfloods(causedbyconvectiveprecipitation).AnnuallyriverinundationscausedamagetothenationaleconomyestimatedtobeequaltotensofmillionsofUSAdollars.Thecostofinundationssometimesincludesthelossofhumanlife.Thefrequencyandintensityoffloodsaswellasthemagnitudeofdamagecaused,haveincreasedinmanyregionsduringthepastdecades.Researcheshaveshowntheclimatechangeandtheirrationaleconomicactivitiesinriverbasinsarethemajorreasonsofincreasingthefrequencyandintensityoffloods.Takingintoaccountthefactthatriverfloodsaffectlargeurbanareaswithintenseeconomicaldevelopmentandhighdensityofpopulation,thedevelopmentoffloodmanagementisoneofthemosturgenttaskoftheUkrainianwaterrelatedpolicy.Thepresentstate,problemsandnewchallengesinthedevelopmentofdifferentaspectsoffloodmanagementonnational,localandinternationallevelsareconsideredinthepaper.2.MethodandmatherialsThestudyisbasedon:(1)thelongtermexperienceofauthor’sworkastheDeputyDirectoroftheStateHydrometeorologicalServiceofUkraine;(2)theStrategyofdevelopmentofhydrometeorologicalactivityinUkrainetill2020(theauthorwasamongdevelopersoftheStrategy);(3)thestudyofeffectivenessofexistingfloodwarningsystem;(4)newtechnologicalachievementswhichareusedinhydrometeorology.3.ResultsandDiscussionThefollowingissuesareconsideredinthepaperindetails:
particularitiesoffloodrunoffformationinurbanareaslocatedindifferentnaturalzonesofUkraine,including,theimpactofpresentandexpectedclimatechangesonthefrequencyandintensityoffloods;
·712·
theassessmentofsocioeconomicvulnerabilities(hazardtohumanlifeandhealth;alossofcity’slands;ashortageofwatersupplyfordifferentcity’sneeds;adestructionofcity’sinfrastructure,aenvironmentalpollution)inmajorurbanareasofthecountrytoanimpactoffloodhazards;
thenationallegislationwhichdetermineswaterrelatedpolicy,including,floodmanagementandprotection;
theinstitutionalbackgroundoffloodmanagement,including,thedistributionofresponsibilitybetweencentralandlocalauthoritiesintheareaofpredisaster(riskanalysis,publicawareness,educationandtraining,regulatorymeasures,spatialplanning,predictionandwarning,evacuationandsheltering)andpastdisaster(emergencyoperation,recoveryandreconstruction)activities;
usingofstructuralandnonstructuralmeasurestofloodcontrolinurbanareas; theinternationalcooperationofUkraineintheareaoffloodmanagementon
transboundaryrivers;majorlimitationsandproblemsinthelegal,institutional,financial,technologicaland
scientificsupportthefloodmanagementactivities;newneedsinthefloodmanagementincontextofintroducinginUkrainetheconceptof
theIntegrateFloodManagementandprinciplesoftheEuropeanwaterrelatedlegislation,normandstandards—WaterFrameworkDirective,FloodDirectiveandsoon;
activitiesundertakenbycentralandlocalauthorities,scientificcommunitytomeetnewchallenges.
ThespecialattentionisgiventothedevelopmentoftheIntegratedHydrometeorologicalInformationSystem(IHMIS)astheinformationbasisoffloodmanagementandprotectionpolicy.IHMISwasdevelopedbytheUkrainianHydrometeorologicalInstituteintheframeoftheNationalProgram ofProtectionfrom TechnogenicandNaturalEmergencies.TheexistingconceptionofseparatedevelopmentofeachcomponentofIHMISwasreconsidered,andthenewintegratedapproach“Fromsensorstodecisionmaking”wasproposed.Thisapproachisbasedonusingmoderninformationtechnologieswhichweredevelopedintheareasofhydrometeorologyandcivilprotection.Thesuccessfulsolutionofthisissuewillhelpdisastermanagementauthoritiestoidentifythefloodhazardrisklevelandtoindicatethebestprotectionmeasuresonthebasisofcontinuousmonitoringandforecastsofevolutionofhydrologicalconditionsintheriverbasin.ThetechnologicalandorganizationalcomponentsaswellastheexperienceofIHMISpracticaloperationisconsideredinthepaperindetails.ThemethodologicalandtechnologicalprincipleswhcichwereusedintheIHMISdevelopmentareusedasthebasisfortheNationalMultiHazardswarningandManagementSystemthatiscurrentlybeingcreatedinUkraine.
Keywords:Urbanareas;Flooddsasters;Floodwarning
ViacheslavManukalo HeadofSectionEmail:manukalo@ukr.net
·812·
FloodForecastingModelforKelantanRiverBasin,MalaysiaUsingIFASandGetflows
FaizahCheRos1,AminahShakirahJaafar1,2
1.MalaysiaJapanInternationalInstituteofTechnology2.UniversitiTenagaNasional
Abstract
Theeffectivenessofrealtimefloodforecastingsystemsinreducingflooddamagewoulddependuponhowaccuratelytheestimationoffuturestagesorflowofincomingfloodanditstimesequenceatselectedpointsalongtherivercouldbepredicted.Warningoftheapproachingfloodsprovidessufficienttimeforauthoritiestoevacuatetheaffectedpeopletoasaferplaceandtomakeintensepatrollingoffloodprotectionworkssuchasembankments.TheKelantanriverbasin,locatedinthenortheastofPeninsularMalaysiaisoneofthebiggestwatershedsinMalaysiaspreadingover12,000km2,andhasbeendamagedseriouslybymonsoonfloods/inundationsinmanyplacesalongtheriveranditstributariesinmidstreamtodownstreamareas.Thusconstructingareliablesystemforearlywarningandevacuation,aswellasmakingcountermeasuresforreducingthemagnitudeofdamages,iscrucialrequirementhere.Basicallytherearetwotypesoffloodmodellingdevelopedinthisstudy;inundationmodellingandwholewatershedmodelling.Ininundationmodelling,flowofrunoffpredictionusingIntegratedFloodAnalysisSystem(IFAS)startingwiththeobservedrainfallanddischargeandsettingandtuningofPWRIdistributedparameterforrainfallrunoffmodel.IFASthenwillsimulatetherainfallrunoffsimulationusingprojectedprecipitation.IFASwillexecuteonthehydrologicalpartandriveranalysisfromthedatafeedfromINFOBANJIRtoconverttherainfallintorunoff.TheIFASrunoffoutputwillbetheinputintoGeneralPurposeTerrestrialFluidFlowSimulator(GETFLOWS)modelfortheinundationanalysis.Thetimeforcalculationisupto6hoursaheadbyGETFLOWSiswithin10min/site.Includinggraphicprocessing,theresultswillbecomeavailablewithinaround15min.Whereasinwholewatershedmodelling,GETFLOWSisusedtogeneraterunoffoutput(longercalculationtimecomparedtoIFAS).Thetimecalculationisupto6hours.Includinggraphicprocessing,theresultswillbeavailablewithinaround25minutes.
Keywords:Flood;1DModelling;2DModelling
FaizahCheRos MalaysiaJapanInternationalInstituteofTechnologyEmail:crfaizah@utm.my
·912·
StudyonOptimalResolutionEstimationofDistributedRainfallRunoffModel
forFloodForecast
SooyoungKim,KwangSeokYoon
KoreaInstituteofCivilEngineeringandBuildingTechnology
Abstract
ThefloodforecastinginKoreahasbeencarriedoutbyapplicationoflumpedmodelwhichiscomposedofrainfallrunoff,channelandreservoirroutingmodel.Ithasknownwidelythatthelumpedmodelhaslimitsinconsideringthespatialdistributionofsubbasinpropertiesaswellasrainfall.Whereasthelumpedmodelbasedonempiricalparametershasadvantagesthatitissimpletosimulateandtoeffectiveintimerelatively,itdoesnotconsiderthecomplexrainfallandrunoffcomponent.Toovercomethelimitationsasmentionedabove,manyresearchershavestudiedtodeveloptherunoffmodelbasedonthedistributedhydrologicrepresentation.Inparticular,thelumpedmodeliswidelyusedforfloodforecastingandwarningsystemduetoadvantagesasmentionedabove.Advancesinrainfallobservationtoolsuchasradar,remotesensingsatellite,etc.Makingfulluseofthehighresolutionrainfalldataandcomputertechnologydevelopmentmakeitavailableinthefieldoffloodforecasting.GRMisoneofthedistributedrainfallrunoffmodelwhichwasdevelopedtosimulatetherunoffconsideringthetopographicalandmeteorologicalpropertiesinKorea.ThepurposeofthestudyistoinvestigatetheapplicabilityofGRMtothefieldoffloodforecasting.Inaddition,theoptimizedresolutionwastestedforfloodforecasting.Asaresultofstudy,theoptimizedresolutionissuggestedforthedevelopmentofdistributedrainfallrunoffmodel.
Keywords:Floodforecast;Distributedmodel;GRM;Optimalresolution;ForecastingandWarningSystem;Radar;Runoff
SooyoungKim KoreaInstituteofCivilEngineeringandBuildingTechnologyEmail:sooyoungkim@kict.re.kr
·022·
NumericalInvestigationoftheImpactForceonStructuresduetoDamBreakFlow
Usinga2DModel
ZhehaoYang1,2,GangfengWu2,KefengZhang2
1.ZhejiangUniversity2.NingboInstituteofTechnology,ZhejiangUniversity
Abstract
Dambreakeventsmayposeathreattobuildingsandinfrastructureslocatedinproneareas.Therefore,anaccuratesimulationofthehydrodynamicforceonstructuresisimportantforpotentialdamageevaluation.Thispaperinvestigatesthecapabilityofa2Ddepthaveragedmodeltoestimatethehydrodynamicforceexertedbyadambreakwaveonobstacles.Forthispurpose,a2Dfinitevolumemodelbasedoncentralupwindschemeisadoptedtopredicttheloadhydrographintwoidealizeddambreakflow experiments.Thecomparisonbetweennumericalresultsandexperimentaldatashowsthe2Dmodelcannotreproducethewholeloadhydrographaccurately.However,thepeakload,themostimportantparameterfordesigningstructureslocatedinareaswithahighriskofdambreakfloodhazards,iswellpredictedbythepresentmodel,whichdemonstratesthe2Dmodelcanbeusedinpracticalapplications.Asensitivityanalysisonthemodelparametersisconductedtoevaluatemodeluncertainty.Finally,thevalidated2Dmodelisemployedtoexaminetheinfluenceofthestructure’sgeometryonthepeakhydrodynamicloadsexertedonit.
