1993 Hoffner Hittite Iwar IM43-FsNeve

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ISTMI IT 43, 1993

HARRY H O F F N E R

Hittite iwar

and Related Modes

of

Expressing

Comparison

HISTORY

OF INTER P RETATION

39

Th e

determination

of

t he me ani ng o f iwar goes back to Sommer

1, wh o

translated it

> auf

die

Weise von, nach Art von, gleichwie.

T H E FOR M

OF [W

Etymological propos s

Opinion is divided on the derivation of

iwar:

see the entries in Puhvel s 2 and

Tischler s

lexica

for literature. Already

Hrozny 4

suggested an action noun in war from the root i to go. This

has been followed by Friedrich 5, Sommer, Kammenhuber,

Carruba,

and Kronasser 6. Puhvel,

following the lead of Gusmani, also understands iwar as an action noun in war bu t derived

f ro m t he v er b iye I iya to do, make. According to Puhvel, the form with reduction, i war

as

opposed

to iya war

poses no problem in view of Ol d

Hittite lzzi

instead of

iyazzi.

Puhvel

makes an interesting point, when he cites constructions like PN asiwar iya to do the doing

of

PN as

examples

of

figura etymologica. Bu t if that

is

a relic

of

the particle s origin, I would be

more com fortable finding it in OH , instead of NH , as all known examples are. Sommer 7 had

been aware

of

the attractiveness of Sanskrit iva as a cognate and the explanation

of

the Hittite

final r as adverbial-r.

Bu t

he warned of the rashness of this hypothesis. Puhvel 8 lists those wh o

follow this view. To t he list m ay no w be added Melchert 9.

A si de fro m t he s tand ard abb revi at io ns app eari ng in the Archaologische Bibliographie and

t h e

Archaologischer An -

zeiger all other a bb re vi at io ns ar e t o be f ou nd

in

thc L is t o f Abbreviations of t he H i tt it e D icti on ary of the Oriental

Institute

of

the University

of

Chicago 1980ff.).

1 F. Sommer, Hethitisches II 1922) 11-22.

2) J. Puhvel, Hittite Etymological Dictionary 1984ff.).

3)

].

Tischler, Hethitisches etymologisches Glossar 1977ff.).

4 F.

Hrozny,

Di e

Sprache

de r

Hethiter 1917) 183.

5) J Friedrich, Hethitisches Warterbuch. Kurzgefagte kritische Sammlung der Deutungen hethitischer Warter 1952).

6) H. Kronasser, Etymologie

de r

hethitischen Sprache I 1966) 273, 298.

7

F. Sommer, Hethitisches II 1922) 16.

8) ]. Puhvel, Hittite Etymological Dictionary 1984ff.) SOL

9) H. Melchert, Srudies in Hittite Historical Phonology 1984) 22.


3/14

40 HARRY HOFF ER

- -

. .

ISTMITT

The spelling of

the

word is

uniformly i-wa-ar with

the single exception of

tu-e-el-wa e-u-wa

ar like you ? in

the

broken

context

KUB 60.98 obv. 28,

which

might be some other word.

Relationship

to iwaru

and

iwarwai-

Questions of etymology are also bound

up

with the issue of the relationship of iwar

to

the

noun

iwaru and

its

denominal

verb

iwarwai-,

Carruba distinguishing

them

and

Sommer

and

Weitenberg 12 considering the

root

the

same.

One shou ld no longer

cite

the

broken lexical

passage from KBo 1.38 rev. 9 as

containing

iwar

13.

Rather it is to be restored, as Akkadian

sariiku

to

pay

a

dowry = Hittite iwar[wauwarJ,

following the entry

seriktu, dowry =

iwaru 4

THE SYNTACTICAL BEHAVIOUR OF

IW AR

The Primary Construction: Genitive Noun iwar

My interest is less in

the reconstruction

of the proto-form

than

in

the observation

of

the

use of

iwar within the

Hittite

corpus. has been

known

since Hrozny

15

and Sommer 16 t hat the

primary

construction

of

iwar is as

a

postpositional

governing a substantive in the genitive case.

This

construction

is the

same as that of a small set of postpositionals appan, katta, kattan,

peran which in Old

Hittite

govern the genit ive and even take clitic possessives a p p a n ~ s e t ,

perammit .

But whereas

with

these words

the

case

of the

governing noun or pronoun changes

to

the

locative in post-Old Hittite, in

the

case of iwar

the

genitive reetion

continues

to be

the

dominant construction

down

to the end

of

the New

Hittite

per iod more

on

this

under

Diachronics , and

iwar

never takes a possessive clitic C : - i w a r ~ s e t .

Puhvel

l7

has already listed many of the examples of iwar in

published

texts. Here we shall

repeat many

of

his examples and add even more, while classifying the examples as to whether the

comparison is primarily

with the subject, the

direct

object, or the finite

verb

of the clause.

Apposition to the subject

]

d u d d u m i l i ~ m a

m Z u r u w a s m a n u w a s m T a t U r w a i l i y a s m T a r u b s u s ~ a iwar kunanzi But

do

no t kill secretly like Zuru, Danu wa , Taburwaili and Tarubsu KBo 3 1 II 52-53 OH/NS) 8;

10

O.

Carruba, Das Beschworungsritual fiir die

Gottin

Wisuriyanza 1966

16

II

F

Sommer, Hethitisches II 1922 .

12 J.S. Weitenberg, Anatolica 4,1971/72,157-178.

13 So quoted in Puhvel, Hittite Etymological Dictionary 1984ff. 501.

14 As in A Kammenhuber,

MIO 2,1954,75

and A Kammenhuber, ZA 55,1955,102-123.365 n 45, followed by MSL

13.249 and H. Kronasser, Etymologie der hethitischen Sprache I 1966 302,307.

15 F Hrozny, Die Sprache der

Hethiter

1917 .

