2013 2 [ ] 11-12novel methodology in a case study from proglacial lakes in Norway..... 3 5. Midge (Chironomidae, Chaoboridae, Ceratopogonidae) assemblages and their relationship with

[ ]

本期导读

Nature：二氧化碳通过内陆水体的

转移

藻类微信号预示北极湖泊变暖大

变化

内陆湖泊藻类丰度主要指示性色

素遥感反演算法获得新进展

Earth Interactions: 温度上升对

城市的水供给带来挑战

鄱阳湖距历史最低水位仅 0.67 米

11-12

2013 年第 2 期

中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所

湖泊与环境国家重点实验室，图书馆

联合编制

月

湖泊科学动态（9-10 月）

1. Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters ............................................................................... 1 2. 黄河与长江流域水资源变化原因 ............................................................................................................. 2

3. UV-induced photochemical heterogeneity of dissolved and attached organic matter associated with cyanobacterial bloomsina eutrophic freshwater lake ...................................................................................... 3 4. Inferring organic content of sediments by scanning reflectance spectroscopy (380-730 nm): applying a novel methodology in a case study from proglacial lakes in Norway ............................................................... 3 5. Midge (Chironomidae, Chaoboridae, Ceratopogonidae) assemblages and their relationship with biological and physicochemical variables in shallow, polymictic lakes ............................................................................. 4 6. Changes in submerged macrophyte abundance altered diatom and chironomid assemblages in a shallow lake ................................................................................................................................................................... 4 7. Complex seasonality observed amongst diverse phytoplankton viruses in the Bay of Quinte, an embayment of Lake Ontario ............................................................................................................................. 5 8. Plant community structure determines primary productivity in shallow, eutrophic lakes ........................... 5 9. Fish trophic divergence along a lake productivity gradient revealed by historic patterns of invasion and eutrophication .................................................................................................................................................. 6 10. Optimising hydrological conditions to sustain wintering waterbird populations in Poyang Lake National Natural Reserve: implications for dam operations ........................................................................................... 6 11. Linking carbon and nitrogen metabolism to depth distribution of submersed macrophytes using high ammonium dosing tests and a lake survey....................................................................................................... 7 12. Lipid-rich zooplankton subsidise the winter diet of benthivorous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in a subarctic lake.................................................................................................................................................... 8 13. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) contamination of fish in urban lakes: A prioritization methodology for lake management ............................................................................................................................................. 8 14. Strong spatial differentiation of N and P deficiency, primary productivity and community composition between Nyanza Gulf and Lake Victoria (Kenya, East Africa) and the implications for nutrient management 9 15. Consequences of anthropogenic activity for two remote alpine lakes in NW Slovenia as tracked by sediment geochemistry .................................................................................................................................... 9 16. Laminated lake sediments in northeast Poland: distribution, preconditions for formation and potential for paleoenvironmental investigation ............................................................................................................ 10 17. Occurrence and significance of a cold-water carbonate pseudomorph in microbialites from a saline lake ....................................................................................................................................................................... 11 18. A chrysophyte stomatocyst-based reconstruction of cold-season air temperature from Alpine Lake Silvaplana (AD 1500-2003); methods and concepts for quantitative inferences ............................................ 11 19. Lake ecosystem responses to catchment disturbance and airborne pollution: an 800-year perspective in southern Sweden ........................................................................................................................................... 12 20. Spatial heterogeneity of the population age structure of the ostracode Limnocythere inopinata in Hulun Lake, Inner Mongolia and its implications ...................................................................................................... 12 21. Recently induced anoxia leading to the preservation of seasonal laminae in two NE-German lakes ...... 13 22. Mechanism of variations in environmental magnetic proxies of lake sediments from Nam Co, Tibet during the Holocene ....................................................................................................................................... 13 23. Modification of climate signals by human activities recorded in varved sediments (AD 1608-1942) of Lake Holzmaar (Germany) .............................................................................................................................. 14

藻类微信号预示北极湖泊变暖大变化 ........................................................................................................ 15

Science 文章指出富营养化和气候变化使藻华的毒性增加 ........................................................................ 16

湿地加剧亚马逊河二氧化碳排放 ................................................................................................................ 16

中科院在内陆湖泊藻类丰度主要指示性色素遥感反演算法等方面获新进展 ......................................... 17

美国发现火星湖泊遗迹 ................................................................................................................................ 18

Earth Interactions：温度上升对城市的水供给带来挑战 ............................................................................ 18

蘇必略湖近 10 年来首次出现水位上涨 ...................................................................................................... 19

安徽引进示范应用四川瑞泽公司蓝藻治理新技术 ..................................................................................... 19

鄱阳湖距历史最低水位仅 0.67 米 ............................................................................................................... 20

《北部湖泊的生态研究及管理》一书出版 ................................................................................................. 20


湖泊作为地球表面的一种自然体有着古老而悠久的历史，湖泊科学随着科学技术

的不断发展逐步形成学科交叉且综合性强的新兴学科，在当前全球变化、资源与环境、

生物多样性与生态系统保护等领域扮演着重要角色。随着湖泊科学的发展，研究观念

的更新，监测分析技术的提高，其研究方法及学科动态发展非常迅速，科研人员以及

政府相关部门了解湖泊学科科技前沿的需求不断增加。

湖泊与环境国家重点实验室作为我国唯一的湖泊专业国家级重点实验室，致力于

发展湖泊科学各相关分支学科，推动湖泊科学的基础研究，服务我国湖泊生态治理与

环境保护的全面需求。基于近年来对国际上主流湖泊研究机构及湖泊科学发展态势的

分析，中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所湖泊与环境国家重点实验室和所图书馆联合

推出《湖泊科学动态》，来应对广大从事湖泊科学研究的科研人员需求。本动态主要

报道湖泊（含水库）研究的最新成果，转载具有重要影响力的国际刊物上与湖泊科学

有关的各学科（如物理学、化学、生物学、生态学、地质学、地理学等）以及湖泊工

程、流域综合管理的理论性或应用性研究论文摘要、简报和综述。

《湖泊科学动态》第一期推出后受到了广大科研人员的关注和好评，目前发布的

第二期为本年度 11-12 月的最新动态。2014 年本动态将在每季度末推出新的电子版

刊物，敬请大家关注！祝大家新年愉快！

研究动态

Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters Peter A. Raymond; Jens Hartmann; Ronny Lauerwald, etal.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) transfer from inland waters to the atmosphere, known as CO2 evasion, is a

component of the global carbon cycle. Global estimates of CO2 evasion have been hampered, however,

by the lack of a framework for estimating the inland water surface area and gas transfer velocity and by

the absence of a global CO2 database. Here we report regional variations in global inland water surface

area, dissolved CO2 and gas transfer velocity.We obtain global CO2 evasion rates of 1.8+0.25 -0.25 petagrams

of carbon (Pg C) per year from streams and rivers and 0.32+0.52

-0.26 Pg C yr-1

from lakes and reservoirs,

where the upper and lower limits are respectively the 5th and 95th confidence interval percentiles. The

resulting global evasion rate of 2.1 PgCyr-1

is higher than previous estimates owing to a larger stream

and river evasion rate. Our analysis predicts global hotspots in stream and river evasion,with about 70

per cent of the flux occurring over just 20 per cent of the land surface. The source of inlandwater CO2 is

still notknownwith certaintyandnewstudies are needed to research the mechanisms controlling CO2

evasion globally.