Keywords:Dambreakflow;Hydrodynamicload;Centralupwindscheme;2Ddepthaveragedmodel
ZhehaoYang ZhejiangUniversityEmail:yzh_jier@163.com
·122·
AnalysisoftheImpactofRainfallonUrbanFloodingandFloodDamageunder
DifferentLandUseTypes
JinyunDeng,CongcongLiu,YuanfangChai,XinCui,ChenyuMa
StateKeyLaboratoryofWaterResourcesandHydropowerEngineeringScience,WuhanUniversity
Abstract
Flooddisastersinurbanareashavebeenhappeningmuchmorefrequentlythananytimeinthepastbecauseofclimatechangeandtherapiddevelopmentofcities,whichhaveatremendousimpactontheonpeople’slives,propertyandsecurity.Inthispaper,thesurfaceflowandtheactualundergroundpipenetworkareconsideredandtheMikeFloodcouplingmodelisadoptedtosimulateurbanstormwaterbasedontherecurringperiodofrainfallwith5a,20a,50aand100a,andthenthespatialanalysisfunctionofArcGISisalsoappliedtoanalyzethedisasterdamagedareasandlossesofdifferentlandusetypesinthecity.Thefindingsareasfollows:thetotalaffectedareasandthetotallossesaremainlycomposedbyagriculturalland,trafficlandandtrafficland,industriallandrespectivelyinthecentralopticalvalley,bothwhicharetoolarge;withtheincreaseofthedesignedrecurringperiodofrainstorm,thedepth,distributionrangeanddisasterlossesofsubmergenceinthiscityarerisingandtheaffectedareasandlossesoftrafficlandshowthemostobviousgrowth:thedisasterdamagedareaslossescausedbytherecurringperiodofrainfallwith20a,50aand100aincreaseby34.34%,54.45%,71.58%and4112%,6314%,8215% respectivelycomparedwiththerecurringperiodof5a.Rainstormandflooddisasterareanalyzedinthestudy,whichcanprovideasignificantscientificsupportforurbanplanning,floodcontrolanddisasterreduction.
Keywords:Flooddisasters;Undergroundpipenetwork;Recurringperiod;ArcGIS;Differentlandusetypes
JinyunDeng StateKeyLaboratoryofWaterResourcesandHydropowerEngineeringScience,WuhanUniversityEmail:dengjinyun@whu.edu.cn
·222·
HydrologicalModelingoftheKaushalyaDamWatershed(INDIA)UsingGIS&SWAT
BaldevSetia,ChoudharyKhushbu
NitKurukshetra
Abstract
Duringtherecentyearsquantifyingtheimpactsoflandusechangeandlandcoverpracticeshasbeenanareaofinterestforthehydrologistsasthisinformationisofgreatimportancefordevelopingbetterwatershedmanagementinterventions.Thedegreeandtypeoflandcoverinfluencestherateofrunoff,infiltrationandtotalsedimentloadtransportedfromawatershed.InthepresentstudythehydrologyofKaushalyaDamwatershedlocatedinKaushalyaRiverbasininPanchkuladistrictofHaryanahasbeenmodeledusingtheSoilandWaterAssessmentTool(SWAT).ThedamhasbeenconstructedtocreateareservoirtoprovidefreshwatertothecityofPanchkulainthestateofHaryana.ThestudyhasbeennecessitatedforthepurposeofestimatingthevolumeinflowtotheKaushalyadamlocatedattheoutletofthewatershedinordertodevelopanefficientdecisionframeworktofacilitate,planandassessthemanagementofthisimportantreservoir.TheArcGIS(version10.2.2)softwarewasusedtodelineatethestudyareaanditssubcomponents,tocombinethedatalayersandtoeditthemodeldatabase.TheGISbasedmorphometricanalysishasrevealedtheKaushalayabasintobeofdendriticnatureindicatinglackofstructuralcontrol.Bifurcationratio,lengthratioandstreamorderofthebasinindicatedthatKaushalayriverbasinisafifthorderbasinwithdendritictypeofdrainagepattern.Furtherdrainagedensityandtextureratio,showedthatthebasinhasamoderatetextureandisnearlyelongated.Theresultsofthestudyindicatedthatduringtherecentpastthelandusepatternshavechangedresultinginincreaseinbarrenandbuilduplandandadecreaseinforestcover,leadingtoincreaseinrunoff.Themodelwascalibratedandvalidatedwithavailabledatafromtheyear1998to2017.ThewaterbalancecomponentswerecorrectlyestimatedandtheinflowintheKaushalyaDamwassuccessfullycomputed.
Keywords:DEM;GIS;Morphometericanalysis;LU/LCchange;SWATmodel
BaldevSetia NitKurukshetraEmail:setia@nitkkr.ac.in
·322·
SpatialDistributionofFisharoundtheFishboneTypeDividingDikeinDongliuWaterway,DownstreamofYangtzeRiver
TingjieHuang1,2,YongjunLu1,YanLu1,HuaixiangLiu1,YiLiu1,2
1.NanjingHydraulicResearchInstitute2.HohaiUniversity
Abstract
DuringSeptember2016andAugustof2017,thespatialdistributionoffisharoundthefishbonetypedividingdikeinDongliuWaterway,downstreamofYangtzeRiverwereobtainedbymobileacousticsurveys,usingaBioSonicsDTXScientificEhosounder(208kHz)withatransducerbeambeamingleveldown30°.Thefishbonetypedividingdikeismadeupofaridgeandtwogroinswhichwith100longgroinheadintherightsideismadeupoftriangulartaperpenetratingframe,andtherestofthefishbonetypedividingdikeisformedbystones.Fishdistributednothomogeneously,beingassemblednearthegroinwithtriangulartaperpenetratingframebutrareneargroinmadeupofstones.134targetsweredetectedduringthesurveyperiod(droughtseason64andfloodseason69).Targetnumbernearthegroinwithtriangulartaperpenetratingframewereabout5timesofthoseneargroinmadeupofstones.Fishdensitiesintheresearchareawere(0.913.9)×102ind./m2.Indroughtseason,meanfishlengthwas9.92±11.47cm,whichis4.25±4.85cminfloodseason.Moreover,theproportionoffisheswithbodylengthsmallerthan10cmwashigherthanotherlengthgroup,accountingfor64.6% and942% intwosurveyrespect.Therefore,groinwithtriangulartaperpenetratingframeismoreenvironmental,whichprovidenewideasintheconstructionofgoldenwaterwayofYangtzeRiver.
Keywords:Dongliu Waterway; Hydroacoustics; Fish distribution; Channelregulation;Triangulartaperpenetratin
TingjieHuang NanjingHydraulicResearchInstituteEmail:tjhuang@nhri.cn
·422·
StudyonOptimizedOpeningModeforWaterReleaseSluiceofYakouNavigationHydrojunction
JuntaoLi
TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineering
Abstract
Basedontheoverallhydraulicmodel,theinfluencesofdifferentopeningmodesofwaterreleasesluiceinYakouNavigationHydrojunctiononthenavigationflowconditionattheentranceoflockapproachchannel,thewaterheadforpowergeneration,andthestabilityofenergydissipaterbelowdamarestudied.Theresultsshowthat,asforthehydrojunctionprojectinwhichtheshiplockisdesignedtobeadjacenttothepowerstationinthesamebankside,theinfluenceofdifferentopeningmodesonthenavigationflowconditionattheentranceoflockapproachchannelandthewaterheadforpowergenerationisnotobviouswhenthedischargeofwaterreleasesluiceissmall.Inaddition,openingthesluiceholeinthemiddleisbeneficialtothestabilityofenergydissipaterbelowdamunderthiscondition.Whenthedischargeofthesluiceislarge,abetternavigationflowconditionandgreaterwaterheadforpowergenerationcanbeobtainedbyopeningthesluiceholefarawayfromthepowerstation.Finally,basedontheaboveresearchachievements,theoptimalopeningmodeofwaterreleasesluiceunderdifferentthereservoirinflowisdetermined.
Keywords:Junction;Releasesluice;Openingmode
JuntaoLi TianjinResearchInstituteforWaterTransportEngineeringEmail:lijuntao2005@163.com
·522·
ADevelopingRealtimeSafetyInformationModelforLargescaleUndergroundCavernGroup
AnkuiHu1,2
1.XihuaUniversity2.KeyLaboratoryofFluidandPowerMachinery,XihuaUniversity,MinistryofEducation
Abstract
Safetyaccidentsoccurfrequentlyinlargeundergroundcaverngroupconstructionduetoambiguousgeologicalconditions,excavationconstructionanditsowncomplexstructure,andthesignificanceoftherealtimedynamicfeedbackandcontrolforrockstabilityanalysisareparticularlyhighlighted.
Inthispaper,anew safetyinformationmodel,termedthe4D interactivesafetyassessment,isdescribedwhichoffersanimprovement.Withthecyclicprocessof“testoftheresultoffeedbackanalysisintheearlierstage,dynamicinversionanalysisofmechanicalparameters,predictionofmechanicalbehaviorofsurroundingrockoftunnelexcavation”,thevalidmappingrelationbetween4Dvisualizationintegratedengineeringmodelandthedynamicdataofconstructionprocessisbuilt,whichisunderthesupportofvisualizationtechnique,safetymonitoringanalysis,parametricinversiontheory,numericalsimulationtechnologyandtheprogrammingtechniqueofC#.Net.
Accordingly,therealtimesafetyinformationmodelisnotonlypowerfulinforecastingthecompletionprobabilityoftheconstructionoflargeundergroundcaverngroupwithrepetitivetasks,butalsocouldconsiderthetimevaryinguncertaintyofinputscausedbyconstructionprocessvariabilities.Withrealtimesafetystatusvisualized,itcandetectsafetyrisksbeforeandduringtheconstructionprocessandthenprovidepreventivemeasures.Therefore,timelydecisionscanbemadetoavoidaccidents.
Thiscontributestothesuccessofsafetymanagementintheundergroundconstructionindustry.