16 F. Sommer, Hethitisches I 1920 .

17 Puhvel, Hittite Etymological Dictionary 1984ff. .

18

Edited by 1 Hoffmann, Der ErlaB Telipinus 1984 34f.


4/14

43,

1993

HITIITE

I\VAR

41

[2] n u ~ w a

u[g]ga

5AtI as iwarwiyami

1

will squeal like a pig KUB 14.1 rev. 93 Madduwat

ta,

MH/MS)

19;

[3]

k r u ~ z s u m e n z n E.DINGIR.ME5 KUNUEGIR ananzel [iwa]r UL kuiskikappuwan

fJarta From) old no one has taken care of your temples like we have) KUB 17.21 I 7-8

prayer

of

Arn. I)

20;

[4]

n u ~ z sumenzan SA [DINGIR.ME5] assu KU.BABBAR KU.GI BIBRIt

/

TUG.tII.A

anzel iwar EGIR-an UL kuiski

/

kappuwan fJarta

No

one has taken care

of your

possessions,

o gods, - your) silver, gold, rhytons and) garments -like we have) ibid. I 11-13;

] D I N G I R M E 5 s ~ a kue

UNUTEMES

wizzapanta

/

n ~ at anzel iwar EGIR-pa UL kuiski /

newafJfJa[n fJart]a No one has renewed your equipmentwhich had become worn with age, like

we have) ibid. 116-18;

[6]

nu ammel iwar kuwatqa iya[sl] Perhaps you will act like us KUB 60.136:4 treaty?);

[7]

namma

PifJfJuniyas

UL

SA

URUGasga

iwar taparta /

fJudak

mafJfJan

INA URUGasga

UL SA

l

EN

tapariyas

/ esta

s i ~ m PifJfJuniyas SA

LUGAL UTTI

iwar

/

taparta Then Pibbuniya ruled

unlike the Kaska. Suddenly, when i.e., whereas) among the Kaska there was no rule by a single

person, that Pibbuniya ruled in the manner of kingship i.e., like a king) KBo 3 4 III 73-76

21

;

[8] Sumerian) zu-gal

=

Akkadian) a-mi-it-tu

=

Hittite) MUNUS-za kuis UR.GI

7

-as iwar

[wappeskizzl] A woman who [barks] like a dog KBo 1.44

KBo 13 1 II 31 Erimbus Bogh.

lexical series);

[9]

n at LUGAL-weznas / iwar taparta he ruled it the Land

of

Kalasma)

as

a king

literally,

in

the manner of kingship ) KBo 16.17 III 30-31 annals of Murs. II) 22;

[1 ]

..

] 5E5.ME5-as iwar piran iyantaru ),Let them go before [you] like brothers KBo

]0.12 III ]0-11 treaty w. Aziru of Amurru) ;

[11] n u ~ m u DU pifJassassisEN-YA armuwalasfJas/ iwar ser armuwalai n e p i s a s ~ m a ~ m u / DUTU-as

iwar

ser

wantai The Stormgod Pibassassi, my lord, will shine upon me like sunshine; he will warm

me like the sun in the sky literally, sun of the sky) KUB

6 45

KUB 3 14 III 68-70 Muw. II

prayer) 24;

[12]

SEA

OlMJasturi iwar Ie iyasi Don't act likeMasturi KUB

23 1

II

15

tr.

w

5auskamuwa)

25;

nu

z i k ~

kuwatqa / SA Masturi iwar iyasi And perhaps you will act like Masturi ibid. II 29-30;

[13] nu z i k ~ OlKupanta-DLAMMA-as / [(SA

Ol)Ma]sfJuiluwa

iwar

Ie

iyasi You, Kupanta

LAMMA, must not act like Masbuiluwa KUB 6 41 Kup. D) III 54-55 w. dupl. KBo 4 3

KUB 40.34

II

31-32 A)

26;

19) Edited

by

A. Gotze, Madduwattas 1928) 38f.;

d.

[62].

20) Edited

by

E. von Schuler, Die Kaskaer 1965) 152f. and R. Lebrun,

HYl11nes

et pricres hittites 1980) 133.143.

21) Edited by

A.

Gotze,

Die Annalen des Mursilis 1933) 88f.

22) Edited

by

H. Otten,

MIO

3,1955,153-179, especially 173f.

23) Edited by H.

Freydank,

MIO 7,1960,63.371.

24) Edited

by

R. Lebrun,

HYl11nes

et prieres hittites 1980) 268. 282.

25) Edited by C Kuhne - H. Otten,

De r

Sausgal11uwa-Vertrag 1971) 1Of

26) Edited

by

Friedrich, Staatsvertrage des Hatti-Reiches in hethitischer Sprache.

I

Teil 1926) 128-131.


5/14

4

HARRY HOFFNER

lSTMITT

[ 1 4 ] z i k [ ~ a ~ w a n a ]

/ anzel iwar wanummiyas DUMU-as

You Silver) like us are an

orphan

child KUB

17.4 :5-6

Silver myth) 27;

[15] [ ] UL

kuiski

memai/

[ ]

DAsdapis badugas

DINGIR-LlM-is / [ ]

DU as iwar

G1Sburkiyas / [. .

n i n k i ~ s m i K U R e ~ m a / [ ] mi KBo 26.96:7-11 Kumarbi myth);

[ 1 6 ] S A G D U a s ~ m M n a s ~ k a n

LUBAIjAR-as /

[GISUM] BIN GIM-an webattari

MAS.TUR

a s ~ m a ~ n a s ~ kan / mienuwas iwar Our head spins like a potter s [wh]eel; ou r Little Goat

[ s] like

mienu

KUB 33.103 III 5-7 Hedammu) 28;

[ 1 7 ] n u ~ k a n [ ANA M ]US

Ijedammu

tarbuili / [ ZI.IjI.A-S U sanezziS] tesbas epta

n ~ a s G U D -

as A N S E [ - a s ] ~ a iwar supparianza / [

UL] kuitki kaniszi

Sweet sleep seized the senses ?)

