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Agamidae - agame
Draco volans – krilati zmaj
• jugoistočna Azija
Agama agama - agama
• Afrika• Afrika i Australia
• mogu imati razrađene kreste i druge
dekoracije, vjerojatno polifiletska skupina
Agamidae - agame
• obrambeno zastrašivanje
• ogrlicu čine nabori kože ojačani hrskavičnim prutićima
Chlamydosaurus kingii –gušter ogrličar
Agamidae - agameMoloch horridus – trnovita agama
• Australija• Hrani se mravima
Phyynocephalus mystaceus –
ušata krupnoglavka
• živi u pustinji
Žive samo u Americi, hrane se kukcima
Anolis carolinensis – crvenogrli anolis
Grlena lepeza za komunikaciju
Mjena boju od mrljasto smeđe do svijetlo
zelene
Iguanidae - legvani
Iguanidae - legvaniAmblyrhynchus cristatus – morski legvan
• 0,5 – 1 m
• otočje Galapagos
• hrani se algama
•Mladi ne ulaze u vodu, odrasli rone do 12 m i ostaju pod vodojm duže od sata
Iguanidae - legvaniBasilicus basilicus – smeđi basilisk
• Srednja Amerika, Trči po vodi
Cyclura cornutus –
nosorožni legvan
• Karibi
CHAMAELEONIDAE – pravi kameleoni
• 4-6 rodova, 130 vrsta
• Afrika, Madagaskar, Srednji istok, India,
južna španjolska
• Zygodactylna noga
• Dobro pomični rep kod arborealnih vrsta
• Nezavisno pomićne oči, kut gledanja do
360°, pravi binokularni vid
B. M. Horn
GEKKONIDAE - macaklini
• 97 rodova, 960 vrsta
• 3-4 Subfamilies
• Gotovo svuda po svijetu tropsko i suptropsko područje
• Većina imaju lamele na prstima koje omogućavaju kretanje po glatkim
površinama
• Kod većine kapci zamijenjeni spektakulumom
• autotomija
Coleonyx brevis - Texas Banded Gecko
• Eublepharinae(idae),
• 7 rodova, 25 vrsta
• Jugozapadna SAD, Centralna
Amerika , Afrika, Južna Azija
• Više terestrijalni
• Nemaju specijalizacije za
hodanje
• Obične oči
Heteronotia binoei - Prickly Gecko
Australia
D. Kirshner -
GEKKONIDAE - Gekkoninae
• 70 rodova, 790 vrsta
• cosmopolitan except northern
Sjeverna Amerika
• Nemaju kakpke
• Neki (eg. Gehyra) povećani prsti,
drugi bez tih prilagodbi(eg.
Gonatodes)
W. Dentry
Gonatodes vittatus – prugasti dnevni macaklin
Gehyra australis - House Gecko
Australia
D. Kirshner -
GEKKONIDAE - Diplodactylinae
• listorepasti macaklini• 12 rodova, 100 vrsta
• Australia, Novi Zeland
• Odebljali rep skladište energije i izvor
metaboličke vode
Oedura marmorata - Marbled
Velvet Gecko
Saltuarius cornutus -
Leaf-tailed Gecko
Gecko
Underwoodisaurus
milii - Thick-tailed
Gecko
GEKKONIDAE - Pygopodinae (Pygopodidae)
• 8 rodova, 36 vrsta
• Australia, Nova Gvineja
• Nemaju prednje noge stražnje reducirane
na ostatke
photos all D. Kirshner
Delma borea
Lialis burtoni
Pygopus lepidopodus - Common Scaly Foot
SCINCIDAE - Skinks
• 100 rodova, 1100 vrsta, kozmopolitski
• Glatke svjetle , preklapajući osteodermiRazni stupnjevi
redukcije nogu
Ctenotus taeniolatus - Copper Tailed Skink
• well developed limbs and feet
D. Kirshner
D. Kirshner
Hemiergis decresiensis -
• Three-toed Earless Skink
• tridactyl on both limbs,
• limbs reduced in size
Scincomorpha - rovaši
Lerista punctovittata - Eastern Robust Slider
• Ima sve udove ali se to teško vidi
• U rupama
SCINCIDAE
SCINCIDAE - Tiliqua - Blue-Tongue Skinks, Trachydosaurus - Shingleback
Ti. multifasciata - Centralian Blue -Tongue
Ti. nigrolutea - Blotched Blue -Tongue
Ti. scincoides –plavojezičast rovaš
Tr. rugosus – tuporepi rovašD. Kirshner
D. Kirshner
D. Kirshner
SCINCIDAE
Eumeces septentrionalis septentrionalis
- Northern Prairie Skink
• western Wisconsin to southeastern
North Dakota, south to Kansas
• disjunct, probably relict, population in
southcentral Manitoba
• insectivorous
• oviparous
© W. B. Preston
Spruce Woods Provincial Park
Carberry
Saiphos equalis
• Prednji i stražnji udovi reducirani
• Tri prsta na stražnjim nogama
D. Kirshner
SCINCIDAE
VARANIDAE - Monitor Lizards
• 1 genus, 173 vrste
• Africa, southern Asia through to Australia, which has the most species
• up to 3 m. total length
• oviparous
Varanus gouldii - Gould’s Goanna, Sand Monitor
• about 1.6 m.