（来源： Nature , 2013, doi:10.1038/nature12760）

中文点评

最近几十年人们越来越认识到，内陆水体会将数量相当大的 CO2 释放到大气中。此前

编者按


2

一直难以对全球范围内有多少碳以这种方式被转移作出估计。这项研究将新数据集与系统方

法相结合来探讨这一问题，并且估计溪流、江河、湖泊和水库的全球碳排放速度为大约每年

2 拍克（1 拍克=1015 克）。由于考虑到了溪流和江河所作贡献，这个数字高于以前的数字。

这项新的分析工作还识别出了溪流和江河侵蚀的全球热点：CO2 通量的大约 70%发生在仅

20%的陆地表面。

（来源：http://www.natureasia.com ,2013-11-12）

摘要精选

黄河与长江流域水资源变化原因

王雁; 丁永建; 叶柏生, 等

利用1951～2008年黄河与长江流域逐月降水和径流资料,对流域年径流变化进行趋势性

检验，分析年降水量和径流量的相关关系变化，比较不同时段流域降水和径流的变化趋势和

双累积曲线，以及径流对降水的敏感性变化。结果表明，黄河干流上游年降水量微弱下降，

中下游降水减少趋势显著，为 8.8～9.8mm/10a；而全流域径流量均呈现显著递减的趋势，为

7.8～10.8mm/10a（通过 95%置值度检验）；径流系数也明显下降，下降范围为 0.013～

0.019/10a，流域产流能力下降，径流减少趋势在 20 世纪 80 年代末至 90 年代初发生突变。

长江流域大部降水减少趋势显著，为 18.2～24.7mm/10a；上游（寸滩站，宜昌站）径流减少

趋势显著，为 9.9～7.2mm/10a，中游（汉口站）和下游（大通站）径流呈微弱下降趋势，为

2.9～2.1mm/10a；长江流域上游径流系数增加不显著，中下游径流系数呈显著增加趋势，速

率分别 0.005/10a 和 0.005/10a，表明中下游产流能力增强。根据水文参数公式计算，与 1951～

1969 年相比，1970～2008 年，降水减少和人类活动引起的下垫面变化对黄河流域径流减少

量的贡献率分别为 11%和 83%；在长江流域，降水减少对径流量变化的贡献占 29%，人类

活动引起的径流量增加占 71%。1980～2008 年，黄河流域由于下垫面变化造成径流量减少

的比例在兰州、三门峡、花园口、利津分别为 97%，83%，83%和 91%，降水引起的径流量

减少比例分别为 3%，17%，17%和 9%。长江流域降水减少对寸滩、宜昌、汉口、大通径流

量减少的贡献分别为 89%，74%，43%和 35%，下垫面变化对径流增量的贡献分别为 11%，

26%，57%和 65%。人类活动的作用强度逐年增大，2000 年之后，下垫面变化对黄河、长江

流域径流变化量的贡献率上升到 84%和 73%。下垫面变化引起了黄河下游径流减少和长江

下游径流增加，在干旱区和湿润区对径流变化的作用相反。造成这一现象的原因是：黄河流

域人类的活动用水量的增加直接造成径流减少；长江流域因太阳辐射下降引起实际蒸发量下

降，同时湖泊面积减少，下垫面硬化也在一定程度上造成产流能力增加。

（来源：中国科学：地球科学,2013(7):1207-1219）

http://www.natureasia.com/


3

UV-induced photochemical heterogeneity of dissolved and attached organic matter associated with cyanobacterial bloomsina eutrophic freshwater lake Xu, Huacheng; Jiang, Helong

Cyanobacterial blooms represent a significant ecological and human health problem worldwide. In

aquatic environments, cyanobacterial blooms are actually surrounded by dissolved organic matter (DOM)

and attached organic matter (AOM) that bind with algal cells. In this study, DOM and AOM fractionated

from blooming cyanobacteria in a eutrophic freshwater lake (Lake Taihu, China) were irradiated with a

polychromatic UV lamp, and the photochemical heterogeneity was investigated using fluorescence

excitation-emission matrix (EEM)-parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis and synchronous fluorescence

(SF)-two dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS). It was shown that a 6-day UV irradiation

caused more pronounced mineralization for DOM than AOM (59.7% vs. 41.9%). The EEM-PARAFAC

analysis identified one tyrosine-, one humic-, and two tryptophan-like components in both DOM and AOM,

and high component photodegradation rates were observed for DOM versus AOM (k>0.554 vs. <0.519).

Moreover, SF-2DCOS found that the photodegradation of organic matters followed the sequence of

tyrosine-like>humic-like>tryptophan-like substances. Humic-like substances promoted the indirect

photochemical reactions, and were responsible for the higher photochemical rate for DOM. The lower

photodegradation of AOM benefited the integrality of cells in cyanobacterial blooms against the negative

impact of UV irradiation. Therefore, the photochemical behavior of organic matter was related to the

adaptation of enhanced-duration cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic environments. Copyright 2013

Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

（来源：Water research, 2013, 47(17): 6506-6515）

Inferring organic content of sediments by scanning reflectance spectroscopy (380-730 nm): applying a novel methodology in a case study from proglacial lakes in Norway Trachsel, Mathias; Kvisvik, Bjorn Christian; Nielsen, Pal Ringkjob; etal.

Reflectance spectroscopy in the visible spectrum (VIS-RS) is a method that has been successfully

applied for inferring organic content of sediments. In this study, we test the applicability of VIS-RS to lake

sediments in Norway. On the one hand we use conventional, established algorithms for inferring organic

content of sediments, on the other hand we test the potential of multivariate calibration techniques to infer

organic content. For absolute quantification of organic content, conventional C-org measurements are

needed when using conventional algorithms as well as when employing multivariate calibration

techniques. Both, conventional algorithms and multivariate calibrations, result in estimates of organic

content closely mirroring loss-on-ignition measurements. When using multivariate calibration techniques,

a conventional C-org measurement every 5 cm is sufficient to obtain estimates of organic matter that are

more accurate than those obtained by means of conventional algorithms. Therefore, the potential of

multivariate calibration techniques and VIS-RS to substitute measurements of more time consuming and

costly sediment parameters (e.g. clay minerals) should be tested.

（来源：JOURNAL OF PALEOLIMNOLOGY, 2013, 50(4): 583-592）


4

Midge (Chironomidae, Chaoboridae, Ceratopogonidae) assemblages and their relationship with biological and physicochemical variables in shallow, polymictic lakes Wazbinski, Kristin E.; Quinlan, Roberto

We explored the relationship of aquatic midge assemblages with physicochemical and biological

environmental gradients to assess which variables may govern the distribution of midge larvae in 47

shallow, polymictic lakes across New Jersey and New York State (NJ/NY) in the United States of America.

Subfossil taxa collected from surficial sediments (0-1cm sediment depth), comprising 50 taxa from 47

lakes, were analysed in conjunction with environmental variables using multivariate statistical techniques.

Alkalinity, maximum depth, surface area, total phosphorus and pH were identified as significant and

ecologically relevant variables that explained the most variation in the midge assemblage across NJ/NY.

Lake trophic state was the main driver for midge distributions in NJ/NY lakes. Biological gradients, such

as per cent macrophyte cover or algal productivity (as chlorophyll a concentration), did not explain a

significant portion of the variation in midge community composition. The addition of chaoborid larvae to

ordinations strengthened the relationship between midge community structure and bottom oxygen

concentration in NJ/NY lakes. Our results confirm that complex species-environment relationships in

shallow, polymictic lakes create challenges for assessing midge assemblages along a particular

environmental gradient, independently of other environmental conditions. However, it may still be

possible to develop palaeolimnological inference models using midge remains to assess general

historical patterns of disturbance for NJ/NY and other polymictic lakes, provided it is understood that

midge-based inferences integrate some covariation in changes along several environmental gradients.

（来源：FRESHWATER BIOLOGY, 2013, 58(12): 2464-2480 ）

Changes in submerged macrophyte abundance altered diatom and chironomid assemblages in a shallow lake Vermaire, Jesse C.; Greffard, Marie-Helene; Saulnier-Talbot, Emilie; etal.

Submerged macrophyte abundance strongly influences aquatic ecosystems. Because of a lack of

monitoring data, however, the long-term dynamics of such aquatic plants are poorly understood.

