+2 - Ntjpapay; · 2 nghUslf;fk; thpir vz; cg;gpd; ngah; gf;fk; 1. nyl; iel;Nul; 3 2. fhg;gh; ry;Ngl; 5 3. fhg;gh; fhh;gNdl; 7 4. nghpf; FNshiuL 9 5. mYkpdpak; ry;Ngl; 11

+1

Ntjpapay;

vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd

gFg;gha;T

jpU.ng.ehuhazrhkp>M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.,

KJepiy Ntjpapay; Mrphpah;>

P.H.N.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> fhkhl;rpGuk;;;;;; ;;;;.

jpU.vd;.rPdpthrd;>M.Sc., M.Ed., M.Phil.,

KJepiy Ntjpapay; Mrphpah;>

Sri.V.V.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> ntq;flhryGuk;.

Njdp khtl;lk;.

www.Padasalai.Net

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2

nghUslf;fk;

thpir vz; cg;gpd; ngah; gf;fk;

1. nyl; iel;Nul; 3

2. fhg;gh; ry;Ngl; 5

3. fhg;gh; fhh;gNdl; 7

4. nghpf; FNshiuL 9

5. mYkpdpak; ry;Ngl; 11

6. mYkpdpak; iel;Nul; 13

7. [pq;f; ry;Ngl; 15

8. [pq;f; ry;igL 17

9. fhy;rpak; fhh;gNdl; 19

10. Nghpak; FNshiuL 21

11. nkf;dPrpak; ry;Ngl; 23

12. nkf;dPrpak; gh];Ngl; 25

13.

nkf;dPrpak; fhh;gNdl; 27

14. mk;Nkhdpak; FNshiuL 29

15. mk;Nkhdpak; GNuhikL 31

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3

+1-Ntjpapay; cg;G vz; : 1 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T

(nyl; iel;Nul;) t.vz; nra;td fhz;gd mwptd

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8. 9.

Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs ; epwk;. ntg;gr; Nrhjid cg;G + ntg;gk;

Rlh; Nrhjid rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid

cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl +

ntg;gk;.

mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid

cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.

MnO2 Nrhjid

cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid

cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; +

mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.

NaOH Nrhjid

cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.

FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf; FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.

epwkw;wJ.

nrk;gOg;G epw thA ntsp tUfpwJ.

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh;

,y;iy.

nrk;gOg;G epw thA>

<ukhd ngu]; ry;Ngl;by; eidj;j jhis

gOg;G epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.

nrk;gOg;G epw thA>

mkpyk; fye;j ngu]; ry;Ngl;by; eidj;j jhis

gr;ir epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT ,y;iy.

nrk;gOg;G epw thA>

<ukhd ngu]; ry;Ngl;by; eidj;j jhis gOg;G epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.

epwkw;w> neba kzKila thA cz;lhftpy;iy.

MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA

cz;lhftpy;iy.

fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.

iel;Nul; ,Uf;fyhk;.

fhg;gh;> fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;

,y;iy.

iel;Nul; cs;sJ.

iel;Nul; cs;sJ.

FNshiuL>

GNuhikL ,y;iy. iel;Nul; cs;sJ.

mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

FNshiuL ,y;iy.

Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;. Kfit + 1 fp cg;G + 3 fp Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; + 20 kpyp thiy tbePh; +

rpy epkplq;fs; nfhjpj;jy; & Fsph;tpj;jy; + tbfl;ly; Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW (tbePh;).

1 AgNO3 Nrhjid

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; +

1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT

,y;iy.

FNshiuL> GNuhikL ry;igL ,y;iy.

2

nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk; +

1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;.

ntz;zpw tPo;gbT ,y;iy.

ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

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4

3 Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl +

1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;.

ntz;zpw tPo;gbT

,y;iy.

ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

4 5

6

gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +

Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; +

mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd; cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll;Nrhjid Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 +

1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; +

mlh; HNO3

Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; +

1 kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;.

gOg;G epw tisak;

cz;lhfpwJ.

fhdhp kQ;rs; epw tPo;gbT ,y;iy.

