2' & 3' Day - Radio Interface

1

Emanuele Procaccioli

Rio de Janeiro, September 2005

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2Overview GSM/GPRS/EDGERio de Janeiro,

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� GSM source & channel coding� GSM radio interface� GSM radio planning� GPRS system� GPRS coding schemes� GPRS protocols & procedures� GPRS security� EDGE radio interface� EDGE coding schemes� GPRS/EDGE performance comparison� EDGE: LQC, LA & IR� EDGE: Planning Issues� MS multislot classes

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Subscriber Identity Module

��

Control

Voice Encoding

Voice Decoding

Channel Coding

Channel Decoding

Interleaving

De-Interleaving

Ciphering

De-Ciphering

Modulation GMSK

De-Modulation

Amplifier

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Bit rate after speech coding: 13 Kbps (Full Rate)Bit rate after channel coding: 22.8 Kbps (Full Rate)

Enhanced full rate (EFR):13 Kbps, better voice qualityFragmented speech in high BER’s situations

More compression

�High quality reproduction

�Bit rate under 16 Kbps

�Sampling at 8 KHz (Nyquist)

�Voice Activity Detector for using DTX

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Channel Rate (kbps)TCHSource Code Rate22.8 kbpsFRFR 13 kbps

11.4 kbpsHRHR 5.6 kbps

HR

HR

HR

HR

HR

HR

FR

FR

FR

FR

FR

FR

FR

FR

FR 22.8 kbpsEFR 12.2 kbps

11.4 kbpsAMR 4.75 kbit/s














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�� !!!�� !!!�� !!!�� !!!�� !!!�� !!!�� !!!�� !!!�

Source Code RateAMR-WB_23.85

AMR-WB_23.05

AMR-WB_19.85

AMR-WB_6.60

AMR-WB_8.85

AMR-WB_12.65

AMR-WB_14.25

AMR-WB_15.85

AMR-WB_18.25

Wideband AMR (R5)

AMR-NB: sampling rate 8000 sample/sec; audio bandwidth 200-3400 Hz

AMR-WB: sampling rate 16000 sample/sec; audio bandwidth 50-7000 Hz


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��"��# �$��%��"��# �$��%��"��# �$��%��"��# �$��%��"��# �$��%��"��# �$��%��"��# �$��%��"��# �$��%�� The primary objective of TFO is to improve the speech quality in mobile-

to-mobile calls by avoiding double transcoding

� The end-to end delay is also reducing avoiding double transcoding

� No bandwidth savings can be achieved using TFO

� Tandem free can be established only if the same speech codec is used on both sides

� The major constraint of TFO is that the transmission links must be transparent to the compressed speech frame

MS TRAU TRAU MS

BTS BTSBSCBSC MSC MSCIPE IPE

Ater AbisA AAbis Ater

MS TRAU TRAU MS

BTS BTSBSCBSC MSC MSCIPE IPE

Ater AbisA AAbis AterPCM Links

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Bit rate after interleaving, synchronizing and signaling information: 33.9 Kbps

456 bits / 20 ms

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FSKMSKGMSK

Requirements:�Spectral efficiency�Low TX complexity�Low spurious emissions�Power efficiency

2FSK

CP-2FSK

GMSKMSK

Digital Signal

+

x

x

cos( )

sen( )

cos(ωτωτωτωτ)

sen(ωτωτωτωτ)cos(ωτ+Φωτ+Φωτ+Φωτ+Φ)Φ

� dt

Gaussian Filter

Modulated Signal

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Combined FDMA-TDMA

0

3

7

6

5

4

1

2

0

3

7

6

5

4

1

2

Mobile Tx Base Tx

Frequency

Time

200 KHz

80 MHz

4.615 ms

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P - PowerT - TimeF - Frequency

P

T

P

T

F

P

T

F

FDMA (TACS)

TDMA (GSM, DECT)

CDMA (UMTS)

F

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"��)'��# �"��)'��# �"��)'��# �"��)'��# �"��)'��# �"��)'��# �"��)'��# �"��)'��# �� !�� !�� !�� !�� !�� !�� !�� !��

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0

0

1

0

0 1

1

1

0 1 65432 7

1

50

25

25

50

2047

Transmission burst: 0.577 ms

TDMA frame: 4.615 ms

26-Multiframe: 120 ms 51-Multiframe: 235.38 ms

Super-frame (6120 s)

Hyper-frame: 3h 28m 53.760s.

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"��)'��# �"��)'��# �"��)'��# �"��)'��# �"��)'��# �"��)'��# �"��)'��# �"��)'��# �++++++++ $��# ��*��)$��# ��*��)$��# ��*��)$��# ��*��)$��# ��*��)$��# ��*��)$��# ��*��)$��# ��*��)

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BCCH Broadcast Control

Frequency Correction

SynchronizationSCHFCCH

Slow Association

Stand Alone

Fast AssociationFACCHSACCHSDCCH

Random Access

Access Grant

Paging

RACHAGCHPCH

TCH/FTCH/H

Full rate (9.6 Kbps)

Half rate (4.8 Kbps)TCH

CCH CCCH

DCCH

BCH

Speech

Data

TCH/FTCH/H

Full rate (22.8 Kbps)

Half rate (11.4 Kbps)

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-------- ��'��'��'��'��'��'��'��'

CM

MM

LAPDm’

Ph.Layer

LAPDm’

Ph.Layer

Um A-bis A

BSCMSC

LAPDm

Ph.Layer

RR

BTSM

LAPDm

Ph.Layer

RR

BTSM

��MTP

SCCP

BSSAP

L3

L2

L1

BSSAP

CM

MM

SCCP

MTP

GPRS


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)��.��)��.��)��.��)��.��)��.��)��.��)��.��)��.�� "��"��"��"��"��"��"��"��

Bursts MS A Bursts MS B

Bursts BS

Delay = 0

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Burst MS A

Burst MS B

Bursts BSDelay = ∆τ

Burst MS A


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"�# �� "�# �� "�# �� "�# �� "�# �� "�# �� "�# �� "�# ��

Burst MS ABurst MS B

Bursts BS

Timing advance=∆τ

Burst MS A

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��

Rrr

M

B

R

PT

PM

PR

PRIF

(a)

(a)

(b)

(b)


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��

RPT

r

PR

PRIF

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�Because the capacity of the network is directly related to the average power of the interferers, it is important to keep the power of the mobile just high enough to ensure the desired signal quality.

�Power control for CDMA Systems is a must, for TDMA systems is just an improvement

GSMGSMISIS--9595

30 dB30 dB30 dB80 dBPower control dynamic

16 Hz16 Hz1.6 kHz1.6 kHzPower control cycles per second

2 dB2 dB0.25 – 1.5 dB0.25 – 1.5 dBPower control steps

DLDLULULDLDLULUL


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Power Control algorithms are divided in:� Open Loop Power Control

For initial power level definition� Fast Closed Loop Power Control (Inner Loop)

Power is controlled based on a SIR target� Outer Loop Power Control

SIR Target is evaluated based on quality estimation (BLER)Closed Loop power control is defined as the combination of Outer Loop and Inner Loop power control

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ULUL

DLDL


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How Many Cells?How Many Cells?

What kind of CellCoverage?

What kind of CellCoverage?

6 carriers

3 carriers

5 carriers

How Many Carriers per cell?

How Many Carriers per cell?

f1 f5 f9

f6 f8

What ARFCNsin each Cell?

What ARFCNsin each Cell?

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Frequency PlanningFrequency Planning

Traffic ForecastTraffic Forecast

BTS Positioning and Coverage Prediction

BTS Positioning and Coverage Prediction

Cell Dimensioning (Erlang - B)Cell Dimensioning (Erlang - B)

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Tipical Pixel Size (Resolution)

10” X 7.5” (~ 230 X 230 m)

4” X 3” (~100 X 100 m)

2” X 1.5” (~ 46 X 46 m)

1” X 0.75” (~ 23 X 23 m)

InputInput CreationCreation : Raster Data: Raster DataLand sampling and digitalization:

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Raster Data: Raster Data: AltitudeAltitude

AltitudeData Base

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Raster Data: Raster Data: Building DensityBuilding Density

BuildingDensity

Data Base

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Raster Data: Raster Data: MorphologyMorphology

MorphologicData Base

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VectorialVectorialData: Data:

Buildings Buildings LayoutLayout

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BuildingsLayout

Data Base

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Overview GSM/GPRS/EDGERio de Janeiro,

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Available Band1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

6

7

7

Cluster

• Radio characteristics are considered equal for each cell• Each cell has the same foot-print and the same number of carriers• Frequency plan is based on geometrical consideration

• Radio characteristics are considered equal for each cell• Each cell has the same foot-print and the same number of carriers• Frequency plan is based on geometrical consideration

Advantages

It’s easyAdvantages

It’s easy

DrawbacksIt does not take into account

real conditions

DrawbacksIt does not take into account

real conditions

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��'��(��)��'�Cluster: set of adjacent cells which use different frequencies;

D = frequency reuse distance: distance between 2 cells using the same frequency;R = cell radius (hypothesis of hexagonal cell).

KjijiRD

3)(3 22 =++=

integers , 22 jijijiK ++=

27191393

1912742

137311

94100

3210ji

R d

u

v

D

K = number of cells in the cluster;

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��+��

� −

−=

iir

RIC

α

α

2)3(61

61 αα

KRD

IC =�

�

��

�≈

3 dB 9 ≥≥ KIC

4.3=α

1I

2I

3I

4I

5I

6I

6r

1r

4r

2r

5r 3r

Propagation law: 47.2 <<= ααrk

A

Signal/Noise ratio (co-channel)

With omni-directional antennas:

ααα

α

−−−

−

+++−≈

)()(21

RDDRDR

IC

N = number of channels availableNumber of channels/sector = N/3K Trade-off on K

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Overview GSM/GPRS/EDGERio de Janeiro,

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Available Band1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1

1

2

2 3

3 4

4

5

5

67

Radio characteristics depend onorography and urbanization

percentage, so change cell by cell.

Radio characteristics depend onorography and urbanization

percentage, so change cell by cell.

Footprints and sizes of each cell are different

Footprints and sizes of each cell are different

Each cell have to carry all the offered traffic

Each cell have to carry all the offered traffic

It’s assigned a different numberof carrier for each cell, respect to ideal case.

It’s assigned a different numberof carrier for each cell, respect to ideal case.

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��

144 kbit/s

13 kbit/s� Cell coverage depends on

the service we provide.� Different cellular plans are

required for different services!

