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  • 1979 2 11

    7:4 , , " (Allah Akbar)" 22( 11 Bahman 22 ) , 11 " "

  • . 1

    . , 1. 72. 83. 94. 95. 106. 10

    . 1. 132. 163. 184. 21

    . , 1. 292. 313. 314. 335. 336. 337. 358. 369. 36

    10. 37

    V. 1. 412. 423. 44

    . 1. 532. 55

  • . 1. 592. 603. , 654. 685. 75

    . , 1. 852. 863. 874. 895. 906. 917. 92

    . - 1. 992. 1003. 1054. 1065. 1076. 1107. 111

    X. 1. 1172. 1173. 1184. 120

    XI. 1. 1232. 1343. 1514. 1535. 1616. 1627. 1658. 166

  • .

  • .

    3

    .

    : (Islamic Republic of Iran)

    : (4 ),

    : 165 ( 7.5)

    : 7,600

    : (Tehran)- 850, 1,200

    : , , ,

    : (51%), (24%), -(8%), (7%), (3%), (2%), (2%), (2%), (1%)

    : (Farsi)

    : ()

    : 8

    : 2.11( )

    : ( )

    : (Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei)

    : (Dr. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad)

    : (290, 4)

    : 12

  • 4

    : 55, 12

    : (Rial), 1$ 12,260 - 2012.5 16,500

    : 3.21 3.20

    : ( 3), ( 2),

    : 5.5 - 3-9 4.5

  • . ,

  • . ,

    7

    . ,

    1.

    3 , . ( 25-40, 44-63)

    .- , ,

  • 8

    - : 5,440km

    (936km), (909km), (1,458km), (499km), (611km), (35km) (992km)

    - : 2,440km( 740km )

    2.

    , .- (

    , )- , ,

    - (Ardebil)~(Khorasan)~

    (Afghanistan) ,

    (Alborz) (Zagros) .- , ,

    (5,671m) (Mt. Damavand)

    (Kavir) (Lut) .

    (Orumieh) , .

    (Karun), (Sefid), (Zayandeh) .

  • . ,

    9

    (424,240) , .

    1/3 (Hormuz) ( : 55km) (240,000) .- , (UAE)

    3 ( Abu Musa Great Tunb Lesser Tunb ) (Qeshm), (Kish)

    3.

    , , . - 10~30,

    55, , -20C .

    300-350mm(10mm-2,000mm ), 2,000mm . .- (Qanat)

    .

    4.

    3,000-4,000 (Aryan) .-

    , ,

  • 10

    (Kordestan) .- (Khuzestan)

    , ,

    .

    5.

    , , , . 11 , 1789 .

    (Isfahan), (Shiraz), (Tabriz), (Mashhad) , - . 1979 (Qom) .

    6.

    (Zoroastrianism), 7 . 12 (Islam and the Twelve Ja'fari School) .- , ,

    , , 20

    (Friday Prayer) .

  • .

  • .

    13

    .

    1.

    .

    (-) 3,000-4,000 2,500 . - , , , ,

    , .

    Scythian( ), Medes(, ), Persian(, ) .

    . (B.C. 780 ~ B.C. 550)

    8 (Medes) . .

    621 ( ) . (Cyrus) .

    . (Achaemenid) (B.C. 550~B.C. 330)

    (Cyrus)

  • 14

    , , , .

    , .- ,

    .

    (Darius) 1 , .- 1 ( )

    3 (B.C. 492~480)

    492 1 2 ( 490) .

    1 3 (Xerxes) 4 10 .- ,

    . 1 satrapsy() 20 (, satrap) . -

    (postal system) 15

  • .

    15

    , , . - , bazzar, shawl, sash(), turquoise( ), orange,

    lemon, melon, peach, spinach, asparagus

    (Shiraz) Persepolis 23 .

    . (B.C.333~B.C.330) (Seleucid) (B.C 312~B.C 247)

    330 Seleucus .

    . (Parthia) (B.C.247~A.D. 224)

    ( ) Arsaces B.C. 247 . (Mithradates) 2( 123~87) .

    .

    (Parthav) (Pahlavi) 1979 .

  • 16

    . (Sassan) (224~652)

    (Ardashir) 224 . - 12 , ,

    ( )

    . , , , .

    , , , , . -

    , .

    (Ctesisphone) 200 .

    2.

    . (651-1037)

    1 (Abu Bakr) 650 651

  • .

    17

    , . - (650~661)

    (Umayyad) (661~750), (Abbasid) (750~821)

    . -

    , ,

    , , , , , , .-

    . (1037~1220)

    (Abbasid) 9 .

    (Seljuk) (Tughril Beg) (Isfahan) , , .

    . (1220~1502)

    1219 . -

  • 18

    20

    -

    (Chengiz Khan) (Hulagu Khan) (Il) .- (Ghazan Khan) (1295~1304) , ,

    , , , ,

    (Abu Said) 1335 .

    3 (Choghtei) , , , . - 1405 1502

    , (Rumi), (Saadi), (Jami), (Hafez) . - (Ferdowsi) (935~ ?)

    3.

    . (Safavid) (1502~1722)

    (Ismail) 1502 (Tabriz) 652 1,000 .-

  • .

    19

    , .-

    , , 3

    , 1524 .

    (Shah Abbas) (1587~1629) .- , , ,

    . - , ,

    (Nesf~e Jahan) - (Heart), (Brain),

    (Qom) (Soul) -

    , ,

    2(1642~1666) , .-

    . , , , ,

  • 20

    1736 (Nader) 220 .

    (Nader Shah) , , , 1739 1747 .- 1794 (Afshar)

    , (Zand) , (Qajars)

    . (Qajars) (1794~1925)

    (Agha Mohammad Khan)(1794~1797) (Kerman) , , 1794 . - 1796 , ,

    2 (Fath Ali Shah) (1797~1834) , , 1828 19 .

    4 (Naser ad Din Shah) (1848~1896) 1857 (Herat) . - (Amir Mirza Taqi Khan)

    , ,

    - (Amir Kabir) ,

  • .

    21

    , . - ,

    , ,

    1907 , , 1909 7 Shah .

    1911 1 , , , 1917 1919 . - ,

    1921 (Reza Khan) ,

    1923 (Ahmad Shah) 1925 .

    4.

    . (1925~1979)

    1925 (Reza Shah Pahlavi) (1925~1941) (Reza Khan) , . - 1935

    -

  • 22

    . - ,

    - 1936

    (Reza Shah) . . -

    .

    1939 2 , 1941 , . - (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi)

    (1941-1979) , 1944

    1941 , 1943 . - 2 , ,

  • .

    23

    , (Mossadeq) , .- ,

    ,

    1953 , .-

    (SAVAK)

    1963 6 . - ,

    , , , , ,

    - , , ,

    ( ).

    . 1970 OPEC , , , .

  • 24

    .

    1976 , .- ,

    1978 1 Shah , (Qom) . - (Bazaar)

    1978

    - 1978 9 (Jaleh) ,

    1978 10 .

    , 1978 12 (National Front) (Bakhtiar) .- ,

    1979.1.16. .- 1979.2.1 , 2.12.

    . (1979~)

    1979 , .

  • .

    25

    .- ,

    (IRGC : Islamic Revolution Guard Corps)

    1979 12 , 1979.11.4 .

    1980 1 (Bani Sadr) . -

    (IRP) (Rajai) , .

    - 1981 7 , (National Resistance Council) ,

    , , .

    1981 12 , , .

    - (Shatt al-Arab) 1980 9 , .

  • 26

    - , , 1982

    - 1988 8 UN 1989 6 . -

    , , , 1997 (1997-2005) .

    2005 6 , .

    2009 6 (Green Movement) , , .

    2012 3 9 .

  • . ,

  • . ,

    29

    . ,

    1.

    .

    .* (Mohammed) (Quran), (Sunna, ),

    (Hadiths, )

    3(, , ) , (Velayt-e Faqih) 3 , .- , (Guardian Council)

    . 89.7

    1989 (Leadership Council) , , .

    (Assembly of Experts) .- (Leadership Council) , 1

    - ,

  • 30

    (Supreme Leader)

    (Assembly of

    Experts)

    (Expediency

    Council)

    (Supreme National Security Council)

    (Guardian Council)

    (Islamic

    Consultative Assembly :

    Majlis)

    (Executive)

    (Judiciary)

    (Speaker)

    (President)

    (Head of Judiciary)

    (Permanent Committee)

    (Vice

    President)

    (18 )

  • . ,

    31

    2. (Supreme Leader)

    , , (Assembly of Experts) , , .

    , , , , , , , , TV , , , , , , 3 , , .

    - 1 : Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (79.3 ~ 89.6)- 2 : Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei (89.6 ~ )

    ( )- (Panzdah Khordad Foundation)- (Martyr Foundation)- (Housing Foundation)- (Literacy Movement)- (Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution)- (Islamic Propaganda Organization)- (Land Allocation Committees)

    3. (President)

    , , 2. ( 4, 1 )

    2/3 .