Increasingly, paleolimnologists use changes in subfossil algae and invertebrates to infer past submerged

macrophyte dynamics and assess how human activities have altered this important primary producer

component of aquatic ecosystems. We evaluated the sensitivity of subfossil diatom and chironomid

assemblages to historically documented changes in macrophyte abundance in Chenango Lake, New

York, USA, where macrophyte cover has been monitored since 1978. We also tested the ability of a

semi-quantitative diatom-based macrophyte-abundance inference model to detect the pronounced

macrophyte decline that was observed between 1993 and 2001. Diatoms responded to the recent loss of

macrophytes, with a decline in the relative abundance of macrophyte-associated taxa. Estimates of

macrophyte abundance fluctuated according to the diatom-based inference model. Chironomid changes

were coherent with the diatom-inferred macrophyte zones. The largest shifts in subfossil assemblages

occurred before the start of the monitoring record and coincided with construction of a similar to

4.3-m-high dam on the lake, which substantially expanded the littoral habitat. Even in heavily managed


5

systems, large reductions in macrophyte abundance can be detected with paleolimnological approaches.


Complex seasonality observed amongst diverse phytoplankton viruses in the Bay of Quinte, an embayment of Lake Ontario Rozon, R. M.; Short, S. M.

To initiate research on algal viruses (viruses that infect eukaryotic algae) and cyanophages (viruses that

infect cyanobacteria) in the Bay of Quinte, a Lake Ontario embayment, samples of viruses free in the

water (i.e. not associated with particulate material) were collected throughout 2011 with the goals of

examining the diversity of phytoplankton viruses and monitoring their dynamics. PCR and sequencing of

DNA polymerase (polB) and major capsid protein (MCP) genes from algal viruses, and sheath protein

genes from cyanophages, revealed diverse phytoplankton viruses in the bay. Specifically, polB

sequences from the bay were most closely related to sequences from viruses that infect prasinophyte

algae, MCP sequences were related to sequences from viruses that infect prasinophytes and from

Mimivirus-like viruses that infect prymnesiophytes and prasinophytes, whilst sheath protein sequences

were related to sequences from the phage Ma-LMM01 that infects M.aeruginosa. The abundances of 10

distinct viral genes monitored using quantitative PCR ranged from exceptionally high values (e.g. 256441

gene copies mL(-1) for a putative M.aeruginosa phage) to values that were just above detection limits

(e.g. a putative Prasinovirus never exceeded 20 gene copies mL(-1)). Patterns of abundance included

genes that were seasonally sporadic or geographically patchy, as well as some that were stable

throughout the bay over the entire year. Despite the heterogeneity of viral abundance across the bay,

gene abundance clustered by sampling date and geographical location. Even for closely related viruses,

seasonality and geographical distribution were distinct. By providing evidence for the complex

seasonality of diverse phytoplankton viruses, this work highlighted significant gaps in knowledge of

aquatic virus ecology that can be extrapolated from this one system to most aquatic environments.

（来源：FRESHWATER BIOLOGY, 2013, 58(12): 2648-2663）

Plant community structure determines primary productivity in shallow, eutrophic lakes Brothers, Soren M.; Hilt, Sabine; Meyer, Stephanie; etal.

Regime shifts are commonly associated with the loss of submerged macrophytes in shallow lakes; yet,

the effects of this on whole-lake primary productivity remain poorly understood. This study compares the

annual gross primary production (GPP) of two shallow, eutrophic lakes with different plant community

structures but similar nutrient concentrations. Daily GPP rates were substantially higher in the lake

containing submerged macrophytes (58623gCm(-2)year(-1)) than in the lake featuring only

phytoplankton and periphyton (40823gCm(-2)year(-1); P<0.0001). Comparing lake-centre diel oxygen

curves to compartmental estimates of GPP confirmed that single-site oxygen curves may provide

unreliable estimates of whole-lake GPP. The discrepancy between approaches was greatest in the

macrophyte-dominated lake during the summer, with a high proportion of GPP occurring in the littoral

zone. Our empirical results were used to construct a simple conceptual model relating GPP to nutrient


6

availability for these alternative ecological regimes. This model predicted that lakes featuring submerged

macrophytes may commonly support higher rates of GPP than phytoplankton-dominated lakes, but only

within a moderate range of nutrient availability (total phosphorus ranging from 30 to 100gL(-1)) and with

mean lake depths shallower than 3 or 4m. We conclude that shallow lakes with a submerged

macrophyte-epiphyton complex may frequently support a higher annual primary production than

comparable lakes that contain only phytoplankton and periphyton. We thus suggest that a regime shift

involving the loss of submerged macrophytes may decrease the primary productivity of many lakes, with

potential consequences for the entire food webs of these ecosystems.


Fish trophic divergence along a lake productivity gradient revealed by historic patterns of invasion and eutrophication Tuckett, Quenton M.; Simon, Kevin S.; Saros, Jasmine E. etal.

Studies of trophic divergence in fishes and other organisms emphasise resource availability as a driving

factor, but usually in terms of alternate resources within particular resource-limited systems. In contrast,

the role of overall ecosystem productivity in shaping trophic diversity among systems has received less

attention.Divergence along productivity gradients may be relevant because aquatic systems span a

range of productivities, humans are accelerating the natural process of eutrophication, and productivity

controls community and ecosystem processes that govern the availability and costs/benefits of

alternative resources.Here, we study whether populations of white perch (Morone americana) differ in

traits related to trophic divergence and how such variation might be predicted by landscape patterns of

lake productivity.White perch populations differed in their body dimensions, fin lengths and gill raker

structures. Each of these traits showed significant and often strong (r(2) up to 0.91) correlations with lake

Secchi depth and other metrics of lake productivity, such that white perch from more eutrophic systems

tended to be larger, have more gibbous bodies, longer fins, more subterminal mouths and gill rakers with

greater spacing. Isotopic 15N was correlated with phenotypic divergence, and fish from eutrophic

systems exhibited a trophic shift at smaller sizes.Our results suggest that productivity has surprising

ability to predict trait variation at the landscape scale. The fact that a number of the study populations

were established in the last century and that some lakes became eutrophic in that period, suggests fish

trophic traits can respond quickly to lake conditions.


Optimising hydrological conditions to sustain wintering waterbird populations in Poyang Lake National Natural Reserve: implications for dam operations Wang, Yuyu; Jia, Yifei; Guan, Lei; etal.

Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and is of global importance for the conservation of

migratory waterbirds of the East Asian - Australasian Flyway. Recent dam construction on the Yangtze

River and its tributaries for agriculture and hydroelectric power has affected the hydrological regimes in

downstream lakes. The Three Gorges Dam changed the hydrological regime of downstream lakes by


7

reducing wet season flooding and expanding water storage in the dry season. Despite the critical role of

Poyang Lake in regional and global biodiversity conservation and the potential adverse ecological

impacts of the Three Gorges Dam on downstream lakes, there have been few studies of the hydrological

requirements of wintering waterbirds in the middle Yangtze floodplains. We assembled a predictor matrix

including three hydrological variables (annual inflow, maximum water level in high water season or

MaxWL and minimum water level in low water season or MinWL) and two climatic variables (annual

rainfall and biological cumulative temperature or BioT). Using the predictor matrix and annual waterbird

census, we built group-specific generalised additive models (GAM) to investigate how waterbird

population variations were related to climatic and hydrological factors in the Poyang Lake National

Natural Reserve. We then used the modelled predictor-response curves to identify the optimal lake water

levels for each waterbird group. The community-level model selected group and the

group-varying-coefficient term of BioT, Inflow and MaxWL as explanatory variables. At group level, tuber

eaters and sedge foragers responded positively to BioT and MinWL. Seed eaters, invertebrate eaters

and fish eaters responded positively to Inflow and negatively to MaxWL and MinWL. Based on the

modelled predictor-response curves, we propose the following optimal water level ranges for Poyang

Lake wintering waterbird conservation: a) maximum high water season level should be less than 17.4m;

and b) minimum low water level should be between 8.2m and 8.8m.


