211| :

1973 . . : 1973 . , . , General Motors , . , - 11::!;| . '- ? GM ? . 1950- . - . GM , . , ( ). , , . , . , . , . -, ; , ; , , . , Polaroid, AT&T, International Harvester, onsolidated Edison West Fargo Bank, --50

1.

2.

51

. Hewlett-Packard . . , Polaroid ( , ) , , . , , ( ) , , . : , , Warner Brothers. He - -. , - Warner Brothers, , , , . . , WB . , . . , , . , . -

, , , . , . , , . , , , ( , , ). . , , , , , , . , . . . , - , . , , , , . , , . , . - , , , , . - , . , , . - , . , , . , 1913 . Highland Park Ford -, , 12 1,5, ( $ 5) . 10 , .Fora? 1923 . 57 % .52

1.

2.

53 IV . ., . , (XIX XX .). , , , , , . , , , , . : , . , .

, , . . , , . . , , 2. (1856-1915) . Bethlehem Steel (1898 .).

. . , , 12,5 47,5 . , - , $ 1,85 (- $ 0,70). Bethlehem Steel -: 24 . . -. , [. [ . ^ . (1868-1924) . , . . . , . (1878-1972) . 56 , . 12 , ' 2 , 19, . , , . . .

- . 2.1. , , , , , . , . , 55 , . . , (1864-1920), , . XIX . , , . . , . : , ( ). . , , , . , , , , , . . 2.2.54

1. 2.1. , , ( ) * *

, ,

2. 2.2. . 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. . , 5. 6. , , , , . : Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organizations, ed. A. M. Henderson and Talcott Parsosns, New York: Free Press, 1947,328-337.

. , , , ( ). . , , , . , . , , . ,I . . , : 1. 56

, . . United Parcel Service (UPS), ( ). UNITED PARCEL SERVICEUnited Parcel Service, (, ), . ? . UPS . , , . : , , , , . . , . . UPS . , , , , , . UPS ... . , . . . UPS , , . . , , UPS 3. , , , , , . , . (1841-1925), , Comambault, Le Creusot-Loire, , . . , , 4. . 14 , :

57 2. . , . . . . . . , , , . . , . , : , , , , . ( Radcliffe College) (1868-1933) , , . , 5. , , , . . , , , , . . : . . ,

1990- .: , , , . , , , , , , . . - -!|4 " . (1896-1961) , , . & 1927 . New Jersey Bell. . . ; . , . -58

1.

2.

59 , . , . - , , , . , , , . , . . , , , . , (. - ). . . , , , , . : , . , , . , , , 6. , . -, . , 1924 . . ( , ) Western Electric , .

60

1.

2.

61 1880- . . , : . , , , , , . , . , . , . , Western Electric, .

pej Western Electric : . , , , . . ( )

, ( ). (24 ) ( 10 1927 . 4 1933 .). , , . , : . , , . , . , , . , , , . . , , , . . - : , . - (, ). [ , - , ( ) . ^ . , , , [- . (1908-1970) , ' .

63 -i. 62

2. , . , . - X (. . 2.3). , X, . , . . . , , - , . , , , . X, . Saturn . 2.3. X Y X ... , , , ... , , , . Y , . ... . , , , ...

, ... ( ) , .* .: Douglas McGregor, The Human Side of Enterprise, New York: McGraw-Hill, !960,33-48.64 1. SATURN CORPORATION Saturn ( , ) General Motors . , . , , , Saturn. , , , , . , , . . . , , . (14 ) , . , , . Saturn , : , , Lexus Infinitb ( ). , , 7. . , , , . . . , , General Electric , , , . Emery Air Freight . Westinghouse , . . , , , , . . ; -

65|- 2. . 1970-1980- ., , . , . . , . . . , , , , ( ). , ( ). , . , , , , , , , . , ( ) . - - ; . , - , , -ie . Sears , ', . ' &, .66

1.

2.