  • 32

    - 1 : (80.1-81.6) * -

    - 2 : (81.7-81.8) * - 3, 4 : (81.10-89.8)- 5, 6 : (89.8-97.6)- 7, 8 : (97.6-05.6)- 9, 10 : (05.8-)

    (2012.4 12), (18) , .*

    (18 )- Education - Communication and Inforamtion Technology - Intelligence - Economy and Finance - Foreign Affairs- Health Medicine and Medical Education - Agricultural Jihad - Justice - Defense and Logistics - Roads and Urban Development - Science, Research and Technology - Culture and Islamic Guidance - Cooperatives, Labor and Social Affairs - Interior- Petroleum - Energy - Sport and Youth Affairs- Industrial, Mining and Trade

  • . ,

    33

    4. (Islamic Consultative Assembly : Majlis)

    , 290( 4) 5 . ( 2, 1, 1, 1)* 64 10 20

    , .-

    * 2012.3.2 5.26 9 ,

    5.

    // , 1987.6 , .- , () ,

    , (Political Club) (Political Party)

    200 , , 2009 .

    6. (Judiciary)

    .

    1979 , (Hadiths;

  • 34

    ), , . (, )

    .

    1) (Head of Judiciary) : Sadegh Larijani * , 5

    2) (Supreme Judicial Council)

    (), 3 5 - 3

    5

    , , - ,

    * , ,

    3

    .

    1, , 3 , , .

    .

    (82.10 Islamic Punishments Act) 4 .

  • . ,

    35

    - (Hodood, ) : , , ,

    - (Qessas, ) :

    - (Diyat) : - (Taazirat) :

    7.

    . (The Assembly of Experts)

    86( 8) , .* 2006.12 , 2015 2

    . (The Expediency Council)

    1988.2 , , , .-

    , ,

    Rafsanjani , 3 (, , ), (6), , 28 . * 2012.3 , 2017.4 ( 5)

    . (The Guardian Council)

    6

  • 36

    6 12 .- 6, 3

    ( ), ( ), ( ) .

    8. (Supreme Council for National Security)

    , , , , . - 3 , 2, , ,

    , 1, , /

    9.

    31 (Ostan) (Bakhsh), (Shahrestan), (Dhestan) .

    () ()Alborz Karaj South Khorasan BirjandArdebil Ardebil Khuzestan AhwazBushehr Bushehr Kohkiluyeh-Boyrahmad Yasuj

    Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Shahr-e-Kord Kordestan SanandajEast Azarbaijan Tabriz Lorestan Khorramabad

    Fars Shiraz Markazi ArakGolestan Gorgan Mazandaran Sari

    Gilan Rasht Qazvin QazvinHamedan Hamedan Qom Qom

    Hormozgan Bandar Abbas Semnan Semnan

  • . ,

    37

    () ()Ilam Ilam Sistan & Baluchestan Zahedan

    Isfahan Isfahan Tehran TehranKerman Kerman West Azarbaijan Orumieh

    Kermanshah Kermanshah Yazd YazdRazavi Khorasan Mashhad Zanjan ZanjanNorth Khorasan Bojnourd

    10.

    .

    (1)

    1979 , (theology) (democracy) .- ,

    ,

    3 , , , , , , .

    (2)

    , , .- , 1979 30

  • 38

    2009 6 .- ,

    * 2012.5 2009 ,

    ,

    .

    (1)

    2005 , 2009.6 (Green Movement) .

    2012.3 9 , 9 (2012-2016) 70% .

    (2)

    2009 , .-

    2012.3 , (national unity) .* , (IRGC),

    (deviationists), (corrupt group), (seditionists)

  • V.

  • .

    41

    V.

    1.

    .

    2002 , UN NPT .

    .

    --- - / , , .

    .

    2003 () - , . * ,

    .

    .

  • 42

    2.

    .

    , .- 9.11

    , , .- ,

    . (WMD)

    Bushehr 2011 , NPT .- NPT ,

    , ,

    IAEA, NPT, CTBT , BWC, CWC .- ,

    ,

    .

    ,

  • .

    43

    , UN .* (opium) 89%, 41%

    , 1979 3,600 , 11,000

    , / .

    .

    1980 , - 2000 .

    , , UNHCR 2002.4 886,000 , 2012.5 100 .* (1980-88) 20

    , 2012.5 4

    .

    (936Km ) , , . * () , 19

    Karzai , . -

    * 2010 15, 4

  • 44

    .

    , . - , -

    , .

    .

    , , , , 5 , (1921, 1940) .* 12

    , 5 20% .- ,

    3.

    .

    , 1979 .- 1979.11

    ,

  • .

    45

    * 1980 ,

    95.4 , 96.8 3 (ILSA : Iran Lybia Sanction Act) .

    2000.2 6 , , () , 3 Albright .- ,

    - , ,

    , WMD

    , 2001.9.11 , .- 2003.3 ,

    Saddam Hussein

    2002.1 Bush , ( , WMD , ) , 2002.3 7 .

    , 2002 , .- 2011.12 3

  • 46

    . EU

    1979 2000 , , EU WMD , , , .- 2000

    , , EU

    2000 1979 EU (, , , , , ) EU .

    EU 2002.12 -EU (TCA) , 2003 .

    , 2005.8 , EU .- 2012 EU

    .

    , 1979 - - .

    , 2001.3 , , .* 2011 Bushehr 1,000MW

  • .

    47

    .

    .

    1)

    , . - ,

    ,

    , 2000.2 2000.6 .-

    ()

    2)

    , 2000.10 .- 2012.4 6 ,

    , 2003 Azadegan , .

  • 48

    3)

    2001.4 Vajpayee 2003.1 .

    , EU .

    4)

    , , (909km ) .

    , .

    .

    1)

    , 99.5 , , OPEC .

    2003 , , , () .- , 2011.10 (IRGC)

    ,

  • .

    49

    2) GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) * PGCC(Persian Gulf Cooperation Council)

    , , , GCC .* UAE 2011

    ,

    GCC .

    3)

    , , , .

    (Arab Spring) 2011.3 , 2012.8 , , .

    4)

    , / .

    .

  • 50

    -

    (broker) , 2010.5 ( ) , 2011.1 , 2012.3 , 2012.7 .

    5)

    1979 1980 , .- 2011.3

    * 1981

    (Khaled Eslamboli), ,

    .

    UN, IMF, IBRD, UNCTAD, ESCAP, OPEC, WHO, FAO, ILO, G-77, UNESCO, ICAO, OIC, CCC, G-15, D-8 (WTO , ).

    .

    2012.5 ( ) 96, () 19 115 * ,

    2011.12

    , ECO, UN, UNHCR, WHO 9

  • .

  • .

    53

    .

    1.

    . : ( )

    . : , 2

    .

    ( )

  • 54

    .

    - : - : , , ,

    , (2)

    .

    , , .

    , 1979 .-

    ( - , ) * (Quds Force) ,

    .

    55 ( 47, 28, 52)

    12 ( 15, 3, 2)

    300 ( )

    30

  • .

    55

    2.

    . ,

    1979 , , . * 2001.3

    2006 UN . * 2007 S-300 5 8

    , 2010

    .

    .

    , (Shahab-3, Kowsar ), (UAV), .

    .

    , , .

    2011 , , , .

  • .

  • .

    59

    .

    1.

    , 2 (7,500), , ( 2/3 ), . * 10.3%(3), 18%(2)

    (2010 BP Statistical Review of World Energy ), 353 (OPEC 2)- , , 4

    ,

    , 7 , , . -

    - , ( ) , , ,

    1990 5 , 200520 (20 Year Outlook Plan: 2005-2025) .- 20

    , , 3 , ,

    - , (South

  • 60

    Pars) 2025 500 200

    1990 1979 -(1980-1988) , 2004-2007 6% .- , 2008 , ,

    2010-2011 1%

    2005 Ahmadinejad .-

    300 , ,

    - , ,

    , 2010 .

    2.

    .

    2005 Ahmadinejad (2005-2007 30-40% / 1,236 ) 2007 5% , 2008

  • .

    61

    , .- , 2008 ( 110 40 )

    * 2005 4.7%, 2006 5.8%, 2007 7.8%

    2010 5.8% , , IMF 1% , 2010.12 (30%) .- 12.3%(

    20% , 40% )

    2010 , .- 2012.1 17,500-19,000 ,

    40-50% , 2012.2 (4 )

    - / , ,

    , , , , , , , , . - , , ,

    ,

  • 62

    < > 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

    (%) 5.8 7.8 2.3 3.0 5.8 0 ~ 1.01 GDP($) 3,476 4,318 5,139 5,331 5,593 5,218(%) 11.9 18.4 25.4 10.8 12.4 21.5

    (%) 11.3 10.5 10.4 11.9 13.5 12.3(mb/d) 4.052 4.057 3.945 3.557 3.540 3.523(mb/d) 2.48 2.52 2.30 2.02 2.24 2.10 40.0 33.7 40.0 37.5 65.0 81.5

    59.6 78.0 80.4 74.7 97.7 106.8(10) 64.67 84.51 86.62 69.83 86.05 95.0

    (10) 11.53 13.16 14.67 17.71 22.56 NA(10) NA 21.07 13.96 13.46 12.57 13.52

    : (2010.3 ), Iran's Economy(Eqtesad-e Iran, ), EIU, WB, IMF

    .

    1)

    2007 5% , 2008 , , , 2011 0-1% .- 1 GDP 2011 $5,218 ( $12,263)

    2011 21.58% , 2010.12 , 30-40% .- 2012 2 ,

    2)

    2011 15% 20%

  • .