2Mbit/s

( )�=

⋅−⋅⋅=S

sssssUL SNRfSAFn

1

1η

( )�=

⋅+−⋅⋅=s

sssDLsssDL SNRfSAFn

1,1 αη

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�� $

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*��*��*��*��*��*��*��*��

GSM

TYPE

HardHardHandoverHandover

BEFORE DURING AFTER

DECT

SeamlessSeamlessHandoverHandover

CDMA

SoftSoftHandoverHandover

MSC

RNC

F1

BS1

RFP1

CCFP

BSS1

F2

F2

BS2

RFP2

BSS2BSS2

MSC

F1

BS2

RNC

F1

BS1

BSS1BSS2

MSC

F1

BS2

RNC

F1

BS1

RFP#1 RFP2

CCFP

F1

BSS1

RFP2

CCFP

F2

RFP1

F1

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SignallingSignallingUserUser datadata

UmUm

PacketPacketDataData

NetworkNetwork

BSCBSC

BTSBTS

GGSNGGSN

MSCMSC

VLRVLRHLRHLR

GbGbGnGn

GiGi

GrGr

AbisAbis

GsGs

OtherOtherPLMNsPLMNs

GGSNGGSN

GpGp

GcGcGdGdCGFCGF

GaGa

GfGf

ChargingCharging datadata

Billing Billing SystemSystem

SGSNSGSN

EIREIR

GaGa

SMSM--GMSCGMSCSMSSMS--IWMSCIWMSC

MSCMSC

PCUPCU

SCPSCPGSM CSGSM CS

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GPRS is the Packet Switched branch of GSM

The GPRS branch involves three new entities:

�PCU (Packet Control Unit)

�SGSN (Service GPRS Support Node)

�GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)

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PCU (Packet Control Unit)� GPRS radio channels management

� PDCH multiplexing

� System Info Broadcast, Power control, Congestion control

� GPRS signalling

� GPRS traffic (Abis/Gb protocol conversion)

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SGSN (Service GPRS Support Node)� Mobility Management (MM)

� Security (Authentication and Ciphering)

� Billing

� Routing & Data transfer

The SGSN is a Packet Switched MSC

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SGSN


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GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)

� Routing & Data transfer

� Session Management (SM)

� Billing

� Security (Firewall)

The GGSN is an upgraded router

��

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#$%&

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��-��1�� -��1�� -��1�� -��1�� -��1�� -��1�� -��1�� -��1��

USF precoding (CS-2..CS-4)4 tail bits (CS-1..CS-3)

rate 1/2 convolutional coding (CS-1..CS-3)Puncturing (CS-2,CS-3)

456 bits (20ms)

USF BCSPayload

Uplink State Flag Block Check Sequence (40 bit or 16 bit)

Same gross bit-rate as GSM (22.8kbps)!!!

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��++++++++2�� '��# �2�� '��# �2�� '��# �2�� '��# �2�� '��# �2�� '��# �2�� '��# �2�� '��# �

4 tail bits (=>tot:228)rate 1/2 convol. coding (tot:228x2=456)

456 bits

USF BCSPayload

3 bit 40 bit181 bit

224 bit


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��++++++++3�� '��# �3�� '��# �3�� '��# �3�� '��# �3�� '��# �3�� '��# �3�� '��# �3�� '��# �

USF precodingNo other coding

444 bits

USF BCSPayload

3 bit 16 bit428 bit

447 bit

12

456 bit456 bit

28


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��

BH Info Field BH Info Field BHBH Info Field

Primary Block … Following Blocks ...

FH Information Field FCSFrame (LL-PDU)

Blocks

SNDCP layer

LLC layer

Physical layer

PH User DataPacket (N-PDU) Network layer

Compression/DecompressionSegmentation/Re-assembly (not shown)

Channel codingReordering & Partitioning

InterleavingBurst formatting

RLC/MAC layer

Normal Burst Normal Burst Normal BurstNormal Burst

SH Information FieldSN-PDU

FH = Frame HeaderFCS = Frame Check Sequence

BH = Block HeaderPH = Packet Header SH = SN-PDU Header


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�� # �'�� # �'�� # �'�� # �'�� # �'�� # �'�� # �'�� # �'

Scheme Coderate Payload BCS Coded

bitsTail Puncturedbits

Data rate(kbps)

CS-1 1/2 181 40 4564 0 9.05

CS-2 ~ 2/3 268 16 5884 132 13.4

CS-3 ~ 3/4 312 16 6764 220 15.6

CS-4 1 428 16 456- - 21.4

Pre-codedUSF

3

6

6

12

Example Example 181bit/20ms = 9.05 kbps181bit/20ms = 9.05 kbps

29


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�� # �'�� # �'�� # �'�� # �'�� # �'�� # �'�� # �'�� # �'

Scheme Maximum net payload (bytes)

Maximum net RLC/MAC data

rate (kbps)

Nominal data rate (kbps)

Mean Application data rate (kbps)

CS-1 20 8 9.05 7.7

CS-2 30 12 13.4 11.5

CS-3 36 14.4 15.6 13.8

CS-4 50 20 21.4 19.2

Unaware people said that GPRS was a 171.2 kb/s (CSUnaware people said that GPRS was a 171.2 kb/s (CS--4 x 8) technology, 4 x 8) technology, so creating wrong expectationsso creating wrong expectations

Example: Example: (181(181-- 21) bit/20ms => 8 kbps21) bit/20ms => 8 kbps

20byte20byte21bit=MAC header + RLC 21bit=MAC header + RLC

headerheader

TCP/IP: 40byteTCP/IP: 40byteSNDCP: 3byteSNDCP: 3byteLLC: 6 byteLLC: 6 byte

1160byte/1209 => 95.9%1160byte/1209 => 95.9%

--IP packet 1200 byteIP packet 1200 byte--Application level Application level packet: 1160 bytepacket: 1160 byte


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Codeword (456 bits) Bit reordering 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57

0 4 Training sequence

1 5

2 6

3 7

57 bits 57 bits

Burst (114 information bits)

�� -��1�� -��1�� -��1�� -��1�� -��1�� -��1�� -��1�� -��1�� GSM

30


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��

ApplicationApplication

IP / X.25IP / X.25

SNDCPSNDCP

LLCLLC

RLCRLC

MACMAC

GSM PLGSM PL

SNDCPSNDCP

BSSGPBSSGP

L1bisL1bis

RLCRLC

MACMAC

GSM PLGSM PL

LLC RelayLLC Relay

L2L2

L1L1

L2L2

L1L1

IPIP

GTPGTP

IP / X.25IP / X.25

Um Gb Gn GiMS BSS SGSN GGSN

FrameFrameRelayRelay


BSSGPBSSGP

L1bisL1bis

LLCLLC

GTPGTP

IPIP

TLLI

TID

IP

TCP/UDPTCP/UDPTCP/UDPTCP/UDP

C ABC

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

* 0 #

SGSN GGSN

LLC RelayLLC Relay

31


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IPIP

SNDCPSNDCP

LLCLLC

RLCRLC

MACMAC

GSM PLGSM PL

SNDCPSNDCP

BSSGPBSSGP

L1bisL1bis

RLCRLC

MACMAC

GSM PLGSM PL

LLC RelayLLC Relay

L2L2

L1L1

L2L2

L1L1

TCPTCP--UDPUDP/IP/IP

GTPGTP

IPIP

UmUm GbGb GnGn GiGiMSMS BSSBSS SGSNSGSN GGSNGGSN



BSSGPBSSGP

L1bisL1bis

LLCLLC

GTPGTP

TCPTCP--UDPUDP/IP/IP

L1L1

L2L2

�� "��'# �''�� "��'# �''�� "��'# �''�� "��'# �''�� "��'# �''�� "��'# �''�� "��'# �''�� "��'# �''�� GSM


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��0'��%��4�� 56457��0'��%��4�� 56457��0'��%��4�� 56457��0'��%��4�� 56457��0'��%��4�� 56457��0'��%��4�� 56457��0'��%��4�� 56457��0'��%��4�� 56457

Network Service

GTPSNDCP

Network Service

Application

IP

SNDCP

LLC

RLC

MAC

GSM RF

LLC

BSSGP

L1bis

RLC

MAC

GSM RF

BSSGP

L1bis

Relay

L2

L1

IP

L2

L1

IP

GTP

IP

Um Gb Gn GiMS BSS SGSN GGSN

UDP /TCP

UDP / TCP

Relay

Relay

IPBSSGP

Relay

LLC

RLC

MAC

GSM RF

LLC

BSSGP

L1bis

Um GbMS BSS SGSN

Network Service

RLC

MAC

GSM RF L1bis

Network Service

UDP

L1

L2

IP

GMM/SMGMM/SM

GTP GTP

UDP

L1

L2

GGSN

Relay

Gn

Control Plane

User Plane

32


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GTP (GPRS GTP (GPRS TunnellingTunnelling Protocol)Protocol)Data transfer between the right Data transfer between the right GSNsGSNs by the TID (Tunnel Identifier)by the TID (Tunnel Identifier)Session Management (PDP CA), Mobility Management (RAU)Session Management (PDP CA), Mobility Management (RAU)

TCP/UDPTCP/UDPreliable/unreliable (X.25/IP) control protocol for GTP PDUreliable/unreliable (X.25/IP) control protocol for GTP PDU

IPIPCore network transport protocolCore network transport protocol

��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!�


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SNDCP (SNDCP (SubnetworkSubnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol)Dependent Convergence Protocol)

Multiplexing over the same logical linkMultiplexing over the same logical link

Data and header data compressionData and header data compression

LLC (Logical Link Control)LLC (Logical Link Control)

It manages a logical link between MS and SGSNIt manages a logical link between MS and SGSN

It provides ciphering and reliabilityIt provides ciphering and reliability

BSSGP (BSS GPRS application Protocol)BSSGP (BSS GPRS application Protocol)

SGSNSGSN--BSC connection managementBSC connection management

Flow ControlFlow Control

��!!��!!��!!��!!��!!��!!��!!��!!�

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NS (Network Service)/FR (Frame Relay)NS (Network Service)/FR (Frame Relay)GbGb link managementlink managementBSSGP PDU bearer protocolBSSGP PDU bearer protocol

RLC/MAC (Radio Link Control/Medium Access Control)RLC/MAC (Radio Link Control/Medium Access Control)RLC: RLC:

−− MS BSS reliable link.MS BSS reliable link.−− LLC frames segmentation/reassemblyLLC frames segmentation/reassembly

MAC: MAC: −− Radio access management (request and grant)Radio access management (request and grant)−− Shared radio resources multiplexingShared radio resources multiplexing

��!!!��!!!��!!!��!!!��!!!��!!!��!!!��!!!�


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�� ,�4��)�� ,�4��)�� ,�4��)�� ,�4��)�� ,�4��)�� ,�4��)�� ,�4��)�� ,�4��)��

RLC function� Transfer of LLC PDUs between LLC layer and MAC function� Segmentation and re-assembly of LLC PDUs into/from RLC

data blocks� Segmentation and re-assembly of RLC/MAC control messages

into/from RLC/MAC control blocks� Selective retransmission of RLC data blocks

MAC function� Procedures for reception of PBCCH and PCCCH� Provision of Temporary Block Flows (TBFs) that allow the

transfer of signalling and user data between the network and a mobile station

� Management of the shared transmission resources, the control of which resides on the network side