Keywords:Realtinesafetyinformationmodel;Largescaleundergroundcaverngroup
AnkuiHu XihuaUniversityEmail:stephen5842@163.com
·622·
ComprehensiveAnalysisfortheInfluenceFactorsonHydraulicCharacteristicofSpillwayTunnelwith
SuddenLateralEnlargementandVerticalDropForm
jiaDong,JianpingZhao,GenhuaYan
NHRI
Abstract
Accordingtothemodeltestresultsanddataforthespillwaytunnelwithsuddenlateralenlargementandverticaldropform,fromtheperspectivesofthehydrauliccharacteristicswithatmosphericconditionandcavitationbubbleandcavitationnoisewithpressurereductioncondition,thefactorsaffectingtheaerationandflowpatternofthecurrentattheoutletofthetunnelareanalyzedcomprehensivelyandtenfactorscomedownto:operatinglevel,openingofgatetoppressuresloperatiobeforetheoutletorbetweentheemergencygateandworkinggate,thelateraldeflectoronthesidewallbeforetheoutlet,smallflipbucketonthebottomwallbeforetheoutlet,scaleofsuddenenlargementoftheoutletdownstream,scaleofdropsilloftheoutletdownstream,thesizeoftheventhole/thesloperatioandlengthofthebottomwallontheopenchannelaftertheoutlet,spreadangleofthesidewallofopenchannel.Accordingtothecorrespondingmodeltestresultsandrelativedatafromthereferences,thepaperdiscussestheinfluenceofthefactorsseparatelyonthepatternofbottomcavityandlateralcavity,waterwingpatternandtheeffectoftheanticavitationaeration,andtherelationshipbetweenthefactorsandhydrauliccharacteristicofjetattheoutlet.
Keywords:Suddenlateralenlargementandverticaldropform;Hydrauliccharacteristic;Aeration;Modeltestresults
JiaDong NHRIEmail:tian.e.hu@163.com
·722·
EffectsofDataRecordLengthonParameterEstimationandModelPerformance
inHydrologicalModeling
MinjiaoLu,ZinThandarTun
NagaokaUniversityofTechnology
Abstract
Theeffectsofdatarecordlengthisawellknownprobleminhydrologicalmodeling.Moreorless,theyhavebeentakenintoaccountqualitativelybyexperiencedexperts.However,thequantitativeunderstandingaboutthemisnotenough.Thisstudytriestoquantifythembyusingarainfallrunoffmodel.Inthisstudy,manysubsetsaremadefromalonghydrologicaldatasetincludinghourlyrainfall,potentialevaporationandflowratefrom1978to2005.Modelparametervaluesandmodelperformancederivedfrom thesesubsetsarediscussed.Theirquantitativerelationshipwithinformativenesscriteriaincludingrecordlengthisproposed.
Keywords:Hydrologicalmodeling; Data record length; Parameterestimation; Modelperformance,Informativeness
MinjiaoLu NagaokaUniversityofTechnologyEmail:lu@nagaokaut.ac.jp
·822·
Enhanced2DCEQUALW2HydrodynamicsandWaterQualityModelsandItsApplicationsinSupportofNutrientPollutionAssessment
ZhonglongZhang
ERDCEL
Abstract
CEQUALW2(W2)isatwodimensionallongitudinal/verticalhydrodynamicandwaterqualitymodelforrivers,lakes,reservoirs.TheW2modelhasbeeninuseforthelastcoupleofdecadesasatooltoevaluatedirectandindirecteffectsfrom variousstressorsincludingflow,temperature,nutrients,andorganicwastesinwaterbodies.However,thecurrentW2modeldoesnotcontainallofthestateoftheartcapabilitiesavailabletodayinthefieldofwaterqualitymodeling.U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineershasupgradedtheW2modeltoVersion3.8basedonthelimitationsidentifiedduringwideapplications.Thenewfeaturesincludedirectlysimulatingorganiccarbon,organicnitrogen,andorganicphosphorus,totaldissolvedgas,andcouplingwithabenthicsedimentdiagenesismodule.TheenhancedW2modelwastestedandevaluatedbyapplyingtothelowerMinnesotaRiverandPetenwellandCastleRockReservoirsinsupportofnutrientpollutionassessment.ThispaperpresentstheapplicationofnewlydevelopedW2modeltoLowerMinnesotaRiver.Tocalibrateandvalidatethemodel,W2modeledresultswerecomparedwithanextensivesetoffielddatacollectedduringasixyearperiod(20012006).TheW2modelwasabletocapturethespatialandtemporaltrendsinallsimulatedwaterqualityconstituentsincludingtemperature,inorganicsuspendedsolids,algae,organicphosphorusandnitrogen,phosphate,ammonia,nitrate,anddissolvedoxygen.Withrareexceptions,thestatisticalmeasuresoftheW2modelperformancewereexcellent.TheW2modelwasalsoappliedtoCastleRockReservoirsforassessingnutrientpollutionandpredictingthebehaviorofthewaterqualityresponsesfromnutrientreductionscenarios.
Keywords:CEQUALW2;Waterquality;Nutrients;Totalmaximumdailyload;MinnesotaRiver;CastleRockReservoirs
ZhonglongZhang ERDCELEmail:zhangus@outlook.com
·922·
DistributionofParametersforHydrologicModelsonLargeScaleinChina
XiaZhao1,CunwenNiu1,XiangZhang2
1.ChinaInstituteofWaterResourcesandHydropowerResearch2.WuhanUniversity
Abstract
Inthispaper,weanalyzethewatercycleprocessandfindthecriticalparametersforhydrologicmodelsonlargescale.Wefocusontheparametersbasedonphysicalmechanism,therefortheresultsarereferentialforkindsofhydrologicmodels.Onthebasis,westudythecharacterofrunoffandsinkflowproducing,andthenbuildthedistributionofthecriticalparametersinChina.
Keywords:Parameter;Hydrologicmodel;Largescale
XiaZhao ChinaInstituteofWaterResourcesandHydropowerResearchEmail:13260502885@163.com
·032·
ResponseofMeltWaterandRainfallRunofftoRecentClimateChangeandTheirRolesinControllingRiverFlowChangeoftheThreeHeadwatersBasinsovertheTibetanPlateau
YueguanZhang
XihuaUniversity
Abstract
AslocatedintheTibetanPlateau,theupperregionoftheYellowRiver(UYE),theYangtzeRiver(UYA)andtheBrahmaputraRiver(UB)areverysensitivetotheclimatechange.Inthisstudy,the‘VICglacier’modelwhichlinksasimpledegreedayglacieralgorithmwiththeVariableInfiltrationCapacity(VIC)model,wasemployedtoinvestigateresponseofmeltwaterandrainfallrunofftorecentclimatechangeandalsotostudytheirrolesincontrollingriverflowchangeofthethreebasinsfor19642013.Byusingtheinversedistanceweightingmethod,thedailyclimatedatafromstationsoftheChinaMeteorologicalAdministrationforyears19642013wereinterpolatedtothe1/12o′1/12oresolutiongridsandthenwereutilizedasinputintotheVICglaciermodel.Theresultsindicatethefollowing:(1)TheclimateovertheUYAandUBbecamewarmerandwetterduring19642013whilewarmeranddrierclimateexhibitedintheUYE.(2)Theannualglacierrunoffaccountsfor0.72%,11.52% and14.07% ofthetotalrunoffintheUYE,UYAandUBwhilesnowmeltrunoffcontributeto14.37%,14.87% and11.56% ofthetotalrunoffinthethreebasins,respectively.(3)Fortheyears19642013,therainfallrunoffsuggestsadecreasingtrendintheUYEwhileUYAandUBshowanincreasingtendency;simulatedsnowmeltandglacialrunoffindicateanoveralldecreasingandincreasingtrendoverthethreebasins,respectively.(4)ThedecreasingannualriverflowoftheUYEisattributedtothereductionofrainfallrunoffandsnowmeltwaterforthepastfiftyyearswhiletheincreasingstreamflowforbothofUYAandUBisaresultofthecombinedeffectsfromtheraisingrainfallrunoffandglacialrunoff.Amongthethreerunoffcomponents,therainfallrunoffwasconsideredasthedominantfactordrivingchangesofriverdischarge,whichcanberesponsibleforover85% ofchangesinthetotalrunoffoverallfocuscatchments.Findingsfromthisstudycanprovidebeneficialreferencetowaterresourceandecoenvironmentmanagementstrategiesforgovernmentalpolicymakers.
Keywords:Climatechange;VICmodel;Snowmeltrunoff;Glacialrunoff;TibetanPlateau
YueguanZhang XihuaUniversityEmail:zhangyueguan@mail.xhu.edu.cn
·132·
ModellingDailyWaterTemperatureinMissouriRiverBasinUsingStatisticalModels
SenlinZhu
HydraulicEngineeringDepartment
Abstract
Watertemperatureplaysasignificantroleinwaterqualitycontrolandmanagement.Statisticalmodelsprovideausefultoolforwatertemperatureprediction.Theprimaryobjectiveofthisstudywastoimprovetheaccuraciesofthreestatisticalmodels(linearmodel,nonlinearmodelandstochasticmodel)toestimatedailywatertemperatureintenriverstationsinMissouriRiverbasin.Theresultsshowsignificantimprovementwhenaweeklyintegratedscheme(thesamedayplustheprevioussixdays)wasusedastheairwatertemperatureaveragingschemecomparedwiththesamedayschemeandatwodayintegratedscheme.TheaverageNashSutcliffeCoefficient(NSC)usedtoevaluatemodelaccuracyforthetenriverstationsimproveddrastically:from0.82(thesamedayscheme)to0.87(twodayintegratedscheme),andreached0.94(weeklyintegratedscheme)forlinearregression;from0.85(thesamedayscheme)to0.90(twodayintegratedscheme),andreached0.96(weeklyintegratedscheme)fornonlinearregression.NSCvaluesforallthetenriverstationsexceeded0.9whenweeklyintegratedschemeisused.Amongthethreemodels,stochasticregressionmodelhasthemaximumaccuracy.Theinfluenceofflowisalsoanalyzedhere.Resultsshowthatflowhaslittleeffectonmodelaccuracy.
Keywords:Dailywatertemperature;MissouriRiver;Statisticalmodels;Flow
SenlinZhu HydraulicEngineeringDepartmentEmail:senlinzhu@whu.edu.cn
·232·
ComparisonRainfallInterpolationatDifferentSpatialResolution
MengxiYang,GuodongLiu
CollageofWaterResource&Hydropower
Abstract
Differentapplicationoftenneedsprecipitationdataatdifferentspatialresolutions.Onecommonmethodtoobtaingriddedrainfalldataatdifferentspecificspatialresolutionsisinterpolation.Thegriddedrainfalldatathatareinterpolatedfrominsituraingaugevariesdependingonmanyfactorssinceeachinterpolationmethodhasitsownbenefitsanddrawbacks.Thisstudyistoevaluatinguncertaintythatmaybecausedbydifferentinterpolationmethods,andtoseewhetherthescalefactorwillhaveinfluenceontheinterpolationwhichmeansdifferentinterpolationalgorithmsmaysuitforspecificscales.Inthisstudy,twogeostatisticalalgorithms(ordinarykriging,thinplatespline)andonedeterministicalgorithm(inversedistanceweighting)willbeusedtointerpolatedailyrainfalldataatfivedifferentresolutions(1km,3km,8km,12km,25km)overtheNetherlands.Meanwhile,thegriddatawillresampleat1kmtootherfourresolutionsandcomparedwithinterpolateddata.Asanextensionofresearch,monthlydatawillbeinterpolatedtoseehowthetemporalscalemayaffecttheinterpolationresults.