    63

    .- , , 40%

    ,

    75-125 , 45 , . - 60% 30

    . - 70%

    300

    3)

    2011 20% 1,020 , 669 .- 97% 354,

    ( 80% )

    2011 UAE(33%), (12%), (8%), (6%), (5%), , , UAE, .- , , , , , , ,

    2012.1 148(EIU) .

    .

    , ,

  • 64

    , .- 5 (2010-2015)

    12%, 8%, 7%

    2010.12 , 2010-2015 , , . - 50%

    , 30% , 20% , 2011.4 80% , 20%

    , , , , .- ,

    ,

    .

    , , .- , ,

    *

    , EU (2012.7.1)

    .- ,

  • .

    65

    2013

    3. ,

    .

    ( )

    2012.4 1,560 10.3% .

    1974 6 , 2011.12 352 .-

    , OPEC 2

    2011.12 110 210 , 5.3% .

    176 (28 ), 2010 , 9 ( 5-6 ) 2017 . *

    - : 6,000 - : 9,500 - : 1,450 - : 7,800

    2012.4 , , 2011.1 60% .

  • 66

    - , 3,500 ,

    ( )

    2012.4 33 2 ( 18% ).- 6.3 , 4.7

    , 2.4

    , 60 1.7-2.2 , 8 , CNG 1.8 , 1.2 1 , 2.13 . - 2011.12 3,700 ,

    (2.5-3 ) ,

    , , , .

    ( )

    ( 9), ( 2), ( 1), 56 .

    .

    ( )

    ,

  • .

    67

    .- ,

    300 ( 10 3,000) , .- 4 5

    70% ,

    - , 10

    , EU , , .

    ( )

    1,000 670 .- , ,

    , , .

    .

    , , upstream, downstream .- , CCNPC, CNOOC, SINOPEC North Pars,

    South Pars, Azadeghan ,

  • 68

    , (Shell, Total) , 2008 .

    , .

    .

    , upstream , (, CIS, ), , , , .- ,

    (, ) .-

    , , package

    4.

    .

    90 5 , .

    , , , 5% , , , 100% .- , , , , ,

  • .

    69

    ,

    , , .

    .

    Positive System .

    (Conditional)-

    -

    (Prohibited)- , , , (, )

    .

    - 80%

    - 20% ,

    , ( )

  • 70

    L/C - 0%-100%

    L/C

    .

    , HS ( :Export and Import Regulation Law(1993)).- , 9

    ECO

    , .- Proforma Invoice

    ( )

    , .

    .-

    C&F (US$) 7,900(Rls) .- 3-5% (Banking Charge)

    C&F , (Commercial Benefit Tax), , , , , .

  • .

    71

    - 1% , 0-100% (, , , )

    - , , ,

    .

    C&F 5-25% .

    P/I, , .- Green Paper Green Paper

    P/I , , Green Paper .- , ,

    ( 1-2 )

    , , Pipe , Invoice ( 5% ) .- 0.5-1%,

    Invoice

  • 72

    .

    , 2001 .-

    L/C

    -

    , (ISIRI: Institute of Standard and Industrial Research of Iran) 22 Agent 9 .* Overseas Merchandise Inspection Co.(OMIC)( :

    3471-4725)

    .

    , .- , L/C

    .

    (Iranian Standard & Industrial Research) , .-

  • .

    73

    .

    . ,

    , , .- ,

    .

    , , 1-2 .- , ,

    ,

    6 .

    .

    -

    (Actual Weight) (Theoretical Weight) , ( : , , , , )

    - , Proforma Invoice

  • 74

    ( ),

    , - (CKD: Completely Knock-Down)

    30% ,

    - 2002 CKD

    20%-70% - 1995 2003.9.1

    (5,500 170%)

    , - , ,

    (, )

    .

    - 100

    ,

    - ,

    51%

    - (open tender) (pre-qualified)

    , ,

  • .

    75

    * 80%

    .

    - , 500MT ,

    , ,

    - 1 , 3

    - ,

    5.

    .

    , 80 , .- , 2002.5

    (1955.11 ) 47

    1996 Kish, Qeshm, Chabahar 3 (Free Trade Zone) , 16 (Special Economic Zone) , .

  • 76

    .

    , , , , . - 1996

    Buy-Back , 40 Project

    (2002.5 ) 25%, 35% 100% .-

    ( )

    .

    - - : 120km ,

    50km , 5

    - : 15%

    - 15 ( 35

    )- 5

    .

    Qeshm, Kish, Chabahar 3

  • .

    77

    - - 15 - 100% - (

    60%)- - 100 - - -

    .

    (Organization for Investment, Economic and Technical Assistance of Iran) * : , ( ), (Project

    Summary), ( )

    (Foreign Investment Board: )

    ( , , , , / , , ) ( ) (4 , 6 )

  • 78

    .

    - 1 3 - : 1,

    3- : , , , ,

    - 1 3 - 1() 2()

    - - 30%( 7%, 23% )

    -

    - ,

    ,

    .

    -

    - BUY-BACK BOT

  • .

    79

    - ,

    -

    , ( , 3 , )

    ,

    - 3 : -

    Buy-back

    ,

    .

    .

    ( 23%, 7% 30%) , .

    . ,

    , - (branch) (representative office)

    , (Law Authorizing Registration of

  • 80

    Branch or Representative Office of Foreign Companies in Iran, 1999.3.31 )

    -

    - , ( )- , - - , ( , ,

    , , )

    , .

    . ( )

    1) IT

    ISP Internet (20 ) , .

    2)

    , .

    , , , , , , .

  • .

    81

    3)

    , , , .

    , , , .

    4)

    85% .

    .- , , ,

  • . ,

  • . ,

    85

    . ,

    1.

    .

    1980 , 1990 1993 . - 1980 3.28%(1986 3.91% ),

    1996 1.47% * 2011 1.2%-1.6% , 2011

    7,627 ( 70% )

    2010 (15-64) 31.5%(2,420), 25% . - , 1980 2/3 35

    .

    1980 (30 ) 60% 2 .

    1979 , * : 1,000 62.7('90) 32.7('00) 17.5('10)* : 63.1(90) 67.6(00) 69.0(10) ( 72)

  • 86

    , , , .

    2.

    .

    - 5 (6 )- 3- 4 ( ,

    , )- 4 ( 2)

    9 6 , 3 -, 6 -9 3 .

    , .- 1980 (Literacy Movement)

    , - ,

    ,

    -

    . (10 )

    (Tehran University, )

    (Shahid Beheshti University, )

  • . ,

    87

    (Iran University of Science & Technology, )

    (Sharif University of Technology, )

    (Isfahan University, )

    (Isfahan University of Technology, )

    (Isfahan University of Medical Science, )

    (Shiraz University, )

    (Ferdowsi University, )

    (Tabriz University, )

    .

    , , (2012.12 ), , , , .

    (- ) , .

    3.

    .

    1979 88 (1980-1988) 1997 1999 1,155 .

    (2005-)

  • 88

    , 2009 .- ,

    ,

    .

    Iran Daily () Mr. Mohammad Reza Erfanian () www.iran-daily.com

    Tehran Times() Mr. Reza Moghadasi www.tehrantimes.comIran News() Mr. Majid Aqazadeh www.irannewsdaily.comKayhan International () Mr. Hamid Najafi www.kayhanintl.com

    Iran() Mr. Mosib Naeimi () www.Ira-newspaper.com

    Resalat() Mr. Morteza Nabavi www.resalat-news.comShargh() Mr. Mehdi Rahmanian www.sharghnewspaper.irEttellat International( & ) Mr. Seyyed Mahmoud Doa'ie www.ettelaat.com

    Hamshahri() Mr. Morteza Alviri www.hamshahrionline.ir

    .

    IRNA (Islamic Republic News Agency)- , , 24

    (www.irna.com)- , AFP 30

    .

    IRIB (Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting)

  • . ,

    89

    - 7 (www.irib.com)- CH1, CH2, CH3, CH4 , CH5 , CH6

    , CH7

    Jam-e-Jam and Sahar TV Networks- , ,

    4.

    .

    , 98.8% (), .- 91% , 7.8% ,

    (Zoroastrianism)

    , 7 , 16 .

    .

    (Mohammad) (Caliph) (Ali Ibn Abi Talib) (Shiah : ) , (Sunni : ) .

    .

    (Sagatoleslam), (Hojjatolesslam), (Ayatollah) , (Mujtahid)

  • 90

    - (Ayatollah) Grand Ayatollah , Khomeini (1989 ), Montazeri (2009 ), Golpayegani(2012 94) , Sistani

    .

    , , , . -

    , , ,

    , .- ,

    ,

    5.

    , , (Silk Road) , - , .

    , 90% , .- , ,

    , ()

    20 , ( ), 1979

  • . ,

    91

    .- ,

    3 (Ashura) .- () , (Hajj) 10

    ,

    , , , , , , .- (, )

    , , .

    (Ferdowsi), (Sadi), (Hafez) , .

    , , , , Polo .- , ,

    .- ,

    ( )

    6.

    1949 1979, 1990, 1993 2008 .- , , , , , ,

  • 92

    (Islamic Society of Employees) (Islamic Labor Council) .- (Islamic Society of Employees)

    1979 , ,

    - (Islamic Labor Council)

    (Islamic Labor Council) , 1979

    1986, - - , , -

    - , 2012

    22.7% ( )

    - , * ,

    7.