Cjh epw fiury; cz;lhftpy;iy.

iel;Nul; mkpy cWg;G

cWjpahf cs;sJ.

gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.

ry;igL ,y;iy.

fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;.

cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy;.

cg;G + thiytbePh; + ntg;gk; cg;Gf;fiury;.

g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid

cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH.

nrk;gOg;G epw tPo;gbT ,y;iy.

mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

njhFjpg; gphpg;G.

cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl

ntz;zpw tPo;gbT

cz;lhfpwJ.

njhFjp I fhucWg;G nyl; cs;sJ.

fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid.

nyl; (njhFjp I )

njhFjp I tPo;gbT + eP;H + ntg;gk; +

2 kpyp nghl;lhrpak; mNahilL fiury;.

kQ;rs; epw tPo;gbT> #lhd ePhpy; fiuj;J Fsph;tpf;Fk; NghJ kpd;Dk; jq;f

epwj; Jfs;fshf Njhd;WfpwJ.

nyl; cWjpahf cs;sJ.

KbT nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G iel;Nul; fhu cWg;G nyl; vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G nyl; iel;Nul;

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5

+1 - Ntjpapay; cg;G vz; : 2 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T

(fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;) t.vz; nra;td fhz;gd mwptd

1.

2.

3. 4.

5.

6.

7. 8. 9.

Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; epwk;.

ntg;gr; Nrhjid

cg;G + ntg;gk;.


cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;.



MnO2 Nrhjid

cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid



NaOH Nrhjid cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.

FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf; FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO 4 + ntg;gk;.

ePy epwk;.

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;

,y;iy.

ePyk; fye;j gr;ir epwr;Rlh;

cz;lhfpwJ.

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; ,y;iy.


,y;iy.


nrk;gOg;G epw thA cz;lhftpy;iy.



cz;lhftpy;iy.

fhg;gh; ry;Ngl; ,Uf;fyhk;.

[pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak; iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

fhg;gh; cs;sJ.

iel;Nul;> fhh;gNdl; ry;igL> ,y;iy.

iel;Nul;> FNshiuL GNuhikL ,y;iy.

FNshiuL>

GNuhikL ,y;iy.

iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

FNshiuL ,y;iy.

Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy; Kfit + 1 fp cg;G + 3 fp Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; + 20 kpyp thiy tbePh; +


1. AgNO3 Nrhjid

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk;

+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.


,y;iy.

FNshiuL>GNuhikL ry;igL ,y;iy.

2.

nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk;

+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;.

ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>

mjpf msT mk;Nkhdpak; mrpl;Nll;by;

fiufpwJ.

ry;Ngl; cs;sJ.

3.

Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid



ntz;zpw tPo;gbT> ePh;j;j H2SO4 y; fiutjpy;iy.

ry;Ngl;

mkpy cWg;G cWjpahfcs;sJ.

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6

KbT nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G ry;Ngl;

fhu cWg;G fhg;gh;;

vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;

4.

5.

6.



mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd; cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 +


mlh; HNO3



gOg;G epw tisak; cz;lhftpy;iy.



iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.

ry;igL ,y;iy.

fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;

cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy;



cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp + NaOH.


mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

njhFjpg; gphpg;G

1

2


njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA

ntz;zpw tPo;gbT cz;lhftpy;iy.

fUik epw tPo;gbT

cz;lhfpwJ.

njhFjp I fhucWg;G nyl; ,y;iy.

njhFjp II fhucWg;G fhg;gh; cs;sJ.

fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid

fhg;gh; (njhFjp II )

njhFjp II tPo;gbT +

1 kpyp ePh;j;j HNO3 + ntg;gk; +

1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp CH3COOH +

1 kpyp nghl;lhrpak; ngh;Nuh raidL fiury;.

nrk;gOg;G epw tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.

fhg;gh; cWjpahf cs;sJ.

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7

+1 - Ntjpapay;

cg;G vz; : 3 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T (fhg;gh; fhh;gNdl;)

t.vz; nra;td fhz;gd mwptd

1.

2.

3. 4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; epwk;. ntg;gr; Nrhjid cg;G + ntg;gk;. Rlh; Nrhjid rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid




MnO2 Nrhjid

cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 +

ntg;gk;. fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid

cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh; H2SO4

+ ntg;gk;. NaOH Nrhjid

cg;G +1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf; FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.

gr;ir epwk;.


,y;iy.

ePyk; fye;j gr;ir epwr;Rlh;

cz;lhfpwJ.

epwkw;w> nebaw;w thA> njspe;j Rz;zhk;G ePiu ghy; Nghy; khw;WfpwJ.


