14qñaMEs VgrkkarB ited Im, Ikarcgca Mn igy ut þiFm ’ ³

14qñaMEsVgrkkarBitedIm,IkarcgcaMnigyutþiFm’ ³ 1997-2011

mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa

RbGb;sMbuRtelx1110/ PñMeBj RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa

TUrs½BÞ ³ ¬855¦ 23 211 875

TUrsar ³ ¬855¦ 23 210 358

GuIEm:l ³ [email protected]

eKhTMB½r ³ www.dccam.org b¤ www.cambodiatribunal.org

Rbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬1975-1979¦

1¦ DI xaMbUlI 2¦ edvId eqndl½r 3¦ evnI xkehÁól

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matika

kfamux

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN

CMBUk1 esckþIsegçb 1

CMBUk2 etIExμrRkhmCaGñkNa? etIExμrRkhmeLIgkan;GMNacedayrebobNa? 6

1¦ clnakumμúynIsþdMbUgbMput 6

2¦ karbegáItbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_Exμr 7

3¦ bkSBlkrkm<úCa 10

4¦ bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa 13

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1¦ karcUlkan;kab;TIRkúgPñMeBj 16

2¦ karCemøósRbCaCnecjBITIRkúgnigTIRbCuMCn 18

CMBUk4 karbegáItrdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü 22

1¦ GgÁkar 22

2¦ karyagnivtþn_mkkm<úCarbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu 23

3¦ rdæFmμnuBaØ 25

4¦ semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu laElgBItMENgRbmuxrdæ 26

5¦ rcnasm<½n§cat;taMgrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü 26

6¦ karpøas;bþÚréf¶kMeNItbkS 27

CMBUk5 PUmisa®sþrdæ)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü 28

CMBUk6 KeRmagEpnkarbYnqñaM ¬1977-1980¦ 32

CMBUk7 CIvitrs;enARbcaMéf¶kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü 36

1¦ karbegáItshkrN_ 36

2¦ vNÑ³sgÁmfμIBIr 37

3¦ BiFIerobmgÁlkar 40

4¦ karrMelaPelIsiT§inigBlkmμrbs;kumar 42

5¦ karbgçM[eFVIkarCaTm¶n; 46

6¦ bnSúT§kmμnigkarsmøab;rgÁal 47

CMBUk8 RbB½n§snþisux 50

1¦ mnÞIrsnþisux 50

2¦ xμaMgrbs;GgÁkar 51

3¦ karcab;xøÜnnigkarXuMXaMg 55

4¦ karsYrcemøIynigkareFVITaruNkmμ 56

5¦ karsmøab; 57

CMBUk9 mnÞIrs-21 ¬KukTYlEsøg¦ 59

1¦ GKarenAmnÞIrs-21 60

2¦ GñkeTas 60

3¦ bTbBaØtiþsRmab;GñkeTas 61

4¦ sßanPaBenAkñúgmnÞIrs-21 62

5¦ karsYrcemøIy 63

6¦ rcnasm<½n§cat;taMgenAkñúgmnÞIrs-21 65

7¦ fñak;dwknaMmnÞIrs-21 67

8¦ karsmøab;enAmnÞIrs-21 67

CMBUk10 TMnak;TMngkarbreTs 69

CMBUk11 kardYlrlMénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü 72

1¦ mUlehtubIy:agénkardYlrlM 72

2¦ km<úCaRbCaFibetyüeRkayqñaM1979 75

esckþIbBa©b; 79

]bsm<½n§ vin½ysRmab;GñkyamenAmnÞIrs-21 80

KnßnieTÞs 82

sTÞanuRkm 85

GñkniBn§ 90

kfamux

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qñaM1979.b:uEnþ esovePA {Rbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü} EdlCasñaédniBn§rbs;GñkRsavRCavDI xaMbUlI

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dMeNIrkarTUeTAénsarmnÞIr.

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DI xaMbUlI

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CMBUk1

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km<úCaenAéf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975.

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1

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eexxoovv ssMMppnn ¬¬rrUUbbkkNNþþaall¦¦ eennAAeexxttþþssÞÞwwggEERRttgg EEkk,,rrRRBBMMEEddnnLLaavv kkññúúggqqññaaMM11997733.. ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

3

KW {saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa} EdldwknaMedaysmmitþ ehg sMrin.

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bTBiesaFn_EdlxøÜn)anCYbRbTH.

4

vvaallBBiiXXaatteennAAkkmm<<úúCCaa ³³ mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa)aneRbIR)as;]bkrN_kMNt;TItaMgPUmisa®sþkñúgkarEsVgrknigKUEpnTIreNþAsaksBrYm

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bUCnIydæanEdlsagsg;eLIgeRkayrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyücMnYn81.

5

CMBUkTI2

etIExμrRkhmCaGñkNa? etIExμrRkhmeLIgkan;GMNacedayrebobNa?

1> clnakumμúynIsþdMbUgbMput

clnakumμúynIsþenAkm<úCaekItecjBIclnats‘URbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM

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)anmkCYbCuMKñaenAextþkMBt ehIy)anbegáItrNsirSÉkPaB\sSr³ ¬Exμr\sSr³¦ EdldwknaMedayRkúm

kumμúynIsþ. RkúmenHshkarCamYyevotNamedIm,IeFVIkarts‘URbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg.

eemmddwwkknnaaMMEExxμμrrRRkkhhmmCCiiHHkkññúúggrrffeePPøøIIgg ¬rUbxageqVg¦ ³ b:ul Bt nig nYn Ca ¬xagsþaM¦ ³ vn ev:t nig tam:uk


6

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sun esn/ exov sMpn/ nig eGog sarI. Cn

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nUvÉkraCüPaB nigPaBesμIKñaenAkñúgsgÁm.

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kñúgGMLúgeBlsñak;enAeronsURtenARkúg):arIs b:ul Bt

)ankøayeTACasmaCikbkSkumμúynIsþ)araMg ehIy)an

cMNayeBly:ageRcIneTAelIskmμPaBneya)ay. enA

eBl b:ul Bt RtLb;mkRbeTskm<úCavijenAqñaM1953

b:ul Bt )anbeRgónRbvtþiviTüanigPUmiviTüaenAsalaÉkCn

ehIy)ancUlrYmCamYyclnakumμúynIsþxusc,ab;mYy.

b:ul Bt erobkarCamYy exov b:uNÑarI enAqñaM1956.

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km<úCa. b:ul Bt RtÚv)ancat;taMgCaGnuelxabkSTIBIr

kñúgqñaM1961 nigCaelxabkSkñúgqñaM1963. eRkay

mk b:ul Bt )andwknaMkgT½BExμrRkhmeFVIs®gÁamRbqaMg

nwgrbbsaFarNrdæExμrrbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl;.

b:ul Bt )ankøayCanaykrdæm®nþIrbs;km<úCaRbCaFib

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1979 b:uEnþ)anbnþsßitenACaemdwknaMd¾man\T§iBlrbs;

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enAtamRBMRbTl;Exμr-éf rhUtdl;éf¶TTYlmrNPaBenA

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déTeTotEdlePosxøÜneTAdl;TIenaHmunbnþic.

minyUrb:unμan suIv ehg )anvilRtLb;mkkm<úCavij GmdMeNIreday nYn Ca ¬smaCikbkSkumμúynIsþ

\NÐÚcin Edl)aneTAhVwkhVWnenARbeTséfnigevotNam¦ nigkmμaPi)alCan;x<s;epSgeTot. edaysarembkS

sWg g:ukmij sñak;enAnireTsxøÜnÉTIRkúghaNUy bkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_ExμrRtÚv)andwknaMedayKN³kmμaFikarmCÄim

beNþaHGasnñmYy Edlman suIv ehg Caelxa nig TU samut CaGnuelxa. nYn Ca manzan³TIbIkñúgbkS.

esa Pwm ¬elxaPUmiPaKbUBa’kñúgry³ kalkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü¦CasmaCiklMdab;TIbYn. karRKb;RKgTUeTAenA

kñúgbkSsßitkñúgédkmμaPi)alevotNam paM v:an;)a EdlFøab;rs;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIyEdl)anGHGagfa

evotNamKYrbnþRKb;RKgelIclnakumμúynIsþenAkm<úCabnþeTAeTot.

eeyyaaFFaaEExxμμrrRRkkhhmmkkMMBBuuggppwwkkTTwwkkddUUgg ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

8

TU samut TTYlxusRtÚvelIskmμPaB kargarrbs;bkSenATIRkúgedaymanCMnYyBI nYn Ca nig saLút s

¬eRkaymkRtÚv)ansÁal;fa b:ul Bt¦ Edl

eTIbEtRtLb;mkBIsikSaenARbeTs)araMg.

RkúmkumμúynIsþenAPñMeBj)aneRbIR)as; b:ul

Bt CaGñkTak;TgkñúgkarbegáItKNbkSRsb

c,ab;mYyehAfa {{bbkkSSRRbbCCaaCCnn}}. KNbkS

enH)ancUlrYmRbkYtRbECgkñúgkare)aHeqñat

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énkic©RBmeRBógTRkúghSWENv7. KNbkS

enHdwknaMeday Ek mas EdlCamnusSsßit

enAeRkamkarbgÁab;bBa¢arbs; TU samut.

b:ul Bt )anCYybegáItlkçnþik³nig

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)aneFVITMnak;TMngCamYyKNbkSRbCaFib

etyü EdlnwgcUlrYmRbkYtRbECgCamYy

KNbkSsgÁmra®sþniymeTIbbegáItfμIrbs;

semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu kñúgkare)aHeqñat

qñaM1955Edr. b:ul Bt eCOCak;fa

KNbkS RbCaFibetyüEdlmanninñakar

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nwgQñH enAkñúgkare)aHeqñatenH ehIynwg

pþl;\T§iBlneya)ayxøH²mk[Rkúmkumμúy

nIsþkm<úCa.

eTaHCay:agenHkþI b:ul Bt )aneFVI

karBüakrN_xusTaMgRsug. KNbkSsgÁm

ra®sþniym)anQñHekAGITaMgGs;enAkñ úg

rdæsPaCati cMENkbkSRbCaCnTTYlsMeLg

eqñatEtbIPaKryb:ueNÑaH. Pøam²enaH suIv

ehg eCOCak;fa buBVehturbs;RkúmkumμúynIsþ

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neya)ayrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu

nYn Ca ¬eQμaHedIm rugLWt LavDI ¦

nYn Ca ekItqñaM1926 enAextþ)at;dMbg. enAqñaM1942

nYn Ca )aneTAbnþfñak;mFümsikSakRmit2enATIRkúg)agkk

edayrs;enAvtþbiNÐcam:abUBit. enAqñaM1944 nYn Ca sikSa

Epñkc,ab;enAsklviTüal½yFmμsat EdlenATIenaH nYn Ca

)ancUlCasmaCikbkSkumμúynIsþéf.

nYn Ca vilRtLb;mkRbeTskm<úCaenAqñaM 1950 ehIy

)anbþÚrsmaCikPaBrbs;xøÜnmkCasmaCikbkSkumμúynIsþ\NÐÚcin.

nYn Ca )ancUlsikSavKÁhVwkhVWnenATIRkúghaNUykñúgqñaM1954

ehIy)anvilRtLb;mkkm<úCavij enAqñaM1955. nYn Ca

RtÚv)aneRCIserIsCaGnuelxabkSBlkrkm<úCaenAqñaM1960.

kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü nYn Ca RtÚv)aneRCIstaMg

CaRbFansPatMNagRbCaCnkm<úCa. nYn Ca k¾mantMENgCa

GnuelxaKN³kmμaFikarmCÄim nigKN³kmμaFikarGcié®nþy_bkS

pgEdr. nYn Ca edIrtYnaTIsMxan;kñúgbBaðasnþisux ehIykñúgnam

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TTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarGnuvtþ eKalneya)ayeXareXACaeRcIn

Edl)anGnum½t[Gnuvtþeday KN³kmμaFikarGcié®nþy_bkS.

nYn Ca )annireTsxøÜneTARBMEdnExμr-éf enAqñaM1979.

nYn Ca nig exov sMpn )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa

enAéf¶TI25 ExFñÚ qñaM1998 bnÞab;BImrNPaBrbs; b:ul Bt.

nYn Ca RtÚv)ancab;xøÜn nigXuMxøÜnbeNþaHGasnñenAéf¶TI19

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km<úCa ¬G>v>t>k¦. nYn Ca RtÚv)anecaTRbkan;BIbT]Rkidækmμ

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BUCsasn_ kareFVImnusSXat kareFVITaruNkmμ nigkareFVITukçbuk

emñjelIsasna.

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CIvit. rhUtmkdl;cugqñaM2015enH nYn Ca enAEtminRBm

TTYlkMhus ehIyesñIrsuM[mansavnakarbnþelIsMNuMerOgKat;.

9

CagKMniteFVIbdivtþn_. CagenHeTAeTot clnaExμr\sSr³mYycMnYn)ane)aHbg;ecalkarts‘Urbs;xøÜn ehIycuHcUl

CamYyraCrdæaPi)alrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu. enAqñaM1956 suIv ehg )aneFVIkarTak;TgCasm¶at;CamYy

]tþmesnIy_ ln; nl; EdlCaGKÁbBa¢akarkgT½Brbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu ehIyEdl)anpþl;CUn suIv ehg

nUvkarFanasnþisuxsuvtßiPaBpÞal;xøÜn. enAqñaM1959 suIv ehg )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alsgÁmra®sþniymrbs;

semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu EdleFVI[GaCJaFrrdæaPi)almanlT§PaBcg¥úlnigcab;xøÜnkmμaPi)albkSlYclak;xusc,ab;

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nigsaxabkSBIrenACnbTb:ueNÑaH EdlenAmanskmμPaB nigdMeNIrkareBjelj. saxaTaMgBIrenaHrYmman ³

PUmiPaKbUBa’ manmUldæanenAextþkMBg;cam ¬dwknaMeday esa Pwm¦nig

PUmiPaKnirtI manmUldæanenAextþtaEkv ¬dwknaMeday Qit eCOn ehA tam:uk¦.

TU samut/ b:ul Bt/ nig nYn Ca )anbnþdwknaMskmμPaBbkSenATIRkúgPñMeBj edaymanCMnYyBI eGog

sarI nig sun esn CabBaØvnþmkBIRbeTs)araMg.

3> bkSBlkrkm<úCa

mhasnñi)at;bkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_Exμr)anR)arB§eFVIeLIgCasm¶at; enAkñúgsßanIyrfePøIgnaTIRkúgPñMeBj

BIéf¶TI28dl;éf¶TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM1960. mhasnñi)atenHRtÚv)ancUlrYmedaysmaCikR)aMBIrrUbBIsaxabkS

mmhhaassnnññii))aattbbkkSSkkuummμμúúyynnIIssþþkkmm<<úúCCaa ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

10

enATIRkúgnigdb;bYnrUbBIsaxabkSenACnbT. mhasnñi)at)anseRmcerobcMbkSsaCafμI begáItmaKa’neya)ayfμI

nigbþÚreQμaHbkSeTACabkSBlkrkm<úCa. TU samut )anTTYltMENgCaelxabkS ehIy nYn Ca CaGnuelxa.

enAeBlenaH b:ul Bt manzan³lMdab;TIIbIkñúgbkSehIyTTYltMENgCaGnuelxaTIBIrenAqñaM1961.

bnÞab;BI TU samut )an)at;xøÜn8enAqñaM1962 mhasnñi)atbkSCabnÞan;mYyRtÚv)anR)arB§eFVIeLIg

enAExkumÖ³qñaM1963. mhasnñi)at)aneRCIstaMg b:ul Bt CaelxabkS. nYn Ca EdlmantMENgx<s;

Cag b:ul Bt enAkñúgbkSminRtÚv)aneRCIserIseT edayehtufa nYn Ca manCab;sac;jatiCamYyCnk,t;bkS

ttMMbbnn;;rrMMeeddaaHHrrbbss;;EExxμμrrRRkkhhmmkkññúúggEExx]]ssPPaaqqññaaMM11997722 ¬tMbn;EdlmanépÞBN’páaQUkcas;bgðajBItMbn;Edlkan;kab;edayExμrRkhm

ehIytMbn;EdlmanépÞBN’páaQUkRsalbgðajBItMbn;RKb;RKgedayrdæaPi)alénrbbsaFarNrdæExμr¦ ¬mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

11

suIv ehg. mü:ageTot nYn Ca KWCaCnkumμúynIsþesμaHRtg;mñak; Edlcg;[bkSBlkrkm<úCakan;EtrwgmaMeLIg

dUecñH nYn Ca mineFVIkarRbkYtRbECgCamYy b:ul Bt sRmab;tMENgenHeT. nYn Ca )anbnþsßitenACaGnuelxa

bkSnigCaCnd¾man\T§iBlmñak;enAkñúgclnakumμúynIsþGs;ry³eBlCagsamsibqñaM.

bnÞab;BITTYltMENgCaelxabkSPøam b:ul Bt )aneTARCkekanenAÉmUldæanT½Brbs;evotNamenA

PaK|sanRbeTseQμaHfa {mnÞIr100}. enAqñaM1965 b:ul Bt )aneFVIdMeNIrtampøÚvlMhUCImij9eTATIRkúg

haNUy edIm,IeFVIkarBiPakSaCamYyevotNamxageCIg. b:ul Bt )aneTAeFVITsSnkic©enARbeTscin nigkUer:

ttMMbbnn;;rrMMeeddaaHHrrbbss;;EExxμμrrRRkkhhmmkkññúúggEExx]]ssPPaaqqññaaMM11997733 ¬tMbn;EdlmanépÞBN’páaQUkcas;bgðajBItMbn;Edlkan;kab;edayExμrRkhm

ehIytMbn;EdlmanépÞBN’páaQUkRsalbgðajBItMbn;RKb;RKgedayrdæaPi)alénrbbsaFarNrdæExμr¦ ¬mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

12

xageCIg. b:ul Bt RtÚv)anTTYlsVaKmn_enARbeTscin

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nIsþenAkm<úCaRtÚvEtbnþsßitenAeRkamkaremIlkarxusRtÚv

rbs;evotNamteTAeTot.