    .

    ()- ,

    (622)

  • . ,

    93

    - * 3.21 1.1 , 3.20 1.1

    (2012 3.20 ) - 1 365, 12 52 , 6 31, 5

    30, 29 30 - Gregory 621

    * 2012 1391

    ()-

    - , , Hajj ,

    - , ,

    .

    5 30 ( 5:30 12:00), (-) 4 30 .

    .

    (Rial) (1 =10) .- 500,000, 100,000, 50,000, 20,000, 10,000, 5,000, 2,000,

    1,000 , 100,000-5,000

    .

    (-)- : 8:00 - 2:00

  • 94

    - : 8:00 - 3:00*

    - : 8:00 - 5:00

    * , , 11:00

    .

    01.14 40 01.22 / 01.24 02.11 03.19 03.21-24 ( ) 04.01 04.02 04.26 06.04 06.19 07.06 08.11 08.20-21 () 09.13 10.27 11.04

  • . ,

    95

    11.25 * 7 8 ,

    ,

  • IX. -

  • . -

    99

    IX. -

    1.

    .

    1962.10.23 1967. 4. 1 1975. 8.25 1981. 7 1989. 1

    .

    70 , 2 , .- 1977

    1979 -(1980-88) - , 1980-89 .-

    - 1989 , , , .

    2000 , 2001.8 25 ,

  • 100

    .- , 2002 - 40 (1977)

    (2002), (2003) , , * 2002

    4 /

    - 2002.6 Qazvin ( 6.5) 500

    1,200 , 5 * , , 2003.12 Bam

    ( 6.6) 3

    2006 , .- 2011 UAE, 3 ,

    2010.7 , 2011.12 .- 2012 50

    ,

    2.

    .

    1)

    - 2005 , 2009

  • . -

    101

    , , 2011 51% 174 .- 2011 60.7 (32.0%),

    113.6 (63.7%), 126% 52.9

    2011 22(2010 23) ( 1.1%) 12( ) ( 2.2%) UAE, 3 .

    < > ( : US$ )

    2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

    3,266(27.6%)4,343

    (33.0%)3,992

    (-8.1%)4,597

    (15.2%)6,068

    (32.0%)

    6,482(28.4%)8,223

    (26.9%)5,746

    (-30.1%)6,940

    (20.8%)11,358(63.7%)

    -3,216(29.2%)-3,881(20.7%)

    -1,754(-54.8%)

    -2,343(33.6%)

    -5,290(125.7%)

    9,748(27.6%)12,566(29.4%)

    9,738(-22.5%)

    11,537(18.5%)

    17,427(51.1%)

    2010 , 2011 .

    2011.11 IAEA ( ) 2011 , .* 2011.12.31

    2012.1.23 EU 2012

  • 102

    2)

    MTI 2 , , , , .

    ( : US$ , %)

    2010 2011

    4,596,721 15.2 5,743,636 38.9

    1 394,079 8.8 478,341 39.32 378,641 26.2 356,569 0.63 481,215 60.9 301,157 -314 25,060 12.2 282,617 1,056.405 115,466 -6.6 281,797 182.86 243,920 17.1 269,319 13.77 190,284 -8.3 265,654 58.48 TV 131,181 118.7 199,127 55.89 88,715 -10.7 172,632 111.410 108,404 13.2 140,417 45.911 59,340 3.9 139,957 143.612 74,030 -6 137,245 98.613 78,530 76.1 111,647 58.214 55,349 25.3 83,926 85.715 48,352 10 73,780 70.416 41,920 50.9 72,750 96.617 29,337 -35.8 65,677 153.718 49,618 10.9 62,972 43.819 70,031 33.9 62,682 -0.520 55,612 25.8 61,869 29.2

    ( : )

    2011 (81.3%) , , (182.6%), (47.9%), (115.4%), (140.3%), (57.4%) .

  • . -

    103

    2010 .- 2010 4 8122

    2011 3 868 35.9% - , 2

    12.7%, 26.2%

    TV , 26.5% . - 3 ,

    37.3% .

    (55.4%), (35.8%), (37.3%), (38%), (68.2%) .

    3) ( : US$ , %)

    2010 2011

    6,940,236 20.8 10,596,914 66.2

    1 5,582,772 14.8 8,806,032 722 725,977 69.1 747,164 13.23 LPG 121,582 1.3 562,184 362.44 133,649 225.6 175,585 51.35 102,418 32.3 95,409 6.36 96,021 -31 54,615 -43.17 0 - 48,268 -8 0 - 44,658 -9 79,562 93.3 18,706 -75.9

  • 104

    2010 2011

    6,940,236 20.8 10,596,914 66.2

    10 701 43.7 10,682 1,559.7011 0 - 8,969 -12 0 -99.8 3,598 6,424,94113 3,413 243.2 3,513 15.214 566 -6.6 2,525 365.915 1,387 25.3 2,044 47.316 4,156 2,240.80 936 -72.717 0 - 855 -18 0 - 826 -19 812 21.8 779 10.620 1,876 345.4 681 -63.7

    ( : )

    80% , LPG, , , , .

    .

    1975 41, 86, 119 , 3% ( 6).- (112, 93.6%)

    , 97%

  • . -

    105

    < > *2010.9

    2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010.9 108.5 164.7 397.8 476.4 491.4 470.0 3925.3

    (/)

    6.2(6)

    4.0(2)

    2.8(1)

    2.1(0)

    24.7(5)

    0(0)

    119.4(3)

    (/)

    5.9(96)

    4.0(100)

    2.8(98)

    2.1(100)

    24.7(100)

    0(0)

    111.8(93.6)

    (/)

    5.9(96)

    0.8(20)

    2.8(98)

    2.1(100)

    24.7(100)

    0(0)

    108.4(97.0)

    (:, %)

    , , .

    2010.9 (, , ) .- ,

    ( )

    , 2012 , , , GS .- , ,

    3.

    (69. 5. 5) (74. 7. 16)

  • 106

    (75. 7. 8) (76. 2. 12) (76. 2. 12) (76. 11. 21) (77. 5. 11) (77. 5. 11) (98. 10. 30) (98. 10. 30) (99. 2. 19) (2000.5.23) (2006.7)

    4.

    2000 , , , , , , 2009 .

    - (1992.10 )- - : 11( : Seyyed Hossein

    Hashemi )* - 2012.5 19

    - (2002.10 )- 2012.5

  • . -

    107

    5.

    .

    66. 11. 75. 07. 76. 02. 77. 05. 90. 02. 91. 05. 92. 11. 93. 04. 94. 06. 94. 08. 96. 11. 98. 08. 98. 10. 99. 05. 99. 07. 99. 09. 99. 10. 00. 10. 00. 12. 01. 02. 01. 06. 01. 08. 02. 04. 02. 05. 02. 07.

  • 108

    02. 09. 03. 05. 03. 11. 04. 02. 05. 10. 2 05. 11. 07. 03. 09. 05. 1 09. 10. 11. 04. 11. 07.

    .

    69. 10. Massoudi 2 75. 05. Eghbal 78. 10. Shahrestani 89. 07. Aghazadeh 90. 08. Gharazi 91. 07. Aghazadeh 91. 11. Mohtashemi 92. 06. Hoseinian 93. 10. Larijani 93. 10. Velayati 94. 05. Aghazadeh 95. 05. Zali 97. 03. Nematzadeh 97. 05. Aghazadeh

  • . -

    109

    97. 11. Najafi 98. 10. Ebtekar (UNDP ) 99. 02. Aminzadeh 99. 06. Chitchian 99. 08. Mohammad Nahavandian 99. 10. Hossein Hashemi 99. 11. Moazenzadeh 00. 06. Mehdi Karbasian 00. 07. Mehdi Tabeshian 00. 09. Jahangiri 00. 10. Shafei 01. 05. Ali Abdolalizadeh 01. 12. Aminzadeh 02. 05. Zanganeh 02. 05. Malek-Madani 02. 07. Hashemi 02. 12. Ansari 02. 10. Khosrowtaj 03. 05. Karbasian 1 03. 06. Khoshrou 04. 05. Kharrazi 05. 03. Aminzadeh 05. 05. Shoraka 05. 08. Khoshrou 06. 01. Safari 06. 07. Tahmasbi 07. 06. Mostavi 1 07. 08. Ali-Abadi

  • 110

    07. 11. Abutorabi 08. 05. Ghazanfari 08. 08. Jashnsaz 08. 10. Ahkoundzadeh 08. 11. Mottaki 09. 01. Mashaee 09. 01. Qashqavi 09. 03. Shahroudi 09. 12. Hashemi 10. 07. Borghei 11. 01. Mehmanparast 11. 05. Anvary 11. 06. Ejei 11. 10. Kermani

    6.

    (67. 4) 2 (71. 3) 3 (74. 5) 4 (78. 8) 5 (80. 6) 6 (80. 12) 7 (85. 6) 8 (88. 3) 9 (89. 6) 10 (92. 4)

  • . -

    111

    11 (94. 2) 12 (96. 3) 13 (98. 5) 14 (01. 2) 15 (03. 9) 16 (05. 9) 17 (08. 2) 18 (10. 8) 19 (12. 9 )

    7.

    .

    , . ( 2012.5 510 )

    .