,y;iy.





cz;lhftpy;iy.

fhg;gh; fhh;gNdl; ,Uf;fyhk;.


fhg;gh; cs;sJ.

fhh;gNdl; mkpy cWg;G

cWjpahf cs;sJ.


FNshiuL> GNuhikL ,y;iy. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

FNshiuL ,y;iy.



1. AgNO3 Nrhjid




,y;iy.


2. nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid



ntz;zpw tPo;gbT

,y;iy.

ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

3. Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid



ntz;zpw tPo;gbT

,y;iy.

ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

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8

4.

5. 6.





mlh; HNO3






iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.

ry;igL ,y;iy.


cg;Gf; fiury; jahhpj;jy;

cg;G + thiytbePh; + 3 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl cg;Gf;fiury;.


cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH.


mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

njhFjpg; gphpg;G

1

2




fUik epw tPo;gbT

cz;lhfpwJ.


njhFjp II fhucWg;G fhg;gh; cs;sJ.


fhg;gh; (njhFjp (II)

njhFjp II tPo;gbT +

1 kpyp ePh;j;j HNO3 + ntg;gk +

1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp CH3COOH +



fhg;gh; cWjpahf cs;sJ.

KbT nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G fhh;gNdl;

fhu cWg;G fhg;gh;;

vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G fhg;gh; fhh;gNdl;

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9


(nghpf; FNshiuL) t.vz; nra;td fhz;gd Mwptd

1.

2.

3. 4.

5.

6. 7. 8.

9.





MnO2 Nrhjid

cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh; H2SO4

+ ntg;gk;.

NaOH Nrhjid cg;G +1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.

FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid

cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf;

FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.

gOg;G epwk.;


,y;iy.

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh; ,y;iy.


,y;iy.

epwkw;w thA> NH3 y; eidj;j fz;zhbf; Fr;rpAld; mlh; ntz;

Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.

gr;ir kQ;rs; epwthA> ];lhh;r; mNahilL jhis ePy epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.



MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA> nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiurYld;

kQ;rs; epw tPo;gbit jUfpwJ.

nghpf; FNshiuL ,Uf;fyhk;.


fhg;gh;>

fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;; ,y;iy.

iel;Nul;> fhh;gNdl;> ry;igL ,y;iy.

FNshiuL cs;sJ.

FNshiuL cs;sJ.

iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

FNshiuL

mkpy cWg;G cWjpahf cs;sJ.



1. AgNO3 Nrhjid

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; + 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.

japh; Nghd;w

ntz;zpw tPo;gbT> NH4OH y; fiufpwJ.

FNshiuL cs;sJ.


Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf mkpyk;


ntz;zpw tPo;gbT

,y;iy.

ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.




ntz;zpw tPo;gbT

,y;iy.

ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

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10

4. 5.

6.



mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd; cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid Na2CO3rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 +


mlh; HNO3

Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid Na2CO3rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury;+





iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.

ry;igL ,y;iy.





cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH


mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

njhFjpg; gphpg;G

1 2




fUik epw tPo;gbT cz;lhftpy;iy.


njhFjp II fhucWg;G fhg;gh; ,y;iy.

3

cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +

1 kpyp NH4OH

gOg;G epw tPo;gbT

cz;lhfpwJ.

njhFjp III fhucWg;G nghpf; cs;sJ.


nghpf; (njhFjp III )

njhFjp III tPo;gbT + 1 kpyp Nrhbak;

nguhf;irL + 1 kpyp HCl + ntg;gk; +


ePy epw tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.

nghpf; cWjpahf cs;sJ.

KbT nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G FNshiuL

fhu cWg;G nghpf;

vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G nghpf; FNshiuL

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11


(mYkpdpak; ry;Ngl;) t.vz; nra;td fhz;gd mwptd

1.

2.

3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

9.





MnO2 Nrhjid


ntg;gk;.

fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; +


NaOH Nrhjid cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf; FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.

epwkw;wJ.


,y;iy.




,y;iy.




MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA cz;lhftpy;iy.




,y;iy.

iel;Nul;> fhh;gNdl; ry;igL ,y;iy.


FNshiuL>

GNuhikL ,y;iy iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

FNshiuL ,y;iy.



1. AgNO3 Nrhjid




,y;iy.





ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>

mjpfmsT mk;Nkhdpak; mrpl;Nll;by;

fiufpwJ.

ry;Ngl; cs;sJ.




ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>

ePh;j;j H2SO4 y; fiutjpy;iy.

ry;Ngl;


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12

4. 5.