of

the serpent Ijedammu, the valiant; and he is sleeping like an ox or) donkey; [ ] recognizes

[no]thing KUB 33.84

IV 8-10 Ijedammu) 29;

[ 1 8 ] n u ~ z a

LUGAL-us

LUGAL-ueznas

iwar / wassiyazi

the king dresses himself like a king

literally, in the manner

of kingship) KUB

7.60

III 7- 8 evocatio rit.) 30;

[19]

n ~ a s GAB.LAL[t]war

salliettaru

/ U Z U t U D U ~ m a ~ w a

iwar marrietta

KU B 48.76

KBo 6.34 II 2- 3 soldiers oath,MH/NS). Oettinger

restores

[ as i]war

in line 2, although he

does

no t

read

U Z U t U D U < a s > ~ m a ~ w a

in line

3

T he space at t he jo in in line 2 d oes no t seem

adequate to r estore

as.

Sh ou ld on e read < as> in b ot h lines? Note in this passage th at the

postposition

mabban

is used first in I 49-50, then switches to

as

. .

iwar

where apposition with

th e subject begins. Th e same

pattern

holds for the later parts:

n ~ a s uzuSA as iwar /

bursakniyaddaru M U N a s ~ m a iwar / parsiettaru

ibid. II 14-16;

[20]

k i ~ w a watarmabban taganzipa[skatta pasta] / [ n u ~ w ]Msi urkisEGIR-an UL tekkussi[ezzt]

/ [tag]anzipas katta

QATAMMA

pasu n U ~ W M s > m a s

[urkiS] /

[wet]enas iwar

EGIR-an Ie

tekkussie[zu]

Just

as

the ear th swallows up this water, and it leaves behind no trace, in the same

wa y let t he e ar th s wal lo w the evil), and like the w at er let i t leave b eh ind n o trace K UB 43.38

rev.

9-12

soldiers oath) 32;

[21

] p a i d d u ~ w a

~ kan edani

/ DINGIR -LIM-as

parniandanburtaislingais

p a p r a t a r ~ a

basuwayas

iwar kisaru /

n u ~ w a r ~ a t basu[way]as SAR

iwar miyan esdu

In that temple of the deity let the

curse, oath and uncleanness proceed to become like the soda plant, and let it be f ruitful like the

soda plant KUB 29.7 rev. 15-18

KBo 21.41 rev. 25-27 rit.

of

Samuha, MH/MS) 33;

[ 2 2 ] i d a l a w a < n n a > n z < a > ~ y a NIS

D I N G I R L I M ~ y a burtais

p a p r a n n a [ n z ] a s ~

a

/ PANI

E.DINGIR-LIM

suppi[wasbana]s iwar anda bulaliyan bardu

Before the temple let the evil,

the o at h

of

th e god, the curse and the uncleanness be wound to geth er like the skins of) an

onion; ibid. rev.

38-39;

27) Edited by

H.

A.

Hoffner Jr

in:

E

Ne u - C Ruster Hrsg.),

Documentum

Asiae Minoris Antiquae 1988) J49f.

28) Edited

by

J Siegelova, Appu-Marchen und

Hedammu-M

ythus 1971) 52f.,

cf C HD

mienu

29) Edited by J Siegelova, Appu-Marchen und

Hedammu-Mythus

1971) 58f.

30) Edited by V. Haas - G. Wilhelm, Hurritische und luwische Riten aus Kizzuwatna 1974) 36

31) Edited by

N.

Oettinger,

Die

Militarischen Eide der

Hethiter

1976)

8f

32) Edited by

N.

Oettinger, Die Militariscben Eide

der Hethiter

1976) 20f.

33) Edited by

R

Lebrun, Samuha, foyer religieux de I empire hittite 1976) 123. 130; translated in J

B

Pritchard, Ancient

Near

Eastern Texts Relating to the Ol d Testament. Third Edition 346 differently).


6/14

43 1993

HITTITE IWAR

43

[ 2 3 J I D a s ~ m a ~ t a ~ k a n I [iwJar EGIR anta arsiyabbut I

[ n u ~ w a r J ~ a n EGIR pa

kappuwai

Flow back, like the river, and reconsider him KUB 10.72 v 12-14 (fest. frag., pre NH/NS ;

[ 2 4 J z a s b i y a ~ k a n kuis DYaris ANA UR.MAH artat A L A M ~ m a ~ s < i > SA

DU iwar

esta the

Yarri who in the dream

stood on

a lion, his image was like the Stormgod KUB15.5

II

39-41

(dream,

NH

3\

[25J t a k n a s ~ m a DUTU-usDIM-unnipiran LV SAGI as iwar tiet The Sungoddess of the

Earth

(i.e., Allanni) stepped before the Stormgod as a cupbearer KBo 32.13 II 28-34 (myth,

MHI

MS);

[ 2 6 J U R G I 7 ~ s ~ a s kan

iwa[r

J

I

SAPAL [ J aki he will die like a dog

under

[

J

KBo

32.14 left edge 7;

[27J

(Description

of

the statue

of

dSulikatti, the god

of

Tamarmara:) i y a n z a ~ m a ~ a s

LV

x[ J

I

[ i)Jwar

he

is

made like a [ J man, (and he stands on a wooden lion)

KUB

30.37 I 3-4 w.

dupl.

KUB

12.36

KUB 60.9:3-4;

[28J (Apodosis

of

a lunar omen:) ANA KUR LV.KVR KA zakkiyas

iwar

tiya[ zi)J he will step

to (i.e., approach) the land of your enemy like a key KUB 29.11

II 3-4

w. dupl. KUB 8.6

II 3

35

;

[29J SA dU fijarapS [ili- .