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bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa edayehtufa b:ul Bt cg;bnßy

\T§iBlrbs;evotNam nigrwtcMNgmitþPaBCamYycin.

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nYn Ca/ eGog sarI/ vn ev:t ¬GtItRKÚbeRgónenA

viTüal½yceRmInviC¢a enAPñMeBj¦ nig sun esn.

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C½yCmñHrbs;kgT½BkumμúynIsþkm<úCa elIrdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExμrEdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik.

eTaHCay:agNak¾eday k¾semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu emdwknaMmanEteQμaHrbs;kgT½Bbdivtþn_min)an

cUlrYmkñúgBiFIenHeT. RBHGgÁKg;enAEk,rRBHmatarbs;RBHGgÁ KWRBHmhakSRtiyanI suIsuvtiß kusum³narIrtn_

sirIvDÆna EdlkMBugEtRbQYnCaTm¶n;enATIRkúgeb:kaMg. kñúgGMLúgeBlKg;enAnireTsxøÜnenATIRkúgeb:kaMgtaMgBI

qñaM1970 rdæaPi)alkumμúynIsþcin)anfVayRBHGgÁnUvkarKaMRTTaMgpøÚvneya)aynigpøÚvcitþ RBmTaMgPUmiRKwHRbkb

edaypasukmYyeTotpg. eRkaymk RBHGgÁ)aneFVIesckþIEføgkarN_mYyekatsresIrBIC½yCmñHrbs;Exμr

Rkhm.

21

CMBUk4

karbegáItrdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

1> GgÁkar15

eTaHbICaExμrRkhm)aneFVIs®gÁamRbqaMgnwgrbbsaFarNrdæExμrrbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; Gs;

ry³eBl5qñaMk¾eday k¾clnanigemdwknaMsMxan;²rbs;ExμrRkhmminRtÚv)anpSBVpSayCasaFarN³Edr.

bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa)anrkSakarsm¶at;enHesÞIrEteBjry³eBlEdlxøÜnRKb;RKgRbeTskm<úCa.

GgÁkarbdivtþn_RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgedaysmaCikbkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa. GñkTaMgenHRtÚv)andwknaMCasm¶at;

BIsMNak; b:ul Bt.

enAExkBaØa qñaM1975 KN³kmμaFikarmCÄimbkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCarYmman ³ b:ul Bt/ nYn Ca/ esa

Pwm/ eGog sarI/ sun esn/ tam:uk nig vn ev:t.16

enAqñaM1977 smaCikbInak;eTotKW jwm rs;/ exov

sMpn nig Ek Bk RtÚv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgKN³kmμaFikarenH. b:ul Bt/ eGog sarI/ sun esn nig exov

eemmddwwkknnaaMMkkmm<<úúCCaaRRbbCCaaFFiibbeettyyüü nniiggssmmaaCCiikkKKNN³³GGcciiéé®®nnþþyy__éénnKKNN³³kkmmμμaaFFiikkaarrmmCCÄÄiimmbbkkSSkkuummμμúúyynnIIssþþkkmm<<úúCCaa ¬BIeqVgeTAsþaMrYmman ³ b:ul Bt ¬elxabkS

kumμúynIsþkm<úCanigCanaykrdæm®nþIénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü¦/ nYn Ca ¬GnuelxabkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCanigCaRbFansPatMNagRbCaCnkm<úCa¦/ eGog sarI

¬]bnaykrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkkic©karbreTs¦/ sun esn ¬]bnaykrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkkarBarCati¦/ vn ev:t ¬]bnaykrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkEpñkesdækic©¦¦


22

sMpn )anTTYlkarGb;rMenARbeTs)araMg cMENk nYn Ca Føab;)ansikSaeronsURtenARbeTséfnigevotNam.

smaCikepSgeToténKN³kmμaFikarmCÄimbkSmancMeNHdwgbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH.

fñak;dwknaMbkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCaBIqñaM1976-1978

2> karyagnivtþn_mkkm<úCarbs; semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu

rhUtdl;cugqñaM1975 ExμrRkhmenAEtehAxøÜnÉgfa CaraC

rdæaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<úCa EdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenATIRkúgeb:kaMgenA

qñaM1970 EdlmansemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu CaRBHRbFan. mkdl;

qñaM1972 ExμrRkhm)anRtÜtRtaelIclnats‘UesÞIrEtTaMgRsugeTAehIy

b:uEnþedIm,I)ankarTTYlsÁal;BIGnþrCatinigkarKaMRTBIRbCaCnenAkñúgRbeTs

clnaenHenAbnþsßiteRkamGFibtIPaBrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu

nigraCrdæaPi)alnireTsrbs;RBHGgÁdEdl.

enAExkkáda qñaM1975 ExμrRkhm)ansuMyagsemþcRBH neratþm

sIhnu EdlkMBugKg;nireTsenATIRkúgBüúgy:ag RbeTskUer:xageCIg mk

km<úCa. munyagnivtþn_mkkm<úCa RBHGgÁ)anyagmkkan;TIRkúgeb:kaMg

edIm,IsuMlaRbFanaFibtIcin em:A esTug nignaykrdæm®nþIcin CU eGnLay

EdlkMBugsRmakBüa)alenAmnÞIreBTü. eRkaymkRBHGgÁ)anmanRBH

b:ul Bt¬elxabkS¦

esa Pwm* eGog sarI sun esn* tam:uk* vn ev:t* Ek Bk*

exov sMpn

jwm rs;*

nYn Ca¬GnuelxabkS¦

*vn ev:t nig jwm rs; RtÚv)ansmøab;enAqñaM1978. esa Pwm eFVIGtþXatenAqñaM

1978. sun esn RtÚv)ansmøab;kñúgqñaM1997. Ek Bk søab;edaysarCMgWenA

qñaM2002. tam:uk søab;edaysarCMgWenAqñaM2006.

KKRRmmbbTTssSSnnaavvddþþII{{TTgg;;bbddiivvttþþnn__}}rrbbss;;kkmm<<úúCCaaRRbbCCaa

FFiibbeettyyüü eellxx44 EExxeemmssaa qqññaaMM11997788

¬sarmnÞIr]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

23

bnÞÚlfa ³ {karseRmcRBHT½yrbs; kñúgkarvilRtLb;mkkm<úCavij minmann½yfa yl;RBmTTYlsÁal;Exμr

RkhmTaMgenaHeT b:uEnþ RtÚvEteFVIBlikmμedIm,ICakitþiysdl;RbeTscin ehIyCaBiessdl;elaknaykrdæm®nþI

cin CU eGnLay Edl)anCYyRbeTs

km<úCa nigxøÜný:ageRcInelIslb;}17.

RBHGgÁ)anyagRtLb;CamYyRBHmehsI

enAedIm ExkBaØa qñaM1975 edayman

semþc Eb:n nut ¬naykrdæm®nþIénraCrdæa

Pi)alrYbrYmCatikm<úCa¦ exov sMpn/ eGog

FIriT§ ¬søab;edayCMgWenAéf¶TI22 ExmIna

qñaM2015¦ nigraCvgSanuvgSmYycMnYn

GmRBHraCdMeNIreTotpg.

bnÞab;BIyagnivtþn_mkdl;km<úCaPøam

RBHGgÁ)aneFVICaGFibtIkñúgsm½yRbCuMKN³

rdæm®nþImYy b:uEnþminRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[man

RBHbnÞÚlGVITaMgGs;. tMENgCaRBHRbmux

rdæ EdlRkúmemdwknaMkumμúynIsþfVayRBHGgÁ

enaHminmanGMNaceT. bIs)þah_eRkay

kkmmμμaaPPii))aallEExxμμrrRRkkhhmmRRbbCCuuMMCCaammYYyy TTWW kkaamm ssmmaaCCiikkKKNN³³mmCCÄÄiimmbbkkSSkkuummμμúúyynniissþþeevvoottNNaamm ¬¬rrUUbbeeqqVVgg¦¦ ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

ceRmógCatikm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

17 emsa mhaeCaKC½y

QamRkhmRcal eRsacRsBRkúgvalkm<úCa matuPUmi

Qamkmμkrksikrd¾]tþm QamyuT§Cn yuT§narIbdivtþn_.

QamERbkøayCakMhwgxøaMgkøa ts‘UemaHmut 17emsa

eRkamTg;bdivtþn_ QamrMedaHputBIPaBéK.

Ceya¡ Ceya 17emsaeCaKC½y mhaGs©arü mann½y

FMeFgelIssm½yGgÁr. eyIgrYbrYmKñaksagkm<úCanigsgÁmfμI

bvr RbCaFibetyü smPaB nigyutþiFm’ tammaKa’m©as;kar

ÉkraCürwgmaM ebþCJadac;xat karBarCatimatuPUmi TwkdI]tþm

bdivtþn_d¾rugerOg.

Ceya¡ Ceya¡ Ceya km<úCafμI RbCaFibetyü sm,Úr

fáúMefáIg ebþCJaeRCagRKvITg;bdivtþn_Rkhmx<s;eLIg sagmatuPUmi

eyIg[ceRmInelatepøaH mharugerOg mhaGs©arü.

24

karyagRtLb;mkdl;km<úCa RBHGgÁRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTA

GgÁkarshRbCaCatiedIm,ITamTarykGasn³rbs;km<úCa

enAmhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati. enAkñúgRbeTs

ÉeNHvij RkúmGñkKaMRTRBHGgÁCaeRcInnak;)an)at;xøÜn

edayKμandMNwg. smaCikraCvgSanuvgSRbEhl20

GgÁ)ancUlTivgÁtkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ehIy

y:agticmanRBHraCvgSanuvgS 7GgÁepSgeTotRtÚv)an

eFVIKutenAKukTYlEsøg.

3> rdæFmμnuBaØkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

mhasnñi)atCatielIkTI3EdlRtÚv)anR)arB§eFVI

eLIgenAéf¶TI14 ExFñÚ qñaM1975 )anGnum½t[mankar

begáItrdæFmμnuBaØfμImYyEdlRtÚv)anRbkasCapøÚvkarenA

éf¶TI5 Exmkra qñaM1976.18

RbeTskm<úCaRtÚv)an

bþÚreQμaHCapøÚvkarfa {km<úCaRbCaFibetyü}. rdæFmμnuBaØ

)anbegáItsPatMNagRbCaCncMnYn250Gasn³ Edl

kñúgenaH150rUbtMNag[vNÑ³ksikr 50rUbtMNag[

vNÑ³kmμkrnigBlkr nig50rUbeTottMNag[kgT½B

bdivtþn_km<úCa. rdæFmμnuBaØminmanEcgGVITaMgGs;Tak;TgnwgbkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa ehIyrdæsPa)anebIksm½yRbCuM

EtmþgKt;enAExemsa qñaM1976.

ceRmógCatifμImaneQμaHfa {{1177eemmssaa mmhhaaeeCCaaKKCC½½yy}}. bTceRmógenHniBn§eday b:ul Bt.

Tg;CatifμImanépÞBN’RkhmehIymanrUbR)asaTGgÁrvtþkMBUlbIBN’elOgenAcMkNþal.

Tg;Catikm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

mmaaRRttaa1166éénnrrddææFFmmμμnnuuBBaaØØkkmm<<úúCCaaRRbbCCaaFFiibbeettyyüü))aannEEccgg

GGMMBBIIrrUUbbPPaaBBnniiggxxøøwwmmssaarréénnTTgg;;CCaattiieennHHmmaannddUUcctteeTTAA ³³

{{ééppÞÞRRkkhhmmmmaannrrUUbbRR))aassaaTTkkMMBBUUllbbIIBBNN’’eellOOggeennAAccMM

kkNNþþaall.. ééppÞÞRRkkhhmmCCaanniimmiittþþrrUUbbéénnccllnnaabbddiivvttþþnn__ kkaarr

RRbbyyuuTT§§eemmaaHHmmuutt GGgg;;GGaacckkøøaahhaannkkññúúggkkaarrrrMMeeddaaHHCCaattii

kkaarrBBaarrCCaattii nniiggkkssaaggCCaattiikkmm<<úúCCaarrbbss;;RRbbCCaaCCnn

kkmm<<úúCCaa.. RR))aassaaTTBBNN’’eellOOggCCaanniimmiittþþrrUUbbéénnRRbbééBBNNII

CCaattii nniiggRRbbCCaaCCnnkkmm<<úúCCaaEEddllCCaaGGññkkkkaarrBBaarrRRbbeeTTss

CCaaGGññkkssßßaabbnnaaRRbbeeTTss[[))aannffááúúMMeeffááIIgg rruuggeerrOOgg}}..

sBaØaCati mmaaRRttaa1177éénnrrddææFFmmμμnnuuBBaaØØkkmm<<úúCCaaRRbbCCaaFFiibbeettyyüüEEccgg

ffaa {{ssBBaaØØaaCCaattiiKKWWmmaannRRbbBB½½nn§§EERRss nniiggRRbbLLaayyTTwwkkCCaanniimmiittþþrrUUbbéénn

kkssiikkmmμμeeCCOOnneellOOnn mmaanneerraaggccRRkkCCaanniimmiittþþrrUUbbéénn]]ssSSaahhkkmmμμ

mmaannkkRRmmggkkYYrrRRssUUvv CCaaEEssññggRRkkbbIIBB½½TT§§BBIIeeRRkkAA eehhIIyymmaannGGkkSSrr

{{kkmm<<úúCCaaRRbbCCaaFFiibbeettyyüü}} eennAABBIIeeRRkkaamm}}..

25

4> semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu laElgBItMENgRbmuxrdæ

enAéf¶TI11 ExmIna qñaM1976 KN³Gcié®nþy_bkSkumμúynIskm<úCa)anCYbBiPakSaKñaGMBIbBaðasuMlaElgBI

tMENgrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu. KN³Gcié®nþy_)anRBmeRBógTTYlyksMeNIsuMyagcUlnivtþn_rbs;RBHGgÁ

b:uEnþnwgminGnuBaØat[RBHGgÁcakecjBIRbeTs eFVIesckþIEføgkarN_ b¤CYbBiPakSaCamYyGgÁTUtbreTsNamYy

eLIy. rbbraCaniymenAkm<úCaEdlekItmaneLIgGs;ry³eBlCit2Ban;qñaMmkehIyenaHRtÚv)anbBa©b;.

enAExemsa qñaM1976 sPatMNagRbCaCnkm<úCa)anebIksm½yRbCuMelIkTImYynigEtmþgKt;rbs;

xøÜn. GgÁRbCuM)anRBmeRBógKñaCaÉkcänÞeTAelIsMeNIsuMyagcUlnivtþn_rbs; semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu eday

pþl;fVayRBHGgÁnUvR)ak;esaFnnivtþn_cMnYn8Ban;duløarshrdæGaemrikkñúgmYyqñaM EdlminEdlebIkfVayRBHGgÁ

Tal;EtesaH. RBHGgÁnigRBHraCvgSanuvgSRtÚv)anXuMXaMgenAkñúgRBHbrmraCvaMg. RBHGgÁ)anCab;XuMenATIenaH

rhUtdl;Exmkra qñaM1979 KWrhUtdl;éf¶dYlrlMénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü19.

5> rcnasm<½n§cat;taMgrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCaKWCaGgÁkarEtmYyKt; EdlmanGMNacenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. RksYg

EdlmanskmμPaBkargareRcIn RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenATIRkúgPñMeBjrYmmanRksYgkarbreTs dwknaMeday eGog

sarI RksYgkarBarCati dwknaMeday sun esn RksYg]sSahkmμdwknaMeday ecg Gn nigRksYgesdækic©

dwknaMeday vn ev:t. KN³kmμaFikarEtmYyKt;EdlmansiT§iGMNackñúgkareFVIesckþIseRmccitþ nigGnum½teKal

neya)ayrdæaPi)alniglkçnþik³epSg² KWKN³kmμaFikarGcié®nþy_bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCaEdlman b:ul Bt

Caelxa nig nYn Ca CaGnuelxa. emdwknaMbkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCaminEdlykcitþTukdak;eKarBrdæFmμnuBaØ nigbT

bBaØtþinana EdlemdwknaMTaMgenHCaGñkGnum½tbegáIteLIgedayxøÜnÉgmþgNaeT. smaCikénKN³kmμaFikar

Gcié®nþy_ nigKN³kmμaFikarmCÄimbkSk¾mantMENgenAkñúgrdæaPi)alEdr20.

26

6> karpøas;bþÚréf¶kMeNItbkS

enAExmIna qñaM1976 KN³kmμaFikarmCÄimbkS)an

seRmcykqñaM1960 ¬minykqñaM1951¦ CaqñaM

kMeNItbkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa. emdwknaMTaMgenaH)an

seRmcfa GñkTaMgLayNaEdlcUlCasmaCikmunqñaM

1960nwgminRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCasmaCikbkSeTot

eT. mCÄimbkSmincg;TTYlsÁal;sarsMxan;énkarCYy

eRCamERCgrbs;evotNammunqñaM1960eLIy ehIy

cg;bdiesFecal\T§iBlrbs;evotNammkelIbkS

kumμúynIsþkm<úCa nigcg;kat;pþac;TMnak;TMngTaMgLayEdl

Føab;manCamYyevotNampg.

bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa)anbnþdwknaMRbeTsCasm¶at;

enAeRkameQμaHfa{GgÁkar}. eTaHCay:agenHkþI enAEx

kBaØa qñaM1977 KWmundMeNIrTsSnkic©eTARbeTscin

bnþic b:ul Bt )anRbkasCasaFarN³nUvGtßiPaB

rbs;bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa nigtYnaTIrbs;xøÜnCanayk

rdæm®nþIénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

exov sMpn ¬smmitþEhm¦

exov sMpn ekItqñaM1931enAextþsVayerog.

bnÞab;BITTYl)anGaharUbkrN_eTAsikSaenARbeTs

)araMg exov sMpn )anbBa©b;sBaØab½Rtfñak;bNÐit

viTüasa®sþesdækic© ehIy)anvilRtLb;mkkm<úCa

vijkñúgqñaM1959. bnÞab;mk semþcRBHneratþm

sIhnu )anEtgtaMg exov sMpn CardæelxaFikar

RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ. enAqñaM1964 exov sMpn

)anlaElgBImuxtMENg b:uEnþbnþsßitenACasmaCik

sPary³eBlbYnqñaMeTot.

qñaM1967 edayRtÚvecaTRbkan;faCaPñak;gar

rbs;RkúmkumμúynIsþ exov sMpn )anrt;eTAlak;xøÜn

enAkñúgéRB. qñaM1976bnÞab;BIkarsuMlaElgrbs;

semþcRBH neratþmsIhnu exov sMpn RtÚv)anEtgtaMg

CaRbFanKN³RbFanrdærbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

exov sMpn )ancUlrYmCamYyrdæaPi)alnireTsrbs;

b:ul Bt BIqñaM1979 dl;qñaM1998 ehIybnÞab;mk

exov sMpn )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.

exov sMpn RtÚv)anGgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØkñúg

tulakarkm<úCa ¬G>v>t>k¦ cab;nigXuMxøÜnCabeNþaH

GasnñenAExvicäika qñaM2007. exov sMpn RtÚv

)anecaTRbkan;BIbT]RkidækmμRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati

GMeBIbMBarbMBany:agF¶n;F¶reTAelIGnusBaØaTIRkúg

hSWENv cuHéf¶TI12 ExsIha qñaM1949 GMeBI

Rbl½yBUCsasn_ kareFVImnusSXat kareFVITaruN

kmμ nigkareFVITukçbukemñjxagEpñksasna.

exov sMpn RtÚv)ankat;eTaseday G>v>t>k

[Cab;eTasGs;mYyCIvit. b:uEnþrhUtmkdl;cugqñaM

2015enH exov sMpn enAEtminRBmTTYleTas

kMhus ehIysMNuMerOgrbs;Kat;enAEtbnþeTAeTot.