• eats insects, reptiles, birds, mammals & carrion
raise themselves by forming a
tripod of tail and hind limbs, both
to look around and as defensive
posture
Anguimorpha - puzaši
Varanus indicus - Mangrove Monitor - approximately 1 m.
• rainforests & mangrove forests of extreme northern Australia
• includes fish in the diet, which it catches swimming
Varanus mitchelli – nilski varan - approximately 0.6 m.
• aquatic species of northern Australia, eats insects, fish & frogs
D. Kirshner
D. Kirshner
D. Kirshner
October 7, 2000
Varanus varius – šareni varan - 1.5 - 2 m.
• coastal ranges to coast of eastern Australia
• arboreal, major predator of nestling birds as
well as insects, reptiles small mammals
ANGUIDAE - Alligator, Glass & Worm
Lizards
• 15 genera,102 species
• disjunct in New World, Eurasia, Africa
and southeast Asia
• scales reinforced by osteoderms
• robust, limbed to slim, limbless lizards
Gerrhonotinae - Alligator Lizards
• southwestern Canada through Central
America
• lateral groove without osteoderms
between dorsal and ventral scale rows
permits flexibility
• Alligator Lizards have stout limbs
© W. Flaxington
Elgaria coerula
San Francisco Alligator Lizards
Gerrhonotus liocephalus infernalis - Texas Alligator Lizard
ANGUIDAE - Alligator, Glass & Worm
Lizards
Anguinae - Worm& Glass Lizards
• North America, Eurasia
• completely lack limbs
• resemble snakes, but retain
moveable eyelids
© L. J. Vitt
Ophisaurus ventralis –
sjevernoamerički blavor
Anguis fragilis - sljepićmating pair, note the head bite
© L Gvoždik
A. fragilis - juvenile
© D. Modrý
Varanus komodoensis –komodski varan
• Komodo Island and several other
islands of Indonesia
• 3 m. total length
• can run at 14 kph for 0.5 km
• ambushes small deer and wild boar,
mouths are so laden with bacteria that
if the initial attack doesn’t kill, the
resultant infection probably will.
LACERTIDAE - Wall Lizards
• 29 genera, 215 species
• Africa, Eurasia, Sunda Islands
• superficially similar to teiids
• viviparous Lacerta vivipara, is the
most widespread lizard species
• two species have been introduced into
the US in Cincinnati, on Long Island &
Topeka
M. Raine
K. W. Stewart
African lacertids
D. Kirshner
Timon lepidus
E. Snakes
• 1. evolved 100 million years ago from
ancient lizards that lived in underground
burrows
• 2. widespread in Tertiary Period
• 3. once had legs (Boas and Pythons still
have vestigial pelvic girdle)
• 4. most numerous reptile
Snakes
• No legs
• No external ears
• Jacobson’s organ
– Sense smell with aid of
tongue
• Cornea of eye protected
with a spectacle
– transparent membrane
• Skull bones loose
– Swallow large prey
• 5. live in water, on rocks, underground, in trees
• 6. many live in cooler climates
• 7. two thousand eight hundred species world-wide; oko16 u Hrvatskoj
• 8. most are harmless
• 9. three hundred are poisonous or dangerous
• 10. eat insects, mice and rats
III. The Snake
its anatomy and habits
A. Body structure and Internal systems
Body
• 1. long, thin
• 2. head, trunk, tail (beyond cloaca)
• 3. dry scales
– a. dorsal - small ovoid
– b. ventral - broad plate width of body
– c. function:
• i. protection underlying skin
• ii. holds down water loss
• 4. ecdysis - shed skin several times a year
(molting)
– a. each time a rattle snake molds a new segment is
added to the rattle
• 5. extremely flexible spine (150 - 400 vertebrae)
• 6. attached to each vertebrae in front of tail is a
pair of ribs (ribs not attached at ventral surface)
• 7. muscles are connected to vertebrae and ribs
• 8. well developed right lung; left lung under-developed or missing
• 9. internal organs long and slender
• 10. three chambered heart
• 11. septum - wall partially divides the ventricle into two chambers
B. Movement
• 1. lateral undulation - “S” shaped curves (side to side) crawling or swimming
• 2. caterpillar movement - crawl through burrow, climb tree, stalk prey ( rectilinear movement)
• 3. sidewinding - desert areas; “S” shaped loops; touch ground only at two or three points (wave-like motion)
C. Sense organs
• 1. no keen sense of sight or hearing
• 2. acute sense of smell
• 3. no eyelids; transparent scale covers eye
• 4. inner ear; sound picked up by skull
bones
• 5. vibration on ground picked up by nerves
on ventral surface
• 6. paired nostrils near front of head
• 7. behind each nostril, nasal cavity, olfactory nerves
• 8. smell aided by forked tongue
– a. tongue lies on a sheath on floor of mouth
– b. flicks out of mouth
– c. touches everything within its range
– d. picks up odor bearing particles from surroundings
– e. odor transferred to two pits in roof of mouth Jacobson’s organ - lined with nerve endings sensitive to odors
D. Feeding habits
• 1. carnivorous
• 2. eats insects, fish, small amphibians, lizards,
birds, rodents, rabbits and other small mammals
(even other snakes - King Snake)
• 3. strikes by lunging forward with open mouth
• 4. hinged jaw permits eating of large prey
Constrictor - squeezes prey to death
Poisonous
• a. bites prey
• b. injects venom into prey
• c. prey killed before eaten
• 5. muscular contractions in wave-like motion
pushes prey into stomach
• 6. digestion slow but not difficult
• 7. everything is digested except hair and teeth
• 8. lies in sun to increase body temperature after
feeding (increases digestion rate)
• 9. digestion takes up to three days to complete
• 10. does not need much food
• 11. a large meal may last a snake weeks,
months or even a year.