. .

karpiS? ke l G Swarsamasll iwar waranu May [the anger(?)J of the

Stormgod (and) [of] fljarapsili burn up like [this brushwoodJ Bo 5997 6-8, cited by Otten KBo

XXI

S. IV,

Anm.

5.

[30JEN.SISKUR

IR KA

I

[parkuwJayasljUR.SAG as iwar

I [pirJan QATAMMA esdu .

. . ID

a s ~ m a ~ t t a ~ k k a n

[iwaJr EGIR panta arsiyabbut Let the worshiper, your servant, in the same

way

be like a [hiJgh

mountain

before (you) Flow back (down) like a river (and reconsider

him)

KUB

10.72 V 9-13 (fest.);

[31J

n ~ a s QATAMMA kistaru n ~ a s N A a s iwar duddumisdu Let (the evil) be extinguished in

the same way, and let it become silent like the stone KUB 7.58 I 9-10 rit.

36;

[32][SJA

d U ~ w a r ~ a s iwar

parkuis I

[

e]Sdu

Let him be pure [

J

as

the Stormgod KBo

12.85 I 14-15 (rit. of Allaiturabi) 37

VBoT

120 I

6;

[33J [ MUNUSJE.GE4.A as iwar anda ka[riyanza?J V[eiled(?)] like a bride KUB 41.11 rev. 3

(rit.);

[ ] 1 a s s ~ a

G,SmablasSAlj-as

iwarmurius

I

mekkus

baskiddu

Let even one vine branch, like a

(fertile) sow, bear many grape clusters KUB 43.23 rev. 21-22 (blessings on Labarna, OS)

38;

34) Edited by

de Roos, Hetti tische Gcloften. Een tekstedit ie van Hetti tische geloften met

in

leiding, vertaling en

critische noten (Ph.D., 1984) 206, 345.

35) Cf. Ehelolf, MDOG 75 (1937) 67ff.; J.

Holt

in: R. von Kienle -

H.

Moortgat - H.

Otten

- E. von Schuler - W.

Zaumseil (Hrsg.), Festschrift Johannes Friedrich zum 65. Geburtstag am

27.

August 1958 gewidmet (1959) 213f.;

Riemschneider,

BiOr 18

(1961) 25f.

36)

Edited

by

S.

R.

Bin-Nun The

Tawananna

in

the

Hittite

Kingdom (1975) 68.

37) Edited by V. Haas - H. Thiel, Die Beschworungsrituale der Allaiturah(h)i und verwandte Texte (1978) 132f.

38) Edited by A. Archi in:

O.

Carruba (Hrsg.), Studia Mediterranea Piero Meriggi dicata (1979) 34, CHD L-N 333.


7/14

44

HARRY HOFFNER

ISTMITf

Apposition to the direct object

[35] [

-d]a pilas iwar wapnuddu

Let it/him encircle [

] like walls encircle) a courtyard

KUB 40.55 I 7

BEL

MADGALTI instr., MH/MS .

[36]

n u ~ w a ~ k a n

apel

21

-an

DIN

GIR.MES

uwitenas

iwararpa lappuwaten

0

gods,

pour

out

his soul like water KUB 13.3 III 1 2 instr.,

MH?/NS 39;

[3

7] n u ~ m u memir BELl ~ N I ~ w a ~ n a s SA URUAripsa 1iwar URUljattusi saruwawanzi le maniyapti

They said

to

me: >Our lord, do not ha nd us o ve r t o th e H it ti te soldiers) t o be p lu nd er ed like

Aripsa< KBo 4.4 IV 20-22 annals of Murs. II)

40;

[38]nuANA IllUrpitessup

GAM-an EGIR-papaun

[ n ~ a n ~ k a n

S ]A

LULl. var.

SA

LuSU.DAB)

iwar katta uwatenun

I went ba ck t o Urh iteS up and brought him down like a hostage var.

prisoner) KUB

1.1 1683/u 41

I V 30- 33 Apol. o f H at t. I II ) w. dupl. KB o 3.6 II I 61-63

42; LULl.

is an abbreviation for Akkadian

li tu

,>hostage;

[ 3 9 ] p a s s a n u e r ~

an

[

G sN]A asMUNUS as

iwar

>,they made him Kumarbi) give

birth

on

[a be]d [

] like a w oma n K UB 33.120 II 79-80 Song of Kumarbi)

43;

[40]

[ n ~ a n ]

DUTU-SI UJ KUR as

iwar zappiskimi > My

Majesty, will keep fighting [him] like

an enemy KBo 5.4 rev.

15

treaty

with

Targ.)

44;

[ 4 ] n ~ a n uwami LU.KUR as iwar walpmi >

will proceed

to

a tt ac k h im like an e nemy KB o

5.13 I 35 treaty with KUP.) 45;

[42]nu GE

6

-an

pumandan

uzuprin I::IAD.DU.A

IN.NU.DA as

iwar

azzikkanzi

the

horses) eat hay literally, dried grass) all night long, like straw KUB 1.13 156 8 hipp.)

46;

[43] n ~ a n LUIGI.NU.GA[L-aS] iwar

da[suwappa]ndu SA L U U H U ~ m a ~ a n

iwar

[duddumiy]andu

Let them make him bl[in]d like

a

blind man; let them [make] him deaf like a deaf

man KBo 6.34 III 7-9 soldiers oath) 47; restoration of

-as

at end of line based upon

SA

LUU.HUB;

[ 4 4 ] n ~ a t SU.SAR-as

iwar tarupta

n ~ a t

...

G]UB-laz

taruptat

> s)he t wi ne d i t like a c or d,

and it was tw in ed to the left KUB 29.7 KBo 21.41 rev.44-45 rit. of Samuba) 48;

39) Edited by

Friedrich in: Altorientalisehe Studien. Bruno Meissner zum

60. Gebunstag

gewidmet von Freunden,

Kollegen

und

Sehulern 1928) 47. 49; translated

in]. B.