Linking carbon and nitrogen metabolism to depth distribution of submersed macrophytes using high ammonium dosing tests and a lake survey Yuan, Guixiang; Cao, Te; Fu, Hui; etal.

1. Strategies of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) utilisation are among the factors determining plant

distribution. It has been argued that submersed macrophytes adapted to lower light environments are

more efficient in maintaining C metabolic homeostasis due to their conservative C strategy and ability to

balance C shortage. We studied how depth distributions of 12 submersed macrophytes in Lake Erhai,

China, were linked to their C-N metabolic strategies when facing acute NH4+ dosing.

2. NH4+ dosing changed C-N metabolism significantly by decreasing the soluble carbohydrate (SC)

content and increasing the NH4+-N and free amino acid (FAA) content of plant tissues.

3. The proportional changes in SC contents in the leaves and FAA contents in the stems induced by

NH4+ dosing were closely correlated (positive for SC and negative for FAA) with the colonising water

depths of the plants in Lake Erhai, the plants adapted to lower light regimes being more efficient in

maintaining SC and FAA homeostasis.

4. These results indicate that conservative carbohydrate metabolism of submersed macrophytes allowed

the plants to colonise greater water depths in eutrophic lakes, where low light availability in the water

column diminishes carbohydrate production by the plants.



8

Lipid-rich zooplankton subsidise the winter diet of benthivorous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in a subarctic lake Eloranta, Antti P.; Mariash, Heather L.; Rautio, Milla; etal.

Generalist fish species commonly act as important links between littoral and pelagic habitats and

food-web compartments in lakes. However, diet and habitat links may depend significantly on seasonal

availability of, and qualitative differences between, littoral and pelagic prey and on fish size. Despite

increasing interest in food-web dynamics, little is known about the seasonal changes in, or qualitative

differences between, littoral and pelagic trophic pathways supporting generalist fish species in

high-latitude lakes. We used stomach contents together with analyses of stable carbon and nitrogen

isotopes and fatty acids to study the winter and summer diet of generalist Arctic charr and determine the

qualitative differences between littoral and pelagic prey items. We were particularly interested to

determine whether Arctic charr are able to utilise abundant and lipid-rich winter zooplankton resources in

subarctic Lake Saanajarvi, northern Finland. Arctic charr fed actively on cladoceran zooplankton in both

seasons, despite the higher abundance and higher lipid content of calanoid copepods. Although the

stomach contents consisted mainly of zooplankton in summer, the isotopic compositions of muscle and

liver suggest Arctic charr relied more on littoral carbon sources throughout the year. Fatty acid analysis

indicated that Arctic charr had lower amounts of body fat and total and essential fatty acids in winter

compared with summer. Observed seasonal feeding activity and dietary shifts were partly related to

Arctic charr size. Small (<200mm) Arctic charr had more empty stomachs in winter, but higher amounts of

zooplankton in stomachs and of essential fatty acids in muscle tissue in summer compared with larger

(>200mm) conspecifics that had more seasonally stable feeding activity and diet. Fatty acid analysis

indicated that both littoral and pelagic food sources provided similar fatty acids to Arctic charr, but in

general, zooplankton had higher percentages of essential fatty acids compared with zoobenthos. Pelagic

Eudiaptomus graciloides calanoids and littoral Gammarus lacustris amphipods had the highest

concentrations of total and essential fatty acids, but only the latter prey item was found in Arctic charr

stomach contents. Our study demonstrates that lipid-rich zooplankton can subsidise the predominantly

benthivorous diet of top consumers (here Arctic charr) in subarctic lakes. The results also demonstrate

that littoral and pelagic trophic pathways can be highly integrated in high-latitude lakes, as a result of the

flexible foraging behaviour of top consumers such as Arctic charr.


Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) contamination of fish in urban lakes: A prioritization methodology for lake management Xiao, Feng; Gulliver, John S; Simcik, Matt F.

The contamination of urban lakes by anthropogenic pollutants such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)

is a worldwide environmental problem. Large-scale, long-term monitoring of urban lakes requires careful

prioritization of available resources, focusing efforts on potentially impaired lakes. Herein, a database of

PFOS concentrations in 304 fish caught from 28 urban lakes was used for development of an urban-lake

prioritization framework by means of exploratory data analysis (EDA) with the aid of a geographical

information system. The prioritization scheme consists of three main tiers: preliminary classification,

carried out by hierarchical cluster analysis; predictor screening, fulfilled by a regression tree method; and


9

model development by means of a neural network. The predictive performance of the newly developed

model was assessed using a training/validation splitting method and determined by an external validation

set. The application of the model in the U.S. state of Minnesota identified 40 urban lakes that may contain

elevated levels of PFOS; these lakes were not previously considered in PFOS monitoring programs. The

model results also highlight ongoing industrial/commercial activities as a principal determinant of PFOS

pollution in urban lakes, and suggest vehicular traffic as an important source and surface runoff as a

primary pollution carrier. In addition, the EDA approach was further compared to a spatial interpolation

method (kriging), and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. Copyright 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

All rights reserved.

（来源：Water research, 2013,47 (20): 7264-7272）

Strong spatial differentiation of N and P deficiency, primary productivity and community composition between Nyanza Gulf and Lake Victoria (Kenya, East Africa) and the implications for nutrient management Gikuma-Njuru, P.; Guildford, S. J.; Hecky, R. E.; etal.

Study of phytoplankton nutrient status, biomass, productivity and species composition was carried out

between March 2005 and March 2006, along a transect between north-eastern open Lake Victoria and

the large, shallow Nyanza Gulf in order to examine how the terrestrial run-off can influence phytoplankton

community and nutrient status and determine whether nutrient management of catchment run-off has the

potential to control the algal blooms in the gulf. Hydrological and nutrient differences between the open

lake and the gulf create a transition from P deficiency for phytoplankton within the gulf to nitrogen

deficiency in open lake. The shallow and turbid gulf was continuously dominated by non-nitrogen-fixing

filamentous and chroococcale colonial cyanobacteria, but seasonal stratification and deeper mixing

depth in the open lake favoured diazotrophic cyanobacteria and diatoms. Seston ratios and metabolic

nutrient assays indicated the gulf to be sufficiently phosphorus deficient to impose P limitation on

phytoplankton growth and biomass. In contrast, the open lake is not P deficient and is more likely to

experience N deficiency that favours diazotrophic cyanobacteria. Because of high turbidity in the gulf, the

euphotic zone is very shallow, limiting integral primary productivity compared to the less turbid open lake;

high PAR extinction may also favour Microcystis blooms in the gulf. Increased P loading into the gulf may

translate to higher algal biomass, mainly of the bloom-forming and potentially toxic cyanobacteria, and

therefore, reduction in P loading into the gulf should be a management priority. However, a review of

historical data indicates that the greatest change in water quality in the gulf is increased turbidity that

reduces light availability and may limit algal growth more than P deficiency in years of high rainfall and

river discharge.


Consequences of anthropogenic activity for two remote alpine lakes in NW Slovenia as tracked by sediment geochemistry Muri, Gregor; Cermelj, Branko; Jacimovic, Radojko; etal.