    - : 1973 3- : No.43, Atefi St, Valiasr Ave, Tehran. - : (98-21) 2205-8580

    - : 7-30th Tir Ave, Tehran- : (98-21) 6670 - 8698

  • 112

    - : 1978- : No.73, Nofl Ave, Tehran- : (98-21) 2221-3133

    .

    : No.21, 4th St, Bucharest Ave, Tehran : (98-21) 8873-4910 : 3 : 1-6()

    .

    - : No.93, West Nahid St, Valiasr Ave, Tehran- : (98-21) 2202-5192- FAX : (98-21) 2202-5120

    International- : Sahel 1st East Aly., Motahari North St., Bolvore Darya

    Sharake West, Tehran- : (98-21) 8869-8009- FAX : (98-21) 8856-1152

    - : No.1, 3rd St., Khaled Eslamboli Ave., Tehran- : (98-21) 8810-5348~9- FAX : (98-21) 8870-7137

    - : No.47, West Farzan Aly, Africa Ave, Tehran- : (98-21) 8879-5042~4

  • . -

    113

    - FAX : (98-21) 8879-5045

    - : No.2551, Kian Tower, Naseri St, Valiasr Ave, Tehran- : (98-21) 8864-5300- FAX : (98-21) 8864-5319

    - : No.215, East Jafar Ave, Modarres Exp, Tehran- : (98-21) 2290-8478~9- FAX : (98-21) 2290-5100

    SK Network- : No.215, Shahid Dasgerdi St, Modarres Exp, Tehran- : (98-21) 2290-8482- FAX : (98-21) 2290-2594

    STX- : No.5, Sayeh building, Valiasr Ave, Tehran- : (98-21) 2204-3401~2- FAX : (98-21) 2204-3602

    GS - : No 1471, Valiasr St, Parvin Ave, Tehran- : (98-21) 2202-9583- FAX : (98-21) 2202-9582

    LG - : No 53, Zafar St, Shariati Ave, Tehran- : (98-21) 2227-7063- FAX : (98-21) 2227-7067

    LG - : No 7, Safari Aly, Bider St, Elayieh, Tehran- : (98-21) 2620-5940~8- FAX : (98-21) 2620-5975

  • 114

    - : No.23, Rahimi Aly, Valiasr Ave, Tehran- : (98-21) 2205-8824- FAX : (98-21) 2205-8672

    - : Hakim Sadr Building, Bisheh Habib, Vila Aly, Motahari St,

    Isfahan- : (98-311) 234-8091- FAX : (98-311) 234-8981

    - : Sayeh Building, Valiasr Ave, Tehran- : (98-21) 2201-9816~9- FAX : (98-21) 2201-9820

    KCC - : Melat Building, Sedaghat St, Valiasr Ave, Tehran

    - : (98-21) 2205-2735~6- FAX : (98-21) 2205-6111

    KT&G- : No.69, Reza Building, Bosnia-herzegovina St, Fereshteh St,

    Valiasr Ave, Tehran- : (98-21) 2620-0901~5- FAX : (98-21) 2620-0906

    - : No.17, East of Jahan Koodak Crossroad, Haghani Exp, Tehran- : (98-21) 8888-4307- FAX : (98-21) 8888-4308

    (KOTRA)- : No.18, 12th Aly, Velenjak, Tehran

    - : (98-21) 2217-4005~7- FAX : (98-21) 2241-2518

  • X.

  • .

    117

    X.

    1.

    1973. 4. 1974. 3. 1974. 4. Abbas Aram 2008. 2. Morteza Moradiam 2010. 6.

    2.

    1980-88 26 .-

    ,

    .- , ,

    , .- WMD 2003 (PSI:

    Proliferation Security Initiative) * 1 (2010)

  • 118

    3.

    ( )

    79. 80. 01. 82. 04. 82. 10. 83. 01. 83. 02. 83. 08. 84. 02. 84. 02. 84. 12. 85. 09. 88. 11. 89. 07. 89. 12. 90. 03. 90. 05. 90. 07. 90. 11. 91. 05. 91. 07. 91. 12. 92. 08. 93. 01. 93. 02. 94. 01. ()

  • .

    119

    95. 05. 96. 11. 97. 04. 99. 09. 00. 05. 02. 05. () 06. 11. (7 AAPP ) 07. 08. 10. 12. 11. 02.

    ( )

    89. 05. Khamenei 89. 12. Rezai 89. 12. Boroujerdi 90. 10. Razavi 91. 02. Karroubi 91. 05. Gharagi 91. 07. Fard 91. 09. Torkan 91. 09. Vahaji 92. 04. Velayati 92. 10. Hashemi IRIB 93. 01. Rezai 93. 06. Larijani 93. 06. Vardi Nazhad IRNA () 97. 07. Mostafavi 93. 12. Forouzandeh

  • 120

    94. 01. Mottaki 96. 07. Bolandinyan () 97. 11. Ahmadzad Sari 99. 02. Aminzadeh 07. 01. Safari 08. 11. Akbari 10. 04. Fatolahi 10. 06. Fanahi 12. 07. Araghchi

    4.

    (74.9) (75.3) (81.8) (82.1) (86.8) (89.12) (90.11) (91.7) (95.5) (96.11) (07.7) (10.4) (10.9) MOU(10.11)

  • XI.

  • XI.

    123

    XI.

    1.

    77. 11. Tehran

    78. 02. Tabriz 08. (9.8 ) 10. Khomeini 11.

    - Khomeini 12. Ashura (200

    )

    79. 01.06 ( ) 01.05 , 01.12 (Council of Islamic Revolution) 02.01 Khomenei 02.05 02.11 , () 02.18 (The Islamic Republic Party) 03.05 CENTO 04.01 ( ) 11.04 11.06 12.2-3 (98% )

    80. 01.25 1 , Bani Sadr 04.07 , 05.28 ( 70% ) 07.18 07.27 ,

  • 124

    08.11 (Ali Rajai )09.22 -

    81. 01.20 06.22 Bani Sadr, 06.28

    ( Beheshti 70 ) 07.24 2 Ali Rajai 08.29 (Ali Rajai , Bahonar

    ) 10.02 3 Khamenei 11.10

    82. 04.03 Beit-ul-Moqaddas , Khorramshar 09.10 09.15 Qot-bzadeh ,

    83. 05.02 Tudeh (), 08.16 4 , Khamenei 10.03 Musavi 11.16 , Montazeri

    86. 10.08 1

    87. 1.9-3.8 Basra 02. , 79-85

    7000 06.02 Khomeini, 06.16 07.17 - 07.31 ( 400) 08.01 , 09.08 , 10.10 ,

  • XI.

    125

    10.26 , - 1,500

    88. 02.06 Khomeini, (Expediency Council)

    03.03 , 04.08 3 07.18 UN 598 08.20 - 09.11 Khomeini ,

    89. 02.14 Khomeini, Rushdie 03.07 - 03.27 Montazeri, 06.03 Khomeini 06.04 Khamenei ( 74

    60 ) 07.28 5 08.08 Karroubi 09.13 - 10.08 Rafsanjani

    90. 01.09 1 5 01.17 Basij , (IRGC) 02.16 Tehran (100 ) 03.13 Azari Qomi Kharroubi

    05.19 Rafsanjani 06.13 , 06.21 Gilan Zanjan (5 ) 08.15 , - 09.09 , - 09.27 - 10.15 -

  • 126

    91. 01.15 03.19 - 03.25 - 08.08 (), - 09.27 Khamenei , 12.22 -

    92. 02.16 5 (ECO) 04. , (MKO) 06.04 Nateq Noori 07.16 Khatami 07.10 Khomeini

    93. 04. 05. 06. 11. 6 Rafsanjani 11. (Ardakan )

    94. 02.01 Rafsanjani 02. Zahedan 04. - Karabach

    - - 04. , 04. ( 200) Rescheduling

    05. - 06.20 Iman Reza 07. , Hamedan 08. Qazvin , 10. (134) 11.30 Araki

    - Khamenei

    95. 04. Karun - 3, 4

  • XI.

    127

    04. Islam Shahr 05. , 10.

    96. 01. Abu Musa 02. (190),

    03. 5 03. , MYKONOS Fallahiyan

    05.12 - 06. Al-Khobar 06. , 08. D'Amato 09. , ( )

    - 09. --,

    09. (CTBT) 09. 3 10.

    - , (96. 9) 10. 2 11. , -

    97. 01. VOA, 01. , 250 02. 02. (, ) 02. (National Council of Resistance) 04. , MYKONOS 05. 05.03 7 , Khatami 05. (CWC)

  • 128

    07. Khamenei 08. , 09. , (MKO) 10. , MKO 30 , 12.9-10 8 (OIC) ()

    98. 01.07 Khatami - 04.19 , Rafsanjani 06.17 Albright , Asia Society

    08.02 Khatami , 08. 5 09. Khatami 53 UN 11. UN , Khatami 2001

    99. 02.26 04. 13 07.

    00. 02.18 6 03.12 Hajjarian 04.14 Khamenei ,

    04.18 , 05.03 Karroubi 08.20 Khatami ,

    01. 05.06 Sari Motaqi 05.17 Dadman

    7 06.08 8

    02. 03.16 Rafsanjani 29

  • XI.