Pritchard, Ancient

Near

Eastern Texts Relating to the

Old

Testament. Third Edition 207; E. Laroche in: E . Neu - C. Riister Hrsg.), Festschrift Heinrich

Otten

1973) 185f.;

I

Wegner, UgaritF 10, 1978, 403f.; E. von Schuler, TUAT 1982) I24f.; R. Haase, Texte zum hethitischen Recht.

Eine Auswahl 1984) 63f.; for the liquid conception of the ZI d

A.

Kammenhuber, ZA 56, 1964, 150-222.

40) Edited by

A.

Giitze, Die Annalen des Mursilis 1933)

3M

41)

H.

Orren, Die Apologie Hattusilis III.: Das Bild del Oberlieferung 1981) Taf.

2.

42) Edited by H. Otten Die Apologie Hattusilis Ill.: Das BiJd del Dberlieferung 1981) 24f.

43) Cf.

R.

Werner, BiOI 18,1961,291.

44) Edited by]. Friedrich, Staatsvertrage des Hani-Reiches in hethitischer Sprache. I. Teil 1926) 62f.

45) Edited by

Friedrich, Staatsvertrage des Hatti-Reiches

in

hethitischer Sprache. Teil 1926)

M

46) Edited by

A.

Kammenhuber, Hippologia hethitica 1961) 58f.

47) Edited by N. Oettinger, Die Militarischen Eide del Hethiter 1976) 12f.

48) Edited by R. Lebrun, Samuha, foyer religieux de I empire hittite 1976) 124. 131; translated in]. B. Pritchard, Ancient

Ncar

Eastern Texts Relating to the

Old

Testament. Third Edition 346.


8/14

43, 1993 HITTITE [W

45

[ 5]

[ n u ] ~ w a man

/ para tarnumar iyatteni / n u ~ w a ~ s m a s dTUKUL.HI.A KUNU [.. .]nas

iwar / sarlami If

yo u

perform the

debt

release, I will exalt

your

weapons like [

KBo 32.19

III

3 7- 40 m yt h), to be ed it ed

by

E.

Neu

in StBoT 32;

[ 6] n ~ a s 10 MA.NA-as iwar sara tiddanuw[anzl] And they set them i.e., the images made

of

f ruits) like ten minas KUB 39.11 obv. 41

MH/NS)

49;

[ 4 7 ] n u ~ m u ~ k a n UN.MES annaza TUR as

iwa[r

] People [ ] me like a child KUB

12.13:4 rit. frag.);

[48] [

barn]ikmi

/ [

kussJanga

UL I [

..

.]an QATAMMA / [

wJabnuessar

/ [

arba?

tessum]miyas iwar

/

[du]warnabbi

s a r a z z i y a s ~ a / [ ]

wabnuessar arba bussiliyas

/

[l]war

sakkuriemi

/ [. .

.

n i ~ m a ~ k a n

istarna

peE

.

. .];

1

will smash the

wabnuessar

like a clay) cup; I

will flatten out trample flat) the

wabnuessar

like a mu d pit. KBo 32.24 II 10-18, to be edited by

E. Ne u in S tB oT 32; n ot e t ha t here

bussiliyas

/

[t]war

breaks the nexus of the preverb

arba

and

the finite verb

sakkuriya-.

P erh ap s t he same was t ru e in t he clause with

[tessum]miyas iwar.

Free-standing Genitive like that/those of

[49] They blind his eyes before the sea, they cut off his ears,) G U a s ~ k a n

iwar kunnan

uzupaltana[n] / kuraskanzi n ~ a n DUGUD ya

IZI ni

pesseskan[zl]

and they cu t o ff his rig ht

shoulder like that) of an ox, an d

throw

it i nt o a r oa ri ng ?

fire

Bo 3640 III? 7-10 rit. frag.)

50;

[50]the postposition

man

also sometimes gover ns a f ree- standing genitive that)

of

a

[su]minzana

IR.MES amman

for

: I R . M E S - a n ~ m a n

UR.BAR.RA as man pang[ur] I-EN

estu But let

your

clan, my subjects, be one like those)

of

a wolf KBo 3.27:15-16 in CH D

man

1 a 2 ); also wetnas man KUB 1.16

II

46 in CH D man 1 a 2 ).

Modifies the finite verb

[51] [..

subb]i ser

ANA

MU[L.IjI.A] /

menabbanda

3

[ L o . ] M E ~ B A L A G . D I

PANI

DINGIR LIM

/ menabbanda zabbiyas iwar

/

bhinganiskanzi

nu ITT

DIM

Izabbiyanda

U p

on

[the roo],

facing the stars, three

BALAG

p lay ers dance facing the d ei ty in the m an ne r o f battle, and th ey

fight with the Stormgod KBo 15.52 V 2 -10

bisuwaSfest. ;

[52]

ljattusili III wrote:) uRUHattusas

iwar

E.MES DINGIR.MES ser

iyanun

built literally,

made) temples up on the acropolis?) in the Hittite manner KUB 21.17 III 7-8; temples like

those) of Hatti

is

also possible, in which case this would be a further example ofBo 3640 III? 7-10;

[5 ] k u i t m a n ~ m a ~ a s SISKUR

mantalliya

uRuKU.BABBAR-as A r z a w a s s ~ a

iwar

iyanzi

while they

perform

mantalli rituals in the

Hittite

and A rz aw an manner KU B 5.6

II I

25-26

oracle question,

NH);

[54] Three pairs of gold earrings:) I NUTUM uRuKU.BABBAR-as

iwar iyan

I NUTUM

[

iwar iyan] /

I NUTUM

SA

LUGAL UTT

iwar iyan

one pair made in the style of ordinary)

49) Edited b y H. O tt en , Hethitische Totenrituale 1958) 68ff.

50) From transliteration in

H

Ehelolf, KIF

I

t930,397 and H. Ertem, Bogazkoy metinlcri gore Hititler devri Anadolu

sunun Florasl 1974) 157f.