10

Several geological and geochemical parameters were determined in the sediments of the 5th (5 J) and

6th (6 J) Triglav Lakes, Julian Alps (NW Slovenia), in order to study the impact of natural catchment

characteristics and anthropogenic activity. Fish were introduced into both lakes in 1991 and a mountain

hut lies on the shore of 5 J. Sedimentary grain size (GS) was distinctly coarser in 5 J than 6 J, with

arithmetic means ranging between 46 and 60 and 23-36 mu m, respectively. In contrast, the

mineralogical composition of the two sediments was similar. Calcite predominated strongly, comprising

more than 77 % of total minerals, while dolomite and quartz were rare. Organic carbon (OC) and total

nitrogen (TN) concentrations were highest in surficial sediments, with levels of 14.4 and 1.8 %, and 19.3

and 2.4 % observed in 5 J and 6 J, respectively. C/N ratios (atomic) were lowest in the same surface

sediments, with the two lakes characterized by similar values (9.6 vs. 9.4, respectively), suggesting a

predominance of autochthonous organic matter (OM) in both lakes. Contemporary delta C-13 values

were lower in 5 J (-21.0 aEuro degrees) than 6 J (-18.5 aEuro degrees) sediments. Considerable

changes in these four parameters were observed in recently deposited material, reflecting a shift in the

trophic status of both lakes that was likely induced by the introduction of fish. In addition, the smaller and

shallower 6 J seemed to respond to changes faster than the larger and deeper 5 J, indicating the higher

sensitivity of the former. delta N-15 values in surface sediments of 5 J and 6 J were -2.9 and -4.4 aEuro

degrees, respectively, with levels increasing gradually with depth to approximately +1.0 aEuro degrees in

deeper sediments. The observed changes could most likely be attributed to the atmospheric deposition

of reactive nitrogen. The mountain hut has seemingly not had a significant enough impact on the lakes to

be recorded in their sediments.


Laminated lake sediments in northeast Poland: distribution, preconditions for formation and potential for paleoenvironmental investigation Tylmann, Wojciech; Zolitschka, Bernd; Enters, Dirk; etal.

Glacial landscapes of the Land of Great Masurian Lakes and Suwaki Lakelands in northeast Poland are

characterized by very high abundance of lakes. These two areas were surveyed for lakes containing

laminated sediments. Using bathymetry as a criterion, 60 small, deep lakes, representing preferred

conditions for formation and preservation of lacustrine non-glacial varves, were selected for gravity

coring. We found laminated sediments in 24 of the lakes, 15 in the Land of Great Masurian Lakes and 9

in the Suwaki Lakeland. Seven of these 24 sediment records were laminated in the topmost part only.

Analysis of lake morphometric variables showed that the relation between surface area and maximum

water depth can be used to identify lakes with laminated sediments. Most of the newly discovered lakes

with laminated deposits have surface areas a parts per thousand currency sign0.3 km(2) and maximum

depths of 15-35 m. Multivariate statistical analysis (Linear Discriminant Analysis) of the lake dataset

identified the morphological features of lake basins and their catchments that largely control preservation

of laminated sediments. Microscopic and geochemical analyses revealed a biogenic (carbonaceous)

type of lamination typical for lakes in northeast Poland. Such lakes are characterized by a spring-summer

lamina that is rich in calcium carbonate and an autumn-winter lamina composed of organic and

minerogenic detritus. This pattern may be modified by multiple periods of calcite deposition during a

single year or substantial contribution of clastic material. Laminations and high sedimentation rates offer


11

the possibility of high-resolution investigation of past climate and environmental changes through

application of myriad biological, isotopic and geochemical proxies.


Occurrence and significance of a cold-water carbonate pseudomorph in microbialites from a saline lake Last, Fawn M.; Last, William M.; Fayek, Mostafa; etal.

Micron-scale pseudomorphs of calcite after ikaite were discovered in microbialites from Manito Lake, a

large hypersaline lake in the Great Plains of western Canada. Although environmental conditions in the

lakes of this region (seasonally cold temperatures, high salinities and elevated productivity) suggest that

ikaite should be common, this is the first documentation of lacustrine ikaite in Canada and the Great

Plains region of North America. The calcite pseudomorphs form a porous dendritic fabric, comprise the

interiors of massive shoreline microbialite mounds and pinnacles, and are encased in centimeter-scale,

laminated dolomite-aragonite rinds. Because of the limited thermodynamic stability of ikaite at or near

freezing temperatures, the psuedomorphs of this mineral provide evidence of an extended cold episode

during the first millennium AD. The Manito deposits also show high delta C-13 values, indicating elevated

productivity and delta O-18 signatures are consistent with precipitation in a cold, somewhat fresher lake

than present.


A chrysophyte stomatocyst-based reconstruction of cold-season air temperature from Alpine Lake Silvaplana (AD 1500-2003); methods and concepts for quantitative inferences de Jong, Rixt; Kamenik, Christian; Westover, Karlyn; etal.

Relatively little is known about past cold-season temperature variability in high-Alpine regions because of

a lack of natural cold-season temperature proxies as well as under-representation of high-altitude sites in

meteorological, early-instrumental and documentary data sources. Recent studies have shown that

chrysophyte stomatocysts, or simply cysts (sub-fossil algal remains of Chrysophyceae and

Synurophyceae), are among the very few natural proxies that can be used to reconstruct cold-season

temperatures. This study presents a quantitative, high-resolution (5-year), cold-season (Oct-May)

temperature reconstruction based on sub-fossil chrysophyte stomatocysts in the annually laminated

(varved) sediments of high-Alpine Lake Silvaplana, SE Switzerland (1,789 m a.s.l.), since AD 1500. We

first explore the method used to translate an ecologically meaningful variable based on a biological proxy

into a simple climate variable. A transfer function was applied to reconstruct the 'date of spring mixing'

from cyst assemblages. Next, statistical regression models were tested to convert the reconstructed

'dates of spring mixing' into cold-season surface air temperatures with associated errors. The strengths

and weaknesses of this approach are thoroughly tested. One much-debated, basic assumption for

reconstructions ('stationarity'), which states that only the environmental variable of interest has influenced

cyst assemblages and the influence of confounding variables is negligible over time, is addressed in


12

detail. Our inferences show that past cold-season air-temperature fluctuations were substantial and

larger than those of other temperature reconstructions for Europe and the Alpine region. Interestingly, in

this study, recent cold-season temperatures only just exceed those of previous, multi-decadal warm

phases since AD 1500. These findings highlight the importance of local studies to assess natural climate

variability at high altitudes.


Lake ecosystem responses to catchment disturbance and airborne pollution: an 800-year perspective in southern Sweden Bragee, Petra; Choudhary, Preetam; Routh, Joyanto; etal.

Sediment sequences spanning the last 800 years from two small lakes in the south Swedish uplands

were explored for assessment of effects of changing human population, local land-use practices and

airborne pollution on lake-ecosystem functioning and resilience. Variations in nutrient cycling and

deposition of lithogenic elements were studied, using a multi-proxy stratigraphic approach. Carbon and

nitrogen elemental and isotopic analyses were applied in combination with records of hydrocarbons

(n-alkanes) to investigate the sources and depositional conditions of sediment organic matter. Changes

in fluvial and airborne delivery of inorganic matter were based on X-ray fluorescence measurements. The

results reveal that population growth and related increases in land-use pressure had a major impact on

catchment erosion and input of terrestrial organic matter to the lakes from the 1500s to the end of the

1800s. Evidence also exists of a brief period of catchment disturbance at ca. 1200-1300, followed by

recovery, likely connected to the Black Death pandemic. At ca. 1900 synchronous shifts in most of the

proxy records suggest a marked change in external forcing common to the two lakes related to a major

decrease in population density and the introduction of modern forestry following the industrial revolution.

Interestingly, the two sediment records exhibit generally coherent trends in C/N ratio, organic C content

and delta C-13, both before and after 1900, indicating broadly similar sensitivities of the lake ecosystems

to human impact. In contrast, deviating trends in total N content, delta N-15 and lithogenic element

concentrations (K, Ti, Rb and Zr) reflect site-specific responses to local disturbances during the last

century due to different nutrient conditions and catchment properties. Our companion sediment records

highlight the importance of understanding long-term human impact on watersheds and demonstrate how

regional versus local forcing of lake ecosystems, as well as site-specific responses related to catchment

characteristics can be reconstructed.


Spatial heterogeneity of the population age structure of the ostracode Limnocythere inopinata in Hulun Lake, Inner Mongolia and its implications Dayou Zhai, Jule Xiao, Jiawei Fan, etal.