27

CMBUk5

PUmisa®sþrdæ)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

enAqñaM1976 bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa)anEbgEckkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüeTACa6PUmiPaK EdlrYmman

32tMbn;. PUmiPaKnImYy²KWykextþBIrb¤eRcInmkbBa©ÚlKña b¤kat;Rsuk1 b¤eRcInecjBIextþenHxøHb¤extþenaHxøH

mkbBa©ÚlKña. PUmiPaKnigtMbn;TaMgGs;suT§EtRtÚv)andak;kMNt;smÁal;Caelx. PUmiPaKnImYy²Eckecj

CaeRcIntMbn; ehIytMbn;nImYy²EckecjCaRsuk XuM nigshkrN_.

PPUUmmiiPPaaKKbbUUBBaa’’ ¬PUmiPaK203¦ dwknaMeday esa Pwm EdleFVIGtþXatenAEx]sPa qñaM1978.

PUmiPaKenHrYmmanextþéRBEvgnigextþsVayerogTaMgmUl EpñkxøHénextþkMBg;camEdlsßitenAeRtIyxagekItTenø

emKgÁTaMgGs; nigkat;ecjBIRsukmYykñúgextþRkecHKWRsukqøÚg nigkat;ykRsukxøHBIextþkNþalEdlrYmmanRsuk

kkmmμμaaPPii))aallCCaann;;xx<<ss;;EExxμμrrRRkkhhmmeeFFVVIITTssSSnnkkiicc©©eennAACCnnbbTT ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

28

xSac;kNþal lVaÉm nigmuxkMBUl. PUmiPaKenHEckecjCaR)aMtMbn;EdlrYmmantMbn;20 tMbn;21 tMbn;22

tMbn;23 nig tMbn;24.

PPUUmmiiPPaaKKnniirrttII ¬PUmiPaK405¦ dwknaM

eday Qit eCOn ehAtam:uk. PUmiPaKenH

rYmmanextþkMBtnigextþtaEkvTaMgmUl RsukBIr

kñúgextþkMBg;s<W ¬RsuksMeragTg nigRsukKgBisI¦

nigRsukR)aMkñúgextþkNþal ¬RsukkNþalsÞwg

s¥ag ekaHFM ekonsVay nigRsukelIkEdk¦.

PUmiPaKenHEckecjCabYn tMbn; KWtMbn;13

tMbn;33 tMbn;35 nig tMbn;25.

PPUUmmiiPPaaKK]]ttþþrr ¬PUmiPaK303¦ dwknaM

eday kuy FYn ehA Fuc BIqñaM1970dl;

edImqñaM1976. bnÞab;BI kuy FYn RtÚv)an

cab;xøÜn nigsmøab;enAKukTYlEsøg enAqñaM1977 Ek Bk RtÚv)ancat;taMgCaelxaPUmiPaK. enAqñaM1977

dEdl Ek Bk RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eFVICaelxaPUmiPaKkNþalEdleTIbbegáItfμI ehIyelxafμIrbs;PUmiPaK]tþrKW

kg cab. PUmiPaKenHrYmmanextþkMBg;FMTaMgmUl EpñkxaglicTenøemKgÁTaMgGs;énextþkMBg;cam nigRsukmYykñúg

extþRkecH ¬RsukERBkRbsb;¦ ehIyEckecjCabItMbn;KW tMbn;41 tMbn;42 nig tMbn;43.

TTII kkaamm ¬¬rrUUbbTTII22rraabb;;BBIIssþþaaMM¦¦ CCaammYYyykkmmμμaaPPii))aallEExxμμrrRRkkhhmm


eemmddwwkknnaaMMCCaann;;xx<<ss;;EExxμμrrRRkkhhmmeeFFVVIITTssSSkkiicc©©eennAACCnnbbTT ¬BIeqVgeTAsþaM eGog sarI nig nYn Ca¦ ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

29

PPUUmmiiPPaaKKBBaayy½½BBüü ¬PUmiPaK560¦ dwknaMeday jwm rs;. PUmiPaKenHrYmmanextþeBaF×sat; nigextþ)at;dMbg

TaMgmUl EdlEckecjCaR)aMBIrtMbn;rYmmantMbn;1 tMbn;2 tMbn;3 tMbn;4 tMbn;5 tMbn;6 nigtMbn;7.

PPUUmmiiPPaaKKbbss©©iimm ¬PUmiPaK401¦ dwknaMedayCU eCt.PUmiPaKenHrYmman extþekaHkug nigextþkMBg;qñaMgTaMgmUl

nigEpñkxøHénextþkMBg;s<W ehIyEckecjCaR)aMtMbn;KW tMbn;31 tMbn;32 tMbn;37 tMbn;15 nigtMbn;11.

PPUUmmiiPPaaKK||ssaann ¬PUmiPaK108¦ dwknaMeday éN sar:an; ehA y:a ¬smøab;enAqñaM1976¦.

PUmiPaKenH rYmman extþrtnKIrITaMgmUl extþmNÐlKIrITaMgmUl EpñkxøHénextþRkecH nigEpñkxøHénextþsÞwgERtg

EdlsßitenA eRtIyxaglicTenøemKgÁ. PUmiPaKenHEckecjCaR)aMmYytMbn; KW tMbn;101 tMbn;102

tMbn;104 tMbn; 105 tMbn;107 nigtMbn;505.

PPUUmmiiPPaaKKnniiggttMMbbnn;;kkññúúggrrbbbbkkmm<<úúCCaaRRbbCCaaFFiibbeettyyüüqqññaaMM11997766

e)aHBum<pSayedayRksYgsikSaFikarkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüqñaM1976 ¬mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

30

kñúgqñaM1976enH km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anbegáIttMbn;sVy½tcMnYnBIrepSgeTotEdlmincMNuH[PUmiPaK

NamYyeLiy ehIyeFVIkarTak;TgkargarpÞal;CamYyKN³kmμaFikarmCÄimbkS. tMbn;TaMgenHrYmmantMbn;

esomrab ]tþrmanC½y ¬tMbn;106¦ nigtMbn;RBHvihar¬tMbn;103¦. RkúgkMBg;esam ¬bc©úb,nñextþRBHsIhnu¦

k¾RtÚv)ancat;taMgedayELkBIPUmiPaKEdr.

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Rtg;GtItPUmiPaK]tþr cMENkPUmiPaK]tþrfμIRtÚv)anbþÚrTItaMgeTAtMbn;esomrab-]tþrmanC½ynigtMbn;RBHvihar.

tMbn;RkecH¬b¤tMbn;505¦ nigtMbn;mNÐlKIrI¬b¤tMbn;105¦ RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBIPUmiPaK|sannigcat;taMgCa

tMbn;sVy½t.

31

CMBUk6

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ExμrRkhm)aneFVIkare)assm¥atTIRkúgnigTIRbCuMCnnana edIm,IlubbM)at;ecalkarrs;enAtamTIRkúg

nigksagkm<úCamYyfμIedayBwgEp¥kelIkarBRgIkplitkmμRsUv. edImqñaM1976 bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa)anRbjab;

Rbjal;erobcMEpnkarbYnqñaMelIkTImYy ¬1977-1980¦ EdltRmÚv[eFVIkarRbmUlpþúMRBTüsm,tþiÉkCn

TaMgGs; nigdak;kardaMduHRsUvCaGaTiPaBcm,grbs;Cati. bnÞab;BIbBaðasnþisuxCati smUhPavUbnIykmμKWCaeKal

neya)ayd¾sMxan;bMputrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

RbCaCnkm<úCaminEdlCYbRbTHkarRbmUlpþúMEbbenHeTtaMgBImunmk. b:uEnþkñúgqñaM1976 RbCaCnRKb;rUb

RtÚv)antRmÚv[RbmUlRTBüsm,tþiÉkCnTaMgGs;rbs;xøÜn¬rYmTaMgsmÖar³pÞH)aypg¦edIm,IeRbIR)as;rYm. CaEpñk

mYyéndMeNIrkarenHEdr RKÜsarExμrTaMgGs;RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBIKña ehIyRbCaCnRKb;rUbRtÚv)ancat;taMg[eTA

eFVIkartamRkúmerog²xøÜn. bþIRbBn§RtÚv)anbMEbk[rs;enAepSgBIKña ehIykUn²RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBI«Bukmþay.

EpnkarbYnqñaMmaneKaledAseRmc[)annUvplitplRsUvbIetankñúgmYyhiktaCamFüm. enHCakic©kar

kkmmμμaaPPii))aallEExxμμrrRRkkhhmmeeFFVVIIkkaarrRRbbmmUUllppllRRssUUvv ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

32

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TUTaMgRbeTsEbbenHeTBImunmk. CagenHeTAeTot RbeTsCatiRtÚv)anbMpøicbMpøajedays®gÁam ehIymankar

xVHxat]bkrN_ stVBahn³ nigkmøaMgBlkmμmaMmYny:ageRcIn.

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»nfy[eTACaksikmμeCOnelOnmYy.

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nigCMgWEdlKμankarBüa)al. kñúgry³kalén

km<úCaRbCaFibetyü lkçxNÐrs;enArbs;RbCa

CnmansPaBy:ab;yuWny:agxøaMg. rbbenH)an

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Kμansl;cenøaH. RbCaCnPaKeRcIndwgfaRbeTs

mYyRtÚvkarGñkecHdwgedIm,IGPivDÆn_RbeTs.

b:uEnþExμrRkhm)ansmøab;bBaØvnþnig Gñkbec©k

eTsGs;CaeRcIn ehIy)anbiTsaklviTüal½y

salaeron nigmCÄmNÐlGb;rMdéTeTotenATUTaMgRbeTs. ExμrRkhm)anbBa¢ÚnksikrBICnbT EdlBuMman

bTBiesaFn_[mkeFVIkarenAtameragcRkmYYycMnYntUcenATIRkúgPñMeBj.

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FmμtaKWbIetankñúgmYyhikta cMENkdIERselxmYy ksikrRtÚveFVI[)anBI6eTA7etankñúgmYyhikta. CagenH

eTAeTot TinñplRsUvRtÚvEtekIneLigCaerogral;qñaM.

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mYyéf¶. mYycMENkeTotTuksRmab;eFVIBUC ehIymYycMENkeTotTuksRmab;es,ógbRmúg. cMENkcugeRkay

ehIyk¾CacMENkFMCageKenaH RtÚv)annaMykeTAlk;enAÉbreTsedIm,IbþÚryksac;R)ak; EdlGaceRbIR)as;

edIm,ITijm:asuInsRmab;eFVIERscmáar eRKÓg sBVavuF nigTMnijepSg²eTot.

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sRmab;ciBa©wmRbCaCnnigsRmab;eFVIBUC. pÞúyeTAvij RsUvPaKeRcInRtÚv)anykeTApÁt;pÁg;kgT½BnigkmμkreragcRk

kkggccll½½ttnnaarrIIEExxμμrrRRkkhhmmeeFFVVIIkkaarrRRbbmmUUllppllRRssUUvv


33

nignaMecjeTARbeTscin nigRbeTssgÁmniymdéTeTot.

kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü esÞIrEtKμannNamñak;

Føab;TTYl)anrbbGaharRKb;RKan;eT. RbCaCnPaKeRcInhUb

EtbbrlayeBat edImeck nigedImlðúg ehIyTTYl)anrbb

GgárticCagknøHkMb:ugTwkedaHeKakñúgmYyéf¶. manEtkmμaPi)al

nigkgT½BExμrRkhmb:ueNÑaHEdlman)ayhUbRKb;RKan;. Gñk

EdlenArs;ranmanCIvitTaMgGs;BIrbbenH yl;Rsbfa GVIEdl

Kat;cgcaMbMputeRkABIkarbgçM[eFVIkarhYskmøaMgnigkarkab;smøab;

enaH KWkarxVHxatGahary:agxøaMg.

G‘u¿ saer:t Gayu57qñaM RbCaBlrdærs;enAraCFanI

PñMeBj)anerobrab;BICIvitQWcab;rbs;RKÜsarKat; edaysar

karhUbminRKb;RKan;fa ³

kkaarrssEEmmþþggssiill,,³³rrbbss;;kkggyyuuvvCCnnyyuuvvnnaarrII


sskkmmμμPPaaBBCCBBaa¢¢ÚÚnnddIIeennAAkkññúúggKKeeRRmmaaggeellIIkkTTMMnnbb;;CCIIkkRRbbLLaayy ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

34

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edayKat;KitfaenaHKWCakUnRtI. éf¶mYy kmμaPi)alExμrRkhmmñak;)ansmøab;Bs;manBis

mYyehIyykmkTukecalenAelIrbg. Kat;dwgEdrfaBs;enaHmanBis b:uEnþKat;enAEt

BisaeTotrhUteFVI[Kat;søab;. b¥ÚnRsI nigkUn²søab;edaysarEtkarGt;Xøan. RKÜsar

rbs; k¾sßitenAkñúgsßanPaBdUcKñaEdr. eyIg)anxitxMeFVIERscmáary:ageRcIn b:uEnþeyIg

minEdl)anhUbRKb;RKan;eT. edayXøanxøaMgeBk eBlxøH´kat;edImRtavéRBmkes¶ar

hUb. eBlhUbehIyrmas;eBjxøÜn. kUn²ýMRThwgeBjpÞH. éf¶mYyéTAsÞÚcRtI.

RbFankgKMram´fa {eFVIb£kefakTabeTAGgÁúysÞÚcRtI

Rby½tñGgÁkarykeTAsmøab;ecal}. edaykarxVHGahar

kUnrbs; mñak;Føak;xøÜnQWCaTm¶n;. )anykExSk eTAdUrykGgármk daM)ay[kUn´hUb.

kUn´hUb)ayeRcInNas; EtCMgWrbs;vakan;EtF¶n;F¶reLIgCalMdab; ehIyk¾søab;)at;eTA.

kUn´BIrnak;eTotnigbþIrbs;´k¾Føak;xøÜnQWEdr edaysarEthUbmin RKb;RKan;.

eTaHCay:agenHkþI ´ bþI ehIynigkUn )anRbwgERbgrs;y:agevTnaCaTIbMput.

35

CMBUk7

CIvitrs;enARbcaMéf¶kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

1> karbegáItshkrN_

kñúgGMLúgs®gÁamsuIvilBIqñaM1970dl;1975 RbCaCnPaKeRcInEdlrs;enAtamtMbn;rMedaHrbs;ExμrRkhm

RtÚv)anerobcM[eTACa{RkúmRbvas;éd} EdlmansmaCikBI10eTA30RKÜsarkñúgmYyRkúm. eTaHCay:agenHkþI

cab;BIqñaM1973 nigCaBiessbnÞab;BIC½yCmñHqñaM1975 RkúmRbvas;édRtÚv)anerobcM[eTACa{shkrN_kRmit

Tab}EdlmansmaCik3-4rynak; b¤k¾PUmimYyTaMgmUl. rhUtdl;qñaM1977 shkrN_kRmitTabRtÚv)an

erobcMeLIgvij[eTACa{shkrN_kRmitx<s;} EdlrYmman1Ban;RKÜsarkñúgshkrN_nImYy² b¤k¾XuMmYyTaMgmUl.

RRbbCCaaCCnnmmUUllddææaann ³³ mmþþaayynniiggkkUUnn ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

36

emdwknaMbkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa)anbegáItshkrN_TaMgenHeLIg EdlCaEpñkmYyéndMeNIrrbs;xøÜneq<aHeTA

rkkarlubbM)at;ecalkmμsiT§iÉkCnnigrbbmUlFnniym nigedIm,IBRgwgvNÑ³kmμkrnigksikr. cMeBaHExμrRkhm

shkrN_mann½yfaRbCaCnrs;enACamYyKña eFVIkarCamYyKña hUbcukCamYyKña nigEckrMElkkarkmSanþCa

smUhPaB. eKalkarN_enHeFVI[mankardak;kMhity:agtwgrwugeTAelIkarrs;enACabuKÁl. RKÜsarExμrFøab;rs;enA

hUbcukCYbCuMKñarab;Ban;qñaMmkehIy dUecñHkarbgçMRbCaCn[hUbrYmKñaenAkñúgshkrN_ CaBiessenAeBlEdl

mankarxVHxatGahary:agxøaMgEbbenH KWCaTegVImYyeXareXAxøaMgNas;. CagenHeTAeTot RbCaCnRtÚvRbKl;

RTBüsm,tþirbs;xøÜn EdlCameFüa)ayplitkmμsMxan;²dak;Casm,tþirYmrbs;shkrN_TaMgGs; EdlmandUcCa

]bkrN_eRbIR)as; eKaRkbI ngÁ½l rnas; RKab;BUC nigdIERsCaedIm.