Keywords:Rainfalldata;Interpolationmethod;Spatialresolution
MengxiYang CollageofWaterResource&HydropowerEmail:snowingxx@126.com
·332·
ModernHydroecologicalRegimeofLagoonsinNorthwesternPartofBlackSeaandIssuesofTheirWaterManagementunderClimateChange
ValeriyKhokhlov,YuriiTuchkovenko,NataliiaLoboda,SergiyStepanenko,OksanaTuchkovenko
OdessaStateEnvironmentalUniversity
Abstract
ThiscommunicationcoversmodernhydroecologicalregimeoflagoonsinthenorthwesternpartofBlackSeaundertheimpactoftheuncontrolledeconomicactivityintheirdrainageareas,theunregulateddevelopmentofcoastallands,andtheregionalclimatechangesduringtherecentdecades.Thesituationworsenedbecauseoflackingsciencebasedbasinmanagementplans.
TherearetheseventeenwaterbodiesinformoflagoonsandestuariesinUkrainianpartoftheBlackSeacoastbetweentheDnieperandDanubeestuaries.Fromthesewaterbodies,twolagoonsaretheestuariesoflargerivers,DnieperSouthernBugandDniester,theothertwolagoonsweredeepenedandtransformedintothelargeseaports.Thetwelvelagoonscurrentlydonothaveapermanentconnectionwiththeseaandareseparatedfromitbyasandyshellisthmuseswidthofaseveralhundredmetrestofourkilometres.Theselagoons,conventionallycalled‘closed’,areoccasionallyconnectedtotheseabyartificiallycreatedcanalsorotherwaterconductinghydraulicstructures.Inthepast,theisthmuseswerenaturallybrokeninsomeyears.Currently,sucheventsareveryrarebecausemanyisthmusesweretransformedbyananthropogenicactivity.Inthedrainageareaofthelagoons,therearedozensofartificialreservoirs,thatdonothavelegalstatus,buttheypreventthefreshwaterflowingintothelagoons.Thewateriswithdrawnfromtheriverrunoffinordertofillthesereservoirs,andthenisevaporatedfromtheirsurface;i.e.thepartoftheriverrunoffisirretrievablylost.Restrictionsoflegislationonenvironmentalprotectionregardingtheeconomicactivitiesarenotrespectedinwaterprotectionzonesofthelagoonsandriverswithintheirdrainageareas,e.g.thecoastallandsarebeingploughedupforagriculturalpurposes.Therunoffsofmanymediumandsmallriversandwatercoursesareregisteredonlyafewmonthsayear,usuallyinthespring.Thenaturalbedsoftheseriversarenotmaintainedinproperconditionsthatcanprovidefreewaterflowintothelagoons.
Startingfrom1980s,regionalclimatechangesforcedunfavourablythewaterresourcesin·432·
SouthernUkraine.Climatechangeimpactmanifestedinthe‘closed’lagoonsastheincreasingdeficiencyoffreshwaterbalanceresultedfrom increasingevaporationrateanddecreasingfreshwaterinflowfromtheirdrainageareas.Duringtheperiodswhenthelagoonsaredisconnectedfromtheseaforalongtime,theirwatervolumedecreasedprogressively,andconsequentlyhydroecologicalconditionsofthelagoonsworsenedshoalingordryingupinsomepartsofthelagoons,summeroverheatingwater,risingwatersalinity,increasingconcentrationsofbiogenicmatterandpollutants,intensifyingeutrophicationaccompaniednumerousnegativephenomenaetc.
Inordertocompensatethedeficiencyofwaterbalanceof‘closed’lagoonsitisnecessaryeithertoprovidecontinualfillingupofthelagoonsbytheseawaterthroughtheconnectingcanalsortoincreasethefreshwaterinflowfromthelagoons’drainageareabythestandardizationandmanagementofwaterrelatedactivities.
Thefirstapproachusuallyrequiresconsiderablefinancialexpenditureandasolutionofmanysocioeconomictasks.Moreover,itsefficiencyitisnotevidentduetothereductionofnaturalriverrunoffinducedbytheclimatechange.Thelatterisespeciallycrucialforthelagoonswhosewatervolumeismanytimesgreaterthananannualvolumeoffreshwaterrunofffromtheirdrainagearea.SomeestimatesoffutureclimateinSouthernUkraineindicatethattheclimatechangeonlywillresultinhalvingwaterresourcesofriversbythemiddleofthe21stcenturyincomparisonwiththe1980s.Therefore,ifthemodernlevelofeconomicactivitiesinthedrainageareaofriverswillremainunchangedagainstthebackgroundofregionalclimatechange,thewaterresourcesoflagoonswillbesignificantlyshattered.
Ontheotherhand,thesecondapproachcancausethedeteriorationofwaterqualityinclosedlagoonsasaresultofaccumulationofsalt,nutrientsandpollutantsifthethroughputcapacityoftheconnectingcanalswillbelowandtheiroperatingregimewillcompensateonlythedeficiencyoffreshwaterbalance,i.e.ifwaterwillinashorttimeinflowonlyfromtheseatothelagoon.
Inthecurrentsocioeconomicconditions,moreeffectivestrategystabilizingthehydroecologicalregimeof‘closed’lagoonsisthepermanentandtwowaydirectedexchangeofwaterbetweenthelagoonsandtheseathroughsufficientlydeepandwideartificialconnectingcanalsduringthewholeyear.Thiscanbeparticularlyconfirmedbythefactthatthehydroecologicalregimeofthelagoonstransformedintoseaportsandpermanentlyconnectedwiththeseabydeepshippingcanalsismuchbetterthantheregimeofthe‘closed’lagoons.However,forsomelargelagoonsorientednormallytotheseacoastline,thisapproachcannotdealsuccessfullywiththeproblemoflongtermsaltaccumulation.Thereforeastrategyofwatermanagementprovidingasmuchaspossibleincreaseoffreshwaterinflowfromthedrainageareaoftheselagoonsmustbeadditionallydeveloped.
Keywords:Watermanagement;Climatechange;Lagoons;Hydroecologicalregime
ValeriyKhokhlov OdessaStateEnvironmentalUniversityEmail:khokhlov.valeriy@gmail.com
·532·
TheImpactsofExtremeDroughtandtheImpoundingoftheThreeGorgesDamonWaterLevelCharacteristicsintheMiddleandLowerReachesoftheYangtzeRiverin2006
YitianLi1,YuanfangChai1,ZhaohuaSun1,YunpingYang2,SixuanLi1
1.StateKeyLaboratoryofWaterResourcesandHydropowerEngineeringScience,WuhanUniversity2.KeyLaboratoryofEngineeringSediment,TianjinResearchInstituteforWater
TransportEngineering,MinistryofTransport,Tianjin
Abstract
Moststudiesarefocusedonthecharacteristicsofwaterlevel,itscausesandeffects,butuntilnow,lessresearchworkhasbeendoneintermsofquantifyingthecontributionsofclimatechangeandhumanactivitiesonwaterlevelchanges,especiallyundertheconditionofextremeclimateevents.In2006,theYangtzeRiverbasinsufferedfromextremedroughtandthewaterlevelbehindthethreegorgesreservoir(TDG)increasedfrom135m to156m,whichsignificantlychangedthevariationpatternofwaterlevel.Thus,theanalysisofhowtheextremedroughtandimpoundmentstageof156maffectthevariationpatternofwaterlevelinthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiverwillbedoneinthispaper,basedonalargenumberofhydrologicaldataandanewlyproposedcalculationapproach.Thefindingsareasfollows:comparedwithnormalyears,theaveragewaterlevelindryseasonin2006wassurprisinglyhigherthantheaverageleveloverthedecadefrom2003to2013,insteadofdrasticreduction.Thisatypicalphenomenonisknownas“nolowwaterlevelindryseason”(NLD).Incontrast,theaveragewaterlevelatYichangstationinfloodseasonin2006felltothelowestpointinhistory,andlikewise,thatatHankouandDatongstationsbothdroppedtothesecondlowestonrecord,decreasingby3.3mintheworstcasecomparedwiththeaveragerecordedfrom2003to2013.Itwasreferredtoas“nohighwaterlevelinfloodseason”(NHF);Asforthecontributingfactors,theNLDresultedfromtherichprecipitationintheupperYangtzeRiverindryseason,whichledtotherichinflowofTDG,andtheconfluenceoftributariesandlakes,whiletheoperationofthereservoirandriverbederosionbelowTDGshowednodirectrelation
·632·
withthisphenomenon;TheNHFwasdominantlycausedbytheextremedroughtin2006andotherfactorssuchasthe156mimpoundmentandriverbederosionalsoplayanessentialrole.Tobemorespecific,theaveragewaterlevelatDatongstationbetweenOctober4andNovember10in2006declinedby3.35m,with156mimpoundmentandtheextremedroughtcontributing23.6% and76.4% respectively.
Keywords:Thethreegorgesreservoir;Waterlevel;Extremedrought;TheYangtzeRiver
YitianLi StateKeyLaboratoryofWaterResourcesandHydropowerEngineeringScience,WuhanUniversityEmail:ytli@whu.edu.cn
·732·
GroundwaterContaminantSourceIdentificationbySelfOrganizingMapsBasedSurrogateModelswithPartiallyMissingConcentrationObservationData
XueminXia,NianqingZhou,SiminJiang,RuichengZhang
TongjiUniversity
Abstract
Thespatialandtemporalidentificationofunknowngroundwatercontaminantsourcesintermsofsourcelocations,contaminantmagnitudesandactivedurationsremainsacomplexproblemineffectiveaquiferassessment.Thecomplexitiesarisesduetomeasurementerrorsandincompleteconcentrationmeasurementdata.Theexistingmethodologiesforthisproblemusuallysufferhugecomputationalburdenandmaynotgivetheoptimalsolution.SelfOrganizingmapalgorithmisutilizedtoconstructthesurrogatemodelstoincreasetheefficiencyandaccuracyofthesourceidentification.ThesuperiorityofthismethodologyisthatthetrainedSOM basedsurrogatemodelscandirectlybeusedtoidentifythesourcecharacteristicswithoutusingthelinkedsimulationoptimizationmodel.Theapplicabilityoftheproposedmethodologyisevaluatedonahypotheticalaquifermodelformeasurementerrorconditionsandmissingobservationdata.TheresultsshowthatSOMbasedsurrogatemodelshavecapabilitiestoextracthiddenrelationshipbetween sources characteristics and concentration measurementvalues, resulting inidentificationofgroundwatercontaminantsources.