9/14

46

HARRY HOFF ER

ST l lT

Hittite

men), one [in the style of J and one in the style of kingship KUB 42.38: 19-21

inventory, NH) 51.

Governing an independent

pronoun

anzel iwar KUB 17.21 18,12,17, etc. prayer of Am. I,

MH)

52;

=

[3J-[6J, KUB 17.4:5-6 Silver

myth) 53 = [14], ammel iwar

KUB

60.136:4 treaty?) = [6], etc. The postpositions man

or

mabban, which have usage overlapping with iwar, do not take a preceding pronoun.

Puhvel s conjunctive use

A

much

less common

construction

is iwar following a noun no t in the genitive, but in s ome

other

syntactically appropriate case. Puhvel considers

iwar

in these cases a c on ju nc ti on . P re

sumably

he has in mind the analogous construction with

man or mabban,

where the case

of

the

compared noun

agrees with its antecedant com paring noun. Such an explanation fits well the

following example from the

Elkunida

myth:

[55J

D I S T R i s ~ m M k a n

MUSEN is iwarbu

rip ta ] / p a r r a n t a p i d d a i t n u ~ k a n U an

burip[ tasj]

/ anda wemiyat

n u ~ s s i

m[emiskiwan

daiS]

ISTAR flew o ff like a b ir d across the de ser t, f ou nd

the S to rm god i.e., Baal) in th e desert, and began to say to him

KUB

36.37

II

10-12

KU B

31.118

II 5-7

Similarly, L L it seems

to

be nom.- acc . n eu te r, in a gr ee me nt w it h t he s ub je ct uddar and th e

resumptive -at in the following: [56J u d d a r ~ m a ~ k a n kue KAxU-az para iyattari n ~ a t L L it

iwar sanizzi esdu Let the words which issue from the

mouth

be as sweet as honey KUB 27.29

II 17-19.

In

the next example buelpi shows that its noun GA RASSAR was neut. nom.-)acc., agreeing

with the syntactically accusative UJ.MES:

[ ] zJa UJ.MES buelpi GA.RASS

iwar arba kari[pta] You d ev ou re d men like a fr es h

leek KUB 24.7 II 5 ( hymn to ISTAR-Sawuska, NH) 55.

[58] The exorcist speaks thus:)

KU

.BABBAR n i ~ W M Z iwar

/

P NI D INGIR.MES parkuis

es

be

pure

as silver before the gods

KBo 5.2 IV 61-62 rit. of Amm ihatna,

MH/NS);

unless

the

ni

sign

is

a mistake for

as

this example too m ust be attributed to the conjunctive use.

[59]

ALAM

iwar iya[nduJ K UB 39.23 obv. 6

56

51) Edited by Siegelova, Hethitische Verwalrungspraxis im Lichte der Wirrschafts- und Inventardokumente 1986)

495f.

52) Edited by E von Schuler, Die Kaskaer 1965) 152-63; R Lebrun,

Hymnes

et prieres hittites 1980) 132-154.

53) Edited by

H. A

HoffnerJr. in: E eu -

C

Riister Hrsg.),

Documentum

Asiae Minoris Anriquae 1988) 149f.

54) Edited by

H. Otten, MIO

J 1953 125-150; translated in

H. A

Hoffner Jr.,

RHA 23,1965,10;

H.

A Hoffner

Jr.,

Hittite Myths 1990) 69f; A Bernabe, Textos literarios hetitas 1987)

128f

55) Edited by H. G. Giiterbock,JAOS 103,1983,158.

56) Edited by H. Onen, Hethitische Totenriruale 1958) 94f.


10/14

43 1993

HITTITE [WAR

47

The

first of these two examples

is

the clearest, since the phonetic complement on MUSEN

shows thai it is definitely not a genitive, but a nominative, much

as

one would expect if the

position of iwar had been filled by man or mabban. In the second example it is unlikely that we

should suppose a scribal omission of -as both

on

buelpi and

on

GA RASSAR Examples like KBo

6.34 II

2-3

above [19], however, are probably scribal omissions

of

-as

in view

of

the other

examples with the genitive in the immediate context.

Prepositonal iwar

In

the historical corpus not before Hattusili III:

[60] In Puduhepa s letter to Ramses: As for what you wrote to me: ,


11/14

48

HARRY HOFFNER ISTMITf

1

The

explanation

of

the

word order

Puhvel

attributes the late examples

of iwar

preceding its governing noun

([60]-[68],

which

shows no overt indication

of

its grammatical case) to the conjunctive use. This

is

unlikely, since

this reversed word order

is

a typical imitation of Akkadian word order and thus shows that the

grammatically unmarked following word (which

is

always either a proper name

or

a logogram)

is understood as a Hittite genitive. The construction is therefore the normal one with the

genitive, but in a logographic form with

iwar

functioning like an Akkadian preposition.

Diachronically

Since nowadays it

is

often possible to date the texts in which these constructions appear, it may

prove helpful to see if there is a correlation between the date of the text and the syntax of iwar.

Postpositional iwar Iike is very rare in OH and not found at

all

in OS. In OH, then, speakers

apparently had

no option

to use

iwar, but

used postpositional

man or maIJIJan cE

exx.

of both

of

these in

CHD

s.v.).

iwar

comes

into wider

use in

MH.

The

conjunctive use

is

strictly

NH,

and prepositional writings do not occur before Ijattusili

RELATED MODES

OF EXPRESSING

COMPARISON

Speakers

of

the

Hittite

language had at their disposal a variety of syntactic structures with which

to express ideas

of

comparison. (1) The

maIJIJan

clause followed

by

an

apeniHan

clause

cE

CHD sub

maIJIJan),

(2) sentences containing the verb

dakk

to be like/similar in which the

compared items are nominative and dative-locative respectively: GAB SU

ANA

GAB SU

dakki,

s su

ANA

s su

dakki

etc. his chest

is

similar to his chest, his heart

is

similar to his

heart , etc.