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)anBN’nashkrN_faCa {kmøaMgFMeFgxøaMgkøa} kñúgkarksagRbeTsnigCa {kMEpgEdkEfby:agrwgmaMbMput}

sRmab;karBarkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüTb;Tl;nwgsRtÚv.

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vNÑ³sgÁmy:agNak¾eday b:uEnþFatuBitExμrRkhm)an

begáIteLIgnUvvNÑ³fμIBIrenAkñúgRbeTsKW {RbCaCn

mUldæan} nig{RbCaCnfμI} .

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LayNaEdlrs;enAtamtMbn;CnbT RKb;RKgeday

bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCamunéf¶17 Exemsa qñaM1975.

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b¤RbCaCneRtóm. RbCaCneBjsiT§iKWGñkTaMgLay

NaEdlminmanbgb¥ÚnFøab;eFVIkarkñúgrbbsaFarNrdæ

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RbCaCnmUldæanGackøayCaRbFanshkrN_ nig GGññkkssiill,,³³EExxμμrrRRkkhhmm


37

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RbCaCnTaMgenHnwgRtÚv)anRtaRbNI drabNaGñkTaMgenaHxitxMeFVIkargaredayx¢ab;x¢Ün.

RRbbCCaaCCnnffμμII b¤RbCaCn17emsaKWGñkEdlRtÚvCemøósecjBITIRkúg b¤TIRbCuMCnnanaenAExemsa qñaM

1975. eTaHCay:agenHkþI mYycMnYnFMénGñkTaMgenHKWCaGñkmkBICnbT ehIy)anrt;eTATIRkúgedIm,IeKcBI

s®gÁam. RbCaCnfμIRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCamnusSEdlminGaceCOTukcitþ)an ehIyTTYlkars¥b;ex<ImnigkarsgS½yBI

sMNak;GgÁkar. RbCaCnTaMgenHRtÚv)anGgÁkarcat;TukfaCa{CnbeBaØIEk¥k} ehIyKμansiT§iGVITaMgGs;dUcEdlBakü

esøakExμrRkhmmYy)anGHGagfa {BYk17emsaCaCnbeBaØIEk¥k. BYkvaCaGñkcaj;s®gÁamnigCaeQøIyswk}.

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RbCaCnfμITTYlrgkareFVITukçbukemñjxøaMgCagRbCaCncas;. b:uEnþTMhMénGMeBIeXareXAmankRmitxus²KñaBItMbn;

mYyeTAtMbn;mYyeTot. ]TahrN_ RbCaCnenAextþsVayerognigéRBEvgkñúgPUmiPaKbUBa’ )anTTYlkarKaMBarBI

bdivtþn_RbesIrCagGñkEdlRtÚv)anCemøóseTAextþeBaF×sat;nig)at;dMbgénPUmiPaKBay½Bü.

cab suIfa Gayu65qñaM rs;enATIRkúgPñMeBj)anerobrab;BICIvitrbs;Kat;EdlkaleNaHCaGñk17

emsa fa ³

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38

enAeBlCemøósqñaM1975 RkúmRKÜsarÉdlmansmaCikTaMgGs;14nak;RtÚv)anCemøós

eTArs;enARsukekaHFM extþkNþal. enATIenaH GgÁkarcat;taMg[daMbEnøbgáar nigeFVIERs.

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emIlpøÚv«BukÉgeT ehIyRby½tñRbEygmat;pg kuMniyayGVIepþspþas[esaHRby½tñeK

ykeTAmYyBUC eRBaH«BukÉgmanRbvtþiFMNas;}. dwgfaGgÁkar)anykbþI eTAsmøab;ecal

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rs;enATIRkúgPñMeBj. tamBit ExμrRkhmnaMBYkeyIgeTAextþ)at;dMbg. GgÁkar)anEckkUn

xÞmmYy[RkúmRKÜsar´rs;enA. RKÜsar´RtÚv)anbMEbk[eTArs;enAkñúgkgepSg²Kña.

manEtkUnRsIeBArbs;´GayuR)aMmYyqñaMb:ueNÑaH rs;enACamYy´. CIvitenA)at;dMbgKWCa

erOgr:avmYyEdlminGacbMePøc)aneTsRmab; . kñúgry³eBlEtdb;éf¶ b:ueNÑaHkUnRbús

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kkaarrssEEmmþþggssiill,,³³rrbbss;;EExxμμrrRRkkhhmmeennAAkkññúúggttMMbbnn;;rrMMeeddaaHH ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

39

RtÚv)ansmøab; edayGgÁkarecaTRbkan;famanCab;Bak;B½n§CamYyxμaMg. mYyry³eRkaymk

mþayekμkrbs;´Gayu70qñaM)ansøab;edayCMgWxVHGaharbriePaK. CIviteBareBjeday

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BBiiFFIIeerroobbkkaarrrrbbss;;EExxμμrrRRkkhhmm ¬nun hu‘y ehA h‘uy ERs ¬rUbxageqVg¦ CamYynwgRbBn§eQμaH Rbúk samut ehA Rbúk exOn. hu‘y

CaRbFanmnÞIrs-24 EdlCasaxamYyrbs;mnÞIrs-21. hu‘ynigRbBn§RtÚv)ancab;xøÜnbBa¢ÚnmkmnÞIrs-21kñúgéf¶CamYyKña KWéf¶

TI5 ExFñÚ qñaM1978. ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

40

bgb¥Únsac;jati minGnuBaØat[cUlrYmkñúgBiFImgÁlkar b¤cUlrYmkñúgkareFVIesckþIseRmccitþNamYyeLIy.

semøókbMBak;RbéBNI BiFIraMErk ceRmógRbéBNI nigBiFItamEbbsasnaRtÚv)anhamXat;.

narImYycMnYnRtÚv)anbgçM[erobkarCamYyyuT§CnBikar EdlrgrbYskñúgeBls®gÁam ehIyRtÚvdac;éd

b¤dac;eCIgmçag. narIEdlCMTas;minTTYlykbursBikarTaMgenHGacRtÚvcab;XuMXaMg TTYlrgTNÐkmμCaTm¶n; b¤RtÚv

bBa¢Ún[eTAeFVIkarenAtMbn;dac;Rsyalq¶ay²BIpÞH. narIxøHEdlCYbRbTHehtukarN_bgçMEbbenH)aneFVIGtþXat.

mUsa suxa CnCaticamrs;enAextþRkecH CaGtItRbFansmaKm®sþIXuMkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

)anrMB£kGMBIkarerobkarrbs;Kat;kalBIsm½yenaHdUecñHfa ³

enAqñaM1974 eBl´manGayu15qñaM ´)anerobkarCamYyGñklIEsgeRKÓgsBVavuF

mñak;eQμaH NuH las;. BYkeyIgsMNagl¥Nas;Edl)anerobkarmYyExmunkarGnum½t

c,ab;fμI EdlhamR)amRbCaCnmin[tubEtgxøÜnnwgeRKÓgGlgáarcRkBtþi. GVIk¾edayEdl

eRbIsRmab;tubEtgkayRtÚv)ancat;TukCarbs;cRkBtþiTaMgGs; sUm,IEteRKÓgGlgáar

Ekøgkøayk¾eday. mkRtwmeBlenaH manburs®sþI BI5eTA10KU RtÚv)anbgçM[erobkar

CarYmrYceRsceTAehIy. RbsinebIKUNamYyCMTas;minRBmkarCamYyKña BYkeKnwgRtÚv

ehA[eTAeronsURt. bþIRbBn§EdleTIbkarehIyfμIefμagRtÚvbMEbkecjBIKña. kñúgBiFImgÁl

karrbs; manGñkkMdrnigmanBak;eRKÓgGlgáar b:uEnþ esøókBak;exμAnigBak;Es,keCIg

BBiiFFIIeerroobbkkaarrrrbbss;;EExxμμrrRRkkhhmm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

41

kg;Lan. bnÞab;BIkarehIy)anbIéf¶ GgÁkar)anehAbþI [eTAsmrPUmi eRBaHGgÁkarRtÚv

karkmøaMgbEnßmedIm,IvayrMlMrdæaPi)alRkúgPñMeBj. )anGgVrRbFanPUmi[bþI sñak;enAkñúg

PUmi b:uEnþKat;)anbdiesF. enAqñaM1976 sRmal)ankUnRbúsmñak; b:uEnþ)ansøab;eTA

vijmYys)þah_eRkaymkedaysarCMgW.

GaBah_BiBah_edaybgçMkan;EtmansPaBtwgEtgeLIg bnÞab;BIC½yCmñHrbs;ExμrRkhmqñaM1975.

burs®sþICaeRcInKURtÚv)anbgçM[erobkarkñúgeBlEtmYy. epg hgS RbCaCnmkBIextþkMBg;cam)anerobrab;BI

mgÁlkarrbs;Kat;dUecñHfa ³

enAqñaM1978 KWmYyExmunkardYlrlMénrbbenH GgÁkarcat;taMg[érobkar. Es¥keLIg

´GgÁúyelIekAGIenAkñúgBiFIerobkar edaytaMgcitþfanwgeFVItamGVIEdlGgÁkarbBa¢a. BiFIenaH

manyuvCnyuvnarIEdlRtÚverobkarsrub160KU. ńigRbBn§´)ansc©afanwgrYmrs;

CamYyKñanigmankUnmYykñúgeBlmYyqñaM. ExμrRkhm)anEckexaGavexμAmYykMebønigRkma

mYy ehIymanerobcMmðÚbGahar[hUb. eRkaybdivtþn_ ńigRbBn§´vilmkpÞHvij.

\LÚvenHeyIgmankUnR)aMnak;.

enAéf¶erobkarbursnarITaMgGs;RtÚvQrCaBIrCYr. bnÞab;mkRbFanPUmibBa¢a[GñkTaMgenHcab;édKña

ehIyeFVIkarebþCJafanwgrYmrs;CamYyKñaGs;mYyCIvit. enHbBa¢ak;fa bursnarITaMgGs;enaH)anerobkarrYcehIy.

BiFId¾xøIenHnwgRtÚvbBa©b;bnÞab;BImankarhUbGaharbnþicbnþÜc.

bnÞab;BIerobkarehIy bþIRbBn§)anTTYlkarGnuBaØat[rs;enACamYyKñaEtBIr-bIéf¶b:ueNÑaH ehIybnÞab;mk

RtÚveTAeFVIkartamRkúmerog²xøÜnvij. bþIRbBn§mYycMnYnk¾)anTTYlkarGnuBaØat[mkCYbmuxKñakñúgrvagBIR)aMBIr

eTAdb;éf¶mþgEdr.

ExμrRkhmemIleXIjBiFIerobkartamRbéBNIExμr dUcEdlxøÜnemIleXIjkareKarBRbNib½tn_CMenO

sasna nigkarsikSaenAtamsalab¤mhaviTüal½yEdr. ExμrRkhmyl;favaCakarcMNayeBl\tRbeyaCn_

nigKμan)anCYyGVITal;EtesaHkñúgkarbgábegáInplRsUv. mgÁlkarrYmRtÚvbegáIteLIg edaysarEtvacMNayeBl

tic ehIyeBlevlaEdlenAsl;nwgRtÚvcMNayeTAelIkargarshkrN_ nigGVIEdlExμrRkhmehAfa {bdivtþn_

mhaelatepøaH mhaGs©arü} EdlCaBaküesøakcmøgecjmkBIkumμúynIsþcin. emdwknaMkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

cg;bBa¢ak;[c,as;fa nwgmanekμg²cab;kMeNItEdlGacbnþbdivtþn_rbs;xøÜn)an. sRmab;ExμrRkhm eKalbMNg

cm,génkarerobkarminEmnedIm,IbegáItsgÁmRKÜsarenaHeT bu:EnþedIm,IbegáItmnusSEdlGacbeRmIbdivtþn_)an.

4> karrMelaPelIsiT§inigBlkmμrbs;kumar

kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüminmansalaeronCapøÚvkareT. kumarRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAeronenAeRkamedIm

eQI b¤enAeRkampÞHRbCaCn. RKÚPaKeRcInCaksikrRkEdlGacGan nigsresrEtbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH. eTaHCa

42

karGb;rMenAtamtMbn;mYycMnYnmankarrIkceRmInkñúgqñaM1978k¾eday ¬kumarTTYl)an

karsikSafñak;bzmBI2eTA3em:agkñúgmYyéf¶¦ k¾enAEtminTan;mansalaeronEdlman

dMeNIrkareBjeljEdr. ExμrRkhmniyayfa {GgÁkarKμaneTsBaØab½Rt manEt

sBaØaeXIj ebIcg;)an)ak;Gg )ak;Dub RtÚveTAykenATMnb;RbLay} ehIyfa

{kareronGkSreronelxminsMxan;eT karsMxan;KWkargarnigclnabdivtþn_}.

enAeBlEdlkumarRtÚv)anbgðat;beRgón[ecHGan nigsresrGkSrbnþic

bnþÜcenaH PaKeRcInénkarsikSaKWepþateTAelIkarGb;rMneya)ay. ekμg²CaeRcInRtÚv

)anykecjBIpÞH[eTAcUlrYmvKÁhVwkhVWnmenaKmn_viC¢aedIm,IGacbeRmIkñúgCYrkgT½B

kgkarBar b¤nirsar.

kUnekμgk¾RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eFVIkargarEdrenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. kargarrbs;kumarKWedIrerIs

Gacm_eKa kab;T®nÞanExRt RbmUllamkmnusSedIm,IeFVICI nigCBa¢ÚnGavuFeTAsmrPUmi EdlenATIenaHCYnkalkumar

RtÚvTTYlrgrbYs b¤k¾RtÚvRKab;kaMePøIgsøab;k¾man. CagenHeTAeTot kumarakumarITaMgenH RtÚvbMEbkecjBI

«Bukmþay ehIyminEdlsÁal;PaBkk;ekþAenAkñúgRKÜsareLIy.

Pin rdæa Gayu40qñaM RbCaBlrdærs;enAraCFanIPñMeBj)anrMB£kBIerOgr:avrbs;Kat; EdlCakUnekμg

Gayudb;qñaMmñak; kñúgqñaM1975fa ³

ExμrRkhm)anbegáItBakü

esøak Tak;TgnwgkarGb;rM

fa {GgÁkarykmøb;eQI

eFVICasalaeronnigkEnøg

eFVImITÞIg. eFVIbeNþIreron

beNþIr eFVIkan;EteRcIn

ecHkan;EteRcIn}.

kkUUnnkkmmμμaaPPii))aallCCaann;;xx<<ss;;EExxμμrrRRkkhhmm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

43

RKÜsar´RtÚv)anCemøóseTARsukKIrIvgSextþtaEkv. enATIenaHGgÁkarEckpÞH[mYyxñgkñúg

RKÜsarnImYy². RkúmRKÜsar´rs;enAedayBwgelIkaredIrrkkþam-xügeFVICamðÚb. bnÞab;BI

RbCuMneya)ayCamYYyRbFanPUmiehIy eyIgRtÚv)ancat;taMg[hUbrYm ehIy´minGac

rkkþam-xüg)aneToteT. edaysarEtXøanxøaMgeBk ]sSah_lYcebHbEnøEdleyIg)an

daMenACuMvijpÞHhUbNas;. ´RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eTAeFVIkarenAkgcl½tkumarEdlsßitenA

q¶ayBIpÞH. ry³eBlbI-bYnEx eTIbGgÁkarGnuBaØat[´mkelgpÞHmþg. kargarrbs; KW

EsgkNþab;kñúgERs. eBlxøH mincg;cuHeFVIkargarkñúgERseT BIeRBaH´xøaceQøIgTam.

RbFankgenATIenaHEtgEtvayeFVI)ab´. ´)anrt;eTApÞHCaeRcIndgedIm,I[«Bukmþay´

CYy b:uEnþKμanGñkNaGacCYy´)aneLIy. bnÞab;mk´)aneTABYnkñúgéRBGs;mYyry³.

´rs;enAedayebHsøwkeQIéRB nigEpøeQIéRBhUbniglYcmðÚbGñkPUmi. edayminGacRTaM)an

nwgsßanPaBrs;enAEbbenaH rt;mkenApÞH´vij. edayxøacGgÁkar «Bukmþay´)anbBa¢Ún

´[eTAkgcl½tvij. eBleTAdl;kgvij RbFankg)aneFVITaruNkmμ nigRBman´kuM[rt;

eTot. RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eRsacbEnønigekIbGacm_RCÚk. éf¶mYy edaysar´mankar

Gs;kmøaMgxøaMgnigTn;CgÁg;pg dYl ehIyeFVI[kMBb;Gacm_RCÚkBIGERmk. RbFankgykrMBat;

ExSeKamkvay´ ehIyrMBat;enaHxÞatRtÚvEPñkrbs; . cab;BIeBlenaHmkécHEtehor

kkuummaarreerroonnGGMMBBIIkkaarrddaaMMdduuHHRRssUUvv ¬rUbPaBeday ec> x½sem:n nigrUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

44

TwkEPñk ehIyEPñkéLIgRkhmQWcab;y:agxøaMg. TIbMput RtÚvggwtemIlGVIElgeXIj.

rs; smeBA RbCaBlrdærs;enATIRkúgPñMeBj )an)at;bg;smaCikRKÜsarTaMgGs;kñúgsm½yExμrRkhm.

smeBA )anerobrab;fa ³

RKÜsarrbs;ÉdlmansmaCikR)aMnak;RtÚv)andwkeTAPñMRteLak EdlsßitkñúgRsukRBH

enRtRBH extþ)at;dMbg. ńigkumarepSgeTotRtÚv)ancat;taMg[eTACIkdI elIkTMnb;

XValeKa nigedIrkab;edImT®nÞanExRt. eyIgRtÚvEteFVI[ehIytamkarkMNt;. RbsinebI

minehIy eyIgnwgRtÚvkat;rbbGaharnigTTYlTaruNkmμ. «Bukrbs;´søab;edayCMgW

RKúncaj; cMENkbgRsI´søab;edaysarCMgWehImeBaH. RKamYybnÞab;BIeFVIkarehIy

eyIg)anmkCYbCuMKñaehIyR)ab;KñaeTAvijeTAmkGMBIRbvtþiRKÜsarrbs;eyIg. bnþiceRkay

mkbgRbúsmñak;)anedIrcUlmkehIyR)ab; famþayrbs; RtÚvGgÁkarykeTAsmøab;ecal

)at;eTAehIy. eRkayBITTYl)andMNwgenHPøam TwkEPñk´hUrFøak;mkedaymindwgxøÜn.