Keywords:Groundwatercontaminantsourceidentification;Selforganizingmap;Surrogatemodel
XueminXia TongjiUniversityEmail:1510256@tongji.edu.cn
·832·
StudyonEvaluationSystemofWaterEcologicalConstructionintheLongxiRiver
XiaoqingWang1,2,YangCheng1,2
1.ChongqingSouthwestWaterTransportEngineeringInstitute2.ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
“ThethirteenthfiveyearplanfortheconstructionofecologicalcivilizationinChongqing”,whichhasincorporatedecologicalconstructionandenvironmentalprotectionintotheplan,proposedthatChongqingwillbebuiltintoanecologicallycivilizedcityby2020,whichisbasicallygreen,lowcarbon,richinhumanresources,andharmoniousandlivable.Thedevelopmentbasedonthegreentone,willmakeChongqingpicturesque.
ThedistributionofriversinChongqingiscrisscrossandthewatersystem isverydeveloped,therearemainlysmallandmediumsizedrivers,allbelongtotheYangtzeRiversystem.Thepromotionofregionaleconomicandsocialdevelopmentbysmallandmediumsizedriversismoreandmoreimportantwiththeeconomicdevelopment.
ItisimportanttobuildascientificandrationalevaluationsystemofwaterecologicalconstructionunderthesituationoftheexperimentalwaterecologicalcivilizationconstructionformiddleandsmallriversinChongqing.TheLongxiRiverisafirstgradetributaryoftheYangtzeRiverwithatotallengthof221km,adrainageareaof3,302km2,andanestuaryflowof48m3/s.ItisanimportantriverintheurbanareaofChongqing,whichonceturnedintoblackandodorlesswater,andtheecologicalenvironmentoftheriverdeterioratedbecauseofindustrialanddomesticwastewaterdischargewithoutstandardizedtreatment.Therefore,itisimperativetoimprovetheecologyoftheLongxiriver.
AframeworkofevaluationindexessystemisstudytobeproposedbasedontheactualsituationoftheLongxiriver.Theevaluationsystemofwaterecologicalconstructionissetupbythirtytwoassessmentindexesofsevenaspectsincludingrivermorphology,waterresourcesprotection, watersafetyconstruction, waterenvironmentalprotection, waterecologicalconstruction,waterlandscapeconstructionandwatermanagement.Scoringcriteriaandcalculationmethodsofevaluationindexesaredefined.AcomprehensiveevaluationmethodwasusedtoevaluatethewaterecologicalconstructionoftheLongxiRiver,whichturnedoutthe
·932·
resultthattheChangshousectionhasthehighestscoreof59.75,Liangpinghasascoreof5643,andtheDianjianghasascoreof50.91.Thewaterecologicalconstructionstatusineachsectionisgeneralgrade.Theevaluationresultsshowthatthescoresofwastewatertreatmentstandardizedrate,riverconnectivitybarrier,ecologicalembankmentratio,waterconservationrate,ecologicalprotectionandrehabilitationrate,naturalwaterlandscaperatewererelativelylow.ItshowsthatthelackofwaterecologicalconstructionprojectintheLongxiRiverhasaffectedtheoverallwaterecologicalsituation.WeshouldtakemeasurestoprotectandrehabilitatethewaterecologyoftheLongxiRiverincombinationwiththelocalcharacteristicsoftheLiangpingSection,theDianjiangSectionandtheChangshouSection.
Sofar,therehavebeenthreeexperimentalcitiesforwaterecologyinChongqing.ThesourceoftheLongxiRiverisintheLiangpingdistrictwhichisoneofthethreeexperimentalcities,soitswaterecologicalenvironmentisparticularlyimportantforthethreedistricts.ToconstructasetofevaluationsystemssuitablefortheLongxiRiverecologicalconstructionandevaluateitsefforts,isoneofthefocusesintheprogressofecologicalconstructionresearchinChongqing.ItisexpectedthattheresearchachievementcouldprovideguidelinesforthewaterecologicalconstructionofLongxiRiver,andalsoprovidereferenceforotherriversinchina.
Keywords:TheLongxiRiver;Waterecologicalconstruction;Evaluationindex
XiaoqingWang ChongqingSouthwestWaterTransportEngineeringInstituteEmail:304581040@qq.com
·042·
AnOverviewofChina’sWaterStatistics
QiuboLong
HHPDI
Abstract
WaterstatisticsisfoundationofthemoststrictwaterrecourcesmanagementsysteminChina.Inthisarticle,weprovideanoverviewofthepublishedsourcesofChina’swaterstatistics,mainlyconcerninghydrologicandsocialwatersupplyandusestatistics.AggregatestatisticsandbalancesareavailablethroughpublicationsoftheMinistryofWaterResourcesandtheNationalBureauofStatistics,andspecializedpublicationspresentinformationonsectorsandindividualenterprisesingreatdetail.MostmaterialsareavailableonlyinChinese,andsomekeyinformationisavailableontheinternet.Anelementarydisparityanalysisismentionedinthepaper.Theconclusionsshowthathydrologicdataarereliablebasedontherigorouscompilationsystemwhilesomeunreasonabledatadoexistinwatersupplyandusestatistics.Whileshortcomingsincoverageandqualityaffectmanywaterindicators,China’sstatisticscanbeusedformeaningfulanalysis,providedthatthefactorsaffectingdataqualityaregivendueconsideration,andchecksusingotherindicatorsareperformed.
Keywords:Waterstatistics;Hydrologicdata;Watersupplyanduse
QiuboLong HHPDIEmail:longqiubo17@126.com
·142·
StudyonNormalTransformationMethodinBPFModelforInputData
HongguangJiang1,WeiXu1,YaoyiZhang2,XuezhiZhang2,HuatuoTang2,XunYang3
1.ChongqingJiaotongUniversity2.ChongqingInstituteofWaterResourcesResearchco.LTD3.ChongqingBureauofGeologyandMineralsExploration
Abstract
TheBayesianProcessorofForecasts(BPF)modelwascommonlyusedtodescribethehydrologicaluncertainty.TheBPFmodelcanintegrateandquantifytheuncertaintiesoftheinputdata,structureandparametersofthehydrologicalmodel.ForecastprobabilitydistributioncanobtainfromBPFmodeltodescribetheuncertaintiesofforecastingflows.ThisstudyaimedtoresolvetheproblemofthenormalassumptionofinputdataintheBPFmodel.Firstly,theMetaGaussian(MG)modelandtheBoxCox(BC)modelareintroducedtonormalizetheinputdatarespectively.Secondly,combiningwiththecharacteristicsofMGmodelandBCmodel,theBCMGmodelisconstructedandtheinputdataisconvertedintoanormalstate.Then,theBPFMGmodel,BPFBCmodelandBPFBCMGmodelareestablishedbyusingtheMGmodel,BCmodelandBCMGmodelrespectively.Finally,theflowforecastswithsinglevalueandintervalaregenerated.TheresultsdemonstratedthattheMG modelneedstobeprefabricatedthemarginaldistributionfunctionoftheinputdata.TheBCtransformdoesnotmaketheconverteddatainsamespace.TheBCMGmodelcandirectlydeterminethemarginaldistributionfunctionaccordingtothetransformedinputdata.Theconvertedforecastdataandobserveddatacanbeinthesamenormalspace.
Keywords:Bayesianprobabilityforecast;BayesianProcessorofForecastsmodel;MetaGaussian;BoxCoxtransformation
HongguangJiang ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:592330998@qq.com
·242·
DevelopmentofanIntegratedWaterQualityModelingEngineforHECRAS,HECResSim,
andHECHMS
JohnDeGeorge1,StephenAndrews1,ToddSteissberg2,ZhonglongZhang3
1.ResourceManagementAssociates,Inc.2.USACEHydrologicEngineeringCenter
3.LimnoTech
Abstract
TheUnitedStatesArmyCorpsofEngineers(USACE)isresponsibleformultiobjectiveriverreservoirwatercontroloperations,includingmeetingkeywaterqualitycriteria.TheUSACEHydrologicEngineeringCenter(HEC)workingincollaborationwiththeUSACEEngineerResearchandDevelopmentCenterEnvironmentalLab(ERDCEL)isdevelopingawaterqualitysimulationenginethatwillbeintegratedwithexistingnumericalmodelsforhydrology(HECHMS),riverreservoiroperations(HECResSim),andriverhydraulics(HECRAS).ThesimulationengineutilizestheNutrientSimulationModules(NSM)waterqualityconstituentroutinesdevelopedbyERDCEL.BuildingonthecurrentHECRAS1dimensional(1D)waterqualityengine,thenewengineisbasedonafinitevolumenumericalmethodandwillincludesimulationof1Dlongitudinalrivers,2Ddepthaveragedoverlandflowareasandriversections,1Dverticalreservoirs,and2Dlaterallyaveragedreservoirs.OneoftheprimaryobjectivesofthisdevelopmentistoproviderealtimewaterqualitysimulationcapabilityanddecisionsupportforusewiththeUSACECorpsWaterManagementSystem.ThenewwaterqualitycapabilitywillalsobeincludedinthepublicallydistributedversionsofHECsoftwareincludingtheHECRTS,RealTimeSimulationtool.Thistalkwillpresentthenumericalmethodsandsoftwaredesignapproachforthenewwaterqualityenginealongwithexampleapplicationsillustratingtheuseofthetoolforrealtimesimulation.
Keywords:Waterquality;modeling;Realtime;HydrologicEngineeringCenter;HECRAS;HECHMS;HECResSim
JohnDeGeorge ResourceManagementAssociates,Inc.Email:jfdegeorge@rmanet.com
·342·
ArcGISbasedManagementofRockTunnelHydrogeologicalDataandModelEstablishment
YilanYan
TongjiUniversity
Abstract
Rocktunnelisakindoflargescaleinfrastructureengineeringwithlongterminvestmentcycleandcomplextechnologies,involvinganumberofparticipants.Aimingatthemassivehydrologicaldataappearingintheengineering,theestablishmentofunifiedinformationdescriptionstandardandsharingmechanismcaneffectivelysolvetheproblemsofseriousdatalossatvariousstagesandlowutilizationrateofgeologicalinformation.GIShaspowerfulfunctionsofmaintainingspatialdataandattributedata,aswellasinformationretrieval.ImportingthedataintoArcGISaccordingtothepreparedstandardscouldhelpestablishthetunnelhydrogeologicalmodelquicklyandestimatethegroundwatertableintheresearchareaaccurately.TakingLaoyingTunnelinYunnanProvinceasanexample,thispaperstandardizestheengineeringdataandcarriesoutsomehydrogeologicaldataanalysisusingArcGIS,whichprovidesreferenceforthemanagementofrocktunnelhydrogeologicaldataandmodelestablishment.
