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Status of Hazardous WasteStatus of Hazardous WasteManagement in
IndiaManagement in India
By
R K. Garg
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Waste is generated in all Human Activitiesviz.
Domestic & Commercial (Municipal Waste).
Health Services (Biomedical Waste).
. E-waste
Agriculture Waste.
Construction & Demolition Waste.
However, the quantity and nature of these
wastes are vastly different.
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contd..
It also states measures need to be taken
to prevent pollution of water bodies from
.
The policy delineates various action plans
for environmentally sound management ofall types of waste.
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Hazardous WasteHazardous Waste Wastes generated from many
industries are Hazardous in
nature.
They contain toxic, flammable, explosive or
corrosiveconstituents.
Recognizing the highly adverse impact of hazardous waste on
the environment and the health of the people the Ministry
ofEnvironment and Forests (MoEF), framed rules entitled
Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules as
early as 1989 under the Environment Protection Act 1986.
These rules were amended from time to time. Recently in
Sept 2008 new rules entitled Hazardous Wastes
(Management, Handling and Trans-boundary Movement)
Rules have come into force in place of the earlier rules.
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Hierarchy of Waste ManagementHierarchy of Waste Management
Reduce waste by change of
process/technology.
Reuse, Recycle, Reprocess.
Dispose of in any of the following ways:
Physico-chemical treatment
Biological treatment
Incineration
Containment in secured landfill
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SalientSalient featuresfeatures ofof HazardousHazardous
WasteWaste
Rules,Rules, 20082008
Rules prescribe procedure for handling of
hazardous waste at various stages i.e.
Generation
Packing, Labelling & Transport
Recycling/Reuse/Reprocess
Treatment & Disposal Import & Export
Role of Regulatory bodies
Responsibility of Generators, Facility Operators
&Recyclers
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Applicability / DefinitionApplicability / Definition Hazardous
waste means any waste which by reason
of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable,
explosive or corrosive characteristics causes dangeror is likely
to cause danger to health or environmentwhether alone or when in
contact with other wastes or
Wastes specified in Schedule I
Wastes having constituents specified in Schedule IIin
concentration equal to or more than the limits
indicated in that schedule. Wastes specified in Schedule III
(Part A, Part B) in
respect ofImport or Export of such wastes or anywaste which may
possess any of the hazardouscharacteristics specified in Part C of
that schedule.
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ScheduleSchedule--II
Lists processes / industries (36 nos) which
generally produce hazardous wastes ex.Petrochemicals, Petroleum
refining,
Re rocessin of used/waste oil, Metallur ical
industries including surface treatmentoperations, Asbestos
containing processes,
Fertilizers, Processes involving Chemicals
and Solvents, Paints, Drugs &Pharmaceuticals, Pesticides,
Pulp & Paper,
Used Electronics, Leather, Air and Water
treatment processes etc.
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contd..contd..
It may be noted that high volume low
effect wastes such as Fly ash, phospho-gypsum, red mud (from
alumina
refineries sla s from ro-metallur ical
operations, mine tailings and orebeneficiation rejects are
excluded from the
category of hazardous wastes.
Separate guidelines on the management of
these wastes are to be issued by Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB).
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ScheduleSchedule--II
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ScheduleSchedule--IIII
Schedule-II is based on erstwhile BAGA(The Netherlands
EnvironmentProtection Agency) list of hazardous
.
The hazardous constituents are dividedinto five classes (A to E)
depending upon
the magnitude of the hazard, and theconcentration limits are
stipulated for eachclass.
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ScheduleSchedule--IIIIII
Schedule III is divided into Parts A & B
(based on the Basel convention(Annexure VIII & IX) and
procedure forImport & Export (only for the purpose
of recycling/reprocessing) has beenindicated for each of the
waste.
No hazardous waste can be imported fordisposal.
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ProcedureProcedure forfor HandlingHandling ofof
HazardousHazardous
wastewaste
Responsibility of the occupier:
1) The occupier shall be responsible forsafe andenvironmentally
sound handling of
establishment.
2) The hazardous waste shall be sent or sold
torecycler/reprocessor/reuser or shall bedisposed of in an
authorised disposalfacility.
3) Transportation to be in accordance with theprovisions of
these rules.
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contdcontd....4) All required information about the waste to
be provided to the disposal facility operator.
5) To contain contaminants and prevent
accidents.
6) To provide proper training, equipment &
information to the workers to ensure safety.
7) To take all steps for reduction & prevention
of waste generation.
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GrantGrant ofof AuthorisationAuthorisation
Every person and facility engaged in
the generation, processing, storage,transportation, use,
collection,
, ,
sale, transfer, disposal, etc of hazardous
waste shall require an authorisation from
State Pollution Control Board (SPCB).
Authorisation already obtained under the
earlier rule of 1989 will be valid till the
period of expiry.
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contd..contd..
A person authorised under these rules will
maintain the record of hazardous wastehandled by him and shall
send annual
.
In case of non-compliance of any of the
condition of authorisation or provisions of
these rules, the SPCB may cancel orsuspend the authorisation
after giving him
an opportunity of being heard.