´manGarmμN_fa Gs;ehIy Kμanesssl;GVIeToteT sUm,IEtrUbxøÜnÉgk¾BuMdwgfaGacman

CIvitrs;)anyUrb:unNaEdr. smaCikcugeRkayEtmñak;Kt;rbs;RKÜsar´ KWbgRbusrbs;

Edl)an)at;xøÜnedayKμandMNwgGVIbnþic

bnþÜcesaH rhUtmkTl;sBVéf¶enH.

kumarTaMgLayRtÚv)anbgðat;beRgónfa

{GgÁkarCa«Bukmþayrbs;kumarakumarInigyuvCn

yuvnarI. ebIEm:«vaykUn mann½yfaemIlgay

GgÁkar dUecñHGgÁkarminRbNIeLIy}. kmμaPi)al

ExμrRkhm)an[kumaresuIbkarN_BI«Bukmþayrbs;

xøÜn ehIyCYnkalkumarTaMgenHh‘anTaMgsmøab;«Buk

mþaybegáItrbs;xøÜneTotpg RbsinebITTYl)an

bBa¢aBIGgÁkar. mYyry³kalknøgputeTA kumar

TaMgLayeCOEteTAelIGVIEdlGgÁkar)anR)ab; nig

eKarBtamEtbBa¢arbs;GgÁkarb:ueNÑaH.

kñúgGMLúgeBls®gÁamCamYyevotNam

kñúgqñaM1977-1978 kgT½BExμrRkhmCaeRcIn

)ansøab;b¤rgrbYsCaTm¶n;. ExμrRkhm)anbBa¢Ún

kumar[eTAsmrPUmimux EdlenATIenaHkumarrab;Ban;

nak;)anRtÚvrbYsnigsøab;)at;bg;CIvit. kkmmμμaaPPii))aallEExxμμrrRRkkhhmm ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

45

5> karbgçM[eFVIkarCaTm¶n;

RbCaCnRKb;rUbkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüRtÚv)ancat;taMg[eFVIkargarTaMgGs;. kumarRtÚv)an

dak;[eFVIkargarRsal² cMENkmnusScas;²mannaTIemIlEfTaMkumartUc²nigstVBahn³nigt,ajkE®Ba©gl¥I.

mnusSEdlmanGayuelIsBI14qñaM ¬kumarv½yCMTg;¦ RtÚvTTYlkargarF¶n;²niglM)ak. kumarCMTg;²TaMgenHRtÚv

CIkRbLay b¤GagsþúkTwk elIkTMnb; kab;eQIeFVIpÞH randIedIm,IeFVIERscmáar nigdaMRsUv. burs®sþIRbEhl

BIr-bIBan;nak; EdlbkSTukcitþRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAeFVIkarenAeragcRkÉTIRkúgPñMeBj.

RbCaCnesÞIrRKb;rUbeFVIkareRcInCagdb;BIrem:agkñúgmYyéf¶ nigR)aMBIréf¶kñúgmYys)þah_ edayminmaneBl

sRmaknigTTYlTanGahartictYcbMput. CYnkalRbCaCneFVIkartaMgBIRBlwmRsag²rhUtdl;Bak;kNþalyb;

ebIsinCaExPøW. éf¶NaEdlminmanBnøWEx eKGucePøIgbMPøWvalERsedIm,IeFVIkarbnþ. RbsinebIRbCaCntv:anwg

kargarEdlkMNt;[edayRbFanshkrN_ RbCaCnTaMgenHnwgRtÚvecaTRbkan;faCaxμaMgrbs;bdivtþn_ ehIynwg

RtÚvbBa¢ÚneTAGb;rM. GñkEdlRbRBwtþkMhusdEdl² b¤kMhusF¶n;F¶rnwgRtÚvykeTAsmøab;ecal. karRbRBwtþEbb

enH KWpÞúyTaMgRsugeTAnwgmaRta12énrdæFmμnuBaØkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüEdlmanesckþICaGaT×fa ³

kkaarrRR))aarrBB§§BBiiFFIIGGbbGGrrssaaTTccMMeeBBaaHHkkaarrbbBBaa©©bb;;eeddaayyeeCCaaKKCC½½yynnUUvvKKeeRRmmaaggRRbbBB½½nn§§RRbbLLaayyTTwwkk


46

RbCaCnkm<úCaRKb;rUbmansiT§iCIvPaBeBjTIxagsmÖar³ xagsμartI nigxagvb,Fm’ EdlRtÚv)an

EkERb[rIkceRmInkan;Etx<s;eLIgCanic©. RbCaCnkm<úCaRKb;rUbsuT§EtRtÚvFanaGHGagxagCIvPaB

TaMgGs;.

kmμkrRKb;rUbCam©as;eragcRk.

ksikrRKb;rUbCam©as;ERscmáar.

BlkrepSgeTotmansiT§imankargareFVITaMgGs;.

PaBKμankargareFVIminmandac;xatkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

6> bnSúT§kmμnigkarsmøab;rgÁal

ExμrRkhmEtgEtRsavRCavrkcab;xμaMg ehIyeCOCak;faxμaMgmanenARKb;TIkEnøgTaMgGs;kñúgTUTaMgRbeTs.

CnsgS½yCaeRcInRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;TaMgRcLMfaCaPñak;garsm¶at;rbs;shrdæGaemrik¬es-GuI-Ga¦ Pñak;gar

sm¶at;rbs;sUevot¬ka-ehS-eb¦ b¤k¾Pñak;garsm¶at;rbs;evotNam.

karb:HTgÁicCamYyevotNamkñúgqñaM1977 nigqñaM1978 )annaMeTAdl;kareFVIvisuT§kmμd¾FMeFgmYy.

enAcugqñaM1977 bnÞab;BI b:ul Bt vilRtLb;mkBIRbeTscinvij kgT½BevotNam)anvaycUlPUmiPaKbUBa’én

RbeTskm<úCa. bI-bYnExeRkaymk kgT½BevotNam)andkfyeTAvij eday)anekorykRbCaCnsuIvilExμr

rab;rynak;eTACamYypg. enAeBlenaH ExμrRkhm)anecaTRbCaCn nigkmμaPi)alPUmiPaKbUBa’fa )an

KKeeRRmmaaggeellIIkkTTMMnnbb;; ¬ftenAeBlEdlkmμaPi)alCan;x<s;ExμrRkhmeFVIdMeNIrTsSnkic©eTAkan;tMbn;enH¦


47

cUlédcUleCIg CamYyevotNam. ehtukarN_enH)annaMeTAdl;karcab;xøÜn nigsmøab;mnusSCaeRcInnak; rYmTaMg

GñkEdlesμaHRtg;nwgExμrRkhm nigédKUneya)ayeCIgcas;rbs;xøÜnd¾yUrlg; dUcCa esa Pwm eTotpg.

visuT§kmμd¾sahavyg;XñgbMputenAkñúgPUmiPaKenHekIteLIgenAqñaM1978 bnÞab;BIkgBlmYycMnYnén

PUmiPaKenH)aneFVIkarbHe)arRbqaMgnwgrdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. cab;taMgBIExmifunadl;ExkBaØa enAeBl

Edlkarb:HTgÁicCamYyevotNamkMBugEtbnþ tMbn;PaKeRcInenAkñúgPUmiPaKenH)ankøayeTACasmrPUmirvagkgT½B

rbs;rdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyünigkgT½BbHe)ar. rdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anbBa¢ÚnT½BBIPUmiPaKnirtI

eTAb®gáabRkúmbHe)ar. mnusSRbEhlmYyEsnnak;kñúgPUmiPaKbUBa’)ansøab;kñúg smrPUmi nigedaysarkar

smøab;rgÁal. RbCaCnrab;Ban;nak;)anrt;eTARBMEdnevotNam edIm,IeKcBIkarsmøab;rgÁalEdlpÞúHeLIg bnÞab;BI

karmkdl;énkgT½BTaMgenH.

visuT§kmμk¾ekItmaneLIgEdrenAPUmiPaK]tþrkñúgqñaM1977. visuT§kmμenHepþateTAelIbBaØvnþ nigGñkEdl

manCab;Bak;B½n§nwg kuy FYn elxaPUmiPaK]tþrdl;edImqñaM1976. GMLúgeBleFVIvisuT§kmμenH GgÁkar)ancab;xøÜn

rdæm®nþIRksYgB½t’man h‘U nwm/ TIv Gul ¬RKÚrbs; kuy FYn¦ nigmitþPkþiCaeRcInnak;eTotEdlrYmman ePaK qay

nig eDOn CaedIm. manKeRmageFVIrdæRbharbI-bYnelIk nigmankarbHe)arCaeRcIndg ¬CaBiess karbHe)ar

rbs;CnCaticam¦ kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü21. b:uEnþEpnkarTaMgenHsuT§EtbraC½y ehIy)aneFVI[karRsav

RCavrkxμaMgbgáb;suIrUgépÞkñúgmansPaBkan;EtxøaMgkøaeLIg EdlnaMeTAdl;kareFVIvisuT§kmμenATUTaMgRbeTs.

kkggccll½½ttnnaarrIIrrbbss;;EExxμμrrRRkkhhmm))aaccTTwwkkbbBBaa©©ÚÚllEERRss ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

48

san; tIm:aNas; Gayu74qñaM rs;enAkñúgextþkMBg;cam )anrMB£kBIkarsmøab;rgÁalCnCatiPaKticcam

edayExμrRkhmkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarbHe)ar CaBiesskarsmøab;RkúmRKÜsarrbs;Kat;pÞal;.

enAsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym manRKÜsarCnCaticamrab;Ban;RKÜsarrs;enAkñúgPUmi

rbs; . BYkExμrRkhm)ansmøab;BYkeKesÞIrTaMgGs;. RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmi nigPUmiekaHpl

TTYlrgnUvGMeBIéRBépSenHeRcInCageK BIeRBaHBYkeyIgbHe)arRbqaMgnwgBYkExμrRkhm.

cMeBaHRKÜsar´vij BYkvasmøab;«Bukmþay´ kUn´BIrnak; ecABIrnak; nigbgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;

TaMgGs;. kUnRbúsrbs; eQμaH mUsa RtÚvExμrRkhmnaMykeTAbnÞab;BIkarbHe)ar ehIy

k¾)at;xøÜnrhUt. ´B¤BaküccamGar:amfa vaRtÚv)ansmøab;enAeBlvatamrk´. kUnRsI

rbs;éQμaH r:hVIGH RBmTaMgbþInigkUnBIrnak;eTotRtÚv)ansmøab;edayminmanmUlehtu

GVITaMgGs;.

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mundMbUg BYkvacat;taMg´[eTAkab;edImeQICamYyGñkCemøósmkBIPñMeBj. mnusSCaeRcIn

RtÚv)ansmøab;edaysarEtBYkeKeFVIkarmin)anl¥ b¤RtÚvedImeQIdYlrlMsgát;elI. bnÞab;

mk´RtÚv)ancat;taMg[ciBa©wmRCÚk. ´)anRbEkkedayGHGagfa ´xøacRCÚkNas;.

bu:Enþ BYkvabgçM [eFVI ehIyKMramkMEhg´fa GgÁkarnwgbBa¢ÚnéTAeronsURt RbsinebI min

eFVI. BYkExμrRkhmEfmTaMgbgçM[´hUbsac;RCÚkeTotpg b:uEnþ´RbEkkedayniyayfa

´minEdlhUbsac;stVeTtaMgBItUcmk. taMgBIeBlenaHmk BYkva)anbdiesFmin[Gahar

GVITaMgGs;mk´. ´)ansMuGMbilxøH b:uEnþBYkvaniyayfarbbGMbil)andak;enAkñúgsmø

sac;RCÚkGs;ehIy. xøÜnrbs; eLIgehIm. CasMNagl¥ )anrYcrs;CIvitBIrbbenH.

´)anvilRtLb;mkRsukkMeNItrbs;´vijenAqñaM1979.

49

CMBUk8

RbB½n§snþisux1> mnÞIrsnþisux

eTaHbICavisuT§kmμenAPUmiPaKbUBa’kñúgqñaM1978 CaRBwtþikarN_éRBépSbMputkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

k¾eday k¾RbCaCnrab;Esnnak;epSgeTotRtÚv)ancab;xøÜn ehIykñúgkrNICaeRcIn RtÚv)ansmøab;ecalenAtam

tMbn;epSg²eTotTUTaMgRbeTs. RbB½n§snþisuxrbs;ExμrRkhm EdlrYmmanCitBIrryKukRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgesÞIr

RKb;kEnøgTaMgGs;elIépÞRbeTs. ExμrRkhm)anehAKukTaMgenHfa {mnÞIrsnþisux} CaCagkareRbIBakü {Kuk}22.

RRkkúúmmkkuummaarr ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

50

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eRbIR)as;CakEnøgXuMXaMg kEnøgsYrcemøIy nigkEnøgsmøab;. GñkeTasEdlCab;XuMkñúgKukbIfñak;dMbUg ¬fñak;tMbn;

fñak;Rsuk nigfñak;XuM¦ PaKeRcInCaGtItTahan nigm®nþIrdækarsuIvilrbs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExμr ehIyGñkeTas

epSgeTotKWCaRbCaCnsamBaØ EdlRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;BIbTlYcrbs;rbrb¤cMNIGahar rt;ecalkEnøg b¤niyay

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XuMXaMgyuT§CnExμrRkhmnigRkúmRKÜsar ehIynigGñkEdlCab;ecaTBIbT]RkidæEdl)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgPUmiPaK.

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kñúgmnÞIrs-21esÞIrEtTaMgGs;KWCakmμaPi)al nigkgT½BExμrRkhmEdlCab;ecaTBIbTk,t;bdivtþn_.

enAmnÞIrsnþisuxfñak;eRkam kareFVITNÐkmμminsUvCaF¶n;F¶rb:unμaneT edaysarEtCaTUeTAGñkeTasRtÚv)an

bBa¢ÚnBImnÞIrsnþisuxeTACMrMBlkmμ EdlenATIenaHGñkeTasRtÚv)ancat;taMg[sagsg;pÞH daMbEnøbgáar nigcm¥in

mðÚbGahar. GñkeTasCaeRcInEdlCab;XuMkñúgmnÞIrsnþisuxTaMgenHRtÚv)anedaHElgvijenAmunqñaM1976. b:uEnþ

cab;taMgBIqñaMenaHmk esÞIrEtKμanGñkeTasNamñak;RtÚv)anedaHElgecjBImnÞIrsnþisuxfñak;Rsuk nigfñak;tMbn;eLIy

ehIymanGñkeTastictYcNas;EdlGacrs;CIvitBImnÞIrs-21Edr.

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)anRbRBwtþkMhustUctac dUcCakarrGU‘rTaMGMBIkareFVIkarlM)akb¤k¾kar

lYcmðÚbGahar RtÚv)ancat;TukfaCaxμaMgrbs;GgÁkar nigCajwkjy)an

køayeTACamuxsBaØaEdlRtÚvykeTAsmøab;ecal. emdwknaMExμrRkhm

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xageRkA}.

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GñkEdlFøab;eFVIkarkñúgrbbcas;. GñkTaMgenHRtÚvExμrRkhmcat;bBa©ÚlCaBYkmUlFnniym nigBYkskþiPUminiym.

CMBUkRbCaCnTaMgenHk¾rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgGñkEdlminmanedImkMeNItCaCnCatiExμrpgEdr. sRtÚvxagkñúgTaMgenHeFVI[

mCÄimbkS23

mankarxVl;xVayCagGVI²TaMgGs;. RkúmEdlExμrRkhmcat;TukfaCasRtÚvxagkñúgrYmman ³

GGññkkrrddæækkaarrrrbbss;;rrddææaaPPii))aallssaaFFaarrNNrrddææEExxμμrr ³³ kñúgqñaM1975 ExμrRkhm)aneFVIkarsmøab;rgÁalGñkrdækar

rbbsaFarNrdæExμrCaeRcInBan;nak;. ExμrRkhmeFVIkarsmøab;cab;BIfñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;rhUtdl;kUnTahan.

GñkEdlFøab;beRmI[rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExμrTaMgb:unμansuT§EtCamuxsBaØaEdlRtÚvsmøab;. CaTUeTA sUm,IEt

smaCikRKÜsarnigsac;jatirbs;GñkrdækarTaMgenHk¾RtÚvsmøab;Edr. eTaHCay:agenHkþI CasMNagl¥ GtItTahan

ssmmmmiittþþ ffaa nniirrssaarrrrbbss;; hh‘‘ nniigg DDuucc

eennAAmmnnÞÞIIrrss--2211


51

nigGñkrdækarrab;Ban;nak;)anBüayamlak;GtþsBaØaNrbs;xøÜn ehIy)anrYcrs;CIvitmYyRKa b¤rYcrs;CIvitrhUt

dl;éf¶dYlrlMrbs;rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

RRkkúúmmCCnnCCaattiiPPaaKKttiicc ³³ ExμrRkhmcg;)anCnCatiExμrEdlminmanCab;Bak;B½n§CamYyrdæaPi)alcas;kñúg

karGnuvtþn_Epnkarbdivtþn_rbs;xøÜn. CnCatiPaKticepSgeTotEdlminTTYl)ankarTukcitþ b¤mankarsgS½yBI

bkSRtÚv)aneFVITukçbukemñj.

kk¦¦ CCnnCCaattiiPPaaKKttiiccttMMbbnn;;PPññMM ³³ muneBleLIgkan;GMNacenAqñaM1975 emdwknaMExμrRkhmPaKeRcInFøab;)an

rs;enAkñúgcMeNamCnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñMkñúgPUmiPaK|san. emdwknaMExμrRkhmTaMgenHmankareCOTukcitþelI

CnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñMTaMgenHNas; edayyl;eXIjfa CnCatiTaMgenHmancitþesμaHRtg;. CnCatiPaKticmYy

cMnYn)ankøayCakgkarBarrbs; b:ul Bt eTotpg. b:uEnþ eTaHbICarbbenH)anGHGagfaRsLaj;esμaHsμ½RKnig

eCOTukcitþelICnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñMy:agNak¾eday k¾ExμrRkhm)ancab;epþImeFVIkarpøas;TIlMenACnCatiPaKtickñúg

extþmNÐlKIrI[eTArs;enApþúMKñakñúgRsukekaHEjk enAedImqñaM1972 EdlbNþal[RbCaCnsøab;CaeRcIn.