KUB

43.53:7-9; (3) comparisons of degree 65, which take the same syntactic

structure

as the dakk clauses:

nU9wa9kan

ANA

ERIN.MES KA

ERIN.MES- YA mek[kz],

ANA ANSE.KUR.RA.MES9mMwMtta

ANSE.KUR.RA.MES-

YA mekki

my troops

are

more numerous than your troops; my horses are more numerous than your horses (KUB 19.29

IV 18-19); namma9kan

anzel TI anni [UL S]A BELUMEs-NI TI tar nakk i

if the life

of our

lords (i.e., the

Hittite

kings)

is

not dearer (to us) than

our own

life < (KUB 31.42

II

18-19); (4) the

suffix -ili 67: / pittiyantili like a fugitive pittiyant-), karuHiyantili quietly karuHiyant-),

MUNUS nili of a womanly nature, LlJ.KUR-li, in the manner of an enemy orperhaps

to

be read with Otten

68

LU ni li in a manly way, IJaranili like an eagle IJaran-), swiftly,

duddumili

silently,

GUD-li

like an ox, MU.KAM li annually, yearly

siwattili UD.KAM

tili)

daily


12/14

43 1993

HITTITE IW AR

49

nesumnili

the latter

two

without det.) in the language of the city of

Nda, in

Hittite, URUbattili

in the

pre-IE

language of the

Hattians,

in Hattic,

luwili without

determinative) in the

Luwian

language,

uRupalaumnili

in the language of the land of Pal

a

in Palaic,

uRuburlili

in

Hurrian,

URupabilili

in Akkadian 69.

5)

Postpositional man and mabban like see many

exx. in

CHD

s.v.).

6)

Sometimes an apposi tive has a comparat ive force:

u w p p u s ~ ~ k n

UJ.MES-as

/ [tar-n]a-as-ma var. tar-na-as-ma-an/-aS? sa-ak-sa-ki-lu-us walbannai and

continually strikes evil men on their skulls like) sakSakil a - or: strikes evil men, i.e., the

s

of

their skulls), and destroys them) KUB 24.8 I 2-6 Appu story, pre-NH/NS w. dupl. KBo

7.18:1-4

7

7) The adverbs masiyan, masiyanki, masiwan and their related adjectives masiyant

and masiwant- are used for making quantitative comparative statements as much as, large/

small as) d . CHD

L-M

2 Mf for the evidence).

Criteria for Choice

There

are differences between these structures.

the speaker needs

to

express a comparison

with two complete clauses,

method

1) is the obvious means. Apparently neither postpositional

man

nor

mabban

are used after non-clitic i.e., stressed)

pronouns ug, ammuk ammel, zig, tug,

tuel,

etc.), while

iwar

is.

the speaker simply wants

to

say that A is like B or that A is larger,

smaller, richer, stronger, etc. than B, methods 2) and 3)

would

be chosen.

Methods

4), 5), 6),

and the use of

iwar

are used

to

single

ou t

a pair of nouns, or a

noun

and a pronoun, which share

a comparable role, either as grammatical subject, object. possessor or verbal modifier.

There

are

some

differences in the syntax of

man

and

mabban

5), and

iwar. Of

the three

postpositionals

man, mabban

and

iwar, only

the latter is able to govern

proper

names.

The

closest approximation is in the dream usage

of

man, where

AB

V- YA man means someone)

like my father

CHD

sub man 1 d). While iwar is used

with

negated governing substantives

e.g.,

V I

SA

x

iwar

[7],

V I

NUMUN-as

iwar

KBo 12.139:3),

man

and

mabban

are not.

On

the

other

hand, postpositional mabban governs a preceding interrogative pronoun, while iwar does

not: kuit mabban like what? see CHD mabban 1 b). Otherwise, although man

CHD

mng.

1) becomes less common in

NH

non-literary texts, where iwar seems to have become the

construction of choice, both man and mabban like continue to be used alongside of iwar and

in much the same way. Sometimes in literary texts an

author

deliberately used two methods

juxtaposed for variety: d [1] duddumili and PN-as iwar , KUB 33.103111 5-7 above [16] man

and iwar .

The

expression something/-one like a without expressed antecedant) is formed using

postpositional man, as in the dream descriptions see man 1 d).

As for the suffix

-ili, when

this suffix is added to ethnica, it always denotes a language,

whereas ethnica plus

iwar

have

no

linguistic reference: SA UJ.MES

Gasga iwar.

69)

For

a full list of the adverbs in

-iii

without translations) see P Reichert,

RHA

21, 1963, 120.

70) Edited by Siegelova, Appu-Marchen und Heclammu-Mythus 1971) 4f.; . Oettinger , Die Stammbildung des

hethitischen Verbums 1979) 434; . van Brock, RHA 20, 1962, 104 les hommes mechants,

su r

leur gorge

il

frappe

les sakSakiia ; translated by

H.

A

Hoffner

Jr

in: H. Goedicke-

lJ.M. Roberts Hrsg.),

Unity

and Diversity: Essays

in the

History,

Literature, and Religion

of

the Ancient

Near

East 1975) 139


13/14

50 HARRY HOFFNER ISTMITT

When

it

is added

to

a time word (siwattili daily, wittili annually) it modifies primarily

neither subject nor object,

but

the verb itself.

The adverbs in

-ili

(4) are not negated in the manner of the

iwar

construction. Putting it

differently - what negation there is occurs on the main verb: e.g., duddumili

le

kuiski ;

miyantili

A.SA-ni

GIS.SAR-ni G STIR-ni

Ile

paizzi

taknas at DUTU-as

KASKAL-an

paiddu

KUB

17.10

IV

12-13

(Tel. myth, verso

1);

bamesbi ,za

GUD-un le

wasti karsantan ma ,za I

galliStarwanili

le

datti marsanza I GUD-us bamesbi pat SIGs-ri idalus ma za I karsanza

gallistarwanili unuwatari KUB 4 3 obv. 12-15 (wisdom) 71.

