2 LNGequipmentInterchangeability Fnl 4 13

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LNG and Natural GasInterchangeability

> March 2013



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Interchangeability Defined

>The ability to substitute one gaseous fuel for

another in a combustion application withoutmaterially changing operational safety orperformance and without materially increasingair pollutant emissions

Source – NGC+ Working Group on Interchangeability White Paper presented to FERC, Feb. 2005



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GTI Capabilities

> Optimize home appliances,commercial cooking appliances,

boilers, and industrial burners forperformance using non-traditionalsources

> Provide critical information

regarding equipment and appliancesafety and life, process efficiency,and emissions

> Solutions lead to better optimized

combustion systems—savingenergy and reducing airborneemissions—while allowingequipment to be operated overbroader ranges of gas compositions

GTI has expertise in

fuel specificationand the acceptableproperty ranges fornatural gases to beinterchangeable

with specific gasend-use equipmentand processes



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GTI Experience

> Researchers have conducted

systematic laboratory testing tomeasure equipment performanceas a function of changing gascomposition and properties

> Defined which equipment issensitive to fuel gas changesand needs to be studied

> Developed protocols to test under various gas

compositions, to assess interchangeabilityparameters, and to evaluate gas compositionchanges on indoor and outdoor air quality



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Test Gases Cover a Wide Range

for Interchangeability Testing

Adjust 1

Adjust 2

Adjust 3

Substitute 1

+ 1.3 %N2

+ 2.1 %N2

+ 5.0 %N2

+ 6.3 %N2

+7.8% N2

+6.4% N2

+3.1 %N2

+2.4 %N2

Substitute 2

California limit, 1385

1300

1320

1340

1360

1380

1400

1420

1440

1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140

HHV (Btu/scf)

W o b b e

N u m b e r



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Burner Sensitivity is Assessed

Burners areclassified based

on physicalcharacteristicsand applications

Interchangeability

testing andevaluations arecarried out on themost sensitivetypes of burners



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Blending Stations are Used to GenerateGas Compositions for Testing

Natural Gas

Nitrogen

Butane

Methane

Propane

Ethane

Blended gas mixture (fuel to the test burner)



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Emissions Measurements are

Made with Calibrated Instruments

SAMPLE DRYING

CO2

CO

O2

NOx

THC

SPAN GASESSAMPLE FLOW CONTROLS



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Gas Quality Testing ofIndustrial Burners



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EXAMPLE 1

Heat Flux MappingThermal Radiation Burner

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Distance, inc hes

D i s t a n c e ,

i n c h e

s

Heat flux

Btu/ft2/sec

7 - 7.5

6.5 - 76 - 6.5

5.5 - 6

5 - 5.5

4.5 - 5

4 - 4.5

3.5 - 4

3 - 3.5

2.5 - 3

2 - 2.5

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1

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Distance, inches

D i s t a n c e ,

i n c h e s

Heat flux

Btu/ft2/sec

7 - 7.5

6.5 - 76 - 6.5

5.5 - 6

5 - 5.5

4.5 - 5

4 - 4.5

3.5 - 4

3 - 3.5

2.5 - 3

2 - 2.5

Natural Gas LNG

Fragments are shown: the heat flux sensor steps along the vertical direction(north/south) first, then shifts one over in the horizontal (east/west) direction



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EXAMPLE 2

Radiant Tube Test at aCalifornia Steel Company

Galvanizing line with multiple zones

─ Preheat using 24 direct, flat flameburners

─ Heating zone with 21 W radianttubes using Bloom 2320 burners

> Burner N5 used for tests ─ Recuperator and cooling zone

─ GC to monitor natural gas supply

─ Blending station allowed adding

nitrogen and propane ─ Thermocouple put in exhaust duct

─ Dedicated O2, CO, NOx,hydrocarbon analyzers



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Research Opportunities

> GTI’s engineers and scientists conduct research,development, and demonstration projects at largescale at our facilities or in the field. We providecontract and collaborative R&D services to industry,government, and consortia.

For More InformationDavid RueGTI Institute Engineer, End Use Solutions847-768-0508

[email protected]

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