GñkEdlCMTas;minRBmpøas;bþÚr RtÚv)ansmøab;ecal.

pSús éRb CnCatiBñgrs;enAkñúgextþmNÐlKIrI erobrab;BIsßanPaBRKÜsarrbs;Kat;bnÞab;BIRtÚvbgçM[pøas;

bþÚrTIlMenAkñúgrbbExμrRkhmfa ³

eeyyaaFFaaEExxμμrrRRkkhhmmeennAAvviimmaannÉÉkkrraaCCüü TTIIRRkkúúggPPññMMeeBBjj ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

52

kμÜyRsIrbs;´Gayu15qñaMRtÚvExμrRkhm)aj;smøab; edaysarEtvaERskfavamincg;

eTArs;enAkEnøgepSg. RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBIRKÜsar[eTAeFVIERscmáarenAkEnøgCaeRcIn.

enAkñúgRsukekaHEjk RbCaCneFVIkarTaMgéf¶TaMgyb; edayTTYl)anrbbGahartictYcnig

mankarht;ehvGs;kmøaMgCaxøaMg. kUnRsIrbs;ÉdleTIbEtqøgTenøehIyminmanGVIhUb

eRkAEtBIkþÜcenaHeT dUecñHehIybþIrbs;vaeTArkGgár)anR)aMbIkMb:ugnigman;mYyBIPUmiepSg.

RbFanXuM)anecaTkUnRbsa´fahUbÉkCn. smaCikRKÜsarkUnRsI´TaMgGs;RtÚvGgÁkar

cab;xøÜn. kñúgPUmiLaMTwk RbCaCnBIrnak;RtÚv)ancab;ykeTAsmøab;ecal eRBaHBYkeK)anhUb

pøitXμúMedayminEckGñkPUmi.

xx¦¦ CCnnCCaattiiPPaaKKttiiccccaamm ³³ ExμrRkhm)anbgçM[

CnCaticamcakecjBIlMenAzanrbs;xøÜn ehIyeTA

rs;enAlayLMKñaCamYyshKmn_CnCatiExμr. CnCati

camRtÚv)anhamR)ammin[niyayPasacam b¤eKarB

bUCasasnaGuIsøam. ExμrRkhm)ansmøab;emdwknaM

sasnaGuIsøam ¬hakwm/ TYn/ muITYn nig GuImuaM¦ nigCnCati

camTaMgLayNaEdlRtÚv)ansgS½yfa eFVIkarRbqaMg

nwgeKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)alGs;CaeRcIn. Cag

enHeTAeTot ExμrRkhm)anbgçM[CnCaticamhUbsac;RCÚk

EdlpÞúyeTAnwgkarhamR)amrbs;sasnaGuIsøam.

eRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü CnCaticamrab;muWnnak;

)ansøab;edaykarsmøab; CMgW karGt;Xøan nigeFVIkar hYskmøaMg24.

KK¦¦ CCnnCCaattiiPPaaKKttiicceevvoottNNaamm ³³ CnCatievotNamTaMgGs;RtÚv)anbeNþjecjBIRbeTskm<úCakñúg

qñaM1975. CnCatievotNammYycMnYnEdl)anerobkarCamYyCnCatiExμr)anrs;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCabnþeTA

eTot. kñúgqñaM1977nigqñaM1978 ExμrRkhm)ancab;epþIme)assm¥at nigsmøab;CnCatievotNam Edl

esssl;TaMgenHy:agrgÁal ehIymanEtmYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaHEdl)anrYcrs;CIvit.

XX¦¦ CCnnCCaattiiPPaaKKttiicccciinn ³³ smaCikénshKmn_enHEdlCaGñkCMnYjnigCashRKinRkúmh‘unk¾RtÚv)anbgçM

[eFVIdMeNIreTACnbTeTAeFVIkargarksikmμEdr. CnCatiPaKticcinRtÚvExμrRkhmRbRBwtþmkelIy:ageXareXA

enAeBlEdlGñkTaMgenHminGacRTaMRTnwgkargarlM)ak)an. b:uEnþCnCaticinminRtÚv)ansRmaMgeRCIserIsedIm,I

ykeTAsmøab;ecaleT.

bbBBaaØØvvnnþþ ³³ emdwknaMExμrRkhmEdlmYycMnYnCabBaØvnþ )ancat;TukbBaØvnþdéTeTotfaCasRtÚvcm,grbs;

RbeTs nigCaCMBUkCnBukrlYyEdlemdwknaMTaMgenHyl;faCaGñkEdleFVI[RbeTsCatikøayeTACaGay:g

rbs;breTs. bBaØvnþCaeRcIn)ankøayCamuxsBaØasRmab;karsmøab;. GñkEdlGacRtÚvcat;bBa©ÚlkñúgCMBUk

kkaarrhhUUbbccuukkeennAAkkññúúggppÞÞHH))aayyrrYYmm

¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

53

GñkecHdwgRtÚvEteFVIButCamnusSl¶g;exøA. bBaØvnþGacrYcrs;CIvit)an luHRtaNaEtGñkTaMgenaHGaclak;)aMg

cMeNHviC¢anigGaCIBkargarrbs;xøÜn. sa®sþacarünignisSitmhaviTüal½yrab;Ban;nak;RtÚv)ansmøab;kñúgrbb

km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

enAkñúgesovePA {CIvitkUnéfø kUnRtÚvEtrs;} visVkr Bin

y:aéf )anerobrab;BIbTBiesaFn_Edlelak)anCYbRbTHkñúg

rbbExμrRkhm. kñúgGMLúgeBlCemøósqñaM1975 RKÜsarrbs;

elak EdlmansmaCikdb;R)aMbInak; RtÚv)anbgçM[pøas;TItaMg

CaeRcIndg EdlenAcugeRkayRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAextþeBaF×sat;.

elak Bin y:aéf CamnusSEtmñak;Kt;kñúgRKÜsarEdlenArs;ran

manCIvit ehIy)anrt;eKceTARbeTséfnaedImqñaM1977.

mUlehtumYyEdleFVI[ Bin y:aéf rYcrs;CIvit)anenaHKW

edaysarelakGaclak;)aMgviC¢aCIv³rbs;elak. elak)an

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RbeTsvijehIy ehIykMBugEterobcMrdæaPi)alfμImYy dUecñHGgÁkarsUmesñI[GñkÉkeTs

bBaØvnþ GtItnay Tahan evC¢bNÐit visVkr nignisSit GeBa¢IjmkcuHeQμaHkñúgbBa¢I

BiessmYy. mnusSRbEhl40nak;)anelIkéd edayrYmTaMgGtItTahanEdl)anxitxM

lak;GtþsBaØaNrbs;xøÜntaMgBIyUrmkehIy. ´mankarraErkkñúgcitþ b:uEnþ´GacTb;

GarmμN_xøÜnÉg)anehIymin)anelIkédnwgeKeT. cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk eyIgminEdl

)anTTYldMNwgGVIBIGñkTaMgenaHeT. GñkPUmi)anxSwbexSóvR)ab;Kñafa {GtItm®nþICan;x<s;

nigGñkÉkeTsTaMgenaHRtÚvExμrRkhmsmøab;Gs;eTAehIy}25.

GGññkkEEddllEExxμμrrRRkkhhmmeeccaaTTffaaCCaaCCnnkk,,tt;;CCaattii ³³ kmμaPi)alExμrRkhmCaeRcInnak;RtÚv)anecaTfak,t;bdivtþn_

nigcUlédCamYyevotNam. RbCaCnsamBaØEdleFVIxusbnþicbnþÜck¾RtÚvecaTfaCaCnk,t;bdivtþn_Edr. CaTUeTA

bT]RkidæEdlkmμaPi)alnigRbCaCnTaMgenH)ansarPaBrYmman lYcmkelgpÞHedaymin)anR)ab;RbFanRkúm

eFVI[Ebk)ak;]bkrN_pÞH)ay lYccMNIGahar niyayriHKn;GgÁkar mkeFVIkaryWty:avminTan;eBlevla eFVIkar

min)anl¥ t¥ÚjEt¥rBIlkçxNÐrs;enA Bak;eRKÓgGlgáar manTMnak;TMngesñhaxusvin½ybkS yMesaksþay

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Føak;xøÜnQWedaysareFVIkarF¶n;F¶r b¤hUbminRKb;RKan; RtÚv)anecaTfaeFVIButCaQW nigRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCamnusS

x¢ilRcGUs b¤QWstiGarmμN_. GñkTaMgenHCajwkjab;RtÚv)at;xøÜnedayminmandanGVITaMgGs;. kñúgrbbkm<úCa

kkmmμμaaPPii))aallEExxμμrrRRkkhhmmvviillttLLbb;;mmkkBBIIeeFFVVIIkkaarreennAAvvaallEERRss

¬rUbxagmux m:m éN GnuRbFanmnÞIrs-21¦


54

RbCaFibetyü eFVIeRcInCag b¤ticCagkarkMNt;rbs;GgÁkarmann½yesμIesckþIsøab; dUcBaküesøakExμrRkhm

niyayfa {GgÁkar faem:c RtÚveFVIy:aghñwg¡ GgÁkardak;Tis RtÚvGnuvtþ[)anseRmc¡ mitþmin)ac;téføeT¡}.

ssRRttÚÚvvxxaaggeeRRkkAA sMedAeTAelIshrdæGaemriknigsm<½n§mitþdUcCaRbeTséf nigRbeTssgÁmniymmYycMnYn

CaBiessRbeTsevotNamnigGtItshPaBsUevot. ExμrRkhmyl;faRbeTsTaMgGs;enHmaneKalbMNg

QøanBan nigb:unb:gcg;ykkm<úCadak;eRkamGaNaniKm. ExμrRkhm)anecaTRbkan;mnusSCaeRcInrYmTaMg

kmμaPi)alnigkgT½Brbs;xøÜnpgfa)anbeRmI[menaKmn_viC¢arbs;RbeTsTaMgenH. ExμrRkhm)anehAGñkTaMgenH

faCa {xμaMgbgáb;suIrUgépÞkñúg}. GñkTaMgenaHrYmmanGñkEdlmkBIRbeTsEdlRbqaMgnwgrbbsgÁmniymdwknaM

edayshrdæGaemrik nigRbeTsesIerIniym b¤RbeTsGnutþrPaBniym dUcCaGtItshPaBsUevot evotNam

nigsm<½n§mitþdéTeTot. mnusSPaKeRcInEdlRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCaxμaMgbgáb;suIrUgépÞkñúgRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;eday

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Pñak;garsm¶at;pgEdr. karecaTRbkan;enH)ankøayeTACaviFImYyd¾manRbsiT§PaBsRmab;kmμaPi)almUldæan

ykeFVICaelssmøab;RbCaCnNamñak;EdlxøÜns¥b;ex<Im.

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enAcugqñaM1976nigedImqñaM1977 karRsavRCavrkxμaMgbgáb;suIrUgépÞkñúg)ankøayCakic©karcm,grbs;

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tamdanKñaeTAvijeTAmk. RtÚvraykarN_CUnGgÁkar}. meFüa)ayepSg²eTotEdlExμrRkhmeRbIkñúgkarEsVgrk

kkmmμμaaPPii))aallEExxμμrrRRkkhhmmeennAAkkññúúggppÞÞHH))aayyrrYYmm ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

55

cab;xøÜnxμaMgbgáb; rYmman karQøbykkarN_ r)aykarN_BIGñkykkarN_ kareFVIRbvtþirUbpÞal;xøÜnjwkjab;

nigcemøIysarPaB.

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BitCa)anRbRBwtþbT]RkidæEbbenaHEmnb¤k¾minEmneT. ExμrRkhmniyayfa {suxcitþcab;xus10 min[Elg

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fñak;x<s;rbs;ExμrRkhmdUcCamnÞIrs-21 karsYrcemøIynigkareFVITaruNkmμKWCaskmμPaBFmμtaRbcaMéf¶.

CU sUPa rs;enAkñúgextþkMBg;camkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. sUPa RtÚv)ancab;xøÜnenAEx]sPa

qñaM1977 edaymindwgmUlehtuGVITaMgGs;. sUPa )anerobrab;BIkarcab;xøÜnnigsßanPaBrbs;Kat;kalenAkñúgKuk

Rsukt,ÚgXμúMy:agdUecñHfa ³

kkggkkuummaarr ¬rUbPaBeday eGlIhSaEbt eb‘kx½r kñúgqñaM1978 nigrUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

56

éf¶mYy kgsnþisuxbYnnak;)anmkdl;kgrbs; ehIy)anesñI kñúgsmþIsuPaBrabsafa[

eTACYytExSePøIg. enAeBlécjmkdl;eRkA snþisuxsÞúHmkP¢g;kaMePøIgtRmg;rk´ ehIy

cgéd´. ExμrRkhm)ancab;ýkeTAdak;Kuk. bnÞab;BIsñak;enAkñúgKukGs;ry³eBl

Essibéf¶ ExμrRkhmbBa¢Ún´mksYrcemøIyEdlmansPaBeXareXACagmuneTAeTot.

kgsnþisux )anykExSePøIgmkqk; edIm,IsYrcemøIy. CYnkaleKvayý:agxøaMg eFVI[´

snøb;CaeRcInsa. eTaHCaeFVITNÐkmμ´xøaMgy:agNak¾eday k¾énAEteqøIyfamindwg.

bnÞab;mk ExμrRkhmbBa¢ÚnéTAmnÞIrsYrcemøIyfμImYyeTot. enATIenaHry³eBldb;BIréf¶.

cab;BIeBlenaHmk ExμrRkhmElgsYrcemøIyb¤eFVITaruNkmμ eTotehIy. xøÜnR)aNćuH

sÁmy:agxøaMg. bIéf¶eRkaymk ExμrRkhmedaHElg´ edayniyayfaGgÁkarmankarP½nþ

RcLM. b:uEnþ RtÚvsnüafanwgminR)ab;GñkNaTaMgGs;GMBIsßanPaBenAkñúgKuk. RbsinebI

manGñkNamñak;sYr´ cemøIyrbs;´KW {mindwg minB¤ mineXIj}26.

5> karsmøab;

eRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü RbCaCnRbEhlR)aMEsnnak;RtÚv)ansmøab;eRkambTRbRBwtþGMeBI]Rkidæ

RbqaMgbdivtþn_nigrdæ. RbCaCnfμIrab;Ban;nak;EdlminmanbTBiesaFn_b¤CMnajkñúgkareFVIERscmáar)an)at;xøÜn.

RbCaCnRtÚv)annaMykeTAéRBeRCAb¤TIvalq¶ayBIPUmiRsukedIm,Ismøab; bnÞab;BIRbCaCnTaMgenaH)anRbRBwtþnUv

GMeBIEdlExμrRkhmcat;TukfaCakMhus b¤)anbeBa©jkayvikarxwgsm,anwgfñak;dwknaMrbs;xøÜn. CnrgeRKaHxøHRtÚv

)ankb;TaMgrs;ehIysøab;edayfb;degðIm.

mnusSesÞIrRKb;rUbEdlRtÚv)anrkeXIjfa CaGñkFøab;mankareronsURteRCARCHRtÚv)anykeTAsmøab;

ecal. CaTUeTAKμanGñkNamñak;h‘anBak;Ev:ntab¤niyayPasabreTseLIy eRBaHvaCasBaØabgðajfaCnenaHCa

GñkecHdwg. CaBiess GñkEdlmkBITIRkúgRtÚvEtlak;RbvtþinigcMeNHviC¢arbs;xøÜnehIyeFVIButCamnusSl¶g;exøA.

karsmøab;RtÚv)aneFVIeLIgeRcInEbbeRcInsNæan. GñkxøHRtÚvExμrRkhmecaTfak,t;bdivtþn_ b¤CaxμaMg

ehIyRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAmnÞIrsYrcemøIy. bnÞab;BIenATIenaH)anry³eBlBIr-bIEx GñkeTasnwgRtÚvykeTAval

BiXat EdlGñkTaMgenaHRtÚv)anbgçM[lutCgÁg;enAmat;reNþA. bnÞab;mk GñkeTasTaMgenHnwgRtÚvsmøab;eday

vaycMEpñkxageRkayénk,alCamYynwgEb:l cbkab; b¤dMbg. CYnkal mnusSrhUtdl;eTAmYyrynak; b¤dl;

eTABan;nak;RtÚv)an)aj;smøab;kñúgeBlEtmYy ehIykb;kñúgreNþAEtmYy. GñkxøHeTotRtÚv)aneFVI[fb;degðImsøab;

edayykfg;pøasÞikRckk,al. enACnbTEdlmanGNþÚgCaeRcInenAkñúgéRB GñkeTasRtÚv)andwktamLanFM²

eTAdl;mat;GNþÚg ehIybnÞab;mkkgQøbk¾rujb¤vayTmøak;eTAkñúgenaHEtmþg.

eBlxøH smaCikRKÜsarTaMgGs;RtÚv)anykeTAsmøab;ecal edaysarEtkMhusEdl)anRbRBwtþeday

smaCikmñak;. ExμrRkhm)anEsVgrkcab;xøÜnsmaCikTaMgGs;ykeTAsmøab;eRkamRTwsþIfa {CIkesμARtÚvCIkTaMg

b£s}.57

m:m épb‘Un RbCaBlrdærs;enAextþekaHkug )anerobrab;GMBIsmaCikRKÜsarrbs;Kat; EdlRtÚv)anyk

eTAsmøab;ecalfa ³

b¥ÚnRsIrbs;´mñak;GayuR)aMBIrqñaMRtÚv)anGgÁkarsmøab;ecal eRBaHvalYceBatx©ImYyEpø

hUb. GgÁkarvaynwgt,ÚgcbehIykb;Ek,rcmáareBat. resolmYy eBl´kMBugedjeKa

kat;éRB FuMkøins¥úysaksBrlYy. edIrrkemIlERkgRbTHCaGñkFøab;sÁal;Kña. minnwk

sμanfaenaHCasaksB«BukésaH. Kat;RtÚvkab;nwgkaMbitCitdac;kecjBIsμa. enAEk,r

sB«Buk´ mansaksBBIrnak;eTotEdlRtÚvsmøab;edaykat;pþac;kdUcKña. rMlgBIenaH

)anRbEhlCagBIrEx CIdUn´GayuCagcitsibqñaM)ansøab;. Kat;RtÚv)anecaTfalYcbbr

ekμghUb ehIyRtÚvemkgvayBIrdMbg. sBrbs;Kat;RtÚv)anrMunwg)avykeTAkb;ecal.

eRkayBImrNPaBrbs;CIdUnÉtb:unμanéf¶ mþay´k¾søab;eTot. Kat;søab;edaysarkargar

lM)aknigKμanGaharhUbRKb;RKan;. ´»bKat;CamYysERmkyMesaksþay27.