The -ili adverbs which are not based

upon

ethnica

or

time words (e.g., duddumili, pitteyantili,

baraniii, parsanili, etc.) always offer a comparison to the grammatical subject of the clause,

never to the direct or indirect object:

man ,kan LOMUNABTUM

ISTU

KU[R-KA

KUR

URUHatti

LOpit]tiyantili I uizzi n an ta EGIR-pa UL piyanzi KUB 21.1 III 62-63 (Alaks.)

72;

BEL ERIN.MES a ,smas kattan arta G SPA ya [barzi TUG.HLA=ma=smas(?)] I [SIG

s

-1]IM

namma bilammili wessanta IBoT

1.36

I

76-77

MESEDI instr.)

;

TUG

NfG.LAM.IjLA ma

smasKusE.sIR SIGs-

TIM

bilammiii wessanta ibid. II

49-50).

Or

perhaps their primary reference

is to the verb in the manner of

sannapili

is

not an adverb in -ili but the neuter of an adjective in -ili-,

to

be compared with

karuili-. Thus the same force as the -iii adverbs

is

achieved

by

a nominative appositive in:

[mKJessis

ITu 3.KAM-as

HUR.SAG.MES-as

anda webatta EGIR-pa ma ,san

URU-SO

I

sannapilisnuman paizzi kasti kaninti Kdsi wanders about in the mountains for three months.

He doesn t want to go back to his city emptyhanded, in hunger (and) thirst KUB 33.121 II 15

16

(Kdsi story).

Other

examples of the nominative appositive used adverbially are: n ,an ,si

(var.

-ta) dusgarawanza piskellu pidduliyauwanzMma ,da ie peskimi

May I give it to you )

joyously, may I not give it to you with reservations KUB 6.45 + KUB 30.14 66-67 (prayer

of Muw. II)

74.

-ili adverbs can also be based upon numbers: LIM-tili by the thousands:

[GUD.IjL]A

ANSE.KUR.RA.MES ya LIM-tili

azzikkiz[zz]

it eats [oxe]n and horses

by

the thousands;

KUB 8.67 IV 13 (Hedammu), ed. StBoT 14:40f.

Adverbs in -iii can indeed be based on geographical (or ethnic) names (palaumniii, nesumnili,

battili),

but

never upon personal names (mMasturiyas iwar,

not ,:-mMasturili).

71) Edited

by

E. Laroche in:

Nougayrol

E

Laroche - C. Virollcaud - C.F.A. Schaeffer (Hrsg.) , Ugaritica

V:

Nouveaux textes accadiens, hourritcs et ugaritiques des Arcbives ct Bibliotbeques privees d Ugarit, commemaires

des textes historiques (1968) 273ff. 779ff. 781.

72) Edited

by

Friedrich, Staatsvertrage des Hatti-Reicbcs

in

hethitischer Sprache. 2 Teil (1930) 74f.

73) Edited by

H.

G. Gliterbock T.P.J. van den Hout, The Hittite Instruction for the Royal Bodyguard (1991) 12f.

74) Edited

by R

Lebrun,

Hymnes

et prieres hittites (1980) 268. 282 (ignoring KUB 30.14).


14/14

43 1993 HITIITE

IWAR

REASONS FO R

UTILIZING

EXPRESSIONS

OF

COMPARISON

51

In narrative literary texts,

such

as

myths

or legends,

authors

used simile and metaphor to make

the narrative

more

vivid. And

although

the

metaphors

of

Hittite myths do

no t become so rigidly

associated

with on e

particular object

or

character, as

in

Homer wine-dark

sea, etc.), a few

of

them are definitely stock phrases.

It

is hard

to ignore the fact

that

similes of a particularly unflattering

kind

are applied

to

enemies

or

villains

i n t he

historical narratives

of Hattusili

III . UrhiteSsub is shut

up

like a pig in a sty

mVrIJi-D[ U-upan kuw ] api dameda /

kuwapikki

tarna [ n ~ n ~ kan ] INA

URUSamuIJa

/

SAIj GIM an

:IJu[ mma EGIR pa istapp ] as

75 or

like a fish

in

a net

a p u n ~ m k a n

DISTAR

URU SamuIJa

GAS

A N

YA

/ KU

6un

GIM

-an IJupalaza EGIR-pa istapta

/

isIJiyat n ~ a n ~ m u

para pesta

KB o

6.29 +

KU B

21.12 +

KU B

23.127 + Bo 2026b II

33-36 76

The purpose

of

using

these similes is obviously the public humiliation

of Ijattusili s opponent.

In incantations

th e

comparative clause

of

the

type

Just

as honey is

sweet,

an d

butter

is

mild, so

in

th e

same wa y let the

m in d o f

the god become sweet,

an d

let it become mild

it is

obviously the

peculiar logic

of

magic

which is

at

work.

A

produces

B,

then

A

prime

ought to

produce

B

pnme.

Among all the expressions

o f compari so n i n

the Hittite texts I cannot find a truly

appropriate

o ne f or my

friend

an d

colleague,

Peter

Neve. So I shall contr ive

on e a nd

hope

that

he will be

pleased

with

the sentiment:

s i w t t e s ~ w a ~ t t a nepisas IJasteres man meggaes asandu

May

your

days

be as

numerous

as the stars of heaven

75)

H . O tten,

Die Apologie Hattusilis III.: Das Bild der Oberlieferung (1981) IV 24-26.

76) Edited by A Gotze, Neue Bruchstiicke zum groBen Text des Hattusilis und den Paralleltexten (1930) 46

Documents

1993 Hoffner Hittite Iwar IM43-FsNeve