34


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��1��,� ��'��!��1��,� ��'��!��1��,� ��'��!��1��,� ��'��!��1��,� ��'��!��1��,� ��'��!��1��,� ��'��!��1��,� ��'��!�

� Packet Common Control Channel (PCCCH):• PRACH: random access (uplink)• PPCH: paging (downlink)• PAGCH: access grant (downlink)• PNCH: PTM-M notification (downlink)

� Packet Broadcast Control Channel (PBCCH) (downlink)

� Packet Traffic Channels:• PDTCH: data traffic

� Packet Dedicated Control Channels:• PACCH: associated control

• PTCCH/U: timing advance estimation (uplink))• PTCCH/D: timing advance information (downlink)


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��1��,� ��'��!!��1��,� ��'��!!��1��,� ��'��!!��1��,� ��'��!!��1��,� ��'��!!��1��,� ��'��!!��1��,� ��'��!!��1��,� ��'��!!�

� The radio blocks are transmitted over 4 bursts belonging to 4 consecutive TDMA frames

� Transmission on a Packet Data CHannel (PDCH):• transmission on PRACH and PTCCH/U is performed by

sending an access burst • transmission on all the other packet data logical channels is

performed by sending radio blocks constituted by four consecutive normal bursts

• a Packet Control Acknowledgement can be sent via 4 access bursts, if required by the network

35


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��1��,� ��'��!!!��1��,� ��'��!!!��1��,� ��'��!!!��1��,� ��'��!!!��1��,� ��'��!!!��1��,� ��'��!!!��1��,� ��'��!!!��1��,� ��'��!!!�

� PCCCH is mapped on one or several physical channels, following a 52-multiframe• PRACH is determined by Uplink State Flag (USF) set FREE and

broadcast on the downlink or by a fixed allocation

� PBCCH is mapped on one physical channel� A given PDTCH is mapped on one physical channel

• An MS can use up to 8 PDTCHs on the same carrier� A given PACCH is mapped on one physical channel and is allocated

dynamically on a block basis� PTCCH/U is mapped to one of the time slots where PDTCHs are allocated

to the MS; PTCCH/D is associated to several PTCCH/Us sharing the same TS


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�� # ��# ��# ��# ��# ��# ��# ��# � ��

� 52 TDMA frames divided in:• 12 radio blocks B0-B11 (of 4 consecutive frames)• 2 frames used for PTCCH (T)• 2 idle frames (X)

TDMA Frame 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Block B0 B1 B2 T B3 B4 B5 X B6 B7 B8 T B9 B10 B11 X

Idle frames

Radio Blocks

Frames for PTCCH

36


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0%��1�"��'# �''��0%��1�"��'# �''��0%��1�"��'# �''��0%��1�"��'# �''��0%��1�"��'# �''��0%��1�"��'# �''��0%��1�"��'# �''��0%��1�"��'# �''��

Data Block

temporary Packet Ack/Nack

Data Block (last)

Access and Assignment

MS Network

PDTCH

PACCH

PDTCH

Packet Uplink Assignment

Packet Control AcknowledgementPACCH

PACCH

Data BlockPDTCH

Data BlockPDTCH

Data Block (last in send window)PDTCH

Data BlockPDTCH

Data BlockPDTCH

Data BlockPDTCH

Data BlockPDTCH

final Packet Ack/Nack PACCH

MS Network

Packet Channel Request


Packet Resource Request


PRACH or RACH

PAGCH or AGCH

PACCH

PACCH

(Optional)

(Optional)

Uplink access

Uplink data transfer


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Downlink paging

Downlink data transfer

MS Network

Packet Channel Request


Packet Paging Response (LLC frame)

PRACH or RACH

PAGCH or AGCH

PACCH

PPCH or PCHPacket Paging Request

Data Block

temporary Packet Ack/Nack

Paging and Assignment

MS Network

PDTCH

PACCH

Packet Downlink Assignment

Packet Control AcknowledgementPACCH

PACCH

PACCHfinal Packet Ack/Nack

Data BlockPDTCH

Data BlockPDTCH

Data Block (polling)PDTCH

Data BlockPDTCH

Data BlockPDTCH

Data BlockPDTCH

Data BlockPDTCH

Data BlockPDTCH

Data Block (last, polling)PDTCH

MS Network

Packet Downlink Assignment PACCH orPAGCH orAGCH

��1�"��'# �''��1�"��'# �''��1�"��'# �''��1�"��'# �''��1�"��'# �''��1�"��'# �''��1�"��'# �''��1�"��'# �''��

37


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� Sharing of radio resource between GSM and GPRS� Half or Full Duplex connections

��'��'�'�� !� ��'��'�'�� !� ��'��'�'�� !� ��'��'�'�� !� ��'��'�'�� !� ��'��'�'�� !� ��'��'�'�� !� ��'��'�'�� !�

7 7 7 7 7 7 7

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

4 4 4 4 4 4

1 1 3 1 2 3 1

1 1 3 1 2 3 1

1 1 3 1 2 1 1

1 3 3 1 2 3 1

4

GSM users

GPRS users

TS 7

TS 6

TS 5

TS 4

TS 3

TS 2

TS 1

TS 0

Frame Num.


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��'��'�'�� !!� ��'��'�'�� !!� ��'��'�'�� !!� ��'��'�'�� !!� ��'��'�'�� !!� ��'��'�'�� !!� ��'��'�'�� !!� ��'��'�'�� !!�

Ericsson review, n. 2, 1999 http://www.ericsson.com/review/1999_02/article51.shtml

38


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��'��'�'�� !!!� ��'��'�'�� !!!� ��'��'�'�� !!!� ��'��'�'�� !!!�

TS

1-8

TS

TS

TS

TS

TS

TS

TS

TS

8-1

Theoretically a terminal can use up to 8 time slot in UL and DL.Theoretically a terminal can use up to 8 time slot in UL and DL.In practice the sum of UL and DL cannot be over 5In practice the sum of UL and DL cannot be over 5

The same time slot can be shared among up to 8 (o 16) terminalsThe same time slot can be shared among up to 8 (o 16) terminals


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GPRS Mobility Management is about the same as GSM CS Mobility GPRS Mobility Management is about the same as GSM CS Mobility ManagementManagement

GPRS Mobility Management includes:GPRS Mobility Management includes:

��Attach/Detach proceduresAttach/Detach procedures

��Security functions (the same as GSM CS)Security functions (the same as GSM CS)

��Location Update at cell level (Cell Update) and core network levLocation Update at cell level (Cell Update) and core network level el (Routing Area Update)(Routing Area Update)

�8��)�� # ��'��!��8��)�� # ��'��!��8��)�� # ��'��!��8��)�� # ��'��!��8��)�� # ��'��!��8��)�� # ��'��!��8��)�� # ��'��!��8��)�� # ��'��!�

39


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Three MM states are defined for the MS and the network (SGSN)Three MM states are defined for the MS and the network (SGSN)

�� IDLEIDLE: the user is not reachable by the network: the user is not reachable by the network

�� STANDBYSTANDBY: the user is attached but not active. User: the user is attached but not active. User’’s location is known s location is known at RA level, it receives paging, performs MM proceduresat RA level, it receives paging, performs MM procedures

�� READYREADY: the user is attached and active. User: the user is attached and active. User’’s location is known at cell s location is known at cell levellevel

GPRS states have different name of GSM states:GPRS states have different name of GSM states:Idle/Standby/Ready corresponding to Detached/Idle/ConnectedIdle/Standby/Ready corresponding to Detached/Idle/Connected

�8��)�� # ��'��!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!�


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Ready Timer Ready Timer expiryexpiry

StandbyStandby

ReadyReady

IdleIdle

GPRS AttachGPRS Attach

PDU transmissionPDU transmission

GPRS DetachGPRS Detach

MM State Model of SGSNMM State Model of SGSN

Implicit DetachImplicit Detach

PDU receptionPDU reception

GPRS DetachGPRS DetachGPRS AttachGPRS Attach

IdleIdle

ReadyReady

StandbyStandby

READY timer expiryREADY timer expiryororForce to STANDBYForce to STANDBYororAbnormal RLC conditionAbnormal RLC condition

MM State Model of MSMM State Model of MS

�8��)�� # ��'��!!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!!�

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RA is conceptually the same of LARA is conceptually the same of LAThe SGSN tracks users:The SGSN tracks users:�� at cell level, when they are active (Ready at cell level, when they are active (Ready

State)State)�� at RA level when they are inactive at RA level when they are inactive

(Standby State)(Standby State)

RA is smaller or equal than LA:RA is smaller or equal than LA:�� RA should not be too big to reduce the RA should not be too big to reduce the

flooding of GPRS pagingflooding of GPRS paging�� RA should not be too small to reduce the RA should not be too small to reduce the

RAURAU�� RA canRA can’’t cross LA, to allow combined t cross LA, to allow combined

RA/LA Update procedures (if Gs interface RA/LA Update procedures (if Gs interface is active)is active)

LALA

RRAA

RRAA

RARA

CellCell CellCell

RARA

CellCell CellCell

RARA

CellCell CellCell

�8��)�� # ��'��!��8��)�� # ��'��!��8��)�� # ��'��!��8��)�� # ��'��!��8��)�� # ��'��!��8��)�� # ��'��!��8��)�� # ��'��!��8��)�� # ��'��!�


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Routing Area (RA):Routing Area (RA):

�� is comprised in is comprised in one only LAone only LA�� is managed by is managed by one only SGSNone only SGSN�� The RAI is announced on the BCCH among the System InformationThe RAI is announced on the BCCH among the System Information�� The couple The couple RAI+TLLIRAI+TLLI identifies a unique MS in the whole networkidentifies a unique MS in the whole network

Routing Area related procedures are:Routing Area related procedures are:

�� Routing Area Update (Intra and Inter SGSN)Routing Area Update (Intra and Inter SGSN)�� Periodic Routing Area Update (always Intra SGSN)Periodic Routing Area Update (always Intra SGSN)

�8��)�� # ��'��!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!�

41


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BTS

BSC BSC

BTSBTS

BSC

LAa

Cell Update

RAk

RAj

RAm

RA Update

Periodic RA Update

LA\RA Update

LAb

�8��)�� # ��'��!!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!!��8��)�� # ��'��!!!�


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Cell ReCell Re--selection procedure:selection procedure:

�� The MS measures the power level of its neighbour cells (The MS measures the power level of its neighbour cells (power power level of the level of the BCCHsBCCHs listed in the BA(GPRS) listlisted in the BA(GPRS) list))

�� In In packet idle modepacket idle mode: at least one measure each 4 sec. have to : at least one measure each 4 sec. have to be performedbe performed

�� In In packet transfer modepacket transfer mode: one measure each TDMA frame is : one measure each TDMA frame is performedperformed

�� In In Network Control Mode 0Network Control Mode 0 (NC0) the MS can select (NC0) the MS can select autonomously the target cell for its cell reautonomously the target cell for its cell re--selection procedure selection procedure and also trigger autonomously the cell changeand also trigger autonomously the cell change

�� The MS reThe MS re--selects the target cell based on selects the target cell based on radio criteria onlyradio criteria only�� When in the new cell the MS has to ask again to the network for When in the new cell the MS has to ask again to the network for

new resources assignmentnew resources assignment�� Cell ReCell Re--selection can cause a lake of throughput up to 4/5 sec.selection can cause a lake of throughput up to 4/5 sec.