Most existing studies of lacustrine ostracodes have been focused on species composition, and little


13

attention has been paid to population structure. In this study, 39 surface-sediment samples from Hulun

Lake, Inner Mongolia, were analyzed for ostracode species composition and 17 of them also for

population structure of Limnocythere inopinata, which is the dominant ostracode in the lake.Atotal of nine

ostracode species were recovered, most of which show high abundances at siteswith rich plant detritus,

implying the possible control of food supply on ostracode species occurrence in the lake. On the other

hand, both the subfossil and the living populations of L. inopinata have greater numbers of early instars in

deeper waters, while middle and late instars occurmostly in shallowerwaters, which is related to the

grainsize composition of the substrate, denoting a hydraulic control on population structure. Pre- and

post-mortem transport of ostracodes may be responsible for the observed within-lake changes in the

population structure, although other factors such as migration, intrinsic population dynamics, and life

cycle could also be involved. Our data provide insights into the interpretation of lake conditions when

using ostracodes in paleolimnological research of lakes with similar natural settings.

（来源：Hydrobiologia,, 2013, 716: 29-46）

Recently induced anoxia leading to the preservation of seasonal laminae in two NE-German lakes Kienel, Ulrike; Dulski, Peter; Ott, Florian; etal.

The recent sediments of two lakes in the NE German lowland became seasonally laminated at different

times. Anoxic bottom conditions resulted from a surplus of organic matter (OM), in the early stage

indicated by irregularly laminated sediments comprising abundant iron-sulfide framboids. Their

diagenetic formation predates the preservation of biochemical calcite varves. In the larger, deeper Lake

Tiefer See near Klocksin, anoxia developed stepwise. A first anoxic pulse was contemporary with inflow

narrowing by railway-dam construction and accumulation of OM. It was favored by a decrease of the

intensity of lake circulation (turnover). Nutrients introduced from artificial fertilizer then increased the

primary production (diatoms) to the point of OM surplus and seasonal laminae formation started 40 years

later in 1924. In the smaller, shallower Lake Tiefer See in the Uckermark, a massive pulse of iron sulfide

was centered around 1960, seven years after installation of piped field drainage into the lake. Anoxia

developed rapidly with the nutrients drained from a fertilized groundwater catchment that is 10 times

larger than the surface catchment, while surface erosion was reduced. Reducing bottom conditions

became regular and the seasonal lamination was preserved after 1967. Morphological criteria to screen

lakes for varved sediments should include reductions of natural lake inflow and catchment increase, such

as by inflow of field drainage. Similar developments of increased nutrient input or intensity decrease of

lake circulation may result from historical human activities but also from natural processes.


Mechanism of variations in environmental magnetic proxies of lake sediments from Nam Co, Tibet during the Holocene SU YouLiang, GAO Xing, LIU QingSong, etal.


14

High-resolution environmental records from the Tibetan Plateau are essential to understand past global

climatic and environmental changes. Magnetic minerals in lake sediments are important proxies to

reconstruct environmental and climatic changes. Nam Co (lake) is a typical great lake in the transitional

region of southwest monsoon in the Tibetan Plateau. Previous studies have extensively focused on

geochemistry, microfossils, sedimentology and biochemistry analysis of Nam Co, which provides sound

interpretation of paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes. However, up to now, no systematic

environmental magnetic studies have been carried out. Therefore, high-resolution and systematic

magnetic studies combined with geochemical parameters were carried on lake sediments of core NC

08/01 from Nam Co for the Holocene period (11.3 cal ka BP) in order to explore how magnetic properties

of the sediments respond to climatic changes. Based on variations of magnetic proxies, the sequence

can be separated into 3 units. Unit 1 (236-199 cm, 11.3-7.8 cal ka BP) contains dominantly

coarse-grained magnetite with homogeneous grain size. A positive correlation between magnetite and Ti

strongly suggests that these coarse-grained detrital magnetites reflect detrital input signals due to

insignificant effects of postdepositional dissolution processes on these coarse-grained magnetite

particles. For Unit 2 (198-102 cm, 7.8-2.1 cal ka BP), magnetic grain size is finer and the corresponding

concentration of magnetite is also reduced. This is mainly due to significant dissolution of these

fine-grained detrital magnetite particles, which were transported under reduced water flow conditions

during this period. For Unit 3 (101-0 cm, 2.1-0 cal ka BP), the bulk magnetic properties are dominated by

a mixture of single domain biogenic magnetite and detrital magnetite. The concentration of magnetic

minerals is not correlated with the Ti content. In conclusion, the preservation of magnetic minerals in the

lake sediment and thus the corresponding magnetic properties are related to the initial grain size.

Combination of magnetic properties (including variation of grain size and concentration) and other

proxies of detrital inputs (e.g. Ti) can be used to infer the variation of redox conditions in Nam Co. These

results provide a viable framework for reconstructing the paleoenvironmental changes of this lake.

（来源：Chinese Science Bulletin, 2013, 58(13): 1568-1578）

Modification of climate signals by human activities recorded in varved sediments (AD 1608-1942) of Lake Holzmaar (Germany) Kienel, Ulrike; Vos, Heinz; Dulski, Peter; etal.

Paleolimnological data from varved sediments in Lake Holzmaar (Eifel, Germany) were combined with

documentary data on human activities, long-term data from the Historical Climate Database (HISKLID)

for Germany and with recent monitoring data to evaluate changes in deposition that arose from climatic

and human influences. The sediment data included seasonal layer thickness in an established varve

chronology (1608-1942 AD), subannual chemical element counts, and multiannual organic matter data

(TOC, TN, delta C-13(org)), all combined on an annual scale. Indicators for detritus deposition (lithogenic

element counts and detritus layers) determined the first principal component (PC1) of the sediment data.

This detritus PC1 was compared to the first PCs of the seasonal precipitation and temperature from

HISKLID. While no relation was found to precipitation, the correlation with the temperature PC1

determined by spring to fall temperatures was significant. From 1608 to 1870, a positive correlation of the

PCs suggests an increase of detritus deposition in the lake center with increasing non-winter

temperatures. These may be linked by lake-internal sediment redeposition that increases when the


15

periods of winter stratification become shorter and that of lake circulation longer. The detritus deposition

is modulated by external detritus input depending on the intensity of erosion-conducive land use (wood

pasture, wood cutting, and rotational slash-and-burn cultivation). Detritus input diminished when land use

slowed down with population decrease as the consequence of plague epidemics, warfare and emigration.

After 1870, forest regeneration and improving agricultural practices led to a stabilization of the catchment.

Erosion and detritus deposition decreased progressively. The negative correlation of detritus deposition

with the gradually increasing temperature presumably mimics a cause-effect relation, although a link with

decreasing freeze-thaw action is possible. The modernization of agriculture proceeded with manuring

and fertilizing, which caused an increase of lake productivity as indicated by summer blooms of diatoms

with enhanced nutrient demand, increased delta C-13(org) values and sulfur concentrations. Within this

well established data base we found combinations of criteria that may be used to deduce natural climatic

or anthropogenic influences. The quantitative attribution of these influences remains a challenging task in

paleolimnology because their interaction makes the detection of linking mechanisms difficult even at high

degree of detail and the processes themselves remain debatable.