    129

    07.09 Taheri ( )

    07.19 (IIPF : Islamic Iran Participation Front, ) Mohammad Khatami (Khatami )

    08. (NCR : National Council of Resistance), 2 IAEA

    09.13

    11.06 Hamedan , Aghajai ( )-

    11.10 11.11 - 12.23 (Antonov-140) 12. (ISIS),

    03. 01.20 Malek-Madani ( )

    01.28 Montazeri 02.09 Khatami ,

    IAEA 02.14 Aghajari 02.19 Kerman 276 02.28 , ( 49%,

    13% ) 03.03 9

    - Meshkini , Rafsanjani 1, Amini 2

    04.01 , ( )

    05.09 , (

  • 130

    ) 06.10 ,

    07.21 Shahab-3 08.17 ,

    08.23 Moin (

    ) 09.02 , 10.10 Shirin Ebadi (),

    10.21 -EU 3(//),

    (Tehran Agreed Statement)

    04. 02.20 7 04.13 Khatami , 04.18 Khorasan 3(Northern Khorasan,

    Southern Khorasan Razavi Khorasan) - 28 30

    05.27 7 08.11 Shahab-3 10.03 , Ahmad Khorram 10.20 Shahab-3 11.15 -EU 3(//),

    (Iran-EU Nuclear Agreement )

    05. 04.15 05.16 , 06.14 06.17 9 06.24 9 (Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

    ) 08.01 , 08.03 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 9

  • XI.

    131

    08.05 EU 3(//) 08.08 , EU

    09.24 Mottaki , IAEA

    10.01 Khamenei , 3(, , )

    10.26 Ahmadinejad , (Israel should

    be wiped off the map) 11.06 Ahmadinejad ,

    11.14 Khamenei ,

    06. 01.19 ( Falcon Jet plane) - Ahmad Kazemi 12

    01.24 02. IAEA , UN

    (GOV/2006/14) - (AP) IAEA

    , 03.16 , 03.29 UN , IAEA

    04.11 Ahmadinejad , 3.5%

    04.14-16 , 04.19 ,

    06.06 Solana EU , P5+1(

    5 +) 07.31 UN , 1696 08.22 , EU P5+1

  • 132

    09 Larijani -Solana EU

    12.23 1737

    07. 02.14 Zahedan, 03.23 UN , 1747 03.28 15 05. 3, 05.28 - (1 ) 06.18 (Qom) 5.9 06.27 07.24 - (2 ) 09.3-4 (NAM) 12.02

    08. 03.03 1803 03.14 8 06.01 06.13 EU3+3, "incentive package"

    - , 5 package proposal" EU3+3

    06. EU3+3 11.26 (Kavosh-) 12.08 12.21 , Sirin Ebadi(2003

    ) Human Rights Defender Center'

    09. 02 , () 04 EU3+3,

    04.23-24 70 06.12 , 06

    (Green Movement)

  • XI.

    133

    - 08.15 Sadegh Larijani 09.09 , EU3+3

    10.01 EU3+3 10.21 , , , (LEU)

    3 ( ) 12. ,

    (Manama Dialogue) 12.16 2,200km Sejil-

    10. 01.28 , 02. (Kavoshgar-) 02.07 , (TRR)

    05.20 -- (TRR)

    ( )-

    07.25 Zahenda ( ) 12.6-7 EU3+3 12.19 ( )

    11. 01. EU3+3 02. 06.15 , ( 1) 09.12 10.11 , 11.08 (PMD)

    IAEA 11.29 , 12 12.31 , ( )

  • 134

    12. 01.09 - Alaei ,

    01.23 EU, ( ,

    ) 03.02 9 03.14 , 04.14 EU3+3

    2.

    84.

    85. 6 Rafsanjani , ,

    90. 9 Aziz 11 Velayati

    91. 4 Rafsanjani 4 Karroubi 7 10

    92. 6 Rafsanjani , * ,

    93. 1 Shevadnardz 2 Mugabe 7 Rafsanjani (2 ECO )8 Hekmatyar 9 Rao 10 Rafsanjani , ,

    , , 10 Velayati

  • XI.

    135

    11 Suharto 12 Buhtto

    94. 1 Niyazov 2 Velayati , , , 3 4 Velayati , , , 4 Velayati , 5 Lee Duc Ann 5 Velayati () 5 Kostikov 5 Tereshenkov 6 Niyazov ()6 Velayati (NAM )6 Demirel 9 Habibi 9 Leghari 10 Rafsanjani , , 11 Rafsanjani 11 Nateq - Nouri ,

    95. 2 4 Rafsanjani 4 Velayati

    96. 1 1 Velayati , 1 Velayati 1 Hashemi 1 Niyazov 1 Chgeneh 1 Museveni 2 Lafraei 2 Habibi

  • 136

    3 Velayati 3 Muratovic 3 Rabbani 3 Velayati , , 4 Nzo 4 Velayati , 5 Velayati (1 - )5 Rafsanjani

    (4 ECO )6 Velayati 6 Velayati 7 Leng Savat 7 Niyazov 7 Merghi shivili 7 Mudenge 7 Hamad 7 Habiabi 8 Erbakan 8 Forovzandeh 8 Esmail 8 Zoubi 8 Velayati 8 Panghalos 8 Azad 8 Shara 9 Rafsanjani 6(, , ,

    , , ) 9 Velayati (ECO )9 Kabbah 11 Habibi 1 ( )11 11 Velayati 11 Camaro

  • XI.

    137

    11 Yousefi 11 (4 . )12 Rafsanjani 12 Primakov

    97. 1 Khaddam (9 . )1 Rabbani 2 Habibi 2 Gujral 3 Velayati 3 Velayati 3 Velayati 3 Rafsanjani (OIC )3 Velayati , , UAE, 4 Nateq - Nouri 5 Rafsanjani , 6 Sharif 6 Rafsanjani (1 D-8 )7 Assad 9 Hamad 9 Verri 12 Velayati

    (, , 3 )12 Hariri

    12. Khatmai

    98. 6 Kharrazi 7 Prodi 8 Vedrine 9 Khatami 53 UN 11 UN , Khatami 2001

    99. 1

  • 138

    2 Kharazi 3 Khatami 4 Nzo 4 Saud 5 - 5 Khatami , , 7 Nong Duc Manh 8 9 Klestil 10 Stephanopoulos 10 Khatami 10 Nateq-Nouri 11 Kharazi

    00. 1 Kharazi 1 Rogue 2 3 Dini 3 Fisher 3 Siazon 4 Emile Lahoud 4 Alavi Shahab 5 Singh 5 Aarsten 6 Wahid 6 Khatami 7 Khatami 7 Hamad 7 Downer 8 Arafat PLO 8 Chaves 9 - 10 Al-Faisal 10 Kharazi

  • XI.

    139

    10 Aznar 10 Khatami

    01. 1 Hu Jintao 1 Obasanjo 1 Kharazi 1 Youssoufi 1 Bashar Al-Assad 1 Kharazi 2 Amato 2 Kharazi 3 Kharazi 3 Khatami 4 Martonyi 4 Vajpayee 4 Ghannouchi 4 5 Castro 5 Chaves 6 Mesic 9 Straw 10 Manly 11 Straw

    02. 3 Khatami , 3 Nazarov 3 Khvostov 3 Abdullah 4 Kharrazi 4 Ismail 4 Petersen 4 Aref 1

    - 2 4 Kharrazi ,

  • 140

    4 Loverdos 4 Lindh 4 4 Mehr-Alizadeh 4 Khatami , , ,

    , 5 - 5 Ashkhabad

    4 Scheibner 5 Kawaguchi 5 Kharrazi 5 Kaparo 5 Aliyev 5 Kharrazi ( )5 Dubina 1 5 Amadou

    * (2002.4.21)5 UAE Hamadan 5 Polfer 6 al-Khorafi 6 Michel 6 Sezer 6 Karroubi , , 6 Kharrazi ,

    - 29 Khartoum OIC 7 Kharrazi 7 Kharrazi 7 Khatami 7 al-Kurbi 7 EU Solana 8 al-Faisal 8 Mudenge 8 Abdullah 8 Khatami

  • XI.

    141

    8 Hamad 8 Gurel 9 Khatami 9 Aminzadeh 9 al-Hamad 9 Karroubi , , 10 Koroma 10 Khatami 1 10 Straw 10 Pahad 10 Khatami ,

    - ECO 10 al-Imari 10 Sibal 10 - () 10 Tran Duc Luong 10 Panou 10 Deiss 10 Khatami 11 de Venecia 11 Vilen

    - - 11 5 -- 3

    ()11 Kharrazi EU, , 12 Kharrazi , 12 Karroubi , 12 Kharrazi 12 Khatami 12 Miro 12 Hassanov 12 Thani

  • 142

    03. 1 Kharrazi 1 al-Shara 1 Yusupov 1 Kharrazi , 1 Abdullah 1 al-Sabah 1 Geoana 1 Tuomija 1 Aminzadeh 1 Ople 1 Komilov 1 Kharrazi 1 Khatami 1 Kharrazi 2 EU Patten 2 Aref 1 2 Kharrazi 2 Kharrazi 2 Khatami (13

    )3 Karroubi , 3 - ()3 Aitmatov 3 Niyazov 3 Ivanov 3 al-Assad 3 Kharrazi , 4 Palacio 4 Kharrazi 4 O'Brien 4 Palacio 4 Aref 1 4 Kharrazi , ,

  • XI.