�8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� ++++++++'��!�'��!�'��!�'��!�'��!�'��!�'��!�'��!�

42


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Cell ReCell Re--selection procedure:selection procedure:

�� In GPRS there are three possible modes to perform the cell In GPRS there are three possible modes to perform the cell rere--selection either in Idle Mode than in Packet Transfer selection either in Idle Mode than in Packet Transfer Mode:Mode:�� NC0NC0: MS controlled cell re: MS controlled cell re--selection, selection,

no measurement report;no measurement report;�� NC1NC1 : MS controlled cell re: MS controlled cell re--selection, selection,

MS send measurement report;MS send measurement report;�� NC2NC2 : Network controlled cell re: Network controlled cell re--selection, selection,

MS send measurement report;MS send measurement report;

�� The cell reThe cell re--selection mode is controlled by the network selection mode is controlled by the network broadcasting the parameter broadcasting the parameter ““Network Control OrderNetwork Control Order”” in the in the cellcell

�8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� ++++++++'��!!�'��!!�'��!!�'��!!�'��!!�'��!!�'��!!�'��!!�


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�8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9�� 8��)�� # ��9��

Network Controlled Cell Reselection (NC2):Network Controlled Cell Reselection (NC2):

�� The MS sends The MS sends Packet Measurements ReportsPacket Measurements Reports to the network to the network to allow network to select the best target cell for cell to allow network to select the best target cell for cell reselection procedure (taking into account load and reselection procedure (taking into account load and interference condition and in some cases also QoS profile)interference condition and in some cases also QoS profile)

�� The Network sends to the MS a The Network sends to the MS a Cell Change OrderCell Change Order message message indicating the selected target cellindicating the selected target cell

�� The MS perform the cell reselection towards the target cellThe MS perform the cell reselection towards the target cell

�� NCCR is a R97 feature (mandatory on terminals, optional on NCCR is a R97 feature (mandatory on terminals, optional on network)network)

�� Enabling NCCR feature an Enabling NCCR feature an impact on the networkimpact on the network have to be have to be expected because all GPRS expected because all GPRS MSsMSs active in the network will active in the network will send Packet Measurement Reports to the network also in idle send Packet Measurement Reports to the network also in idle mode.mode.

43


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Network Assisted Cell Change:Network Assisted Cell Change:

�� NACC allows the BSS to assist an MS in cell reselection while NACC allows the BSS to assist an MS in cell reselection while in Packet Transfer Mode getting a reduction in service outage in Packet Transfer Mode getting a reduction in service outage timetime

�� It can be considered as the first step to guarantee full mobilitIt can be considered as the first step to guarantee full mobility y also for PS Streaming servicesalso for PS Streaming services

�� The MS sends The MS sends Packet Measurements ReportsPacket Measurements Reports to the network to the network allowing the network to provide in advance to the MS the allowing the network to provide in advance to the MS the needed System Info of the target cellneeded System Info of the target cell

�� The The MS decideMS decide when to start with the cell reselection procedure when to start with the cell reselection procedure towards the target celltowards the target cell

�� Expected Expected performancesperformances are a drop out of 0,3 are a drop out of 0,3 ÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ 0,8 seconds for 0,8 seconds for intraintra--BSC cell reselection procedureBSC cell reselection procedure

�� IntraIntra--BSCBSC NACC is a R4 featureNACC is a R4 feature�� InterInter--BSCBSC NACC is a R5 featureNACC is a R5 feature

�8��)�� # ��9��8��)�� # ��9��8��)�� # ��9��8��)�� # ��9��8��)�� # ��9��8��)�� # ��9��8��)�� # ��9��8��)�� # ��9��


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44


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Ki and Kc are never transmitted on radio channelKc is time varying

GEN. RAND

A3

KiKi

A3

SRES(MS) = SRES(NW)

YES NO

SRES(MS) (32 bit)

SRES(NW)

RAND (128 bit)

IMSI

OK DENIED

MSRADIO PATH NETWORK

ACCESS REQUEST

GEN. RAND

A8

KiKi

A8

INFO

RAND

IMSI

MSRADIO PATH NETWORK

ACCESS REQUEST

A5 A5

Kc Kc

INFO CIPHERED INFO

Authentication requested when•MS connects to the network•Location update•Services

INFO

��%�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %��


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��•• GEAGEA--A5A5

��

��

8��18��

��

8��18��8��18��

!��!��!��

::::::::::::

;;;;;;;;;;;;

333333333333

��%��%��%��

•• GEAGEA--A5A5

222222222222!!•• IMSIIMSI•• A3, A8A3, A8•• KiKi

-�-�-"-"

*, 4*, 4��

SS7SS7

G L O B A L S Y S T E M F O R M O B I L E C O M M U N I C A T I O N S

R

333333333333;;;;;;;;;;;; ::::::::::::222222222222��

��)��)��)��)��)��)��)��)

<<<<<<<<

�%��%��%��%��%��%��%��%�� %��%��%��%��%��%��%��%�� ++++++++ ++++++++

�� <4�<4�<4�<4�<4�<4�<4�<4�

��%�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %��

��%�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %��

45


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SRESSRES

A3A3 A3A3

��1��1��1��1��1��1��1��1

KiKi KiKiRANDRAND

SRESSRES

�(��'=�(��'=�(��'=�(��'=�(��'=�(��'=�(��'=�(��'=

��

��%�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� ;;;;;;;;;;;; :::::::::::: !��!��!��!�� !��!��!��!��

GPRSGPRS--KcKc

��

outputoutput

��

GPRSGPRS--A5A5

INPUT INPUT (sync)(sync)

DIRECTIONDIRECTION

��

outputoutput

GPRSGPRS--A5A5

INPUT INPUT (sync)(sync)

DIRECTIONDIRECTION

GPRSGPRS--KcKc

��%�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� 222222222222

��

GPRSGPRS--KcKc

A8A8 A8A8

KiKi KiKiRANDRAND

GPRSGPRS--KcKc

��1��1��1��1��1��1��1��1

��%��%��%��%��%��%��%��%��

��%�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %��


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��•• GEAGEA--A5A5

��

��

8��18��

��

8��18��8��18��

;;;;;;;;;;;; ��%��%��%��

•• GEAGEA--A5A5

222222222222!!•• IMSIIMSI•• A3, A8A3, A8•• KiKi

-�-�-"-"

::::::::::::

UmUm GbGb GnGn GiGiMSMS BSSBSS SGSNSGSN GGSNGGSN

IPSecIPSec//IPIP

IPIP IPIP

GTPGTP

UDP /UDP /TCPTCP

IPSecIPSec

L2L2 L2L2

L1L1 L1L1L1L1

L2L2

IPSecIPSec

UDP /UDP /TCPTCP

GTPGTPSNDCPSNDCP

LLCLLC

BSSGPBSSGP

Network Network ServiceService

L1bisL1bis

RelayRelay

GSM RFGSM RF

MACMAC

RLCRLC BSSGPBSSGP

Network Network ServiceService

L1bisL1bis

RelayRelay

GSM RFGSM RF

MACMAC

RLCRLC

LLCLLC

SNDCPSNDCP

IPIP


222222222222

;;;;;;;;;;;;

::::::::::::

��%�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %��

46


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��

2. Identification Request2. Identification Request

*, 4*, 4��

1. Attach Request1. Attach Request

2. Identification Response2. Identification Response A3A3 A8A8

RAND RAND GeneratorGenerator

TRIPLETSTRIPLETS

KiKi

KcKcRANDRAND SRESSRES

A3A3 A8A8

KiKiKiKi RANDRANDRANDRAND

SRESSRES KcKc

3. Identity Request3. Identity Request

3. Identity Response3. Identity Response

4. Send authentication info (IMSI)4. Send authentication info (IMSI)

4. Send authentication info 4. Send authentication info AckAck ((TRIPLETSTRIPLETS))

5. Authentication and Ciphering Request (5. Authentication and Ciphering Request (RANDRAND, CKSN, Ciphering Algorithm), CKSN, Ciphering Algorithm)

5. Authentication and Ciphering Response (5. Authentication and Ciphering Response (SRESSRES))

6. Identity Request6. Identity Request

6. Identity Response (IMEI)6. Identity Response (IMEI)EIREIR

7. Check IMEI7. Check IMEI

7. Check IMEI 7. Check IMEI AckAck

8. Location updating procedures8. Location updating procedures

9. Attach Accept9. Attach Accept

9. Attach Complete9. Attach Complete

MSC/VLR MSC/VLR old/newold/new

8. Location updating procedures8. Location updating procedures

10. TMSI Relocation Complete10. TMSI Relocation Complete

GPRSGPRS--A5A5

KcKcGPRSGPRS--A5A5

�� 222222222222

��%�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� %�� 9��>�# %��9��>�# %��9��>�# %��9��>�# %��9��>�# %��9��>�# %��9��>�# %��9��>�# %��


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� MMS� Data base access� Music download� FTP� E-mail with attachments� Full Web browsing� Games� E-commerce� Audio & video streaming� Seamless audio & video streaming (ECSD, 64 kbps)� Video-telephony (ECSD, 64 kbps)� Video-conferencing (ECSD, 64 kbps)

��%%��'��>�# %��'��%%��'��>�# %��'��%%��'��>�# %��'��%%��'��>�# %��'��%%��'��>�# %��'��%%��'��>�# %��'��%%��'��>�# %��'��%%��'��>�# %��'

BackgroundBackground

InteractiveInteractive

ConversationalConversational


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��'��(��# ��'��'��(��# ��'��'��(��# ��'��'��(��# ��'��'��(��# ��'��'��(��# ��'��'��(��# ��'��'��(��# ��'

� Higher data rates� New modulation scheme (8-PSK)

� The maximum ECSD data rate is equal to 64 kbps� Core network constraint

Service Data rate per slot (kbps)

Peak data rate (kbps)

User speed (km/h)

18 144 (8 slots) 100-250 EGPRS

48 384 (8 slots)

ECSD 28.8 NT/T 28.8

ECSD 32 T 32

ECSD 43.2 NT 43.2

64 (2 slots)

3-100

48


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��7��7��7��7��7��7��7��7++++++++�&��&��&��&��&��&��&��&��

•

•

••

•

•

•

•

I

Q Symbol rotation: 3ππππ/8

(1,1,1)

(1,1,0)

(1,0,0)

(1,0,1)

(0,0,1)

(0,0,0)

(0,1,0)

(0,1,1)


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�� # �'��!�� # �'��!�� # �'��!�� # �'��!�� # �'��!�� # �'��!�� # �'��!�� # �'��!�

The payload unit should not be seen as the RLC block. Different coding rates within a family are achieved by transmitting a different number of payload units within a 20 ms block.