6.





mlh; HNO3






iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.

ry;igL ,y;iy.





cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp + NaOH


mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

njhFjpg; gphpg;G

1 2





njhFjp I fhucWg;G

nyl; ,y;iy. njhFjp II fhucWg;G

fhg;gh; ,y;iy.

3


1 kpyp NH4OH

gir Nghd;w

ntz;zpw tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.

njhFjp III fhucWg;G mYkpdpak; cs;sJ.


mYkpdpak; (njhFjp III )

njhFjp III tPo;gbT +

1 kpyp Nrhbak; nguhf;irL +

ntg;gk; + 1 kyp ePh;j;j HCl

gir Nghd;w


mYkpdpak; cWjpahf cs;sJ.


fhu cWg;G mYkpdpak;

vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G mYkpdpak; ry;Ngl;

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13


(mYkpdpak; iel;Nul;) t.vz; nra;td fhz;gd mwptd

1.

2.

3. 4.

5.

6. 7.

8.

9.





MnO2 Nrhjid

cg;G +MnO2 +mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid



NaOH Nrhjid cg;G +1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid

cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf; FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.

epwkw;wJ.

nrk;gOg;G epw thA ntsp tUfpwJ.


,y;iy.

nrk;gOg;G epw thA>

<ukhd ngu]; ry;Ngl;by; eidj;j jhis

gOg;G epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.

nrk;gOg;G epw thA> mkpyk; fye;j ngu];

ry;Ngl;by; eidj;j jhis gr;ir epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT ,y;iy.

nrk;gOg;G epw thA>

<ukhd ngu]; ry;Ngl;by; eidj;j jhis gOg;G epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.



cz;lhftpy;iy.


iel;Nul;

,Uf;fyhk;.


,y;iy.

iel;Nul; cs;sJ.

iel;Nul; cs;sJ.

FNshiuL> GNuhikL ,y;iy.

iel;Nul; cs;sJ.

mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

FNshiuL ,y;iy.



1 AgNO3 Nrhjid

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; +



,y;iy.


2 nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk; +


ntz;zpw

tPo;gbT ,y;iy.

ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

3

Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl +


ntz;zpw tPo;gbT

,y;iy.

ry;Ngl; ,y;iy

www.Padasalai.Net



14

4. 5.

6.





mlh; HNO3



gOg;G epw tisak;

cz;lhfpwJ.



iel;Nul; mkpy cWg;G

cWjpahf cs;sJ.

gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.

ry;igL ,y;iy.







mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

njhFjpg; gphpg;G

1 2






njhFjp II fhucWg;G

fhg;gh; ,y;iy.

3


1 kpyp NH4OH

gir Nghd;w


njhFjp III fhucWg;G mYkpdpak; cs;sJ.


mYkpdpak; (njhFjp III )

njhFjp III tPo;gbT +

1 kpyp Nrhbak; nguhf;irL +

ntg;gk; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl

gir Nghd;w ntz;zpw tPo;gbT

cz;lhfpwJ.

mYkpdpak; cWjpahf cs;sJ.

KbT nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G iel;Nul;

fhu cWg;G mYkpdpak;

vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G mYkpdpak; iel;Nul;

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15


(rpq;f; ry;Ngl;) t.vz; nra;td fhz;gd mwptd

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

9.


ntg;gr; Nrhjid cg;G + ntg;gk;. Rlh; Nrhjid rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid




MnO2 Nrhjid




+ ntg;gk;.

NaOH Nrhjid

cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid

cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf; FNuhNkl; + mlh;;; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.

epwkw;wJ.

#lhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kQ;rs; epwkhfTk;> Fsph;e;j epiyapy; ntz;ikahfTk;

fhzg;gLfpwJ.





,y;iy.




cz;lhftpy;iy.


[pq;f; ,Uf;fyhk;.

fhg;gh;>


iel;Nul;>fhh;gNdl; ry;igL> ,y;iy.


FNshiuL>

GNuhikL ,y;iy

iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

FNshiuL ,y;iy.



1. AgNO3 Nrhjid




,y;iy.


2.




ntz;zpw tPo;gbT> mjpfmsT

mk;Nkhdpak; mrpl;Nll;by; fiufpwJ.

ry;Ngl; cs;sJ.




ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>


ry;Ngl; mkpy cWg;G

cWjpahfcs;sJ.

www.Padasalai.Net



16

4. 5.

