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χ2-square tests

Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

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Page 1: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square tests

Page 2: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square goodness-of-fit

Subject Object Oblique Genitive Total

Freq 55 53 39 4 151

Page 3: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square goodness-of-fit

Null-hypothesis:The four types of relative clauses are equally frequent in the true population.

Alternative hypothesis: The four types of relative clauses are not equallyfrequent in the true population.

Page 4: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square goodness-of-fit

Observed

5553394

Page 5: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square goodness-of-fit

Observed Expected

5553394

37.7537.7537.7537.75

Page 6: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square goodness-of-fit

Observed Expected Difference(Residuals)

5553394

37.7537.7537.7537.75

17.2515.251.25-33.75

Page 7: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square goodness-of-fit

Observed Expected Difference(Residuals)

Square

5553394

37.7537.7537.7537.75

17.2515.251.25-33.75

297.56232.561.561139.06

Page 8: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square goodness-of-fit

Observed Expected Difference(Residuals)

Square Sum

5553394

37.7537.7537.7537.75

17.2515.251.25-33.75

297.56232.561.561139.06

1670

Page 9: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square goodness-of-fit

Observed Expected Difference(Residuals)

Square Sum Divided by expected frequency

5553394

37.7537.7537.7537.75

17.2515.251.25-33.75

297.56232.561.561139.06

1670 = 44.25

Page 10: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square distribution

df = [number of levels] – [1]

Page 11: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151
Page 12: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2 Table

.995 .99 .975 .95 .90 .10 .05 .025 .01 .005

1 df

2 df

3 df 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.25 7.81 9.35 11.34 12.84

4 df

Page 13: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

A linguist wants to find out if subject and object are

expressed by the same type of nouns. Specifically, he

wants to know if lexical and pronominal NPs are equally

distributed. In order to test this hypothesis, he has

collected the following frequency data from a small

corpus.

χ2-square for independence

Page 14: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square for independence

Subject Object Total

Pronominal 47 17 64

Lexical 41 52 93

Total 88 69 157

Expected frequency = X Y total

Page 15: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square for independence

Subject Object Total

Pro 476488/157 = …

176469/157 = …

64

Lex 419388/157 = …

529369/157 = …

93

Total 88 69 157

Page 16: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square for independence

Subject Object Total

Pro 47[35.9]

17[28.1]

64

Lex 41[52.1]

52[40.9]

93

Total 88 69 157

Page 17: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square for independence

=(observed – expected)2

expected

Page 18: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square for independence

= (47-39.9)2

35.9

(17-28.1)2

28.1+

(41-52.1)2

52.1

(52-40.9)2

40.9+ + = 13.18

df = [row - 1] [column - 1]

Page 19: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

Adverbialsätze können dem Hauptsatz vorangehen oder folgen. Gibt es einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Stellung eines Adverbialsatzes und seiner Bedeutung. Zwei semantische Typen von Adverbialsätzen werden untersucht: Kausalsätze und Konditionalsätze.

χ2-square for independence

Page 20: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square for independence

Initial Final

Causal 27 15

Conditional 24 24

1. Berechnen Sie die Abweichung von den erwarteten Häufigkeiten (ohne SPSS).

2. Berechnen Sie (mit Hilfe von SPSS), ob es eine Assoziation zwischen Position und Bedeutung gibt.

Page 21: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square for independence

Initial Final Total

Causal 27 15 42

Conditional 24 24 48

Total 51 39 90

Page 22: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square for independence

Initial Final Total

Causal 27 15 42

Conditional 24 24 48

Total 51 39 90

Expected frequency = 42 51 90

Page 23: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square for independence

Initial Final Total

Causal 27 (23.8) 15 42

Conditional 24 24 48

Total 88 69 157

Expected frequency = 42 88 157 = 23.8

Page 24: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square for independence

Initial Final Total

Causal 27 (23.8) 15 (18.2) 42

Conditional 24 (27.8) 24 (20.8) 48

Total 51 39 90

Expected frequency = X Y N = …

Page 25: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

1. Each subject provides a score for only one cell

2. None of the cells is empty 3. Not more than 25% of the cells has an

expected frequency of less than 5 (which is one cell in a 2 by 2 table)

χ2-square for independence

Page 26: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

Fisher exact

http://www.matforsk.no/ola/fisher.htm

Page 27: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square for independence: rc

Gibt es einen Zusammenhang zwischen Rauchen und Trinken? Dazu befragen wir 337 Probanden, die wir jeweils in drei Gruppen einteilen.

Page 28: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

χ2-square for independence: rc

Smoker

Drinker Heavy Light Non Total

Heavy 33 32 35 100

Light 56 23 34 113

Non 42 28 54 124

Total 131 83 123 337

Page 29: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

McNemar

Profitieren Kinder beim Erwerb einer grammatischen Konstruktion davon, wenn sie diese Konstruktion häufig in der Sprache in ihrer Umgebung hören? Um diese Frage zu beantworten, bitten wir 100 Kinder, einen ditransitiven Satz mit 10 Wörtern nachzusprechen (Der Mann gibt dem kleinen Jungen einen sehr großen Ballon). Alle Kinder müssen den Satz zwei Mal nachsprechen: (1) zu Beginn der Studie und (2) nach einer Trainingsphase in der sie ähnliche ditransitive Sätze 5 Mal scheinbar beiläufig in einer einstündigen Konversation hören. Aufgrund ihrer Antworten werden die Kinder in vier Gruppen eingeteilt:

Page 30: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

McNemar

vorher

richtig falsch Total

nachher richtig 31 (a) 39 (b) 70

falsch 13 (c) 17 (d) 30

Total 44 56 100

Page 31: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

Extensions of McNemar

Bowker: Wenn die DV mehr als zwei Variablen-ausprägungen umfasst (richtig – teilweise richtig – falsch).

Cochran Q: Wenn die Probanden nicht nur zwei Mal sondern mehrmals zu verschiedenen Zeiten getestet werden.

Page 32: Χ2-square tests. χ2-square goodness-of-fit SubjectObjectObliqueGenitiveTotal Freq5553394151

Extensions of χ2-square

1. Konfigurationsfrequenzanalyse (KFA)

2. Loglineare Analyse