Scheme Modulation Maximum rate (kbps)

Code Rate

Header Code Rate

RLC Blocks per 20 ms Family

MCS-9 59.2 1.0 0,36 2 A MCS-8 54.4 0.92 0,36 2 A MCS-7 8PSK 44.8 0.76 0.36 2 B MCS-6 29.6 0.49 1/3 1 A MCS-5 22.4 0.37 1/3 1 B MCS-4 17.6 1.0 0.53 1 C MCS-3 14.8 0.85 0.53 1 A MCS-2 11.2 0.66 0.53 1 B MCS-1

GMSK

8.8 0.53 0.53 1 C

Family Payload basic unit

(bytes) Payload units

per 20 ms block

A 34 - 37 1, 2 or 4 B 28 1, 2 or 4 C 22 1 or 2


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�� # �'��!!�� # �'��!!�� # �'��!!�� # �'��!!�� # �'��!!�� # �'��!!�� # �'��!!�� # �'��!!�

Interleaving: MCS-7, MCS-8 and MCS-9 are split into two RLC blocks (separate sequence numbers and BCSs). These blocks in turn are interleaved over 2 bursts for MCS-8 & MCS-9. MCS-7 is still interleaved over four bursts.

MCS choice: For initial transmissions, any MCS can be selected based on the current link quality. In case of retransmissions, the MCS is selected within the same Family on the basis of the adopted automatic repeat request mechanism.

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

50


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�� # �'��!!!�� # �'��!!!�� # �'��!!!�� # �'��!!!�� # �'��!!!�� # �'��!!!�� # �'��!!!�� # �'��!!!�

Family C (kbps) Family B (kbps) Family A padding

(kbps) Family A (kbps)

MCS-1 8.8 MCS-2 11.2 MCS-3 13.6 MCS-3 14.8 MCS-4 17.6 MCS-5 22.4 MCS-6 27.2 MCS-6 29.6

MCS-7 44.8 MCS-8 54.4 MCS-9 59.2

Maximum net RLC/MAC data rate


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�� ,�4��8��1��'�� ,�4��8��1��'�� ,�4��8��1��'�� ,�4��8��1��'�� ,�4��8��1��'�� ,�4��8��1��'�� ,�4��8��1��'�� ,�4��8��1��'��

RLC/MAC block

RLC data block 1 RLC data block 2 (conditional*)

E FBI/TI EGPRS RLC data unit

RLC/MAC header

* for MCS-7 ÷÷÷÷ MCS-9

Size (bytes) Downlink Uplink

header type 1: MCS-7 ÷÷÷÷ MCS-9 5 5.75 header type 2: MCS-5 ÷÷÷÷ MCS-6 3.5 4.625 header type 3: MCS-1 ÷÷÷÷ MCS-4 3.875 3.875

Size (bytes)

MCS-1 22 MCS-2 28 MCS-3 37 MCS-4 44 MCS-5 56 MCS-6 74 MCS-7 56 MCS-8 68 MCS-9 74

51


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�� 9�� 9�� 9�� 9�� 9�� 9�� 9�� 9��++++++++2��,2��,2��,2��,2��,2��,2��,2��,

Block code

Rate 1/3 convolutional

Puncturing P1 or P2 Puncturing


588 bits

USF RLC/MAC header RLC Data = 22 bytes = 176 bits TB

12 bits 108 bits

196 bits

372 bits 68 bits 12 bits 4 Extra SF

456 bits

36 bits

Normal Burst Normal Burst Normal Burst Normal Burst

BCS HCS E FBI

3 bits

Interleaving


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�� 9�� 9�� 9�� 9�� 9�� 9�� 9�� 9��++++++++?��,?��,?��,?��,?��,?��,?��,?��,

Interleaving Interleaving

Block code


Puncturing P1 or P2 + 1 spare bit


1404 bits

USF RLC/MAC header RLC Data = 56 bytes = 448 bits TB

36 bits 99 bits

468 bits

1248 bits 100 bits 36 bits 8 Extra SF

1392 bits

33 bits


BCS HCS E FBI

3 bits

52


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�� 9�� 9�� 9�� 9�� 9�� 9�� 9�� 9��++++++++5��,5��,5��,5��,5��,5��,5��,5��,


Puncturing P1 or P2 or P3 Puncturing Puncturing P1 or P2 or P3

36 bits 124 bits 8 Extra SF

1392 bits


Rate 1/3 convolutional Block code Rate 1/3 convolutional

1836 bits 36 bits 135 bits

612 bits 45 bits

TB BCS USF RLC/MAC header HCS RLC Data = 74 bytes = 592 bits E FBI

3 bits

TB BCS RLC Data = 74 bytes = 592 bits E FBI

612 bits

1836 bits

612 bits 612 bits

Interleaving Interleaving


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� Four coding schemes (CS) for traffic data with increasing channel rates� CS-1 mandatory for BSs� CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4 mandatory for MSs

� Coding scheme CS-1 is also used for signalling� Maximum speed (theoretical) 171.2 kbit/s BUT SOME ASPECTS AND LIMITATIONS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN

ORDER TO HAVE A REALISTIC IDEA OF PERFORMANCES.� In theory the speed of about 170 Kb/s can be obtained by (21.4*8)!!!

�� # �'


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�� 4��# ��# %��'��!�� 4��# ��# %��'��!�� 4��# ��# %��'��!�� 4��# ��# %��'��!�� 4��# ��# %��'��!�� 4��# ��# %��'��!�� 4��# ��# %��'��!�� 4��# ��# %��'��!�

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

C/I [dB]

Thro

ughp

ut [k

Byt

es/s

]

CS1CS2CS3CS4

BLER=10%

54


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5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400

10

20

30

40

50

60

MCS−1MCS−2

MCS−3MCS−4

MCS−5

MCS−6

MCS−7

MCS−8

MCS−9

C/I [dB]

Thro

ughp

ut [k

b/s

per T

S]

�� 4��# ��# %��'��!!�� 4��# ��# %��'��!!�� 4��# ��# %��'��!!�� 4��# ��# %��'��!!�� 4��# ��# %��'��!!�� 4��# ��# %��'��!!�� 4��# ��# %��'��!!�� 4��# ��# %��'��!!�

Effect of LQC Procedures

The resulting ideal throughput will lay on the envelope of the different lines depending on the actual C/I value


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�� '�� '�� '�� '�� '�� '�� '�� '

In theory:

Maximum net RLC/MAC data rate: 473.6 kbpsMaximum application data rate: 454.4 kbps

In practice:

4 TS in downlink MCS-6 @ TU3 ideal FH, C/I = 17 dBExpected application throughput per user:

100 kbps

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�� %��# ��# %��'��!�� %��# ��# %��'��!�� %��# ��# %��'��!�� %��# ��# %��'��!�� %��# ��# %��'��!�� %��# ��# %��'��!�� %��# ��# %��'��!�� %��# ��# %��'��!�

100 kbps

75.5 kbps

66.5 kbps

40 kbps

Expected application throughput/user

14.5 dBMCS-5

EGPRS

17 dBMCS-6

21 dB – no FHCS-4

13 dBCS-2

GPRS

MS 4+1

Required C/Ic @ GSM 900 TU3 ideal FH


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�� %��# ��# %��'��!!�� %��# ��# %��'��!!�� %��# ��# %��'��!!�� %��# ��# %��'��!!�� %��# ��# %��'��!!�� %��# ��# %��'��!!�� %��# ��# %��'��!!�� %��# ��# %��'��!!�

NotesDelay

EDGE

GPRS

Link Adaptation and Incremental Redundancy both used on the radio interface, 4+1 terminal. The reported values are referring to test-plant environment.

~400ms(ping=32B)~800ms(ping=1200B)

CS-2 usage on the radio interface, 4+1 terminal, no NACC feature: the reported values are referring to test-plant environment.On real networks, values are supposed to range from 600ms (32B) up to 2000ms (1200B)

~400 ms(ping=32B)~1200ms(ping=1200B)

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�� !''��'�� !''��'�� !''��'�� !''��'�� !''��'�� !''��'�� !''��'�� !''��'

EGPRS requires:

new terminals

HW/SW upgrade on BSS (EDGE Transceiver Unit, A-bis interface dimensioning, BSC/PCU HW/SW upgrade) depending on the Vendor implementation

Gn

OtherPLMNs

VLR

Gb

GiGr

A-bis

Gs

Gp

Gd

BTS

BSC

MSC

SMS-C HLR Externaldata

network

SGSN GGSN

GGSN

PCU

Um

EDGETRU

From GPRS to E-GPRS :


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�� !''��'�� !''��'�� !''��'�� !''��'�� !''��'�� !''��'�� !''��'�� !''��'

Combining LA and IR it is possible to provide EDGE service in a wider area, with a lower perceived throughput by users and acceptable delay

EDGE coverage area might reach GSM one!

Which is the “real” EDGE coverage?

“Real” means evaluating the effects of RLC/MAC LQC procedures on the user perceived throughput / quality

��@��

�

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�� ,��1�A��)��!�� ,��1�A��)��!�� ,��1�A��)��!�� ,��1�A��)��!�� ,��1�A��)��!�� ,��1�A��)��!�� ,��1�A��)��!�� ,��1�A��)��!�

MEAN_BEP = average of MEAN_BEPblock

CV_BEP = average of CV_BEPblock

�=

=4

141

_i

iburstblock BEPBEPMEAN

�

� �

=

= =��

��

� −= 4

1

24

1

4

1

41

41

31

_

iiburst

k iiburstkburst

block

BEP

BEPBEP

BEPCV

58


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�� ,��1�A��)��!!�� ,��1�A��)��!!�� ,��1�A��)��!!�� ,��1�A��)��!!�� ,��1�A��)��!!�� ,��1�A��)��!!�� ,��1�A��)��!!�� ,��1�A��)��!!�

8 PSK MEAN_BEP 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9

8 P S K C V _ B E P 7 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9

8-PSK MCS selection example based on link quality reports


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")%��!�� A9�,��1��%��")%��!�� A9�,��1��%��")%��!�� A9�,��1��%��")%��!�� A9�,��1��%��")%��!�� A9�,��1��%��")%��!�� A9�,��1��%��")%��!�� A9�,��1��%��")%��!�� A9�,��1��%��

Scheme used for initial

transmission

Scheme to use for retransmissions after switching to a different MCS

MCS-9 Comm.

MCS-8 Comm.

MCS-7 Comm.

MCS6-9 Comm.

MCS-6 Comm.

MCS5-7 Comm.

MCS-5 Comm.

MCS-4 Comm.

MCS-3 Comm.

MCS-2 Comm.

MCS-1 Comm.