6.





mlh; HNO3






iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.

ry;igL ,y;iy.


cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy; cg;G + thiytbePh; + ntg;gk; cg;Gf;fiury.; g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp + NaOH


mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

njhFjpg; gphpg;G

1 2







3 4


1 kpyp NH4OH

njhFjp III fiury; + H2S thA


cz;lhftpy;iy.

mOf;F ntz;zpw

tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.

njhFjp III fhucWg;G

nghpf;> mYkpdpak; ,y;iy.

njhFjp IV fhucWg;G [pq;f; cs;sJ.


[pq;f; (njhFjp IV ) njhFjp IV tPo;gbT +

1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk; +

1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;

njspthd fiury; cz;lhfpwJ.

[pq;f;; cWjpahf cs;sJ.


fhu cWg;G [pq;f;

vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G [pq;f; ry;Ngl;

www.Padasalai.Net



17


(rpq;f; ry;igL) t.vz; nra;td fhz;gd mwptd

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7. 8.

9.


ntg;gr; Nrhjid cg;G + ntg;gk;. Rlh; Nrhjid rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ePh;j;j HC l cld; tpid




MnO2 Nrhjid

cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4+ ntg;gk;. fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid


+ ntg;gk;.

NaOH Nrhjid cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid



epwkw;wJ.

#lhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kQ;rs; epwkhfTk;> Fsph;e;j epiyapy; ntz;ikahfTk;

fhzg;gLfpwJ.


epwkw;w> mOfpa Kl;ilapd; ehw;wj;Jld;

$ba thA> nyl; mrpl;Nll;by; eidj;j

jhis fUg;ghf khw;WfpwJ



,y;iy.




cz;lhftpy;iy.


[pq;f; ,Uf;fyhk;.

fhg;gh;>


ry;igL mkpy cWg;G

cWjpahfcs;sJ.


FNshiuL>

GNuhikL ,y;iy.

iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

FNshiuL ,y;iy.



1. AgNO3 Nrhjid



fUik epw

tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.

ry;igL cs;sJ.





ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.





ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

www.Padasalai.Net



18

4. 5.

6.





mlh; HNO3





Cjh epw fiury; cz;lhfpwJ.

iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.

ry;igL cs;sJ.


cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy; cg;G + thiytbePh; + 3 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl cg;Gf;fiury;.




mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

njhFjpg; gphpg;G

1 2



ntz;zpw tPo;gbT

cz;lhftpy;iy.

fUik epw tPo;gbT

cz;lhftpy;iy.

njhFjp I fhucWg;G

nyl; ,y;iy.

njhFjp II fhucWg;G

fhg;gh; ,y;iy.

3 4


1 kpyp NH4OH



cz;lhftpy;iy.

mOf;F ntz;zpw

tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.

njhFjp III fhucWg;G nghpf;> mYkpdpak;

,y;iy

njhFjp IV fhucWg;G [pq;f; cs;sJ.


[pq;f; (njhFjp IV ) njhFjp IV tPo;gbT +

1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk; +

1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.

njspthd fiury; cz;lhfpwJ.

[pq;f;; cWjpahf cs;sJ.

KbT nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G ry;igL

fhu cWg;G [pq;f;

vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G [pq;f; ry;igL

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19


(fhy;rpak; fhh;gNdl;) t.vz; nra;td fhz;gd mwptd

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7. 8.

9.


ntg;gr; Nrhjid

cg;G + ntg;gk;.





MnO2 Nrhjid

cg;G +MnO2 +mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.

fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; +


NaOH Nrhjid

cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.


epwkw;wJ.


nrq;fy; rptg;G epwr;Rlh; cz;lhfpwJ.



,y;iy.





cz;lhftpy;iy.

fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G

cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.


fhy;rpak; cs;sJ.


cWjpahfcs;sJ. iel;Nul;> FNshiuL GNuhikL ,y;iy.

FNshiuL>

GNuhikL ,y;iy. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

FNshiuL ,y;iy.



1. AgNO3 Nrhjid




,y;iy.






ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

3.





ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

www.Padasalai.Net



20

4. 5.

6.





mlh; HNO3






iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.

ry;igL ,y;iy.

fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy; cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy;

cg;G + thiytbePh; + 3 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl cg;Gf;fiury;. g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp + NaOH


mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

njhFjpg; gphpg;G 1 2







3 4 5


1 kpyp NH4OH



1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp (NH4)2CO3


cz;lhftpy;iy.

mOf;F ntz;zpw tPo;gbT cz;lhftpy;iy.