58

CMBUk9

mnÞIrs-21 ¬KukTYlEsøg¦

KuksMxan;bMputkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüRtÚv)ansÁal;faCa {mnÞIrsnþisuxs-21}. GkSr {s}

tMNag[Bakü{snþi)al} ehIyelx{21} CaknÞúyelxGaykUmBIrxÞg;cugeRkayrbs;smmitþ Nat GtIt

RbFanmnÞIr s-21. KukenHmanTItaMgsßitenAEb:kxagt,ÚgTIRkúgPñMeBj ¬sgáat;TYlsVayéRB¦.

mnÞIrs-21CaKuksm¶at;sRmab;XuMXaMg sYrcemøIy eFVITaruNkmμ nigsmøab;GñkeTasEdlRtÚv)ancab;

bBa¢Únmkdak;enATIenH. eTaHbICamnÞIrs-21 KWCamnÞIrsnþisuxd¾sm¶at; nigeXareXA rbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

y:agNak¾eday k¾manGñkeTasRbmaN179nak;RtÚv)anedaHElgmkvijenArvagqñaM1975dl;1978.

bbrriieevvNNKKuukkTTYYllEEssøøgg ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmμRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

59

kñúgcMeNamGñkeTasRbEhlmYymuWnbYnBan;nak; manGñkeTasRbEhl23nak; EdlenArs;ranmanCIvitbnÞab;BIkar

dYlrlMénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.28

GñkTaMgenHRtÚv)anTukCIvit eRBaHmanCMnajBiessEdlmanRbeyaCn_

dl;mnÞIrs-21. mYycMnYnénGñkTaMgenH CaCagKMnUr CagCYsCulnaLika nigCagcmøak;.

1> GKarenAmnÞIrs-21

mnÞIrs-21CaGtItviTüal½yecABja

y:at Edlsagsg;eLIgkñúgqñaM1962. KukenH

sßitenAelIépÞdIEdlmanbeNþay600Em:Rt

nigTTwg400Em:Rt. enABIeRkayrbgsala

enH manGKareFVIBIeQIRbk;s,ÚvBIrxñg EdlCa

GtItsalabzmsikSaTYlEsøg. GKarTaMgGs;

enHbegáIt)aneTACamnÞIrs-21.

kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü mnÞIrs-

21 hu‘mB½T§edayrbgs½gásI niglYsbnøaEdl

manP¢ab;crnþGKÁisnI. enAkñúgbrievNKuk man

GKarFM²bYn. bnÞb;eronCan;eRkamRtÚv)anEbgEckeTACabnÞb;tUc²EdlmanTMhM0/8KuNnwg2Em:Rt Edl

bnÞb;mYysRmab;dak;GñkeTasmñak;. bnÞb;eronCan;TImYyEdlmanTMhM8KuNnwg6Em:RteRbIsRmab;dak;GñkeTas

rYm. enACan;TIBIr bnÞb;nImYy²manTMhMFMCagehIydak;GñkeTas BI40eTA50nak;. bnÞb;mYyRtÚv)aneRbI

Cakariyal½y eFVIkarrbs; Duc EdlCaRbFanKuk ehIybnÞb;mYyeTotRtÚv)aneRbIR)as;Cakariyal½yÉksar

nigkariyal½yrdæ)alTUeTA. pÞHmYycMnYnEdlenAEk,rKukRtÚv)aneRbIeFVICakEnøgsYrcemøIynigkEnøgeFVITaruNkmμ.

2> GñkeTas

GñkeTasPaKeRcInenAmnÞIrs-21RtÚv)anecaTRbkan;BIbTk,t;bkSb¤k,t;bdivtþn_ b¤Føab;)aneFVIkar[

kmμaPi)alk,t;EdlRtÚvcab;xøÜnrYcehIy. mYyry³kalknøgeTA emdwknaMbkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCamankarsgS½y

nigmankarminTukcitþkan;EtxøaMgeLIg²cMeBaHkmμaPi)alnigkgT½Brbs;xøÜn. ]TahrN_ enAExtula qñaM1976

enAkñúgdMeNIrkarrwtbnþwgsnþisuxCati b:ul Bt )aneFVIkarcab;xøÜnkmμaPi)alCan;x<s;bkSCaeRcInrUb ehIyykmk

XuMenAmnÞIrs-21. fñak;dwknaMExμrRkhmyl;fa sRtÚvmanenARKb;TIkEnøgTaMgGs;kñúgépÞRbeTs ehIy)aneFVIkar

cab;xøÜnsmaCikkumμúynIsþrbs;xøÜnCaeRcInnak;kñúgmYyEx². GñkeTasenAmnÞIrs-21rYmmanTaMgCnbreTs

RbEhlbYnrynak;EdlPaKeRcInCaCnCatievotNam.

kmμaPi)alEdlbeRmIkargarkñúgKukmYycMnYn)ankøayCaGñkeTasenATIenaHEdr. kmμaPi)alTaMgenaH)an

sarPaBBIkarx¢ilRcGUskñúgkarerobcMÉksar eFVI[xUcm:asuInnig]bkrN_déTeTot b¤vayGñkeTasrhUtdl;søab;

kñúgeBlsYrcemøIyedayKμankarGnuBaØat. cemøIysarPaBPaKeRcInenAmnÞIrs-21CacemøIyminBit BIeRBaH

kkmmμμaaPPii))aallbbeeRRmmIIkkaarreennAAmmnnÞÞIIrrss--2211nniiggRRkkúúmmRRKKÜÜssaarr ¬rUbxageRkayBIeqVgeTA

sþaM ³ m:m éN/ sux/ Duc nig fa¦ ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

60

GñkeTasPaKeRcInmin)anRbRBwtþkMhusGVIF¶n;F¶reT ehIyGñkeTas)ansarPaBedIm,I[EtrYcxøÜnBITaruNkmμb:ueNÑaH.

exov ecs ehA eBA RbCaBlrdæmkBIextþkMBg;qñaMg CaGtItGñkyamenAmnÞIrs-21. eBA

)anerobrab; BIRbvtþirbs;Kat;enAeBlenaHfa ³

enAqñaM1977 mitþPkþirbs; BIrnak;eQμaH hug nig emOn )anRbRBwtþkMhus ehIy

RtÚv)anykeTAsmøab;ecal. bnÞab;BIenaHmk GgÁkarcab;xøÜnéRBaHĆamitþPkþirbs;Gñk

TaMgBIr ehIybBa¢ÚnéTAéRBs. BYkeK)ansYrcemøIyÉRkgela´ manCab;Bak;B½n§CamYy

GñkTaMgBIr b:uEnþ eqøIyfa {Gt;maneT}. GñksYrcemøIyeQμaH Esm pl. Kat;)andwg

c,as;Nas;fa´xMeFVIkarnigesμaHRtg;. dUecñHehIy´RtÚv)anedaHElg ehIyRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún

eTAkgBl502 ehIyebIkLandwkRKab;eTAtaynij eTAév:CamYyevotNam.

CIvitenAmnÞIrs-21eBareBjeTAedayPaBP½yxøac. eyIgminh‘anniyayesIcelg

rkKñaeT. eyIgminTukcitþGñkNaTaMgGs; sUm,ImitþPkþiCitsñiT§rbs;eyIgk¾eday. RKb;Kña

RtÚvxitxMeFVIkar. eRkABIkaryamkam eyIgRtÚvdaMbEnønigciBa©wmRCÚk. eyIgRtÚvRbúgRby½tñ

bMputeBleFVIkar. kMhusbnþicbnþÜcdUcCaegak b¤Ep¥knwgCBa¢aMgGaceFVI[eyIgsøab;)an.

3> bTbBaØtisRmab;GñkeTas

bTbBaØtienHRtÚv)anbiTenAelICBa¢aMgkñúgbrievNKuk.

vin½ysnþi)al ¬nKr)alsnþisux¦ enAmnÞIrs-2129

1¦ sYrGIeqøIyhñwg minbEgVrsMNYrrbs;Gj.

2¦ min[edaHRsay ykelsenHelsenaHtamKMnitÉglak;b¤RbEkk tmat;min

)andac;xat.

3¦ min[eFVIl¶g; minyl;bBaða eRBaHÉgCamnusSh‘anRbqaMgnwgbdivtþn_.

4¦ sYrPøam eqøIyPøam min[dMGk;mYynaTIeLIy.

5¦ erOgxVHxat kMhusbnþicbnþÜc dUcCasIlFm’ xUcenHxUcenaH k¾min[niyay

erOgxøwmsarbdivtþn_ k¾min[niyay.

6¦ év:b¤qk;ExSePøIgmin[ERskdac;xat.

7¦ min[eFVIGVITaMgGs; KWGgÁúyes¶ómrg;caMbBa¢aGj Gt;bBa¢akuMeFVI GjbBa¢aGIeFVI

hñwgPøam RbEkkRcimRcúmmin)aneT.

8¦ kuMykelskm<úCaeRkam )aMgmuxmat;k,t;rbs;GaÉg[esaH.

9¦ RKb;bBa¢axagelI mineFVItam KWmYyéf¶rgrMBat; ExSePøIgqk;rab;minQñHeT.

10¦ RbqaMgvin½yGjmYycMNuc RtÚvrgrMBat;db;rMBat; b¤qk;ExSePøIgR)aMqac;.

61

bTbBaØtimYyeTotsRmab;GñkeTasRtÚv)anbiTenAGKar {x-K-X}.

4> sßanPaBenAkñúgmnÞIrs-21

enAeBlbBa¢ÚneTAdl;mnÞIrs-21 GñkeTasTaMgGs;RtÚv)anftrUbnigtRmÚv[sresrRbvtþirUblm¥itcab;

taMgBIkumarPaBrhUtdl;éf¶cab;xøÜn. GñkeTasRtÚvedaHsemøókbMBak;ecjTukEtexakñúgmYy ehIysmÖar³Cab;xøÜn

TaMgb:unμanRtÚv)anrwbGUsyk. bnÞab;mkGñkeTasnwgRtÚvnaMykeTAXuMkñúgbnÞb; EdlenATIenaHGñkeTasTaMgenHRtÚv

dak;exñaHeCIgEdlmancgP¢ab;edayRcvak;eTAnwgCBa¢aMgb¤\dæ. cMENkGñkeTasEdlXuMenAbnÞb;FMRtÚv)andak;exñaH

eCIgedayrnukEdkEvgmYyrYmKña. exñaHeCIgTaMgenHRtÚvP¢ab;eTAnwgrnukEdkqøas;Kña dUecñHGñkeTasRtÚvedkdak;k,al

Tl;Kña. GñkeTasRtÚvedkpÞal;nwg\dæ edayKμankenÞl mug b¤PYyeT. GñkeTasRtÚv)anhamR)ammin[niyay

rkKña.

v:an; Nat GñkenArs;ranmanCIvitmñak;)anerobrab;BICIvitrbs;Kat;enAkñúgmnÞIrs-21fa ³

enAkñúgmnÞIrs-21 RtÚv)andak;exñaHeCIgP¢ab;eTAnwgrnukEdkEvgmYyCamYyGñkeTasCag

samsibnak;eTot. ExμrRkhm[eyIghUbBIrdgkñúgmYyéf¶. GñkeTasRKb;rUbTTYl)an

rbbbbrbYnsøabRBatUc nigsmølaysøwkeQIxøH. karniyayKñaRtÚv)anhamXat;

dac;xat. RbsinebIGñkNamñak;cg;eRkakGgÁúyb¤pwkTwk eKRtÚvsuMkarGnuBaØatBIGñkyam

Camunsin. kareFVIGVImYyEdlminmankarGnuBaØatBIGñkyam nwgRtÚvTTYlkarvaydMCa

Tm¶n;. eK[eyIgmuCTwkerogral;bYnéf¶mþg. eKykTuyy:Umk)aj;CHBImat;TVar. Rbsin

ebIeyIgenAq¶ayBImat;TVar eyIgnwgmin)anTTwkRKb;RKan;eT. Caerogral;éf¶ GñkeTasRtÚv

)annaMykeTAsYrcemøIy ehIymYycMnYnminEdleXIjRtLb;mkvijeT b:uEnþeyIgeXIj

GñkeTasfμI²RtÚv)annaMcUlmkCMnYsvij30.

bRmamenAGKar{x-K-X}

1¦ min[niyayTak;TgKñadac;xat eTaHCasÁal; b¤minsÁal;.

2¦ ebIcg;eFIVGVI RtÚvmankarGnuBaØatBIGñkyam.

3¦ min[B¤r:Ugr:agTIkEnøgenA.

4¦ eBlGñkyamb¤GñkepSg²cUl RtÚvedkTaMgGs;.

5¦ eBlEqk RtÚvdak;édeRkayxñg. kuMesrI.

62

enAem:agbYnknøHRBwk GñkeTasRtÚvRsatexaedIm,I[GñkyamRtÜtBinitü. GñkyamRtÚvBinitüemIlERkg

elaexñaHeCIgrlug b¤ERkgelaGñkeTasmanlak;vtßúGVIEdleKGaceRbIedIm,IeFVIGtþXat. mYyry³kalknøgmk

manGñkeTasxøH)ansmøab;xøÜnÉg dUecñHGñkyammankarRbúgRby½tñNas;kñúgkarRtÜtBinitüemIlexñaHeCIgnigbnÞb;.

sßanPaBrs;enAkñúgmnÞIrs-21manPaBkxVk; EdleFVI[GñkeTasPaKeRcInekItERsg kmrmas; nigéc.

BuMmanfñaMBüa)aleTenAkñúgKuk. kmμaPi)aleBTüenAmnÞIrs-21suT§Etmin)anTTYlkarhat;eronRtwmRtÚv ehIyeFVI

karBüa)alRKan;EtedIm,IBnüarkarsøab;rbs;GñkeTas bnÞab;BIrgrbYsF¶n;kñúgGMLúgeBlsYrcemøIyb:ueNÑaH.

GñkeTasRtÚv)anbiTmuxCit eBlRtÚvnaMBIkEnøgXuMXaMgeTAkEnøgsYrcemøIy. GñkyamnigGñkeTasminGnuBaØat

[niyayKñaeLIy. CagenHeTAeTot kmμaPi)alEdlenARkúmepSgKñak¾minRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[eFVIkarTak;TgKñaEdr.

5> karsYrcemøIy

viFIsa®sþéRBépSCaeRcInRtÚv)aneRbIedIm,IsYrcemøIyenAmnÞIrs-21. GñkeTasRtÚv)anvayedayéd

dMbg b¤EmkeQI. CYnkal GñksYrcemøIyvayGñkeTasnwgExSePøIgb¤qk;ExSePøIg. viFIsa®sþeFVITaruNkmμ

epSgeTotEdleRbIenAmnÞIrs-21manGucePøIg)arI bgçM[suIlamk b¤pwkTwkenam ykm¢úlcak;cUlsac; nigBüÜréd

eLIgelIeBjmYyéf¶ b¤BüÜreCIgeLIgelIdaMk,alcuHeRkam. GñkeTasxøHeTotRtÚv)anqUtsac;nwgkaMbit b¤ykfg;

xÞb;RcmuH. viFIsa®sþmYycMnYneTotEdleRbIsRmab;cRmaj;ykcemøIysarPaB rYmmandkRkckédehIycak;

Gakul BIelI b¤RCmuCTwk. GñkeTasmYycMnYnRtÚvsøab;kñúgGMLúgeBleFVITaruNkmμ.

kkmmμμaaPPii))aallbbeeRRmmIIkkaarreennAAkkññúúggmmnnÞÞIIrrssnnþþiissuuxxhhUUbbGGaahhaarrrrYYmmKKññaa ¬Xwm v:ak ehA h‘ rUbxageqVg GnuRbFanmnÞIr s-21¦


63

GñkeTas®sþIRtÚv)aneFVITaruNkmμedaykat;edaH b¤bgçM[GñkTaMgenaHedaHexaGavecj. GñkeTas®sþImYy

cMnYnRtÚvGñksYrcemøIycab;rMelaP eTaHCakarrMelaPpøÚvePTpÞúynwgeKalneya)ayrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

k¾eday. GñksYrcemøIyEdlRtÚvrkeXIjfa)anRbRBwtþGMeBIenHRtÚv)ansmøab;ecal.

enAkñúgcemøIysarPaB GñkeTasRtÚverobrab;BIRbvtþirUbpÞal;xøÜn. RbsinebICasmaCikbkS GñkeTasRtÚv

bgðajéf¶EdlxøÜncUlbdivtþn_ nigerobrab;BIkic©karEdlxøÜn)aneFVI. bnÞab;mkGñkeTasRtÚverobrab;BIskmμPaBk,t;

rbs;xøÜntamlMdab;lMeday. kñúgEpñkTIbIéncemøIysarPaB

GñkeTas )anerobrab;BIkarrYmKMnitk,t;min)anseRmcrbs;

xøÜn b¤kic©snÞnak,t;epSg². enAcugbBa©b;éncemøIysarPaB

GñkeTasnwgrayeQμaHCnk,t;EdlRtÚvCamitþPkþi mitþrYmkargar

b¤mnusSEdlGñkeTasFøab;sÁal;. bBa¢IxøHmanrayeQμaH

mnusSEdlBak;B½n§rhUtdl;eTACagmYyrynak;. GñkEdl

maneQμaHkñúgbBa¢IPaKeRcInRtÚv)ancab;ykmksYrcemøIy.

edaysarEtTaruNkmμenAmnÞ Irs-21sahav

éRBépSeBk GñkeTasEtgEtsarPaBnUvGVIEdlxøÜnGacKit

eXIj eTaHCacemøIyenaHxusk¾eday. G‘¿ sMNag kmμkr

reTHePøIg )ansarPaBBIkic©snÞnak,t;rbs; tun kmμkr

CYsCulreTHePøIgfa ³

tun Cakmμkrcas;. vamineBjcitþnwgbdivtþn_dUc

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70

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esaH. ral;bBaðaEdlekItmaneLIgRtÚv)anemdwknaMTaMgenaHecaTRbkan;faCakMhusrbs;CnbreTsb¤Cnk,t;.

edaysarEtlkçxNÐrs;enAkan;EtmansPaBy:ab;yuWneTA² RbCaCnrab;Esnnak;)ansøab;CabnþbnÞab; edaykar

eFVIkarhYskmøaMg nigKμanGaharbriePaKRKb;RKan;.