Keywords:Rocktunnel;Hydrogeologicaldata;Management;Standardization;ArcGIS;Model;Groundwatertable
YilanYan TongjiUniversityEmail:cuicannianhua66@126.com
·442·
AModelFrameworkontheCarryingCapacityofInlandWaterwayShipping
WenjieLi1,HaoLong2,ShengfaYang1,WeiYang1,YiXiao1,JiangHu1
1.NationalInlandWaterwayRegulationEngineeringResearchCenter,ChongqingJiaotongUniversity2.KeyLaboratoryofMinistryofEducationforHydraulicandWaterTransportEngineering,
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Thebasictheoryofinlandwaterwayplanningconstructionisnotyetperfect.Unfortunately,thereisnosimulationmethodfortheintegratedoperationofshippingsystemtoservethesocialeconomy.Inviewoftheabove,amodelofinlandshippingcapacityisproposed,analyzingitscorephysicalprocessesincludingtheeconomicdrivingprocessoffreightdemand,thecompetitionprocessoffreightbetweenwaterway,road,andrailway,andthefreighttransportprocessofthewaterway.Thekeyscientificissuesofshippingcapacitywerediscussed.Finally,thebasicframeworkandconstructionideasoftheshippingcapacitymodelwereinitiallyproposed.It’sworthwhiletometethatthedatabaseofresearchontheinlandshippingcapacityissetupbycollectingandinvestigatingthesocialeconomy,comprehensivetransportationandfreightvolumedata.TakingtheYangtzeRiverasanexample,anempiricalmodelfortheshippingcapacityoftheYangtzeRiverwasconstructed,includinganeconomicmodeldrivenbytheinputoutputtable,anallocationmodelbasedonthewaterdepthofthechannel,andadiscriminantmodelofwaterwaytransportofgoodsbasedonthechannelcapacity.WiththeuseofthetotalfreightvolumeanddistributionoftheelevenProvincesandmunicipalitiesintheYangtzeRivereconomicbeltfrom2012to2015,theproportionofthedistributionofwaterway,road,andrailwaywascalibratedandverified.ThesimulationresultsmeettheexpectedgoalandtheshippingcapacityoftheYangtzeRivercanbeidentifiedpreliminarily.Themodelofinlandshippingcapacityproposedinthispaperhasthepotentialcapacitytosimulatethedemandoffreighttransportationundertheplannedeconomiclevelandtoassesstheadaptabilityofshippingandeconomicdevelopmentlevel.Itcanprovidetechnicalsupportforshippingplanningconstruction.
Keywords:Shippingcarryingcapacity;Freightdrivenbytheeconomy;Competitionbetweenwaterway,road,andrailway;Freighttransportinthewaterways;Modelconstruction
WenjieLi NationalInlandWaterwayRegulationEngineeringResearchCenter,ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:979942830@qq.com
·542·
StudiesonStructureofFishCommunityandSpeciesDiversityinWuhanSectionoftheYangtzeRiver
YitingZheng1,PengHan1,YunhaoGuo1,MeihuaXiong2
1.PekingUniversity2.InstituteofHydroecology,MinistryofWaterResourceandChineseAcademyofSciences
Abstract
BasedonmonitoringdataofthefishcommunityinWuhansectionoftheYangtzeRiverfrom2013to2015and2017,thestructureoffishcommunityandspeciesdiversityoffishweredescribedusingShannonWienerdiversityindex,Simpsondominanceindex,Margalef’srichnessindex,Pielou’sevenessindexandmultiplestatisticalmethods.Atotalof56fishspeciesfrom41genera,12familiesand7orderswerecollectedduringthemonitoringperiods,withdominancebyCyprinids.Andtherewasnosignificantdifferenceinnumbersoffishspeciesindifferentyears.Accordingtofeeding,thedominantspecieswerecarnivorousspeciesandtherearemoreomnivorousspeciesthanherbivorouones.Accordingtohabitat,benthicspeciesweredominantspeciesinWuhansection.Accordingtospawninghabit,residentspeciesweredominantspeciesinfishcommunity.Therewerenosignificantchangesindiversityindexindifferentyears.Thefishsizein2017haveimprovedcomparedwiththatin2013,2014and2015.Theabundancebiomasscurves(ABC)andWstatisticofthefishcommunityindicatedthatthecommunitywasstablefrom2013to2015and2017.ThefishcomminitystructuredataforthefouryearsweredividedintotwogroupsbyusingClusteranalysisandnonmetricmultidimensionalscaling(NMDS)methods.NoobviousdifferencebetweenthesetwogroupswasfoundbytheANOSIManalysis.Thesimilaritypercentage(SIMPER)analysisshowedthatabundanceoffishadaptingtothestaticorslowflowdecreased.Inbrief,thefishcommunityinWuhansectionoftheYangtzeRiverisrelativelystable,andthesizeoffishhasanincreasingtrend.Forbiddenfishingperiodmanagement,stockenhancementsandmonitoringoffishresourcesarerecommendedtosupportimplementationofprotectionandsustainabledevelopmentoffisheryresourceinWuhansectionoftheYangtzeRiver.
Keywords:WuhansectionoftheYangtzeRiver;Stuctureoffishcommunity;Speciesdiversity
YitingZheng PekingUniversityEmail:zheng_yiting818@126.com
·642·
DevelopmentofanOperationalFlashFloodForecastingSystemforThailand
SathitChantip,ApimookMooktaree,PiyamarnSisomphon
HydroandAgroInformaticsInstitute
Abstract
Flashfloodisarapidfloodingthatcausedbyheavyrainassociatedwithpoorsoilabsorptionability.Itisoneofthemostdangerouskindoffloodduetoitsgreatvolumeevolvesinshortduration.InThailandflashfloodoccursfrequentlyinthesteepterrainareasuchasintheNorthandtheSouthcausinglossoflifeandexcessivedamagetoproperty.Predictionofflashfloodisofitschallengesandcanbedifficultasthegenerationprocessiscomplex.ThemainobjectiveofthispaperistodevelopanoperationalflashfloodforecastingsystemforThailandbythreedifferentconcepts(Flashfloodpotentialindex(FFPI),Flashfloodguidance(FFG)andFlashfloodprediction(FFP)).Flashfloodoccurswhenacombinationofspecificmeteorologicalandhydrologicalconditionsmeet.Hydrologicalcharacteristicsofthewatershedareoneofdrivingfactorsandhavetobetakenintoaccount.Eachofthemethodswillbeapplicabledependingonthelevelofinformationintegratedintotheflashfloodwarning.Thephysiographiccatchmentproperties,radarrainfalldataandanuncalibratedhydrologicalmodelareusedintheflashfloodprediction.Theoutputofanoperationalsystemisthestaticmapofflashfloodpotentialindex,thedynamicmapsforshowingprecipitationamountsestimatedtocauseflashfloodbasedonthecurrentstateofcatchmentandthedynamiccalculatedmapsshowingifflashfloodlevelsarereachedincatchmentsbasedonforecastedrainfallandresultinghydrograph.Thesedifferentoutputscanbeusedincombinationtogainknowledgeaboutimminentflashfloodthreatareas.Theflashfloodforecastingsystemisthenewfunctionalitywithinthepresentdecisionsupportandfloodforecastingsystemthathasbeendevelopedsince2012.TheflashfloodforecastwasinitiatedatBangSaphaninPrachuapKhiriKhanProvinceusingthenearrealtimerainfallforecastfromcompositeweatherradar.Thesystemhasbeendevelopedtoenhancethedecisionsupportintheearlywarningsystem.Currently,itisbeingtestedforitsoperationalperformancebeforeexpandingtocoverotherriskareas.
Keywords:Flashflood;Flashfloodpotentialindex;Flashfloodguidance;Flashfloodprediction
SathitChantip HydroandAgroInformaticsInstituteEmail:sathit@haii.or.th
·742·
TheApplicationofChannelUnderwaterTerrainMonitoringBasedonBIM Technology
ZuopengNiu,GuojieLi
CCCCSecondHarborConsultantsCo.,Ltd.
Abstract
Threedimensionalterrainanalysisforsurfaceevolutionresearchprovidesanewtechnicalsupport,inthispaper,basedonactualengineeringmultiphaseunderwatertopographicsurveydata,basedonBIMtechnologychannelonthesurfaceoftheunderwaterterrainindifferenthistoricalperiods,realizingthreedimensionalvisualization,andcarringontheanalysisofthedynamicmonitoring,theBIM technologycanmoreimageintuitivelydisplayarealandformevolution,sedimentationandother3D situation,playinganimportantroleforwaterwaymaintenanceandrenovation.
Keywords:BIM;Channel;Underwaterterraindata;Dynamicmonitoring
ZuopengNiu CCCCSecondHarborConsultantsCo.,Ltd.Email:308734050@qq.com
·842·
LaboratoryFlumeStudiesonPropagativeWavesiltyBedInteractions
LaiJiang1,LinlongTong1,2,JishengZhang1,2
1.CollegeofHarbor,CoastalandOffshoreEngineering,HohaiUniversity2.StateKeyLabortaryofHydrologyWaterResourcesandHydraulicEngineering
Abstract
Waveseabedinteractionshavebeenoneofthemostcriticalconcernsformanyengineeringpracticesinthecontinentalmarineenvironment.Whenoceanwavespropagateoverporousseabed,theycausevariationsoftheporepressurewithinseabed,leadingtothepossiblesoilliquefaction.Liquefactionofseabedsoilmaybeakeyprocessresponsibleforinstabilityofmarinestructure,suchasoffshoreplatforms,breakwatersandpipelines.Ontheotherhand,classicalwaterwavetheoriesforuseinoffshorestructuredesignhaveignoredtheinteractionbetweenbottommaterialandwavefield,usuallyresultinginanattenuationofthewaveheightduetobottomfriction,percolationlossesandviscousdampingwithinthesediments.So,toanoffshoredesigner,anaccurateunderstandingoftheprocessofwaveseabedinteractionshasagreatinfluence.
Inordertoadvanceandimproveourunderstandingoftheprocessofwaveinducedseabedliquefactionanditsimpactonwavepropagation,systematicalexperimentsarecarriedoutinawaveflumewithasoilbasinfilledwithsilt(seeFig.1).Boththeporepressuresandwatersurfaceelevationsaremeasuredsimultaneously,andtheseabedliquefactionisvideotapedbyahighspeedcamera.