    143

    5 Kharrazi , 5 Khatami , 5 Loos 5 Picula 5 Kharrazi ( )5 Downer 5 Cimoszewicz 5 Dehan 5 - Aref 1 Erdogan

    6 Kharrazi ,

    - ECO 6 al-Faisal 6 Okamoto 6 Rahmonov 6 Mirdamadi EU 6 Kharrazi 6 Karimov , Karzai

    - 3 5

    6 Tanayev 6 Yahia 6 Straw 7 Taha 1 7 Shroudi 7 Fernando 7 Zlenko 7 Kharrazi 7 Iacovou 7 Kalala 7 Kasha (7 )7 Pahad 8 Kharrazi , , ,

  • 144

    8 Kosmo 8 EU Solana 8 Szmajdzinski 9 Kharrazi 9 Abdullah II 9 Gadio 9 Kharrazi , , 9 Kharrazi 9 Khaddam 10 Touzman

    04. 2 Kharrazi CD 2 Kharrazi

    4 Kharrazi , ,

    4 ElBaradei IAEA 5 Kharrazi , , 5 Kharrazi , 5 Kharrazi 9 Khatami , 10 Sergei Lavrov 10 Pierre Goldschmidt IAEA 10 Zanganeh (Yadavaran

    )11 Farouk al-Shara 11 Kharrazi ( PA

    ) 12 Kharrazi , 12 Kharrazi 12 Farouk Qadoumi Fatah

    05. 1 Khatami 7(, , , , , , )

  • XI.

    145

    1 Ilkham Aliyev 2 Abdul Rahim Murad 2 Naji al-Otari 2 Shaukat Aziz 3 Khatami 4 Kharrazi 4 Per Stig Moeller 4 Walid Jumblatt 4 Sheikh Aba al-Amir Qabalam

    7 Sadum al-Dulaymi 7 Ibrahim al-Jaafari 8 Hassan Nasrallah 8 Bashar Assad 8 Sheikh Mohammad al-Sabah 9 Natwar Singh 11 Mottaki 11 Mowaffig al-Rubaei 11 Jalal Talabani 11 Ivanov NAM Troika(

    , , )

    06. 2 Khaled Mashaal ( ) 5 Mottaki 5 Hamid Karazi 9 Nuri al-Malaki 10 Mottaki 11 Jalal Talabani

    07. 2 Ahmadinejad 3 Ahmadinejad 3 Ahmadinejad , 3 Ali Othman Muhammad Taha 5 Ahmadinejad

  • 146

    6 Daniel Ortega 7 Hugo Chavez 7 Ahmadinejad 8 Ahmadinejad 8 Ahmadinejad , ,

    (8.16 (SCO) )

    8 Ahmadinejad 9 Ahmadinejad 62 UN 9 Ahmadinejad , 10 Ilham Aliyev , Vladimir Putin

    , Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov , Nursultan Nazarbayev ( )

    10 Ahmadinejad 11 Mahinda Rajapakse 11 Ahmadinejad ,

    - OPEC 12 Ahmadinejad (

    GCC )12 Ahmadinejad ( )

    08. 3 Ahmadinejad - 1979

    3 Ahmadinejad (11 OIC

    )3 Susilo Bambang Yudhyono 4 Fahd bin Mahmoud al-Said 4 Ahmadinejad , , 6 Ahmadinejad

    - UN 7 Ahmadinejad

    - 6 D-8(Eight Islamic Developing Countries)

  • XI.

    147

    8 Abdelaziz Bouteflika 8 Ahmadinejad 8 Ahmadinejad (SCO

    )9 Evo Morales 9 Ahmadinejad 63 UN 11 Ahmadinejad (UN )12 Rafael Correa Delgado 12 Abdullah Ahmad Badawi

    09. 1 Rahimi 1 Saeedikia 2 Hugo Chavez 2 Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow

    2 Ghazi Zoayter 2 Sheikh Khalid Bin Ahmad al-Khalifa

    2 Jalal Talabani 3 Binali Yildirim 3 Hirofumi Nakasone 3 Chen Jian 4 Ahmadinejad

    - (Durban 2) 5 Ahmadinejad 6 Ahmadinejad (SCO )6 Khalil al-Marzouq 9 Ahmet Davutoglu 9 Hovik Abrahamyan 9 Ayad Al-Samarrae 9 Ahmadinejad 64 UN 10 A. J. Rashid 10 Recep Tayyip Erdogan

  • 148

    11 Nicholas Maduro 11 Ahmadinejad (OIC )11 Sheikh Nasser Mohammad al-Ahmad al-Sabah

    11 Ahmadinejad , , ,

    , 11 Sergey Ivanovich Shmatko

    - 8 - 12 Karim Wahid Hassan 12 Ahmadinejad ( )12 Barham Salih

    10. 1 Ahmadinejad , 1 Mottaki 1 Yusuf Bin Alawi Bin Abdullah 2 Mottaki (21 -

    )2 Ertugrul Gunay 2 Ahmadinejad 3 Mottaki 3 Ahmadinejad 3 Mottaki , , , 4 Ahmadinejad , 5 Ahmadinejad NPT ()5 S. M. Krishna 5 G-15 5 Luiz Inacio Lula 6 Ahmadinejad (CICA )6 Ahmadinejad ( )6 Ahmadinejad ( Expo )7 Ahmadinejad 8 Hamid Karzai 9 Ahmadinejad 9 Ahmadinejad , , (65 UN

  • XI.

    149

    ) 10 Nuri al-Maliki 10 Hugo Chavez 10 Ahmadinejad 10 Evo Morales 11 Saad Hariri 11 Ahmadinejad 11 Ahmed Ouyahia

    11. 2 Abdullah Gul 2 Guido Westerwelle 2 Raila Amolo Odinga 3 Wahid Al-Muallem 3 Ali al-Shami 3 Kamal Hassan Ali 4 Rehman 5 Ali Akbar Salehi , , UAE 5 Ahmadinejad (4 UN

    )6 Ahmadinejad (SCO )7 Ahmet Davutoglu 7 Asif Ali Zardani 9 Ahmadinejad 9 Ahmadinejad 66 UN 9 Ahmadinejad , 10 Yerzhan Kazykhanov 12 Utoni Nujoma 12 Ahmadinejad

    12. 1 Ahmadinejad , , ,

    1 Ali Akbar Salehi 1 Ismail Haniyeh 2 Ahmadinejad (--

  • 150

    3 )2 Ali Akbar Salehi (19

    )3 Ali Akbar Salehi , 3 Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa

    3 Safar Abiyev 3 Mahmoud al-Zahar 3 Recep Tayyip Erdogan 3 Ali Akbar Salehi 3 Ahmadinejad (3

    )4 Nouri al-Maliki 4 Edward Nalbandian

  • XI.

    151

    3.

    .

    God

    Prophet

    Imam12

    Rahbar(Leader) (Vali-e Faqih)

    Marja-e Taqlid

    (Grand)Ayatollah

    Seyyed

    Hojjatoleslam

    Saqatoleslam

    Tolab

  • 152

    .

    (571 - 632) 622 , . * Fatimah

    (Caliph) 4 ( ), .

    , Fatimah 4 (656-661) (Ali ibn Abi Talib) (1 Imam) .- 1 Imam (Ali) ,

    (Shiat Ali) ,

    - 3 Imam (Hussein) 8 Imam (Reza) , ,

    - , (Ashura: The 10th Day of Moharram) , * 12 Imam

    , 4 , , Fatimah 12 Imam 14 .

    12 Imam (Mehdi) , .- (Velayat-e Faqih)

    (Rahbar)

    , 1502 .

  • XI.

    153

    - , , , , ,

    4.

    Ayatolla Seyyed Ali Khamenei

    : Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran

    : 1939. 7. 15 (Mashahd)

    - Mashad (57)- Najaf (58-59)- Boroujerdi, Haeri, Khomeini (Qom, 59)

    - Qom-Mashad (62-63)- ( )(64-78)- Mashad (Mujtahid )- (78)- ()(79.2)- (79.3)- JRM (79)- (79.8)- IRGC (79. 12)- Tehran (80.1)- ( )(80.5)- 1 (80)

  • 154

    - 3 (81.10)- 4 (83.5)

    - 4 (85.8)- 85~89

    - 2 (89. 1 )

    - (89.6.4-)

    - (), -

    The Role of Muslims in the Liberation of India The General Outline of Islamic thought in the Quran Life of Imam Sadeq From the depth of Prayers and Waiting

  • XI.

    155

    Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

    : President of the Islamic Republic of Iran

    - 1956 (Semnan) (Garmsar)

    : - (IUST : Iran University of Science and Technology)

    (1997)

    - (1979)

    * (1979)- (IRGC) (1986)

    * Kirkuk * ( )

    - (1993)- (Ardabil) (1993-1997)- (IUST) (1997-2003)- (2003.3-2005.6)- (2005.8-)

    - - - (Basij) - ( 65, 9 ) (2005)- - ,

  • 156

    Ali Larijani

    : Speaker of the Parliament (Majlis)

    - 1958.6.3

    - / - -

    - (04)- (04)- (90)- (IRIB) (90)- (90)- (80)

    - , (IRGC)

    ( IRGC ) - - (Sadeq Larijani) ,

  • XI.