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visuT§kmμ. cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk b:ul Bt nigshkarIeCOfakarbHe)arRbqaMgnwgfñak;dwknaMbkSkan;EtekItman

eRcIneLIg². fñak;dwknaMTaMgenHeCOfasRtÚvrbs;xøÜnmanenARKb;TIkEnøg. KN³PUmiPaK KN³tMbn; nigembBa¢aka

rkgT½BCaeRcInrUbRtÚv)ancab;xøÜnnigsmøab;ecal. sPaBkarN_kan;EtmansPaBF¶n;F¶reTA²kñúgqñaM1977

enAeBlEdl b:ul Bt bBa¢a[eFVIkarsmøab;kmμaPi)alPUmiPaKbUBa’ nigeFVIvisuT§kmμeTAelIRbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúg

PUmiPaKenHesÞIrKμansl;. enAeBlevotNamvaycUlPUmiPaKenHenAcugqñaM1977 RbCaCnesssl;RtÚv)an

kkggkkuummaarr ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

73

ecaTfa )ancUlédCamYyevotNam ehIyRtÚv)anmCÄimbkScat;TukfaCamnusS{k,alyYn xøÜnExμr}.

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nak;. RbCaCnrab;Ban;nak;)anrt;ePosxøÜneTAevotNam EdlenATIenaH rdæaPi)alevotNam)anCYybegáIt

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etyü. enAqñaM1975 km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

cab;epþImbgábBaðaenAtamRBMEdnbeNþIr²CamYy

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nigextþmYycMnYneTotrbs;evotNamEdlbNþal

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evotNam)andkT½BecjBIRbeTskm<úCa edayekorGñkeTasnig RbCaCnsuIvilrab;Ban;nak;ykeTACamYypg.

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74

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)anRbyuT§KñaeBjmYyry³kalénqñaM1978.

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)anerobcMmhasnñi)atmYy edIm,IbegáItRkúmRbwkSaRbCaCnbdivtþn_km<úCa[eFVICardæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñeRkam

kardwknaMrbs;smmitþ ehg sMrin.

2> km<úCaRbCaFibetyüeRkayqñaM1979

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PaKBay½BüRbeTsedayefμIreCIg rfynþ nigreTHePøIg. ExμrRkhm)anekorRbCaCnrab;muWnnak;edaybgçM[eTA

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nirtI.

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sarCMgWenAéf¶TI21 Exkkáda qñaM2006.

75

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76

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h‘un Esn Canaykrdæm®nþITIBIr Gs;CaeRcInqñaMbnþeTot.

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77

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78

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79

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EdlbkSRbKl;[.

eBlyam kmμaPi)almin[lYcedkb¤GgÁúyEp¥k RtÚvedIrRtÜtBinitü[Cab;CaRbcaM.

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em:ag EqkbYndgCakMhitKW ³ RBwkeBlem:ag6mþg em:ag11éf¶Rtg;mþgeTot l¶acem:ag6mþg

nigyb;em:ag11 mþgeTot.

eBlEqkedaHexaGavvaehIy RtÚv[vaesøókBak;vij eTIbGñkEqkecjBIbnÞb;.

cMeBaHexaGavxμaMg RtÚv[vaesøókBak;TaMgGs; min[edaHecjBIxøÜneLIy.

eBlyaml,at kmμaPi)alRtÚvkan;kUnesaedayxøÜnÉg minbENþtbeNþaytamcitþxøÜnx¢il.

dac;xat min[)at;kUnesa ebI)at;kUnesaminRtÚvGareT RtÚvrkkUn[eXIj ehIyRtÚvraykarN_

GñkeTasrt;rYc kEnøg)at;kUnesa RtÚvTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHsmUhPaB.

eBlyam RtÚvesøókBak;CaÉksNæaneyaFa minGnuBaØat[esøókexaxøIb¤edaHGav.

2> GMBIesaexñaH

cak;esaxμaMgRtÚvBinitüesa kg rng [)anl¥itl¥n; eTIbedaHexñaHéd Rsaymux.

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cak;esaxμaMgykmkcak;Gacm_ RtÚvdak;Rcvak;édmçagnigeCIgmçageTot eyIgminRtÚvedIrq¶ayBIxμaMg

eT.

80

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rng.

Rcvak;RtÚvcak;[xøI y:agEvgknøHEm:Rt ebIkrNIBiess RtÚvxagelIseRmc.

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xμaMgvaenAtampÞH min[vaTak;TgKña)aneT.

xμaMgEdlenAkEnøgeyIg KWdac;xatmin[vaniyayKña.

cMeBaHGñkEdlmanParkic©xagkñúg KWdac;xatminGnuBaØat[edIrecjmkeRkAeT Rby½tñxμaMg vaTak;TgKña

)anb¤xμaMgvamanRbtikmμepSg².

enAtampÞHnImYy² RtÚvmanbBa¢IeQμaHxμaMgnigelxbnÞb;.

cMeBaHGavuF eBlyamRtÚvedaHRKab;ecjBIbg;EdlCab;GavuF EtcMeBaHbg;EdlCab;nwgkaest

¬bg;RKab;kaMePøIg¦ RtÚvmanRKab;eBj.

GñkyamCab;CamYyxμaMgxagkñúg min[kan;GavuF GnuBaØat[kan;dMbg.

GavuFRtÚvmanGñkkan;c,as;las;.

minRtÚvTukGavuFecal RtÚvkan;Cab;nwgxøÜn.

minRtÚvTukGavuFenAEk,rxμaMgb¤s<ayGavuFeTAQrCitxμaMg.

bþÚryamRtÚvRbKl;Parkic©c,as;las; nigraykarN_BIsPaBkarN_GñkeTasnigsPaBkarN_epSg²

eTot[eTAGñkyamfμI.

eBlbþÚryam eTIbGnuBaØat[ykFugGacm_nigFugenam nigEqkeqr. Parkic©enH GñkbþÚryambMeBj

ehIyGñkyamcas;minTan;[eTANaeT Tal;EtGñkbþÚryambMeBjParkic©xøÜnCadMbUgenHehIy.

81

KnßnieTÞs

ÉksarbNÑsardæan

ÉksarPaKeRcInEdlRtÚv)anykmkeRbIkñúgkarsresrGtßbTenH KWykecjBIbNÑsardæan nig

bNÑal½yrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa EdlCaXøaMgtmál;ÉksaredImBIrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüFMCageKbg¥s;

enAelIBiPBelak. ÉksarEdlRtÚv)aneRCIserIsykmkeFVICaÉksareyag rYmman ³

RbvtþirUbrbs;GtItkmμaPi)alExμrRkhm

cemøIysarPaBnigbBa¢IraynamGñkeTasEdlRtÚv)ansmøab;enAmnÞIrs-21

rdæFmμnuBaØnigeKalneya)ayrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

esovePATg;bdivtþn_nigyuvCnyuvnarIbdivtþn_ ¬TsSnavdþIrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü¦

kMNt;ehtusþIBIkic©RbCuMKN³Gcié®nþy_bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa

BaküesøaknigceRmógrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

EpnTIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

rUbftedImrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü nig

esovePAsikSaBIrbbmun².

bEnßmBIelIenH B½t’manmYycMnYneTotRtÚv)andkRsg;ecjBITsSnavdþIRbcaMExrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksar

km<úCa {TsSnavdþIEsVgrkkarBit} kalRbvtþikm<úCaRbCaFibetyü sarB½t’man nigGtßbTEtgesckþIEdl)an

cUlrYmkarRbkYtRbECgkñúgkmμviFI {evTikaEfrkSaRbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü} EdlerobcMedaymCÄmNÐl

Éksarkm<úCashkarCamYysmaKmGñkniBn§Exμr RBmTaMgGtßbTsmÖasn_.

esovePAe)aHBum<nigGtßbT

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Exμr¦ PñMeBj/ mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/ e)aHBum<qñaM2005.

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Rbl½yBUCsasn_enAkm<úCa} GtßbTe)aHBum<pSayTI6rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/ e)aHBum<enAPñMeBj

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kñúgcMeNamesckþIEføgkarN_TaMgenaH esckþIEføgkarN_mYymancMNgeCIgfa {RBHsarlixiténsemþcshCIvin RBHRbmuxrdæ

RTg;EføgeTAkan;sPaTaMgBIr} EdlenAkñúgesckþIEføgkarN_enH RBHGgÁ)aneRbIBakü {ExμrRkhm} sMedAeTARkúmkumμúynIsþEdl

RbqaMgnwgRBHGgÁ. esckþIEføgkarN_enHecjpSayedayTsSnavdþIGñkCatiniym elxecjpSayéf¶TI23 tula 1967.

ÉksarbNÑsardæan mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa elx D42188.2

karkMNt;tYelxGMBIcMnYnRbCaCnkm<úCa Edl)ansøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyümanPaBxus²Kña. rbbsaFarNrdæRbCa

manitkm<úCa ¬1979-1989¦ tamry³karRsg;sßititamRKÜsarTUTaMgRbeTs)anGHGagfa RbCaCnkm<úCaCag3lan

3Esnnak;)ansøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. enAkñúgesovePA{rbb b:ul Bt ³ Catisasn_ GMNac nigGMeBIRbl½y

BUCsasn_enAkm<úCa eRkamrbbExμrRkhm 1975-1979} ¬e)aHBum<enATIRkúgjÚvehvinnigLúgdug/ kare)aHBum<pSay

rbs;saklviTüal½yey:l qñaM1996¦ RbvtþiviTU Eb‘n eXonin )an)a:n;sμanfamanmnusScMnYnmYylanR)aMEsnnak;)ansøab;

kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. karkMNt;cMnYnmnusSsøab;rbs;RbvtþiviTU Eb‘n eXonin Ep¥keTAelIbTsmÖasn_CamYyRbCaCn

500nak;kñúgqñaM1980 Edl100nak;CaCnePosxøÜn enARbeTs)araMgkñúgqñaM1979 ehIyeRkABIenHCaGñkrs;enAkñúg

RbeTs. eRkaymkRbvtþiviTU Eb‘n eXonin )anniyayfa eyagtamkarKNnarbs;GñkRbCasa®sþ cMnYnRbCaCnEdlsøab;KW

mankñúgrgVg;mYylanR)aMBIrEsnnak;. TIPñak;gar es-GuI-Ga enAkñúgr)aykarN_mYyEdlmancMNgeCIgfa {km<úCa ³ kar

)at;bg;cMnYnRbCaCn} ¬elxecjpSayEx]sPa qñaM1980¦ )ansnñidæanfa RbCaCnkm<úCaRbmaNmYylanbYnEsnnak;)an

søab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. RbvtþiviTU ém:eXIl vIkxWrI )anGHGagfa RbCaCnExμrEdlsøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFib

etyümancMnYnRbEhlR)aMBIrEsnbYnmuWnnak;. karsikSarbs;elakEp¥keTAelIkarRsg;sßiticMnYnRbCaCneLIgvij eday

eRbóbeFobcMnYnRbCaCnmunqñaM1975 nigcMnYnRbCaCneRkayqñaM1979 ehIydkcMnYnmnusSsøab;tamFmμCatiBIcMnYnmnusS

søab;srub. ¬km<úCaBIqñaM1975dl;qñaM1982/ Bangkok: O.S. Printing House, e)aHBum< qñaM1984¦.3

shB½n§\NÐÚcinKWCaeQμaHEdlGaNaniKm)araMgdak;[RbeTsbIEdlxøÜnRtÜtRta rYmmanRbeTsevotNam RbeTsLav

nigRbeTskm<úCa. s®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy)ancab;epþImBIqñaM1946dl;qñaM1954 rvag)araMgnigclnats‘UevotNam

¬evotmij¦ dwknaMeday hU CImij. CemøaHenH)anrIkraldalelIépÞRbeTsTaMgmUl ehIy)anraldaldl;RbeTskm<úCa

nigRbeTsLav.4

bkSenHRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgeday hU CImij enAeBlEdlelakkMBugrs;enATIRkúghugkug. mundMbUgbkSenHmaneQμaHfa

bkSkumμúynIsþevotNam ehIyeQμaHenHRtÚv)anbþÚrmkCabkSkumμúynIsþ\NÐÚcinenAExkumÖ³ qñaM1930.5

edIm,IBRgwgclnats‘URbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg[kan;EtxøaMgkøaEfmeTot nigTTYl)ankarKaMRTBIRbCaCn enAqñaM1951

evotNam )anbMEbkbkSkumμúynIsþ\NÐÚcinCabIbkS EdltMNag[RbeTsTaMgbIkñúg]bTVIb\NÐÚcin ³ bkSBlkrevotNam

bkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_Exμr nigbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_Lav. eTaHCay:agenHkþI clnats‘UkñúgRbeTsTaMgbIsßiteRkamkarRKb;RKg

rbs;evotNamdEdl.6

sm<½n§edIm,IÉkraCüevotNam ehAkat;fa{evotmij} RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgeday hU CImij enAqñaM1941 edIm,ITamTarÉkraCü

BIGaNaniKm)araMg. 7

kic©RBmeRBógenHRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgenAÉsnñisITTIRkúghSWENvqñaM1954 kñúgkarbBa©b;CemøaHnignaMmkvijnUvsnþiPaBkñúg]bTVIb

\NÐÚcin.8

minTan;manÉksarNamYybBa¢ak;[)anc,as;GMBImUlehtuénkar)at;xøÜnrbs; TU samut enAeLIyeT.9

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85

TMB½r69-73.10

smasPaBsmaCikKN³rdæm®nþIénraCrdæaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<úCarYmman ³ semþc Eb:n nut ¬naykrdæm®nþI¦ exov sMpn

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bnÞúkerobcMCnbTnigshkrN_¦ h‘U nwm ¬rdæm®nþIRksYgB½t’mannigeXasnakar¦ ecA esg ¬rdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkebskkmμBiess¦

can; yUr:an; ¬rdæm®nþIRksYgGb;rMCatinigyuvCn¦ eg:a h‘U ¬rdæm®nþIRksYgsuxaPi)al kic©karsasna nigsgÁmkic©¦ CYn muM

¬rdæm®nþI RksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú¦ ]tþmesnIy_ dYg sMGul ¬rdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkPsþúPareyaFa nigeRKÓgsBVavuF¦ hYt

sm,tþi ¬rdæm®nþIRksYgsaFarNkar TUrKmnaKmn_ nigsagsg;¦ Ca san ¬rdæm®nþIRksYgyutþiFm’ nigkMENTRmg;tulakar¦

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RBHGgÁm©as; neratþm PUrisSra ¬rdæm®nþIkitþiys¦ Kg; supl ¬Gnurdæm®nþIRksYgkarBarCati¦ b:uk dWskumar ¬Gnurdæm®nþIRksYg

karbreTs¦ v:an; BInI ¬Gnurdæm®nþIRksYgkarbreTs¦ suk FYk ¬Gnurdæm®nþIRksYgmhaépÞTTYlbnÞúkerobcMCnbTnigshkrN_¦

TIv Gul ¬Gnurdæm®nþIRksYgB½t’mannigeXasnakar¦ eGog FIriT§ ¬Gnurdæm®nþIRksYgGb;rMCatinigyuvCn¦ CU eCt ¬Gnurdæm®nþI

RksYgsuxaPi)al kic©karsasna nigsgÁmkic©¦ nig kuy FYn ¬Gnurdæm®nþIRksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú¦. esÞIrEtRKb;smaCik

KN³rdæm®nþITaMgenHmanEteQμaHb:ueNÑaH. GñkEdlmansiT§iseRmc kic©karRKb;Ebby:ag KWKN³Gcié®nþy_bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa

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Éksar {RbvtþiénkarTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;shrdæGaemrikmkelIRbeTskm<úCa} sresreday fayl½r GUevn nig Eb‘n

eXonin. enAkñúgÉksarenH fayl½r nig eXonin )anerobrab;fa RbFanaFibtIshrdæGaemrik b‘Íl KøIntun )anbeBa©j

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fayl½r nig eXonin )anGHGagfa shrdæGaemrik)ancab;epþImTmøak;RKab;EbkmkelIRbeTskm<úCacab;taMgBIqñaM1965.

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):an;sμancas; EdlmancMnYnEtBI5MmuWneTA1Esn5muWnnak;. sRmab;B½t’man bEnßmGMBIkarTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;shrdæGaemrik

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www.yale.edu/cgp/.12

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snþi)alenAkñúgmnÞIrs-21eT.sRmab;B½t’manbEnßmsUmemIleKhTMB½rXøaMemIltulakarExμrRkhmwww.cambodiatribunal.org.30

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White Lotus enAqñaM1998.31

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