Laboratorymeasurementsshowthattheporepressureinsurfacelayermainlyoscillatesovertime,andthewaveperiodaveragedporepressurehaslittlechange.Inthedeeplayer,however,thewaveperiodaveragedvalueoftheporepressurebuildsupdramatically.Theresultsshowthatwaveattenuationisweakandwaveformhaslittlechangewhensiltbedisnotliquefied.However,thewaveheightdecreasesrapidlyalongthedirectionofwavepropagationandwaveformchangesareobtained,whenseabedliquefactionoccurs.Suchawaveattenuationisgreatlyenhancedwhentheliquefactiondepthfurtherincreases.
Theexperimentsdemonstratethattheconditions(waveheightandwaveperiod)ofincidentwaveshavesignificantimpactsonthewaveinducedporepressures,liquefactiondepthandwaveattenuationinasiltbed.
Keywords:Liquefaction;Waveattenuation;Excessporepressure;Siltbed;waterWaves
LaiJiang CollegeofHarbor,CoastalandOffshoreEngineering,HohaiUniversityEmail:824372810@qq.com
·942·
EffectofSulfateAttackontheTriaxialMechanicalbehaviorofMortar
XiaotongYu,DaChen
HohaiUniversity
Abstract
Cementbasedmaterialshavebeenwidelyusedinconstructions,wheretheynotonlywithstandcombinedstatesofstress,butsufferthechemical/physicaldeteriorationfromthesurroundingenvironments.Sulfateattackhasbeengenerallyregardedasamaindurabilityproblem,secondtoreinforcementcorrosion.Moststudiesconsideringsulfateattackfocusontheevolutionofmechanicalpropertiesofcementbasedmaterialsunderuniaxialloadingwhiletheirmechanicalcharacteristicsundercomplexloadingarerarelyreportedintheliterature.Thetriaxialstressstateisoneofthecommoncombinedstressstatesforcementbasedstructures.Consideringthesignificanteffectofsulfatecorrosionforstructuredurabilityandfrequentexistenceoftriaxialstressstate,itisnecessarytostudythetriaxialmechanicalcharacteristicsofcementitiousmaterialsundersulfateattack.
Inthismanuscript,weinvestigatedtheeffectofsulfateattackonthetriaxialmechanicalbehaviorofthemortarfullimmersedin5% Na2SO4solutionfor270days.Triaxialcompressiontestswiththreeconfiningpressures,0,5and15MPa,wereperformedevery30days.
Theresultsthatthetriaxialfailurestressandelasticmodulusincreasedwiththeimmersiontimeatinitialstage,thendecreasedforthemicrocrackingformationandstiffnessdegradation.Theevolutionofplasticdeformationwastheopposite.Moreinterestingly,withtheincreaseofconfiningpressure,effectofsulfateattackonthefailurestressandplasticdeformationdecreasedandincreasedgraduallyinthecaseofsameimmersiontime.Furthermore,anelastoplasticmodelconsideringsulfateattackwasproposed,inwhichtheeffectofsulfatedeteriorationwasintroducedtotheelasticmodulus,failurecriterionandhardeninglaw.Thefinalverificationshowedthatthepresentmodelcanagreewellwithexperimentaldata.
Themechanicalpropertiesofmortararesignificantlyaffectedbysulfatedeterioration.Theevolutionofthetriaxialfailurestress,elasticmodulusandplasticdeformationcanbedividedintotwostages,oneisinitialimprovementstageandtheotherisdeteriorationstage.Moreinterestingly,withtheincrementofconfiningpressure,theeffectofsulfateattackonthefailure
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stressdecreasewhilethatontheplasticdeformationaremoresignificant.Thepresentelastoplasticmodelconsideringsulfateattackcanwellreproducetheprepeakstressstraincurvesofmortar.Themodel’sparametersrelatedtosulfatedeteriorationareexpressedbythe2ndpolynomialwithrespecttodeteriorationtime.Numericalverificationshowsgoodagreementbetweentheproposedelastoplasticmodelandtheexperimentalresults.
Keywords:Sulfateattack;Triaxialmechanicalbehavior;Mortar;Elastoplasticmodel
XiaotongYu HohaiUniversityEmail:1147844201@qq.com
·152·
StudyonHighPrecisionWaterLevelMeasurementMethodBasedonDualfrequencyUltrasoundinHydraulicPhysicalModelExperiments
YuejieShu,JunWu,YuanhanZhou
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Waterlevelisoneofthekeyparametersinhydraulicphysicalmodelexperiments.Thecurrenttemperaturecompensationmethodusedinsinglefrequencyultrasonicwaterlevelsensorcannotcompletelycompensateforthechangeofsoundvelocitycausedbythechangeofwaterenvironment,whichleadstothelowaccuracyofwaterlevelmeasurementandcannotmeettherequirementsofhydraulicphysicalmodelexperimentalmeasurement.Inordertosolvethisproblem,adualfrequencyultrasonicwaterlevelmeasurementmethodisproposed,whichusestwoultrasonicprobestoaccuratelymeasuretheflighttimeandunderwatersoundvelocityrespectively.Theoreticalanalysisshowsthatthemethodcancompletelycompensateforthechangeofsoundvelocitycausedbythechangeofwaterenvironment.Basedonthis,thedistancemeasurementexperimentiscarriedoutinwaterwithdifferentsalinityanddifferentwatertemperature.Theexperimentalresultsshowthat,themeasurementaccuracyofdualfrequencyultrasonicwaterlevelsensorinvariousexperimentalwaterenvironmentisupto±0.1mm,andtheenvironmentaladaptabilityofthismethodisstrong.Itcanbewidelyusedinhighprecisionwaterlevelmeasurementofvarioushydraulicphysicalmodelexperiments.
Keywords:Dualfrequencyultrasound;Waterlevel;Highprecision;Hydraulicphysicalmodelexperiment
YuejieShu ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:704537847@qq.com
·252·
ImpulsiveWaveRunupGeneratedbyRockLandslidesinaBendChannelReservoir
LinfengHan,PingyiWang,MeiliWang,JianLi,XiaohanHe,BaiqiangXu
ChongqingJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Largescalephysicalmodelexperimentsofimpulsewavesgeneratedbyrocklandslidesareconductedtostudythewaverunupalongthehillslopelocatedinfrontofthewavegenerationareaofabendchannelreservoirscenario.Thedynamiclandslideimpactcharacteristicswerecontrolledbymeansofachainhoistlandslidegenerator.Theexistenceofthebendsignificantlyinfluencesthewaverunupattheopposinghillslope.Themeasuredmaximumrunupoccursatthehillslopeopposedtothewavegenerationanddecayslaterallywithpropagationdistanceawayfromthelocationofthemaximum.Themaximumrunupiscausedbythewaterjetflowgeneratedbythebreakingbore.Apredictiveequationforthejetflowheightattheinnerbendentranceisderivedandamethodtopredictthemaximumrunupalongthehillslopeopposedtothewavegenerationisprovided.Thepredictiveequationsfortherunupattenuationalongopposingstraightandcurvedshorelineswereproposed,respectively.
Keywords:Rocklandslides;Wavegeneration;Waverunup;Physicalmodel;Bendchannelreservoir
LinfengHan ChongqingJiaotongUniversityEmail:linfengyue@126.com
·352·
ExperimentalInvestigationintoDownstreamFieldofaPilesupportedHorizontalAxis
TidalStreamTurbine
XiangfengLin1,JishengZhang1,RishengWang2
1.HohaiUniversity2.ShandongJiaotongUniversity
Abstract
Thisstudyaimstogainadeeperunderstandingintothedownstreamfieldofahorizontalaxistidalstreamturbine(HATST),whichisessentialtomakebestuseoftidalstreamenergyandprotectturbinestructuresfrom seabedscouring.Flowcharacteristics,includingvelocity,turbulenceintensity,Reynoldsshearstress,bedshearstress,werediscussedtocharacteriseimpactsofrotorrotationinthedownstreamfield.
Physicalexperimentswerecondutedinaflumeusingascaledthreebladedhorizontalaxistidalstreamturbinemodel.FlowfiledwasmeasuredusinganadvancedAcousticDopplerVelocimeter(ADV).Throughouttheexperiment,signaltonoiseratiowasmaintainedhigherthan15andcorrelation90%.SpikesindawdatacollectedbytheADVwerefirstfilterdusingthephasethresholdmethodandthenreplacedusingathreeorderpolynominalinterpolationmethod.
Experimentresultsofscenarioswithandwithoutarotorarecomparedwitheachothertocharacterizeimpactsofrotorrotationonthedownstreamfield.Analysisofresultsshowsthattheminimumvelocityalongthetransversedirectionlocatesat0.2to0.4rotordiameter(D)awayfromtherotorcentralaxisin2Dto4Ddownstreamdistanceduetorotorrotation.At1Ddownstream,flowfieldishighlyaffectedbythenacelleandminimumvelocitylocatesrightbehindit.Theblockageofrotorresultsinaslowervelocityrecoverywithinthesweptarea.Besides,Flowvelocityrecoversquicklyfrom1Dto3Ddownstreamandgraduallybehind3Ddownstreaminthelongitudinaldirection.Higherturbulenceintensity(TI)inthemeasuredareaisalsoobservedwhentherotorrotates.Thelargestturbulenceintensityalongtransversedirectionisfoundabout0405D awayfrom rotorcentralaxiscenter,exceptat1Ddownstream,inwhichit’sobservedintheflumecenterduetothenacelle.Alonglongitudinal
·452·
direction,TIlevelsdecreasesquicklywithin3Ddownstream andslowlyafterwards.ThedistributionandvariationofReynoldsshearstress(RSS)sharesasimilartrendtothatofTI.MuchlargerRSSareobservedbecauseofrotorrotationthroughoutthemeasuredarea,whichindicatesthatrotorrotationwouldincreaseturbulenceanisotropy.Thisisverifiedby‘Lumleyangles’,whichshowsthattheflowfiledtendstobemore‘discshaped’whentherotorrotates.Bedshearstressisalsoevaluatedinthedownstreamfield.Theresultshowsthatthelargestbedshearstressalongthetransversedirectionisalwaysobservedintheflumecenter,nomatterwhetherthereisarotorornot.However,therotationofrotornearlydoublesthevalueofbedshearstresswithin3Ddownstream.Itmeansthatlocalscourismorelikelytohappenwhentidalstreamturbinesareoperating.Thelargestbedshearstressatvariousdownstreamdistancesalsodeclinesfastfrom1Dto3Ddownstreamandslowlyafterwardsforbothscenarios.It’salsofoundthattheamplitudeofvelocityvariationsinducedtherotorrotationseemstodecreaselinearlyalongthelongitudinaldirection.