    157

    Sadegh Larijani

    : Head of Judiciary

    - 1960.3.12

    - (Qom)

    - - ( )

    - 2009.8.15

    (relatively junior and inexperienced)" -

    - (Ali Larijani) , (Grand

    Ayatollah Hossein Vahid Khorasani)

  • 158

    Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

    : Chairman of State Expediency Council

    - 1935, (Ardakan)

    - Quran (39-48)- Qom (49-59)

    - Maktabe Tashayo(school of shia) (50)- Bethat(Prophet's Appoinment), Enteqam(Revenge) (60

    )- (63-78)- JRM (79. 2)- ( )- 1,2,3 ()(81-89)- (89.6)- 5 (89. 8)- 6 (93. 8)- (97. 8- )

    - The History of Palestine The Black of Record of

    Colonialism (Akram Zoeiter ) (60)- Amir Kabir : The Hero of Struggle Again Colonialism('68)- Revolution or A New Resurrection

  • XI.

    159

    Mohammad Reza Rahimi

    : 1(First Vice-President)

    - 1949.1.11, Qorveh

    - -

    - (1993-1997)- (2005-2009)- 1(2009-)- (2000-)

    - - 1997 , 2005

  • 160

    Ali Akbar Salehi

    : (Minister of Foreign Affairs)

    : 1949.3.24,

    - - MIT (1977)

    - (1982-1985, 1989-1993)- IAEA (1997-2005)- (OIC) (2005-2007)- (2007-2009)- (2009-)

    - 2003.12 (AP: Additional Protocol)

    -

  • XI.

    161

    5. President Mahmoud AhmadinejadFirst Vice President Mohammad Reza RahimiMinister of Education Hamid Reza Haji BabaieMinister of Communication and Information Technology Reza TaghipourMinister of Intelligence Heidar MoslehiMinister of Economy and Finance Seyed Shams Al Din HoseiniMinister of Foreign Affairs Ali Akbar SalehiMinister of Health and Medical Education Marzieh Vahid DostjerdiMinister of Agricultural Jihad Sadegh KhalilianMinister of Justice Seyed Morteza BakhtiaryMinister of Defense and Logistics Sardar Ahmad VahidiMinister of Road and Urban Development Ali NikzadMinister of Science, Research and Technology Kamran DaneshjouMinister of Culture and Islamic Guidance Seyed Mohammad HoseiniMinister of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Affairs Abdol Reza SheikholeslamiMinister of Interior Mostafa Mohammad NajarMinister of Petroleum Rostam GhasemiMinister of Energy Majid NamjouMinister of Sport and Youth Affairs Mohammad AbbasiMinister of Industry, Mining and Trade Mahdi GhazanfariVice President for Executive Affairs Hamid BaghaieVice President for Legal Affairs Fatima BodaghiVice President for Parliamentary Affairs Seyed Mohammad Reza Mir Taj Al DinyVice President for Planning and Strategic Supervision Ebrahim AziziVice President for Management Development and Human Resources Affairs Lotfolah Forouzandeh DehkordiVice President, Head of the Environment Protection Organization

    Mohammad Javad Mohammadi Zadeh

    Vice President, Head of the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization Seyed Hassan MousaviVice President for Science and Technology Nasrin SoltankhahVice President, Head of Atomic Energy Organization Fereydoon Abbasi-DavaniVice president, Martyrs and Self-Sacrifice's Affairs Foundation Masoud ZribafanCabinet Secretary Ali Sadoughi

  • 162

    6.

    . COUNTRY AND PEOPLE

    Time Line - Iran's recent history at a glance. :http://www.lib.utexas.edu/

    Iran: Population and Demography - by Iran Online. : http://www.iranonline.com/

    Country Information for Iran - by Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for the Islamic Countries. : http://www.sesrtcic.org/

    . GOVERNMENT AND INSTITUTIONS

    Presidency of the Islamic Republic of Iran - the Official Site. : http://www.president.ir/

    Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran : http://mfa.gov.ir/

    . LINKS COLLECTIONS

    Interesting Web Sites : http://www.payvand.com/web/

    Iranian Cultural and Information Center : http://persia.org

    IranOnline's Webguide : http://www.iranonline.com/webguide/

    www.Persepolis.com's links page : http://www.persepolis.com

    Your Iranian Web Guide : www.ankaboot.com.

  • XI.

    163

    . BOOKS ABOUT IRAN

    www.amazon.co.uk - former www.bookpages.co.uk.

    books about Iran. : www.amazon.com

    Iranbooks - Persian and English books about Iran since 1979 : http://www.iranbooks.com/

    I.B.Tauris - UK-based publisher specialising in Middle East books, and with quite a lot on Iran : http://www.ibtauris.com/

    . Iranian News Sources

    IRNA ON-LINE NEWS - the official news agency of Iran. A good source for official statements and other news, updated minute-by-minute.

    : http://www.irna.com/headlines/ehead.html

    Tehran Times - Government sponsored newspaper. : http://www.tehrantimes.com/

    IRAN Daily - Iranian English language paper, published by IRNA. Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader : http://www.iran-daily.com/daily.htm

    Iran Review - an official monthly political, economic and cultural bulletin.

    : http://www.mfa.gov.ir

    Farsinet News - selection of Iranian news. : http://www.farsinet.com/news/

    Press Releases - Iran's UN Mission in New York. : http://www.iran-un.org

  • 164

    . International News Sources

    Iran News Watch : http://www.irannewswatch.com/

    Iran News ..... - Iran-related news in international media on the Web.: http://www.payvand.com/news/

    Yahoo - Iran-related news from leading news agencies. : http://search.news.yahoo.com/search/news?p=Iran

    BBC News - Middle East. : http://news.bbc.co.uk/low/english/world/middle_east/default.stm

    CNN - Middle East news from CNN. : http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/

    CNNfn commodities - including petroleum. : http://cnnfn.cnn.com/markets/commodities.html

    . Iranian Politics: Background and Analyses

    Stratfor Global Intelligence Update - Middle East; check also Hotspot Iran (July/August 1999). :

    http://www.stratfor.com

    Iran Press Analysis : http://www.atiehbahar.com

    Iran Focus - an independent monthly on political, social and economic developments in Iran. : http://www.atiehbahar.com

  • XI.

    165

    7.

    1, (Vice Minister) 1, (Deputy Minister) 8 - (Ali Akbar Salehi, Minister of Foreign Affairs)- (Seyed Amir Mansour Borghei, Vice Minister and

    Head of Economic Department)- (Mohammad Mehdi Akhunzadeh Basti,

    Deputy Minister for International Affairs)- (Behrooz Kamalvandi, Deputy Minister

    for Administratie and Executive Affairs)- (Hossain Amir

    Abdollahian, Deputy Minister for Arab-African Affairs)- (Ali Asghar Khaji, Deputy Minister for

    Europe and America)- (Hassan Ghashghavi, Deputy Minister

    for Consular, Parliamentary and Iranian Affairs)- () (Ramin

    Mehmanparast, Head of the Center for Public Diplomacy and Media)

    - (Seyyed Abbas Araghchi, Deputy Minister for Asia and Pacific)

    - (Hadi Soliemanpur, Deputy Minster for International Research and Education)

    (General Department for East Asia and Pacific) , (Abdulrasol Mohajer Hejazi) 3 - 1(, ) : Khosh Heikal Azad - 2(, ) : Talebifar - 3(, ) : Tanhaei

  • 166

    8.

    .

    ,

    - , (

    )- , ( ) - , 1 1(2m x 3m)

    ( )

    - (

    )- ( 5,000 )

    . /

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    - , (

    )*

    (, , , , , )

  • XI.

    167

    ,

    .

    1) (Tehran)

    1789 .

    19 20 20 , 1,000 .

    - Saad Abad : 1930 (Reza Khan) 8

    - Niyavaran : - Golestan : , ,

    - : , ,

    - : ,

    - Bazaar : , 10Km

    ,

    2) (Isfahan)

    (1587-1629)

  • 168

    - Imam : 180m, 550m ,

    Dome Minaret Imam Mosque Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque

    - Four Garden : 4 4 km

    - Pol-e-Khaju() : 17

    - Jolfa Church : 17 ,

    - Chehel Sotun : 40 ( 20 ) ,

    3) (Shiraz)

    (Hafez), (Saadi) .

    Persia Fars Darius (BC 6) Zand (18) .

    - Persepolis : , ,

    BC 6 , Alexander ,

    - Naqsh-e-Rostam : , ,

    - Shapur relief (Kazerun) :

  • XI.

    169

    4) (Mashad)

    , . .

    8 . , 3 .

    - Imam Reza : 8 14

    - Tus : Mashad 23Km Mashad

    , . (Ferdowsi)

    5) (Tabriz)

    (Sahand) 1366 .

    624 .

    .

    - Rasad Khaneh : 500

    6) (Caspian Sea)

    (44 Km, 2) 600km .

  • 170

    Rasht(), Ramsar(), Chalus() , .

    , . .

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    I. II. , 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.III. 1. 2. 3. 4. IV. , 1. 2. (Supreme Leader) 3.(President) 4. (Islamic Consultative Assembly : Majlis) 5. 6. (Judiciary) 7. 8.(Supreme Council for National Security) 9. 10. V. 1. 2. 3. VI. 1. 2. . 1. 2. 3. , 4. 5. . , 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. IX. - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. X. 1. 2. 3. 4. XI. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

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