• 12. trachea extends into lower jaw to allow
the snake to breathe while it has a
large prey in its mouth
E. Reproduction and
development
• 1. internal fertilization
• 2. most lay eggs - oviparous eggs
– a. tough, whitish shell
– b. yolk nourishes young snake during
development
• 3. most female snakes abandon the eggs
after laying them
• 4. the only warmth the eggs receives is from
sun (Cobra provides warmth and protection
by coiling on top of their eggs)
• 5. some are ovoviviparous - eggs are kept in
body, young are born live
F. Poisonous and nonpoisonous
snakes
• 1. nonpoisonous - without pit between eye
and nostril
• 2. round pupil of eyes
• s sauritu
CONES - amphbians & reptiles
• colour vision & visual acuity
RODS - distinguish different light
intensities
Red - amphibians & reptiles
Green - amphibians, except
caecilians & some paedomorphs
AMPHIBIANS - numbers of rods &
cones
REPTILES - diurnal - more cones
(eg. diurnal lizards & colubrid
snakes only have cones)
• nocturnal - more rods (eg. geckoes
only have rods)
RETINA
Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata - Yellow Rat Snake
Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis - Red-sided Garter Snake
STRIPES
• break up body outline
• appear immobile when moving
T o x i n sH e m o t o x i n s - V e n o m p
r o t e i n s t h a t d e s t r o y r
e d b l o o d c e l l s a n d d
i s r u p t b l o o d c l o t t i n g .
N e u r o t o x i n s - V e n o m p
r o t e i n s t h a t d i s r u p t n
e r v e t r a n s m i s s i o n .
Synapomorphies
• The maxilla, premaxilla, and dentary are without teeth but
rather covered by a horny sheath (beak)
• Rod-like stapes without a foramen or processes
The shell:• Dermal ossifications incorporating the ribs,
vertebrae and portions of the pectoral girdle
– Composed of dermal boney elements covered by
keratinous scutes or leathery skin
With the exception of the genera Platemys (XY, Chelidae), Staurotypus (XY,
Kinosternidae), and Siebenrockiella (XY) and Kachuga smithii (ZW) (Bataguridae),
turtles lack heteromorphic sex chromosomes (either XY male heterogamety, or ZW
female heterogamety)
Of the other turtles, only a few do not practice temperature (environmental-)
dependent sex determination (TSD).
TSD – Temperature Sex
Determination
Turtle Families (13)
• Testudinidae
• Bataguridae
• Emydidae
• Trionychidae
• Carettochelyidae
• Dermatemydidae
• Kinosternidae
• Cheloniidae
• Dermochelydiae
• Chelydridae
• Chelidae
• Pelomedusidae
• Podocnemidae
Podocnemidae
• Podocnemis expansa - Amazon &
Orinoco river
• Mainly herbivores, though they may
eat invertebrates and carrion
• Eggs harvested for food
Pelomedusoidae “African Mud
terrapins”
•Inhabit slow moving water,
bottom
walkers
•carnivorous
Chelidae – 11 genera (50 species)
• Chelids are predominantly aquatic, rarely
leave the water except to deposit eggs.
Chelydridae
•Large-headed, have broad flattened
carapaces with reduced plastra,
Chelydra – defensive posture
Alligator snapping turtle
Sea turtles:
• Cheloniidae– (5 genera, 6 sp.)
– Flattened, streamlined shells
– Forlimbs modified into large flippers
• Dermochelyidae– Leatherback sea turtles
– Ridged shells lack epidermal scutes
Trionychidae – “Soft shell turtles” (14 genera, 27 sp.)
•Softshells are flattened, pancake-shaped turtles that have reduced
• bony carapaces and plastrons
•carnivorous
Kinosternidae – “mud or musk turtles” (2 genera, 20sp.)
Small size
Live in slow-moving water
Carnivorous – omnivorous