Itconcludesthatflowfieldat1Ddownstreamisgreatlyinfluencedbythesupportstructure.Furthermore,flowcharacteristicschangesquicklyfrom1Dto3Ddownstreamandonlyslightvariationhappensafterwardswhenwaterflowsdownstream.Furtherinvestigationcanbecarriedouttogainadeeperinsightintoimpactsappliedbyrotorrotationunderdifferentconditions,suchaswithvariousincomingvelocitiesandambientTI,etc.
Keywords:Tidalstreamturbine;Wakefield;Velocitydistribution;Turbulencestructure;Bedshearstress
XiangfengLin HohaiUniversityEmail:linxiangfeng@hhu.edu.cn
·552·
StudyontheNavigationConditionintheEntranceAreaofUpstreamApproachChannelin
SanakhamShiplock
YunQing
ChongqingSouthwestWaterTransportEngineeringResearchInstitute
Abstract
TheriverreachofSanakhamiscurved,andtheflowconditionattheentranceareaisverycomplicated.BasedonthemodeltestofSanakhamshiplock,theinfluenceofwidthofupstreamapproachchannel,lengthofflowpartitionwallandguidewall,andtappingtodrainageetc.Onnavigationconditionsoftheentranceareaisstudied,andreasonablearrangementandoperationmeasuresofapproachchannelareputforward.
Keywords:Approachchannel;Modelingexperiments;Entrancearea;Navigationcondition
YunQing ChongqingSouthwestWaterTransportEngineeringResearchInstituteEmail:365526871@qq.com
·652·
ADVbasedMeasurementsofSuspendedSedimentDistributionandTurbulentDiffusionMechanism
DongChen1,2,3,RuiWang1,JuanHe4,XiaohuGuo1,YonghuiZhu1
1.YangtzeRiverScientificResearchInstitute2.WuhanUniversity
3.KeyLaboratoryofRiverRegulationandFloodControlofMWR4.HubeiWaterResourcesResearchInstitute
Abstract
ThemeasurementofsedimentdistributionandturbulencecharacteristicswereconductedunderdifferentequilibriumconditionswithhighfrequencyADVin60m×0.8m×0.9mflume.AnacousticinversionmethodwasperformedbetweenmediumandlowsedimentconcentrationandtheacousticsignalsintensityofacousticalDopplervelocimeter(ADV) bytheratedetermination.Onthisbasis,thecharacteristicsofthechangeofsuspendedsedimentconcentration,momentum diffusioncoefficientandsedimentdiffusioncoefficientwiththeequilibriumconcentrationofsuspendedsedimentareanalyzed,themechanismofturbulentburstingofsedimentsuspensionanddiffusionisdiscussed.Withtheincreaseoftheconcentrationoftheflumeimport,theverticaldistributionofsedimentconcentrationtendstobeuniformwhentherelativescouringandsiltingbalanceisreached.Thesedimentdiffusioncoefficientandmomentumdiffusioncoefficientsatisfyparabolicdistributioninverticaldirection.Theratioofsedimentdiffusioncoefficienttomomentumdiffusioncoefficientunderdifferentequilibrium concentrationsareallgreaterthan1. Theconsistencybetween sedimentconcentrationdistributionandsedimentfluxdistributionisbetter.Themaindrivingfactorsaffectingtheverticaldiffusionofsedimentaretheejectionandsweepeventsinturbulentflow,thesizeofthesedimentdiffusionfluxdependsonthenumber,periodandamplitudeoftheburstingevents.
Keywords:Acousticinversion;Momentumdiffusioncoefficient;Sedimentdiffusioncoefficient;Turbulentbursting
DongChen YangtzeRiverScientificResearchInstituteEmail:chendong@mail.crsri.cn
·752·
ScourAroundBridgePiersinNonuniformSediments
BaldevSetia1,2,AnshulYadav1,2
1.Professor,NationalInstituteofTechnolgy,Kurukshetra2.M.TechStudent,NationalInstituteofTechnology,Kurukshetra,India
Abstract
Bridgesplaysanimportantroleintheinfrastructuraldevelopmentofanynationbyfacilitatingthemovementofmenandmaterialstotheregionsandpartsseparatedbywaterbodies.InadevelopingcountrylikeIndia,bridgefailureisaseriousconcern,asitaffectsthedevelopingeconomyandcanalsoresultindamagesintermsoflifeandproperty.Accordingtoastudy,approximately60% ofthebridgefailurestakeplaceduetoscourandhydraulicrelatedissues.Scouraroundbridgeelementshasbeenanimportantareaofresearchduringthepastfewdecadesanddrawnattentionofresearchersacrosstheworld.Majorityofthestudiesinthisdirectionwereconcentratedinuniformsizedsedimentsunderuniformflowconditionsandscourstudiesinnonuniformsedimentsunderunsteadyflowconditionswererelativelylesserinvestigated.However,nostreamscompriseoftrulyuniformsizedsediments.Themainfeatureassociatedwithnonuniformsedimentsistheformationofanarmourcoatwhichdifferentiatesthenonuniformsedimentsfromtheuniformsizedsediments.Thearmourcoatbyitspresencepreventsthescouruptocertainvelocitybutoncethearmourlayerisdislodged,thescourdepthstartsincreasingagainandbecomesnearlyequaltothatofscourinuniformlysizedsediments.Asevidentfromtheopenliterature,thecorelationbetweenthevelocityofflowandstabilityofarmourlayerisyettobeestablished.Therefore,anexperimentalinvestigationhasbeencarriedoutinthehydraulicslaboratoryofNationalInstituteofTechnology,Kurukshetra.Theexperimentswerecarriedoutinthreetypesofsediments(havingdifferentmediansedimentsizeandstandarddeviation)inuniform flow,andunsteadyflow(intheform ofhydrographicrunandacontinuouslyrisingtrend).Theresultsoftheexperimentalinvestigationaretobepresentedinthispaper.
Keywords:Scour;Hydraulic;Nonuniformsediments;Unsteadyflow;Armourcoat;Piers;Localscour
BaldevSetia Professor,NationalInstituteofTechnologr,KurukshetraEmail:setia@nitkkr.ac.in
·852·
AnalysisofPileDiameterandSandParticleSizeonLocalScourinSteadyCurrent
ShengtaoDu,BingchenLiang,XueliShi
OceanUniversityofChina
Abstract
Thepierinariverisoftendamagedordeformedbylocalscour,whichseriouslyaffectsthestabilityofthebridge.Pilediameterandsedimentparticlesizeareimportantfactorsaffectingthescourofbridgepier.Theeffectofthesetwoparametersonthedepthofthescourisstudiedbynumericalsimulations.Therelationshipbetweentheratioofthesquarepileandtheparticlesizetothemaximumscourdepthisobtained,whichprovidesareferencefortheprotectiondesignofthepierscour.
Keywords:Steadycurrent;Pilediameter;Sedimentparticlesize;Localscour;Livebedscour;Scourdepth;Numerical
ShengtaoDu OceanUniversityofChinaEmail:dushengtao303@163.com
·952·
MonitoringandEarlyWarningofRainfallInducedSoilSlopeFailureUsingElasticWaveVelocity
YulongChen1,TaroUchimura2
1.TsinghuaUniversity2.UniversityofTokyo
Abstract
Thispaperproposesamethodforthepredictionoflandslideinitiationbyusingelasticwavevelocityinsoil.Twocasesofslopemodeltestswereconducted.Firstcaseoftestinvestigatedthebehaviorofelasticwavevelocitiesduringwettingandfailureprocessofsoilslopewithslopeangleof45degree.Itwasfoundthatagradualdecreaseinwavevelocitieswasfollowedbyarapiddecreaseoncethefailurewasinitiated.Whilethesecondcasewasconductedwithslopeangleof0degreeandrainfallwasgivenatearlyperiodandthensoilmodelwasinclinedwithoutrainfallinordertoseparatelyunravelthechangeinelasticwavevelocitywithincreaseofwatercontentanddeformation.Thewavevelocitywasfoundtodecreaseslightlywithincreasingwatercontentbutlargelywithdeformation.Basedontheseobservations,ideasforthepredictionoflandslidesusingelasticwavepropagationinsoilarepresented.
Keywords:Slopestability;Elasticwavevelocity;Rainfallinfiltration;Modeltest
YulongChen TsinghuaUniversityEmail:673054399@qq.com
·062·
WaterandSoilLossfromLandslideDepositsasaFunctionofGravelContentintheWenchuanEarthquakeArea,China,Revealedby
ArtificialRainfallSimulations
BinghuiHe,FenglingGan,BingYang,DeBao
SouthwestUniversityinChina
Abstract
AlargenumberoflandslidesweretriggeredbytheMw7.9Wenchuanearthquakewhichoccurredon12thMay2008.LandslidesimpactedextensiveareasalongtheMingjiangRiveranditstributaries.Inthelandslidedeposits,soilandgravelfragmentsgenerallycoexistandtheirproportionsmayinfluencethehydrologicalanderosionprocessesonthesteepslopesofthedepositsurface.UnderstandingtheeffectsofthemixturesofsoilandgravelsinlandslidedepositsonerosionprocessesisrelevantforecologicalreconstructionandwaterandsoilconservationinWenchuanearthquakearea.Basedonfieldsurveys,indoorartificialrainfallsimulationexperimentswiththreerainfallintensities(1.0,1.5and2.0mm·min-1)andthreeproportionsofgravel(50%,66.7% and80%)wereconductedtomeasurehowtheproportionofgravelaffectedsoilerosionandsedimentyieldinlandslidesedimentsanddeposits.Wheretheproportionofgravelwas80%,nosurfacerunoffwasproducedduringthe90minuteexperimentunderallrainfallintensities.Forthe66.7% proportion,norunoffwasgeneratedatthelowestrainfallintensity(1.0mm·min-1).Asaresultoftheseinteractions,theaveragesedimentyieldrankedas50% >66.6% >80% withdifferentproportionsofgravel.Inaddition,therewasapositivecorrelationbetweenrunoffgenerationandsedimentyield,andthesedimentyieldlaggingtherunoffgeneration.Together,theresultsdemonstrateanimportantroleofgravelinmoderatingthemobilizationoflandslidesedimentproducedbylargeearthquakes,andcouldlaythefoundationforerosionmodelswhichprovidescientificguidanceforthecontroloflandslidesedimentintheWenchuanearthquakezone,China.
Keywords:Wenchuanearthquake;Soilerosion;Landslidesediment
BinghuiHe SouthwestUniversityinChinaEmail:hebinghui@swu.edu.cn
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