科学视点

藻类微信号预示北极湖泊变暖大变化

日前《英国皇家学会学报B辑》中发表研究文章称，湖泊中硅藻滋生显示了加

拿大东部哈德逊湾低地正受到全球快速暖化的冲击。来自加拿大皇后大学的生态学

者约翰斯莫尔(John Smol)及其团队提取了该地区四个湖泊中的沉积物，测量气候变

暖对低地生态系统的影响。研究者发现，随着低地气候变暖，不同种类的硅藻开始

滋生，其中不少物种不再吸附于湖底，而是悬浮于在水体中。随着冰层的融化而不

断升温，湖中出现了不同的水温层，从而引发了硅藻类生物的变化。湖水变暖使新

的硅藻品种得以繁殖，为整个食物链提供了更多能量。斯莫尔表示：“气候变化有利

也有弊，一些物种获得了更多食物，但太多的藻类可能改变湖泊的循环周期，降低

湖水的含氧量。”研究报告第一作者凯思林(Kathleen Rühland)认为，硅藻群的变化表

明气候变暖正在改变湖泊生态系统。这片区域是当地人克里族生活的地方，她说：

“新变化改变了当地人的生活方式，过去的传统渔猎环境变得难以捉摸，他们正在

努力适应这种变化。”曼尼托巴大学的海上浮冰专家大卫巴伯(David Barber)表示，随

着低地逐渐向温带生态系统转变，我们可以从中获取应对气候变化的经验。“我们应

时刻关注生态变化，从而在将来更好的适应与减缓气候变化，特别是在世界的南部

地区。”

（来源：http://env.people.com.cn, 2013-11-27）


16

Science 文章指出富营养化和气候变化使藻华的毒性增加

2013 年 10 月 25 日，《科学》（Science）杂志在线发表题为《水华的“恩将仇

报”》（Blooms Bite the Hand That Feeds Them）的文章指出，近几十年来，富营养

化和气候变化的影响已经导致全球淡水系统中有害藻华的毒性正在增加，威胁着水

生生物、生态系统健康和人类饮用水安全。

蓝藻是地球上最古老的微生物，距今约有 35 亿年，那时地球上没有氧气且大多

数的生命无法孕育。这些细菌被认为能产生氧气，从而为陆地生命的进化铺平了道

路。它们具有高度的适应性和持久性，而如今它们要再次以某种方式适应新条件，

但却威胁到了其他生命。特别值得关注的是微囊藻，由于其强烈的肝毒性和潜在致

癌性，对饮用水产生了严重的威胁。微囊藻是一种普遍在全世界温暖、营养丰富的

死水中繁荣生长的无线藻青菌。就像许多蓝藻细菌一样，它可以调节其在水层中的

位置并在表面附近形成绿色且类似油漆的浮渣。在高光、氧化的环境中，生产微囊

藻素的蓝藻细菌比其他形式的无毒蓝藻细菌更有生存优势。随着时间的推移，它们

可以取代无毒菌株，导致藻华的毒性不断增加。整个美国有 123000 个湖泊的面积

大于 10 英亩，根据环境保护署（EPA）的国家湖泊评估，至少 1/3 的湖泊含有产生

毒素的蓝藻细菌。每年伊利湖等大型的富营养化湖泊都会受到藻华的困扰。研究人

员指出，目前还没有正式的法规来应对藻华事件，需要提高公众对这些问题的认识。

随着气候变暖，CO2 水平的不断上升，河流上筑坝，以及过多的营养物质进入水体，

有毒蓝藻水华的程度只会更糟，持续时间也会更久。

（来源：http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6157/433.short）

湿地加剧亚马逊河二氧化碳排放

法国波尔多大学研究人员Abril等12月15日在线发表在《自然》上的研究结果显

示，湿地向亚马逊中部泛滥平原的河流中输出大量的碳，最终以二氧化碳的形式释

放。

在全球碳循环中，河流不仅充当了陆地到海洋的媒介，同时也是大气中二氧化

碳的重要来源。有研究估计，全球每年有高达30亿吨的碳以二氧化碳的形式从内陆

水域排放到大气中，抵消了陆地生态系统所吸收的碳。通过内陆水域离开陆地生物

圈的碳总量要远远大于最终进入海洋的碳总量。

人们普遍认为，上游通过陆地植被光合作用固定的碳经内陆水体释放到大气，

转化到土壤里，随后被输送到下游地区。但是从整个流域来看，上游河流所携带的

碳通量只占下游水淹地二氧化碳排放量的一部分。全球四分之三的水淹地是由季节

性湿地组成的，但是湿地生态系统对内陆水域碳收支的贡献却被大大忽视。

本研究采用船舶采样测量结合雷达遥感资料，对亚马逊中部的河流-泛滥平原系

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6157/433.short


17

统进行研究。结果显示，水淹森林和漂浮植物向河流水体中输出大量的碳，而在排

放至大气之前，溶解在水体里的二氧化碳能够向下游输送几十到几百公里。研究估

计，亚马逊湿地以溶解的二氧化碳和有机碳的形式向河流中输出了其总初级生产量

的一半，而与此相对，仅4有百分之几的总初级生产量输出到未淹水的生态系统。此

外，每年至少有2.1亿吨湿地输出的碳从亚马逊中部河流及其泛滥平原以二氧化碳的

形式排放到大气中。

研究还指出，季节性或植被覆盖的水淹地区生态系统有高的初级生产量，且碳

排放量巨大，潜在支持着内陆水域大量二氧化碳的排放，全球碳收支中应该对该类

区域予以明确处理。

（来源：气候变化动态, 2013年第44期）

中科院在内陆湖泊藻类丰度主要指示性色素遥感反演算法等方面获

新进展

中科院东北地理与农业生态研究所地理景观遥感学科组在内陆湖泊藻类丰度主

要指示性色素-叶绿素-a(Chl-a)与藻清蛋白(PC)智能算法与半解析模型遥感反演算法

等方面取得新的研究进展，这一研究发现为内陆浑浊水体水环境遥感算法及业务性

应用奠定了技术基础。相关文章发表在遥感和环境科学领域的国际主流学术期刊上

《Remote Sensing of Environment》，《Environmental science and Pollution Research》

和《 Ecological Informatics》。

学科组成员与美国印第安纳大学印第安纳波利斯校区李林教授进行合作开发了

自适应智能算法GA-PLS(genetic Algorithm-Partial Least Squares)，对内陆重要湖泊和

城市水源地的Chl-a进行了遥感算法研究（Song, 2013）。本次研究同时使用了美国

中西部水体、南澳大利亚水体、长春市水源地、太湖等实测数据(n=1160)，这些水

体在固有光学特性与遥感反射率等方面梯度变化大，具有很好的代表性。研究结果

表明，GA所选取的波段与波段比值算法、半解析模型所采用的特征波段基本一致，

具有很好的理论基础。PLS在Chl-a浓度遥感反演方面表现稳定，具有很好的外推性。

研究证明，在有代表性的大样本训练下，GA-PLS模型可以直接用于水体Chl-a浓度

估算。

课题组成员以三波段模型对蓝藻指示性色素PC进行浓度估算，为蓝藻爆发的遥

感监测提供理论与技术支撑，同时也为其他地区湖泊富营养化遥感监测与动态分析

提供了技术支撑。PC的实验室分析一直以来是技术难点，本研究通过YSI水质仪的

PC探头获取的蓝藻浓度与遥感反射率构建了三波段模型。与实验室分析结果对照表

明，YSI水质仪与高光谱遥感有机结合，可为快速进行蓝藻爆发、水体富营养化现状

评价提供信息支持，为水资源管理与污染治理决策提供依据。

（来源：http://www.cas.cn, 2013-11-13）

http://www.bio1000.com/zhuanti/product/201308/443438.html

http://www.bio1000.com/zhuanti/product/201308/442027.html


18

美国发现火星湖泊遗迹

新华社华盛顿 12 月 9 日电美国“好奇”号火星车项目团队 9 日宣布，“好奇”号在火

星上发现了一个早已干涸的远古淡水湖，理论上这个湖泊曾经支持一些简单微生物存活。“好

奇”号于 2012 年在火星的盖尔陨坑降落后，发现降落点附近一个 5 米深、被称作“黄刀湾”