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Storage of Hazardous WasteStorage of Hazardous Waste Occupiers,
recyclers, operators of facilities
may store hazardous waste for period notexceeding 90 days.
In some cases provided in the rules, thestorage period could be
extended by theSPCB up to 6 months.
Shall maintain records of sale, transferstorage, recycling etc
for the hazardous
wastes.
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RecyclingRecycling // ReprocessingReprocessing // ReuseReuse
ofof
HazardousHazardous WasteWaste
Recycling/Reprocessing of hazardous
wastes as given in Schedule-IV will need
the registration from CPCB
The format for applying for registration is
given in the rules (Form-5).
Registration will be valid for five years
and will need renewal there after.
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contdcontd.... The purpose of registration is to ensure
that the applicant is utilisingenvironmentally sound technology
andpossesses adequate technical
c e e u e c eequipment.
Utilisation of other hazardous wastes as a
supplementary resource or for energyrecovery or for processing
shall becarried out after obtaining approval from
CPCB.
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ImportImport && Export Export of of
HazardousHazardous
WasteWaste
No import of hazardous wastes from any
country will be permitted only fordisposal.
recycling, recovery and reuse.
Export may be permitted from India to anactual user or operator
of a disposal
facility with the prior informed consent of
the importing country.
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contd..contd.. No import and export of hazardous
wastes given in Schedule VI shall bepermitted.
Import/Export of hazardous wastes given
in Schedule-III (Part A & B) shall be
regulated as per certain conditions laiddown in the rules in
line with Basel
convention on Trans-boundary
movement.
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contd..contd.. Part A waste shall require prior informed
consent of the country from where it isimported or exported to
and shall also
permission of Central Government.
Part B wastes do not require priorinformed consent, but require
certain
permissions as given in the rules,
depending upon the nature of the wastes.
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Treatment,Treatment, StorageStorage and and Disposal
Disposal
facilityfacility (TSDF)(TSDF) forfor HazardousHazardous
WasteWaste
Identification of sites for establishingthe facility by State
Governmentalon with the Occu ier / O erator /
Association of occupiers.
Design & Setting up of Facility
Captive/Common to be carried outas per technical guidelines
issued byCPCB & with approval of SPCB.
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contd..contd..
The operator shall be responsiblefor safe & environmentally
sound
closure phase and SPCB to
monitor.
Operator shall maintain records.
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Packaging,Packaging, labellinglabelling &&
TransportTransport ofof
HazardousHazardous WasteWaste
Packaging should be able to withstand
physical conditions & climatic factors.
should have information (as per Form -
12).
Transporter to be provided all relevant
information (as per Form 11) by the
occupier.
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contdcontd.... Transport should be in accordance with
the rules made underMotor Vehicles Actand other guidelines
issued from time totime.
For transport to other state, No ObjectionCertificate (NOC),
required from bothstates.
For transit through another state, theSPCB of that State also to
be informed by
the occupier.
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contdcontd....
Manifest system (Movement
Document) to be used within the
countr .
The occupier to prepare six copies of
the manifest (in Form 13)
comprising of colour code and all
copies to be signed by transporter.
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AccidentAccident ReportingReporting && Liability
Liability of of
Occupier/OperatorOccupier/Operator
If an accident occurs:-
At the facility
At hazardous waste site
During transportation of hazardous wastesthe occupier shall
immediately report to the
SPCB about accident(in Form 14).
Occupier/Operator/Transporter/Importer will be
liable for any damages.
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Present Status of Hazardous Waste Management
1) Generation:
Presently there are about 36, 000 industriesin the country
producing hazardous waste of
the order of6.2 Million Tons/annum. Of this
about 3.1 Million Tons is recyclable, 2.7Million Tons
landfillable and 0.42 Million
Tons is incinerable.
State wise, Gujarat, Maharashtra and
Andhra Pradesh are the major generators
accounting for about 60 % of the total
generation.
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contd..2) Recycling/Reprocessing:
Around 1,000 recycling/reprocessing units
have been registered for recycling of wastes
e use ea ac a ery scrap an o er
lead and non-ferrous metal scrap, process
residues, waste oils and used lubricating oils.
Recently registration has been given for E-waste recycling as
well to a few units.
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contd..3)Common Hazardous Waste Treatment,
Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDF):
A number of Common TSDF have been
established for disposal of hazardous waste insecured landfills
or by incineration.
The number of such facilities is 22 with a
total landfill capacity of about 1.5 MillionTons/annum. Only a
few of these facilities
have incinerators with a total capacity of
about 90, 000 Tons /annum
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contd.. Guidelines in respect of construction of such
facilities have been prepared by CPCB.
In addition to the common TSDFs, there are
own captive landfills and incinerators.
Some incinerable waste is proposed to be
used as supplementary fuel in cement kilnsand necessary studies
in this respect have
been carried out by CPCB.
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ConclusionConclusion
From the above it can be seen that the
management of hazardous waste hasmade good progress.
However further efforts are needed in
respect of updating of hazardous waste
inventories, characterization, improvementin operation of TSDFs
and stricter
enforcement of the rules.
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