MCS-9 MCS-9 MCS-6 MCS-6 MCS-6 MCS-6 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3

MCS-8 MCS-8 MCS-8 MCS-6 (pad)

MCS-6 (pad)

MCS-6 (pad)

MCS-3 (pad)

MCS-3 (pad)

MCS-3 (pad)

MCS-3 (pad)

MCS-3 pad)

MCS-3 (pad)

MCS-7 MCS-7 MCS-7 MCS-7 MCS-5 MCS-5 MCS-5 MCS-5 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-6 MCS-9 MCS-6 MCS-6 MCS-9 MCS-6 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-5 MCS-7 MCS-7 MCS-7 MCS-5 MCS-5 MCS-7 MCS-5 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-4 MCS-4 MCS-4 MCS-4 MCS-4 MCS-4 MCS-4 MCS-4 MCS-4 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1

59


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")%��!!��)8�� A9�!��# �� )")%��!!��)8�� A9�!��# �� )")%��!!��)8�� A9�!��# �� )")%��!!��)8�� A9�!��# �� )")%��!!��)8�� A9�!��# �� )")%��!!��)8�� A9�!��# �� )")%��!!��)8�� A9�!��# �� )")%��!!��)8�� A9�!��# �� )

Scheme used for initial

transmission

Scheme to use for retransmissions after switching to a different MCS

MCS-9 Comm.

MCS-8 Comm.

MCS-7 Comm.

MCS6-9 Comm.

MCS-6 Comm.

MCS5-7 Comm.

MCS-5 Comm.

MCS-4 Comm.

MCS-3 Comm.

MCS-2 Comm.

MCS-1 Comm.

MCS-9 MCS-9 MCS-6 MCS-6 MCS-6 MCS-6 MCS-6 MCS-6 MCS-6 MCS-6 MCS-6 MCS-6

MCS-8 MCS-8 MCS-8 MCS-6 (pad)

MCS-6 (pad)

MCS-6 (pad)

MCS-6 (pad)

MCS-6 (pad)

MCS-6 (pad)

MCS-6 (pad)

MCS-6 pad)

MCS-6 (pad)

MCS-7 MCS-7 MCS-7 MCS-7 MCS-5 MCS-5 MCS-5 MCS-5 MCS-5 MCS-5 MCS-5 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-9 MCS-6 MCS-6 MCS-9 MCS-6 MCS-6 MCS-6 MCS-6 MCS-6 MCS-6 MCS-6 MCS-5 MCS-7 MCS-7 MCS-7 MCS-5 MCS-5 MCS-7 MCS-5 MCS-5 MCS-5 MCS-5 MCS-5 MCS-4 MCS-4 MCS-4 MCS-4 MCS-4 MCS-4 MCS-4 MCS-4 MCS-4 MCS-4 MCS-4 MCS-4 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-3 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-2 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1 MCS-1


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� A� A� A� A� A� A� A� A

RLC data block retransmission takes place with an MCS within thesame Family of the MCS used for the 1st transmission (excluding the ones requiring more payload units inside the RLC data block).

LA: segmentation is allowed.

IR: segmentation is not allowed; soft combining is performed.

LA tries to minimise the retransmissions.

IR tries to maximise the payload transmission.

Type II hybrid ARQ IR mode and MCSType II hybrid ARQ IR mode and MCS--55--7, MCS7, MCS--66--9 joint decoding 9 joint decoding are mandatory on the EGPRS MS side.are mandatory on the EGPRS MS side.

��

EGPRS supports both LA mode and combined LA & IR mode

60


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,��1��%��!# %�� ,��1��%��!# %�� ,��1��%��!# %�� ,��1��%��!# %�� ,��1��%��!# %�� ,��1��%��!# %�� ,��1��%��!# %�� ,��1��%��!# %��

EDGE LA algorithm allows re-segmentation (no possible in GPRS), so packets once sent with little error protection can be retransmitted with more error protection, if required by the new radio environment

LLC frameLLC frame 11 ......

MCS6 codedMCS6 coded

A)A) B)B)

Packet

DL ACK/N

ACK mess

age

Packet

DL ACK/N

ACK mess

age

Bitmap

:

Bitmap

:

- Pac

ket 2

and 3

once

more !

- Pac

ket 2 a

nd 3 on

ce mor

e ! C)C)

22 33 44 55 66 77 88

11

22

33

44

22

5566

33

MCS3

New and re-transmitted packets are using MCS3


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!��# �� )�!# %�� !�

n bits

Puncturing

n bits n bits n bits

Code Rate = 11st transmission

Code Rate = ½2nd transmission

Code Rate = 1/33rd transmission

1/3 convolutional code

Three puncturing schemes are defined not to have common bits

MCS-9 coding

61


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!��# �� )�!# %�� !!�

0.26*

0.33

0.42

0.5

0.19*

0.24*

0.38

0.46

0.5

P1+P2

0.53

0.66

0.85

1.0

0.37

0.49

0.76

0.92

1.0

P1

-

-

0.28*

0.33

-

-

0.25*

0.31*

0.33

P1+P2+P3

59.2MCS-9

8.8

11.2

14.8

17.6

22.4

29.6

44.8

54.4

Nominal Bit Rate (Kb/s)

MCS-1

MCS-2

MCS-3

MCS-4

MCS-5

MCS-6

MCS-7

MCS-8

Coding Scheme

With IR, MCS-9 after 3 retransmissions has similar performances as MCS-5

The (*) indicates that some repetition is made. Since the same mother code is used always, and it is a rate 1/3 code, repetition of the same puncturing set is necessary when the code rate goes below 1/3


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62


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��# ��-��'��'1'��&��7��# ��-��'��'1'��&��7��# ��-��'��'1'��&��7��# ��-��'��'1'��&��7++++�&��&��&��&�

10 8 10 10 8 10 t ( µ s )

dB

-30

(*)

-6

+2,4 +4

-20

-2

(***)

(**)

2 2 2 2

7056/13 (542,8) µ s

(147 symbols)

0 +1

-1 8-PSK mask

GMSK mask


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�� 7�� 7�� 7�� 7++++�&��9�!�&��9�!�&��9�!�&��9�!++++A�� #A�� #A�� #A�� #

•

•

••

•

•

•

•

I

Q Symbol rotation: 3ππππ/8

(1,1,1)

(1,1,0)

(1,0,0)

(1,0,1)

(0,0,1)

(0,0,0)

(0,1,0)

(0,1,1)

63


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��%��# %��'��%��# %��'��%��# %��'��%��# %��'��%��# %��'��%��# %��'��%��# %��'��%��# %��'��

42.5

44.5

46.0

48.0

44.0

47.0

900 MHz

42.542.542.58-PSK (avg)

44.544.544.5GMSKNokia

45.045.046.08-PSK (avg)

48.048.048.0GMSKSiemens

43.043.044.08-PSK (avg)

46.046.047.0GMSKEricsson

1900 MHz1800 MHz800 MHzModulationProvider

Output power levels at antenna connector (expressed in dBm) referred to a typical TRX for macro-site model, using combiner by-pass configuration


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� !��;BC;�-"�0% ��'� !��;BC;�-"�0% ��'� !��;BC;�-"�0% ��'� !��;BC;�-"�0% ��'� !��;BC;�-"�0% ��'� !��;BC;�-"�0% ��'� !��;BC;�-"�0% ��'� !��;BC;�-"�0% ��'

� Indoor RBS 2202 needs:• sTRU (new TRU with

EDGE support)• DXU-21

� The same is applicable on outdoor RBS 2102

� Micro-cell RBS 2302 and Pico-cell RBS 2401 do not support EDGE

DXU-21

sTRU EDGE

64


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� !��;BCD�-"�� !��;BCD�-"�� !��;BCD�-"�� !��;BCD�-"�� !��;BCD�-"�� !��;BCD�-"�� !��;BCD�-"�� !��;BCD�-"��

dTRUe EDGE

DXU-21 is built-in

� Indoor RBS 2206 needs:• dTRUe (new TRU with

EDGE support)

� The same is applicable on outdoor RBS 2106

� New Micro-cell RBS 2308 will support EDGE (up to 4 TRX in a single cabinet)


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��0��0��0��0��0��0��0��0��'�'�'�'�'�'�'�' ��0��0��0��0��0��0��0��0

The design approach of ECU was to support the EDGE capability by minimizing the changes to the CU HW. The following major changes to the CU HW were made to support the EDGE functionality:

� New Power Amplifier with better linearity and approximately 3 dB higher peak power capability

� New power leveling concept including a digital power control loop

� Adaptive Pre-distortion to linearize the transmitter

� New module Pre-distortion receiver (PDRX)

� New Power Supply Unit (EPSU) with higher power capability

65


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!��-"�-!��-"�-!��-"�-!��-"�-!��-"�-!��-"�-!��-"�-!��-"�-++++++++;3C42��-;3C42��-;3C42��-;3C42��-;3C42��-;3C42��-;3C42��-;3C42��-++++++++;3C42�!!;3C42�!!;3C42�!!;3C42�!!;3C42�!!;3C42�!!;3C42�!!;3C42�!!

Indoor/ Outdoor installationsMax 8 CU per cabinetMax 3 cabinets (i.e. 24 TRX)

BS-240/1 II is the evolution of BS-240/1some modifications have been introduced in the mechanical (rack weight and battery housing) which represents the latest state of technology.

The RF performance of the BTS is not affected by the modifications

Availability: BR 7.0, Q1 2004

air inlet air inlet

air inlet air inlet

air inlet air inlet

CU CU CU CU

CU CUCU CU

CBONONONONONON ONONONONONONFP

BS-241

ACOM

ACOM

ACOM

ACOM

DIA

MC

OD

IAM

CO

s

Plinth

1,75 m


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!��-"�-!��-"�-!��-"�-!��-"�-!��-"�-!��-"�-!��-"�-!��-"�-++++++++;3CB,��-;3CB,��-;3CB,��-;3CB,��-;3CB,��-;3CB,��-;3CB,��-;3CB,��-++++++++;3CB,�!!;3CB,�!!;3CB,�!!;3CB,�!!;3CB,�!!;3CB,�!!;3CB,�!!;3CB,�!!

2025

mm

air inlet air inlet

CU CU CU CU

DIA

MC

OD

IAM

CO

air inlet air inlet

CU CU CU CU

air inlet air inlet

CBFP

BS-240XL

ACOM

ACOM

ACOM

ACOM

ONON ON

ON ON ONONON ON

ON ONON

air inlet air inlet

CU CU CU CU

DIA

MC

OD

IAM

CO

Indoor installationsMax 12 CU per cabinet

Max 2 cabinets (i.e. 24 TRX) + service rack (battery and link equipments) if needed

BS-240XL II is the evolution of BS-240XLsome modifications have been introduced in the mechanical (RF cabling and battery housing) which represents the latest state of technology.