的沟槽中存在热异常现象。地面人员遥控“好奇”号对沟底的沉积岩进行钻探分析，结果发

现 36 亿年前那里是一个水波荡漾的湖泊，它曾存在至少数万年时间。

研究人员 9 日在旧金山举行的美国地球物理学联合会年会上指出，这个湖底区域的 PH

值呈中性，盐度很低，应该曾是淡水湖。此外还发现了碳、氢、氧、硫、氮和磷等关键的生

命元素，这意味着该湖泊能支持原核微生物生存，比如能分解岩石成分和矿物以获取能量的

无机自养型微生物。在地球上的某些洞穴和热泉喷口处，常会找到这类微生物。

参与研究的英国帝国理工学院教授桑吉夫。古普塔在一份声明中说：“这是火星探索

迈出的一大步。数十亿年前，在这个湖泊平静的水面下，可能有远古微生物把许多元素转化

为能量，想到这个场面就让人兴奋。”研究人员指出，人们之前就在火星发现曾有水存在的

迹象，但古代淡水湖遗迹的发现是表明火星曾经宜居的最有力证据。这一研究成果发表在最

新一期美国期刊《科学》上。

（来源：南方日报, 2013-12-11）

业界动态

Earth Interactions：温度上升对城市的水供给带来挑战

2013年10月30日，Earth Interactions发表了题为《规划一个不确定的未来：面向

适应公共供水规划的气候变化灵敏度评估》（Planning for an Uncertain Future: Climate

Change Sensitivity Assessment toward Adaptation Planning for Public Water Supply）的

文章指出，每增温1华氏度，意味着盐湖城地区的城市供水年径流量可能下降1.8%

至6.5%。到21世纪中叶，西部气温变暖，可能意味着一些溪流和河流，将帮助盐湖

城度过在夏秋两季来临前干涸的几个星期。该研究结论可能有助于区域规划者对于

长期投资做出选择，包括蓄水甚至土地保护政策。

文章第一作者Tim指出，许多西部地区供水商都知道气候变化将会带来影响，

但他们不了解能够帮他们规划未来的详细信息。该研究小组由包括水文、气候科学

家以及水公用事业专家成员组成，通过借助气候模型预测了该地区的温度和降水量，

并进行了历史数据分析，详细了解了城市公共用水的获取途径。同时，该研究还利

用NOAA径流预报模型为盐湖城现有供水运营和管理提供信息。文章合著者、国家

大气研究中心（NCAR）的Andrew表示，许多雪依赖性地区按照一贯模式在应对气

候变暖，但重要的是要更深入了解流域的灵敏度，哪怕是个别供水系统。

新的分析细节显示，溪流可能是受影响最大且最易受影响的。如何利用附近

Wasatch山脉西侧甚至更遥远的东侧水源，费用对于水资源管理者来说至关重要。盐


19

湖城公用事业部水资源管理者表示，通过灵敏度分析结果的利用，可以更好地了解

气候变化情景下我们可能遭受的影响范围。并认为这是一种他们需要的工具，能够

帮助适应气候变化、预测未来变化，并做出合理的水资源决策。

盐湖城市长Becker表示，来自于当地Wasatch山脉的水源是盐湖谷的命脉，该研

究以及其它气候适应工作有助于盐湖城在气候变化进程中规划更具弹性的社区。

（来源：科学研究动态监测快报资源环境科学专辑，2013年第22期）

蘇必略湖近 10 年来首次出现水位上涨

五大湖中面积最大的蘇必略湖（Lake Superior），也是世界上面积最大的淡水

湖泊，近 14 年来其湖水位一直低于长期平均水位，在 2007 年更是达到历史记录最

低水位。然而，今年春季由于持续暴雨和暴风雪蘇必略湖水位上涨了 20 英寸，美国

陆军工程兵团流域水文支部主任 Kompoltowicz 表示，这是自 1918 年以来观测到的

最大的上升幅度之一，而通常该地区积雪融化导致的湖水位上涨仅为 1 英尺左右。

苏必利尔湖是大湖航道中一个重要的环节，上游水位的上涨对航运业带来了巨大影

响，美国国会、议会拟斥资对大湖航道进行疏浚，以减轻航运损失。

（来源：Minnesota Public Radio,2013-11-20 根据相关资料编译）

安徽引进示范应用四川瑞泽公司蓝藻治理新技术

随着湖泊富营养化进程的加快，湖泊发生蓝藻暴发的概率不断增加，治理湖

泊蓝藻成为世界性难题。近年巢湖流域也遭遇同样的挑战，治理蓝藻迫在眉睫。

安徽省高度重视巢湖流域水环境治理，在蓝藻治理方面进行了多种新技术的试验

示范。近日，由水利部科技推广中心推荐，安徽省水利厅经过长期关注、调研，

引进示范四川瑞泽科技有限责任公司“阿尔益”复合硅酸铝水处理剂除藻技术，

在合肥市环城公园银河景区 6900m2 蓝藻区域内分别进行示范。示范应用近 2 个

月以来，从梯度试验到较大水域示范，示范点区域内蓝藻基本死亡，鱼类生物生

长正常，没有发生二次污染和次生灾害。相关专家一致认为，示范工作取得阶段

性效果。下一步，将进一步扩大示范范围，对银河景区实行全面治理，进一步检

验该项新技术的安全性、有效性和稳定性，为消除蓝藻及水污染治理、水生态修

复积累经验。该技术以自然镧铈元素与硅酸铝复合而成，取得卫生许可证，获国

家发明专利，对于消除蓝藻危害，防治水体化学物质、有机物、重金属污染，实

施水体生态修复的作用显著，在云南滇池草海、天津海河外环河蓝藻治理中分别

成功应用。

（来源：中国水利杂志, 2013, 19:82）


20

鄱阳湖距历史最低水位仅 0.67 米

12 月 5 日，自鄱阳湖标志性水位站星子站今年第二次降至 8 米以下后，该湖

进入到极枯水位。7.78 米！这是昨日 16 时，鄱阳湖水文局监测到的鄱阳湖水位

数据。连日的干旱少雨天气，使得鄱阳湖水位比历史最低时仅高出 0.67 米，据预

测，鄱阳湖水位未来还会下降。

昨日，记者驱车来到鄱阳湖湖区看到，由于水位下降，该湖大面积湖底裸露，

长满了杂草，有的河床由于水位消退，出现了龟裂的现象。还有的湖底变成草原，

引来了不少市民开车到湖区的草洲上游玩。

据江西鄱阳湖水文局工作人员介绍，今年下半年以来，受持续少雨和长江水

位降低的共同影响，今年鄱阳湖枯水期较常年提前近 2 个月，当前，鄱阳湖湖体

面积萎缩至 267 平方公里，还不及丰水期水体面积的十一分之一，“往年一般要

到 1、2 月份，才会出现这样的极低水位”。

根据水文部门监测，昨日 16 时，鄱阳湖标志性水位站星子站水位为 7.78 米，

比历史最低值 7.11 米仅高出 0.67 米。据江西省防汛抗旱总指挥部相关负责人介

绍，11 月份的阶段性降温降雨，让赣江及鄱阳湖得到一定幅度补充，部分地区的

旱情得到缓解，但是从 11 月中下旬，我省北部保持持续的无雨天气，赣江及鄱

阳湖水位再度下跌。

水文专家介绍，未来几天内，由于全省范围仍无明显降雨，所以鄱阳湖水位

仍会持续下降，离历史极低水位越来越近。不过，根据气象预报，本月 12 日赣

北地区会出现降雨天气，届时，干旱情况会得到缓解。

（来源：江西晨报, 2013-12-08）

《北部湖泊的生态研究及管理》一书出版

近日，《The Secret Life of a Lake: The Ecology of Northern Lakes and Their

Stewardship》一书由美国Graphite Pr 出版社出版，该书作者为纽约斯克内克塔迪联

合大学原生态学专家Peter Tobiessen教授。该书基于长期对纽约萨肯达加湖的观测研

究，全面介绍了从湖泊水环境化学到营养盐富集，从酸雨影响到物种入侵等多方面

内容，旨在帮助从事湖泊研究的专业及非专业人士更深入地了解湖泊内部生态系统

的动力学机制。Tobiessen教授在该书序中写到，只有当我们更多的了解湖泊健康的

生态系统，我们才能更加珍惜现存的湖泊，并采取更明智的措施保护它们。

（来源：http://www.eurekalert.org/, 2013-11-25 根据相关资料编译）

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