,y;iy.

njhFjp IV fhucWg;G [pq;f; ,y;iy.

njhFjp V fhucWg;G Nghpak; my;yJ

fhy;rpak; cs;sJ.


fhy;rpak; (njhFjp V )

njhFjp V tPo;gbT +

1 kpyp mrpl;bf; mkpyk; + ntg;gk; +

1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; ry;Ngl; fiury;.


,t; tPo;gbit mlh; HCl cld;

girahf;fp>fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; giria

vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

nrq;fy; rptg;G epwr;Rlh; cz;lhfpwJ.

fhy;rpak; cWjpahf cs;sJ.


fhu cWg;G fhy;rpak;

vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G fhy;rpak; fhh;gNdl;

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21

1 - Ntjpapay; cg;G vz; : 10 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T

(Nghpak; FNshiuL) t.vz; nra;td fhz;gd mwptd

1.

2.

3.

4. 5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; epwk;. ntg;gr; Nrhjid

cg;G + ntg;gk;. Rlh; Nrhjid rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid




MnO2 Nrhjid


ntg;gk;. fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; +

mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. NaOH Nrhjid cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid


epwkw;wJ.


Mg;gps; gr;ir epwr;Rlh; cz;lhfpwJ.



Gifiaj; jUfpwJ. gr;ir kQ;rs; epw thA> ];lhh;r; mNahilL jhis ePy epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.



MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA>

nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiurYld; kQ;rs; epw tPo;gbit

jUfpwJ.

fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G cg;Gfs; ,y;iy. [pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak; iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

Nghpak; cs;sJ.

iel;Nul;>fhh;gNdl; ry;igL ,y;iy.

FNshiuL cs;sJ.

FNshiuL cs;sJ. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

FNshiuL




1. AgNO3 Nrhjid



japh; Nghd;w

ntz;zpw tPo;gbT> NH4OH y; fiufpwJ.

FNshiuL cs;sJ.



+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury.;


ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

3.


Na2CO3 rh + ePh;j;j HCl +



ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

www.Padasalai.Net



22

4. 5.

6.





mlh; HNO3


1kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;.




iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.

ry;igL ,y;iy.


cg;G + thiy tbePh; + ntg;gk; cg;Gf;fiury;. g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH


mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

njhFjpg; gphpg;G

1 2







3 4 5


1 kpyp NH4OH




Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT cz;lhftpy;iy.

mOf;F ntz;zpw

tPo;gbT cz;lhftpy;iy.



,y;iy.


njhFjp V fhucWg;G Nghpak;> fhy;rpak;

cs;sJ.


Nghpak; ( njhFjp V )

njhFjp V tPo;gbT +

1 kpyp mrpl;bf; mkpyk; + ntg;gk; +

1 kpyp nghl;lhrpak; FNuhNkl; fiury;.

kQ;rs; epw tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.

,t; tPo;gbit mlh; HCl cld;

girahf;fp>fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; giria

vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. gr;ir epwr;Rlh; cz;lhfpwJ.

Nghpak; cWjpahf cs;sJ.


fhu cWg;G Nghpak;

vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G Nghpak; FNshiuL

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23


(nkf;dPrpak; ry;Ngl;) t.vz; nra;td fhz;gd mwptd

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. 6.

7. 8.

9.


ntg;gr; Nrhjid cg;G + ntg;gk;. Rlh; Nrhjid rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid




MnO2 Nrhjid

cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.

fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh; H2SO4


cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf; FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.

epwkw;wJ.



,y;iy.



,y;iy.





cz;lhftpy;iy.


fhg;gh;>




FNshiuL>

GNuhikL ,y;iy. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

FNshiuL ,y;iy.



1. AgNO3 Nrhjid




,y;iy.





ntz;zpw tPo;gbT> mjpf msT

mk;Nkhdpak; mrpl;Nll;by; fiufpwJ.

ry;Ngl; cs;sJ.




ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>


ry;Ngl;


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24

4. 5.

6.





mlh; HNO3






iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.

ry;igL ,y;iy.


cg;G + thiytbePh; + ntg;gk; cg;Gf;fiury;. g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH


mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

njhFjpg; gphpg;G

1

2







3 4 5 6


1 kpyp NH4OH





1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; il i`l;u[d; gh];Ngl;


mOf;F ntz;zpw

tPo;gbT cz;lhftpy;iy




,y;iy.