The RF performance of the BTS is not affected by the modificationsAvailability: BR 7.0, Q1 2004

66


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��&!��0��,�)��&!��0��,�)��&!��0��,�)��&!��0��,�)��&!��0��,�)��&!��0��,�)��&!��0��,�)��&!��0��,�)��

Indoor / Outdoor installationsMax 12 TRX per cabinet

Max 3 cabinets (i.e. 36 TRX)

Notes:

� BB board

� External duplexer

� Filter or hybrid combiner

� Tri-mode BTS


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��&!��0��" B��&!��0��" B��&!��0��" B��&!��0��" B��&!��0��" B��&!��0��" B��&!��0��" B��&!��0��" B

Nokia Transceiver Unit is made by two separate boards:� Transceiver RF Unit: the TRX RFTRX RF unit performs RF modulation/demodulation

and amplification for one RF carrier to handle uplink and downlink signals between MS and BTS. The TRX RF unit contains:• one transmitter• one main receiver• one diversity receiver (MRC technique)

� Transceiver Baseband Unit: the TRX BB2TRX BB2 is a digital signal processing board, consisting of two independent baseband modules. Each module functions independently for its own GSM/EDGE TRX RF unit.One of the Transceiver Baseband units also controls frequency hopping.

The BTS can be upgraded to GSM/EDGE by adding the EDGE capable BB2 and TRX plug-in units

67


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��&!��&!��&!��&!��&!��&!��&!��&!�� ,�)��,�)��,�)��,�)��,�)��,�)��,�)��,�)��

Indoor / Outdoor installationsMax 4 TRX per cabinet

Max 3 cabinets (i.e. 12 TRX)

The introduction of EDGE requires EDGE capable TRXs.EDGE also requires:

� Software CXM 3.3 (for 800 and 1900 MHz frequency bands)

� Software CXM3.3-1 (for 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands)


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� !��)��# �� !��)��# �� !��)��# �� !��)��# �� !��)��# �� !��)��# �� !��)��# �� !��)��# ��++++++++8�'��!�8�'��!�8�'��!�8�'��!�8�'��!�8�'��!�8�'��!�8�'��!�

In BSS R11 the “Flexible AFlexible A--bisbis” solution is introduced: this is achieved by having pools of 16 kbit/s and 64 kbit/s paths, and by allocating an A-bis path to a TCH at the allocation / activation of the TCH

An EGPRS capable PDCH (E-PDCH) or a GPRS CS 1-4 capable PDCH (G-PDCH) require a 64 kbps path, whereas other channel types require 16 kbps paths

68


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� !��)��# �� !��)��# �� !��)��# �� !��)��# �� !��)��# �� !��)��# �� !��)��# �� !��)��# ��++++++++8�'��!!�8�'��!!�8�'��!!�8�'��!!�8�'��!!�8�'��!!�8�'��!!�8�'��!!�

� The pooling of A-bis resources per TG means that for a three sector site three cells use the same A-bis pools (trunking gain)

� The total number of A-bis paths, dedicated and in the pools, should be equal to the number of traffic channels in the TG: this means that at least a 16 Kb/s channel on the A-bis is always available for each radio TS (no blocking on A-bis)

� Ericsson states that it is recommendable to define dedicated 64 Kb/s link on A-bis for each dedicated radio E-PDCH TS


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!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��++++++++8�'��!�8�'��!�8�'��!�8�'��!�8�'��!�8�'��!�8�'��!�8�'��!�

Previous Situation

� Only Static A-bis Allocation available

� The radio TS is associated to an A-bis sub-slot in a fixed way with one to one mapping

� The A-bis sub-slots are configured by O&M procedures and stored into BSC database

New Features� The association of radio timeslot and A-bis sub-slots is performed

dynamically at channel activation. No fixed association in the database

� Allocation of a fixed A-bis Pool to a BTSM in the BSC, which is shared by all installed TRX

� Change of TS A-bis capacity depending on Link Adaptation (timeout is applied)

� The A-bis Allocation of a multiplexed PDCH is determined by the TBF with the maximum CS/MCS

69


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!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��++++++++8�'��!!�8�'��!!�8�'��!!�8�'��!!�8�'��!!�8�'��!!�8�'��!!�8�'��!!�

The dynamic A-bis allocation strategy is based on A-bis pools and sub-pools:

� A-bis pool: amount of 16 Kb/s sub-slots defined on per site basis. One A-bis pool is composed by several A-bis sub-pools.

� A-bis sub-pool: each sub-pool belongs to a single PCM link, with one associated LAP-D link to manage a correct fault propagation from the LAPD link to the A-bis resources

� 16 Kb/s sub-slots allocated to a radio channel may belong to different sub-pools and consequently to different PCM lines (up to four).

� The fail of PCM lines affects only A-bis resources, while radio channels may continue to be assigned to new incoming calls, as long as there is some available 16kbit/s A-bis resource on the residual PCM lines.


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!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��++++++++8�'��!!!�8�'��!!!�8�'��!!!�8�'��!!!�8�'��!!!�8�'��!!!�8�'��!!!�8�'��!!!�

59.2

54.4

44.8

29.6

22.4

17.6

14.8

11.2

8.8

21.4

15.6

13.4

9.05

Nominal Bit Rate (Kb/s)Nominal Bit Rate (Kb/s)

5MCS-9

5MCS-8

4MCS-7

3MCS-6

2MCS-5

2MCS-4

2MCS-3

2MCS-2

1MCS-1

2CS-4

2CS-3

2CS-2

1CS-1

Number of 16kbit/s Number of 16kbit/s subsub--slotsslotsCoding SchemeCoding Scheme

70


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!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��!��)��# ��++++++++8�'��!/�8�'��!/�8�'��!/�8�'��!/�8�'��!/�8�'��!/�8�'��!/�8�'��!/�

SFC-00000 SFC-00001 SFC-00010 SFC-00011 SFC-00100 168 data bits

70 bits of filling pattern

152 and 118 data bits 202 data bits 272 data bits 272 data bits

E bit and TI bit E bit and TI bit header

46 bits

MCS-9 usage example� SFC: sub-frame counter� The payload of the basic frame, has length of 216 bits, including

46 bits by RLC/MAC header (5.75 bytes UL), extension bit (E), temporary logical link identifier indicator (TI), and 168 data bits

� The other (additional) frames contain a payload by 272 bits each� The (pale) yellow color indicates the overhead applied and the

trailers that are used for reassembling purposes


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��&!��)��# ��&!��)��# ��&!��)��# ��&!��)��# ��&!��)��# ��&!��)��# ��&!��)��# ��&!��)��# ��++++++++8�'��!�8�'��!�8�'��!�8�'��!�8�'��!�8�'��!�8�'��!�8�'��!�

When a radio connection requests more transport capacity, dynamic pool

may be used: dynamically linked to the fixed

resources (one 16 Kb/s sub-slot per TCH on the

radio interface – master), there are 16 Kb/s resource

(slaves) that can be allocated to manage

EGPRS coding schemes from MCS-2 to MCS-9

71


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��&!��)��# ��&!��)��# ��&!��)��# ��&!��)��# ��&!��)��# ��&!��)��# ��&!��)��# ��&!��)��# ��++++++++8�'��!!�8�'��!!�8�'��!!�8�'��!!�8�'��!!�8�'��!!�8�'��!!�8�'��!!�

59.2

54.4

44.8

29.6

22.4

17.6

14.8

11.2

8.8

21.4

15.6

13.4

9.05

Nominal Bit Rate (Kb/s)Nominal Bit Rate (Kb/s)

5MCS-9

5MCS-8

4MCS-7

3MCS-6

2MCS-5

2MCS-4

2MCS-3

2MCS-2

1MCS-1

NA (S 11.5)CS-4

NA (S 11.5)CS-3

2CS-2

1CS-1

Number of 16kbit/s Number of 16kbit/s subsub--slotsslotsCoding SchemeCoding Scheme


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�� Class A:Class A: the MS is allowed to make and/or receive calls on both the MS is allowed to make and/or receive calls on both circuit and packet switched services simultaneouslycircuit and packet switched services simultaneously

�� Class B:Class B: the MS can make and/or receive calls on either of the two the MS can make and/or receive calls on either of the two services sequentially but not simultaneouslyservices sequentially but not simultaneously

�� Class C:Class C: the MS can make and/or receive calls on either of the two the MS can make and/or receive calls on either of the two manually selected servicesmanually selected services

")%�'��# ��'")%�'��# ��'")%�'��# ��'")%�'��# ��'")%�'��# ��'")%�'��# ��'")%�'��# ��'")%�'��# ��'


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M ultislotclass

M axim um num ber of slots M inim um num ber of slots Type

Rx Tx Sum T ta T tb T ra T rb

1 1 1 2 3 2 4 2 12 2 1 3 3 2 3 1 13 2 2 3 3 2 3 1 14 3 1 4 3 1 3 1 15 2 2 4 3 1 3 1 16 3 2 4 3 1 3 1 17 3 3 4 3 1 3 1 18 4 1 5 3 1 2 1 19 3 2 5 3 1 2 1 1

10 4 2 5 3 1 2 1 111 4 3 5 3 1 2 1 112 4 4 5 2 1 2 1 113 3 3 NA NA a) 3 a) 214 4 4 NA NA a) 3 a) 215 5 5 NA NA a) 3 a) 216 6 6 NA NA a) 2 a) 217 7 7 NA NA a) 1 0 218 8 8 NA NA 0 0 0 219 6 2 NA 3 b) 2 c) 120 6 3 NA 3 b) 2 c) 121 6 4 NA 3 b) 2 c) 122 6 4 NA 2 b) 2 c) 123 6 6 NA 2 b) 2 c) 124 8 2 NA 3 b) 2 c) 125 8 3 NA 3 b) 2 c) 126 8 4 NA 3 b) 2 c) 127 8 4 NA 2 b) 2 c) 128 8 6 NA 2 b) 2 c) 129 8 8 NA 2 b) 2 c) 1

��''�'��# ��''�'��# ��''�'��# ��''�'��# ��''�'��# ��''�'��# ��''�'��# ��''�'��# ��++++++++'��%�8��''��%�8��''��%�8��''��%�8��''��%�8��''��%�8��''��%�8��''��%�8��'

73


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��"��'��"��'��"��'��"��'��"��'��"��'��"��'��"��'��

� DTM (Dual Transfer Mode) is a technique to provide a simultaneous PS and CS connection to the user.

� An on-going packet transfer will not be interrupted for an user that receives a simultaneous CS call.