67

, , . , , -, . , . Wesley Long Community Hospital ( , ) , , , , 8. . , , . , . . . , . , , , . , , , . , , , , . , . . . , . , . , , , , , .

; . , ( ). , , . - , . 1 > . , , . , , , , . ,

69 1. 2. 68 , , . , , , . , , - . . . , , . Alcan Aluminum. ALCAN ALUMINUM . ' , : , . , , . , ., , , : , , . , 9. : , - ( ) . , , . , , , , ( , ). , . . . , ?! (. . 2.2). , ! , , '

. 2.2. , . , , . , , ? . , . . , . . : , . ' . , -' ( , - ), -.*) , : , , -70

1.

2.

71

, , . , . . , , , . , , . 1975 . , ' . , , ; ; . , , . . , , . , . , . 1980- . , . . . , , . . . 2.3. (American), ,/ (Japanese). , , . , Z, . Z ( . 2.3) , .

, . , , , . ( ) , , , . , , . : , , ( . 19).

72 1 1. . () , , , , . , Precision Industries, , , . . , , |!,.2. . , , . , Standard Aero ( ) $ 100 . , $ 7 .3. . . , , . , , . . , AT&T, Motorola, Xerox, Du Pont, EastmanKodak,4. . . , , . , , . : , ( Motorola Procter &Gamble). (. . 1). , ; ; , . , , . , . , (. ). , .

2.

7376,...1_ , , . -lh . -,. , , , . ?1. . ,2 , , , - .3 , , - ^ , .: Betty Hamgan, Career Advice*, Working Woman July 1986,22-24.

LINCOLN ELECTRIC ( , ), - Lincoln Electric, - , , . , . Lincoln Electric, , 100- . . -, 2 . , , . , . 1948 . . 75 % , . . , , . 61 ; $ 20 . : $ 107 . Lincoln Electric . GM ( )

77 2. , 84 % . 25 % Lincoln . , , . , , , 17 , , , . , . - _ , . Lincoln Electric 85 . , . , . , , , . , , , , . Lincoln Electric , . 15 , , , , - . . , : .. , , : , , , , , , . . : , , .1. Lincoln Electric!2. Lincoln Electric ?. , Lincoln Electric ?: Anita Lienert, A Dinosaur of a Different Colors, Management Review, 1995,

' T ' ' -, 1980-1990- .? ' Southwest Airlines.78

1.

2.

79. , Southwest Airlines (, ), , : , . 1967 ., . , , . , - . Southwest Airlines , , , , . , : , , , , . Southwest Airlines . . , , . , , . . . . . . . . Southwest Airlines $ 3 , 20 . . , . . , , United Airlines Southwest. 1994 . United . , Southwest : , . , , United . . , , , Shuttle ( United) . , . 1996 . United , Southwest ! , United. . ,

. Southwest United. Southwest Airlines 10 %, . United $ 10 . 1996 . , a Southwest . . - , , , . .1. , (, , ) . .2. . Southwest Airlines?3. , Southwest ?A. Bryant, United's Bid to Rule Western Skies, The New York Times, September 16,1994, Cl.S. McCartney and M. McCartney, Southwest Flies Circles around United's Shuttle, The Wall Street Journal, February 20,1996, Bl.James Campbell Quick, Crafting an Organizational Culture: Herb's Hand at Southwest, Organizational Dynamics 21, 1992, 45-56.Richard A. Luecke Scuttle Your Ships before Advancing, and Other Lessons from Historyon Leadership and Change for Today's Managers, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994,x Taylorlll, Can GM Remodel Itself?, Fortune, January 13,1992, 26-34.Charles D Wrege and Ann Marie Stoka, Cooke Creates a Classic: The Story'behindOrtnh 107? f Sdentific Management, Academy of Management Review, vjLiouer iy/o, /ob749.inS>T?eAtlan^aJoumalandConstitution, April 26,1992, HI; RichardL.Daft, Organi- d Df8n' 3rd ed- St- paul Minn, West, 1989, 181-182; Kathy Goode,crint T?J?iert'