,y;iy.

njhFjp VI fhucWg;G nkf;dPrpak; cs;sJ.


nkf;dPrpak; (njhFjp VI )

cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp nkf;drhd; tpidnghUs;.


nkf;dPrpak; cWjpahf cs;sJ.


fhu cWg;G nkf;dPrpak;

vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G nkf;dPrpak; ry;Ngl;

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25


(nkf;dPrpak; gh];Ngl;) t.vz; nra;td fhz;gd mwptd

1.

2.

3.

4. 5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; epwk; ntg;gr; Nrhjid

cg;G + ntg;gk;. Rlh; Nrhjid rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid




MnO2 Nrhjid





NaOH Nrhjid

cg;G +1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.


epwkw;wJ.


,y;iy.




,y;iy.




MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA cz;lhftpy;iy.




,y;iy.



FNshiuL> GNuhikL ,y;iy. iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

FNshiuL ,y;iy.



1. AgNO3 Nrhjid

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;;hpf; mkpyk;



,y;iy.






ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

3.





ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

www.Padasalai.Net



26

4. 5.

6.

gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +


mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd; cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 +


mlh; HNO3

Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid

Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; +



fhdhp kQ;rs; epw tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.


iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

gh];Ngl; mkpy cWg;G

cWjpahf cs;sJ.

ry;igL ,y;iy.


cg;G + thiytbePh; + ntg;gk; cg;Gf;fiury.;

g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH


mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

njhFjpg; gphpg;G

1 2







3 4 5 6


1 kpyp NH4OH



1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp (NH4)2CO3.


1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; il i`l;u[d; gh];Ngl;;.


mOf;F ntz;zpw





,y;iy.



,y;iy.

njhFjp VI fhucWg;G nkf;dPrpak; cs;sJ.


nkf;dPrpak; (njhFjp VI)




KbT nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G gh];Ngl;


vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G nkf;dPrpak; gh];Ngl;

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27


(nkf;dPrpak; fhh;gNdl;) t.vz; nra;td fhz;gd mwptd

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs; epwk;. ntg;gr; Nrhjid cg;G + ntg;gk;.

Rlh; Nrhjid rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl

girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid




MnO2 Nrhjid cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk; . fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh; H2SO4


cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;. FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid



epwkw;wJ.





,y;iy.





cz;lhftpy;iy.



,y;iy.


cWjpahf cs;sJ.


FNshiuL> GNuhikL ,y;iy

iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

FNshiuL ,y;iy.



1. AgNO3 Nrhjid




,y;iy.


2.





ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

3.





ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

www.Padasalai.Net



28

4. 5.

6.





mlh; HNO3






iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.

ry;igL ,y;iy.


cg;G + thiytbePh; + 3 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl cg;Gf;fiury;. g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH


mk;Nkhdpak; ,y;iy.

njhFjpg; gphpg;G

1 2







3 4 5 6


1 kpyp NH4OH





1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; il i`l;u[d; gh];Ngl;.


mOf;F ntz;zpw





,y;iy.

njhFjp IV fhucWg;G [pq;f; ,y;iy


,y;iy njhFjp VI fhucWg;G nkf;dPrpak; cs;sJ.


nkf;dPrpak; (njhFjp VI )






vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G nkf;dPrpak; fhh;gNdl;

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29


(mk;Nkhdpak; FNshiuL) t.vz; nra;td fhz;gd mwptd

1. 2.

3.

4. 5.

6.

7.

8.

9.






MnO2 Nrhjid cg;G + MnO2 + mlh;H2SO4 + ntg;gk;. fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.




epwkw;wJ.

epwkw;w nebAs;s thA> rptg;G ypl;k]; jhis ePy epwkhfTk;>mlh; HCl y; eidj;j fz;zhbf; Fr;rpAld; mlh; ntz; Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.


,y;iy.



Gifiaj; jUfpwJ. gr;ir kQ;rs; epwthA>

];lhh;r; mNahilL jhis ePy epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.


epwkw;w neba kzKila

thA> mlh; HCl y; eidj;j fz;zhbf; Fr;rpAld; mlh; ntz; Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.

MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA>

nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiurYld; kQ;rs; epw tPo;gbit

jUfpwJ.


mk;Nkhdpak; ,Uf;fyhk;.