Possible only HF

Possible only HF 4+1=5

Class 8

Possible only HF

Class 1 1+1=2

Class 2 2+1=3

Class Rx+Tx=Sum

Class 3 2+2=3

Class 4 3+1=4

Class 5 2+2=4

Class 6 3+2=4

Class 7 3+3=4

Class 9 3+2=5

Class 10 4+2=5

Class 11 4+3=5

CS connection

PS connection

UL DL

Possible only HF


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��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!�

� The modem represents the main challenge with respect to GPRS, on both RF and DSP level

� IR requires additional memory for storing soft-information

� MMI (Man-Machine Interface) requirements are more demanding in terms of graphics, audio, MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service)

74


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��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!!�

RF modem aspects:GMSK:

�� 1 bit/symbol �� constant amplitude

8-PSK:�� 3 bits/symbol �� amplitude variations

In order to overcome AM/AM and PM/AM distorsionsintroduced by using current power amplifiers with 8-PSK,

pre-distortion techniques may be exploited


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��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!!!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!!!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!!!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!!!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!!!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!!!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!!!��# ��'��# %��# ��''��'��!!!�

DSP modem aspects:GMSK:

�� 1 bit/symbol �� 16-state Viterbi decoder

8-PSK:�� 3 bits/symbol �� “4096”-state Viterbi

decoder (not feasible)

In order to reduce the amount of processing introduced by using current Viterbi decoders with 8-PSK, more efficient algorithms are needed. Nevertheless, it is evaluated that 400 MIPS are required for EDGE terminals compared to 100 MIPS of current GPRS terminals.

75


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�� # ��'��!�� # ��'��!�� # ��'��!�� # ��'��!�� # ��'��!�� # ��'��!�� # ��'��!�� # ��'��!�Nokia stated that by the end of 2004 all the new Nokia mobile phones will include EDGE technology: such a statement represents a challenge for the other major terminals Manufacturers, who are going

EDGE in new Nokia GPRS Terminals

2002 2003 2004

GSM/GPRS/EDGE

2002 2003

100%

2004

75%

50%

Source: Nokia 2002

EDGE in new Nokia GPRS Terminals

2002 2003 2004

GSM/GPRS/EDGE

2002 2003

100%

2004

75%

50%

Source: Nokia 2002

to introduce EDGE inside new models of their phones, producing in such a way a positive reaction for guaranteeing a real mass market delivery of EDGE terminals within 2004 and consequent economies of scale.


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�� # ��'��!!�� # ��'��!!�� # ��'��!!�� # ��'��!!�� # ��'��!!�� # ��'��!!�� # ��'��!!�� # ��'��!!�

Motorola states that by the end of 2005 most of the products will be EDGE capable (around 200 �), around 80%. Only very low tier, will be dual band GPRS only. Starting from 2006, also very low level products will be EDGE: the difference will be the multislot class (6-8-10).

Q1 Q2 Q4Q3 Q1 Q2 Q4Q3 Q1 Q2 Q4Q3

EDGE Class 4

EDGE Class 6

EDGE Class 10

EDGE Class 12

2004 2005 2006

2006 Low Tier products

H1 2005 Mass Market & Mid Tier products

H2 2005 products (High Tier, Mid Tier, Mass

Market)

First product

High Tier product

2004 Mid Tier products

Q1 Q2 Q4Q3 Q1 Q2 Q4Q3 Q1 Q2 Q4Q3

EDGE Class 4

EDGE Class 6

EDGE Class 10

EDGE Class 12

2004 2005 2006




Market)

First product

High Tier product

Q1 Q2 Q4Q3 Q1 Q2 Q4Q3 Q1 Q2 Q4Q3

EDGE Class 4

EDGE Class 6

EDGE Class 10

EDGE Class 12

2004 2005 2006




Market)

First product

High Tier product

Q1 Q2 Q4Q3 Q1 Q2 Q4Q3 Q1 Q2 Q4Q3

EDGE Class 4

EDGE Class 6

EDGE Class 10

EDGE Class 12

2004 2005 2006




Market)

First product

High Tier product

2004 Mid Tier productsSource: Motorola

76


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�� # ��'��!!!�� # ��'��!!!�� # ��'��!!!�� # ��'��!!!�� # ��'��!!!�� # ��'��!!!�� # ��'��!!!�� # ��'��!!!�

XHTML WAP support, MIDP Java, Optional Nokia Camera Headset,128 x 128 resolution, 4096 12-bit colour display

106 x 45 x 19 mm

80 g

• Features:

• Measures:

• Weight:

GPRS: up to 40.2 kbps, EDGE: up to 118.4 kbps• Network Features:

GSM 850/1800/1900 (Nokia 6220: EGSM 900, GSM 1800/1900)• Frequency bands:

Q1 2003• Availability:

Nokia 6200


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�� # ��'��!/�� # ��'��!/�� # ��'��!/�� # ��'��!/�� # ��'��!/�� # ��'��!/�� # ��'��!/�� # ��'��!/�

XHTML browser, integrated camera,128 x 128 resolution, 4096 colours, CSTN

107,5 x 45,1 x 20,8 mm

90 g

• Features:

• Measures:

• Weight:

GPRS Class 10 (4+1, 3+2), EDGE: up to 118.4 kbps• Network Features:

EGSM 900, GSM 1800/1900• Frequency bands:


Nokia 3200

77


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�� # ��'��/�� # ��'��/�� # ��'��/�� # ��'��/�� # ��'��/�� # ��'��/�� # ��'��/�� # ��'��/�

J2ME™, WAP 2.0, integrated VGA camera, Bluetooth,128 x 128 resolution, 65536 colours, TFT, 32 MB MMC (Multimedia Card)

103 x 44 x 20 mm

97 g

• Features:

• Measures:

• Weight:

GPRS Class 10 (4+1, 3+2), EDGE Class 10 (4+1, 3+2), up to 236.8 kbps

• Network Features:



Nokia 6230


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�� # ��'��/!�� # ��'��/!�� # ��'��/!�� # ��'��/!�� # ��'��/!�� # ��'��/!�� # ��'��/!�� # ��'��/!�

WAP 2.0, integrated VGA camera, MPEG-4 H.263 video player,128 x 128 resolution, 65536 colours, TFT

86 x 50 x 26 mm

115 g

• Features:

• Measures:

• Weight:

GPRS Class 10 (4+1, 3+2), EDGE up to 177.6 kbps• Network Features:

EGSM 900, GSM 1800• Frequency bands:


Nokia 7200

78


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�� # ��'��/!!�� # ��'��/!!�� # ��'��/!!�� # ��'��/!!�� # ��'��/!!�� # ��'��/!!�� # ��'��/!!�� # ��'��/!!�

J2ME™, WAP 2.0, integrated digital camera, Bluetooth,128 x 128 resolution, 4096 colours, CSTN

107 x 47 x 20 mm

100 g

• Features:

• Measures:

• Weight:

GPRS (3 + 1), EDGE up to 177.6 kbps• Network Features:



Nokia 6820


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�� # ��'��/!!!�� # ��'��/!!!�� # ��'��/!!!�� # ��'��/!!!�� # ��'��/!!!�� # ��'��/!!!�� # ��'��/!!!�� # ��'��/!!!�

J2ME™, WAP 2.0, optional VGA camera, Bluetooth,128 x 128 resolution, 4096 colours, CSTN

119 x 55 x 23 mm

122 g

• Features:

• Measures:

• Weight:

GPRS (3 + 1), EDGE up to 177.6 kbps• Network Features:



Nokia 6810

79


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�� # ��'��!B�� # ��'��!B�� # ��'��!B�� # ��'��!B�� # ��'��!B�� # ��'��!B�� # ��'��!B�� # ��'��!B�

J2ME™, WAP 2.0, integrated VGA camera, MPEG-4 H.263 video player,Bluetooth, 640 x 320 resolution, 65536 colours, TFT, 64 MB expandable MMC (Multimedia Card)

133.7 x 79.5 x 21.6 mm

183 g

• Features:

• Measures:

• Weight:

GPRS Class 10 (4+1, 3+2), EDGE Class 4 (3+1) up to 177.6 kbps• Network Features:

GSM 900/1800/1900• Frequency bands:


Nokia 7700


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�� # ��'��B�� # ��'��B�� # ��'��B�� # ��'��B�� # ��'��B�� # ��'��B�� # ��'��B�� # ��'��B�

XHTML browser, WAP 2.0, J2ME™, integrated VGA camera, Push To Talk,128 x 128 resolution, 4096 colours, CSTN

106.5 x 46.8 x 23.8 mm

100.8 g

• Features:

• Measures:

• Weight:

GPRS Class 10 (4+1, 3+2), EDGE Class 6 (3+1, 2+2) up to 177.6 kbps• Network Features:



Nokia 5140

80


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�� # ��'��B!�� # ��'��B!�� # ��'��B!�� # ��'��B!�� # ��'��B!�� # ��'��B!�� # ��'��B!�� # ��'��B!�

J2ME™, MMS, POP3 Email, WAP browser with GPRS, SMS, EMS,dual LCD display, internal 120 X 160 pixels, 4096 colours,CSTN display screen and external 96 X 32 pixels LCD display screen.

90 X 47.5 X 23 mm

101 g

• Features:

• Measures:

• Weight:

GPRS (4 + 1), EDGE (3 + 1), Starfish Truesync® software, Optional Camera • Network Features:


Expected: H1 2004• Availability:

Motorola T725e

This device has not been authorized as required by the rules of the Federal Communications Commission.This device is not, and may not be, offered for sale or lease, or sold or leased, until authorization is obtained.


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�� # ��'��B!!�� # ��'��B!!�� # ��'��B!!�� # ��'��B!!�� # ��'��B!!�� # ��'��B!!�� # ��'��B!!�� # ��'��B!!�

32 MB Flash Memory, 10 MB free for user, MIDP 2.0 Java, MMS, SMS, EMS, Email, WAP 2.0, MPEG-4 H.263 video player, VGA video camera, 2 displays (132 x 176 pixels, 64k colours, TFT / 96 x 64 pixels, 4k colours, CSTN)

94,2 X 48 X 22,7 mm

95 g

• Features:

• Measures:

• Weight:

GPRS Class 10 (4 + 1, 3 + 2), EDGE Class 10 (4 + 1, 3 + 2)• Network Features:

GSM 850/900/1800/1900• Frequency bands:

2004• Availability:

Siemens EDGY (internal product name)

CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL

81


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�� '��!�� '��!�� '��!�� '��!�� '��!�� '��!�� '��!�� '��!�

Windows 2K, Windows XP PRO, Win 98, Win Me, and Win XP

IBM, Dell, HP, Gateway, Sony, Toshiba, and Winbook

38 g

Supported OS:

Supported HW:

Weight:

EDGE (4 + 1)Network Features:

GSM 850/1900Frequency bands:

Q4 2003Availability:

Sony Ericsson GC82 PCMCIA


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�� '��!!�� '��!!�� '��!!�� '��!!�� '��!!�� '��!!�� '��!!�� '��!!�

M2M System Mode (Nokia M2M Platform functionality), User Control Mode, AT Command Mode

36 x 45 x 9 mm

15 g

Operation Modes:

Measures:

Weight:

GPRS Class 6 (3+1, 2+2), EDGE Class 2 (2+1)Network Features:

1. EGSM 900, GSM 1800 / 2. GSM 850/1900Frequency bands:

1. Q4 2003 / 2. Q3 2004Availability:

Nokia N 12 GSM Module

82


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For any question:Emanuele ProcaccioliTelecom Italia LabInnovation Delivery / International Customers+39 011 228 5043+39 335 [email protected]

Documents

2' & 3' Day - Radio Interface