,y;iy..

iel;Nul;> fhh;gNdl; ry;igL> ,y;iy.

FNshiuL cs;sJ

FNshiuL cs;sJ.

iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

mk;Nkhdpak; cs;sJ.

FNshiuL mkpy cWg;G

cWjpahf cs;sJ.



1 AgNO3 Nrhjid

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf;mkpyk; +


japh; Nghd;w

ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>

NH4OH y; fiufpwJ.

FNshiuL cs;sJ.

2 nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk; +



ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

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30

3




ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

4. 5. 6.





mlh; HNO3






iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.

ry;igL ,y;iy.


cg;G + thiytbePh; + ntg;gk; cg;Gf;fiury; g+[;[paj; njhFj;pf;fhd Nrhjid cg;Gf;fiury + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH


mk;Nkhdpak; cs;sJ.

njhFjpg; gphpg;G

1 2

cg;Gf;fiury + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl






3

4 5 6


1 kpyp NH4OH





1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; il i`l;u[d; gh];Ngl;;


mOf;F ntz;zpw





,y;iy.



,y;iy.

njhFjp VI fhucWg;G nkf;dPrpak; ,y;iy.


mk;Nkhdpak; (g+[;[paj;njhFjp)

cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ne];yh;fuzp +

1 kpyp NaOH.


mk;Nkhdpak; cWjpahf cs;sJ.


fhu cWg;G mk;Nkhdpak;

vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G mk;Nkhdpak; FNshiuL

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31


(mk;Nkhdpak; GNuhikL) t.vz; nra;td fhz;gd mwptd

1.

2.

3.

4. 5.

6.

7.

8.

9.


Rlh; Nrhjid

rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl

girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy; giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy; fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid




MnO2 Nrhjid


ntg;gk;. fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; +






epwkw;wJ.

epwkw;w nebAs;s thA> rptg;G ypl;k]; jhis ePy epwkhfTk;> mlh; HCl y; eidj;j fz;zhbf; Fr;rpAld; mlh; ntz; Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.



,y;iy. nrk;gOg;G epw thA> <ukhd GNshnu];rpd; jhis gr;ir epwkhf

khw;WfpwJ. nrk;gOg;G epw thA> <ukhd GNshnu];rpd; jhis rptg;G epwkhf

khw;WfpwJ.


epwkw;w neba kzKila thA> mlh; HCl y; eidj;j fz;zhbf; Fr;rpAld; mlh; ntz; Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.


cz;lhftpy;iy.


mk;Nkhdpak; ,Uf;fyhk;.


,y;iy.

iel;Nul;>fhh;gNdl; ry;igL ,y;iy.

GNuhikL cs;sJ.

GNuhikL cs;sJ.

iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

mk;Nkhdpak; cs;sJ.

FNshiuL ,y;iy.



1 AgNO3 Nrhjid

Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf;mkpyk; +


ntspwpa kQ;rs; epw

tPo;gbT> NH4OH y; Fiwthf fiufpwJ.

GNuhikL


2 nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid




ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

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32

KbT nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G GNuhikL

fhu cWg;G mk;Nkhdpak;

vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G mk;Nkhdpak; GNuhikL.

3


1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;


ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.

4. 5.

6.




1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; + mlh; HNO3






iel;Nul; ,y;iy.

gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.

ry;igL ,y;iy.


cg;G + thiytbePh; + ntg;gk; cg;Gf;fiury.; g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH


mk;Nkhdpak; cs;sJ.

njhFjpg; gphpg;G 1 2







3 4 5 6


1 kpyp NH4OH





1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; il i`l;u[d; gh];Ngl;;


mOf;F ntz;zpw


ntz;zpw tPo;gbT

cz;lhftpy;iy.



,y;iy



,y;iy.

njhFjp VI fhucWg;G nkf;dPrpak; ,y;iy.


mk;Nkhdpak; (g+[;[paj;njhFjp)

cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ne];yh;fuzp +

1 kpyp NaOH.


mk;Nkhdpak; cWjpahf cs;sJ.

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Documents

+2 - Ntjpapay; · 2 nghUslf;fk; thpir vz; cg;gpd; ngah; gf;fk; 1. nyl; iel;Nul; 3 2. fhg;gh; ry;Ngl; 5 3. fhg;gh; fhh;gNdl; 7 4. nghpf; FNshiuL 9 5. mYkpdpak; ry;Ngl; 11