(2013-II) 2da Practica - CuS (Funda II)

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(2013-II) 2da Practica - CuS (Funda II)

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  • Cu(+2a) + H2S(a) = CuS + 2H(+a)T KC kJ J/K kJ0 -78.715 51.853 -92.878 5.790E+0175 -79.514 48.952 -93.130 3.095E+017

    10 -80.261 46.292 -93.368 1.682E+01715 -80.969 43.812 -93.593 9.282E+01620 -81.648 41.476 -93.807 5.203E+01625 -82.300 39.270 -94.008 2.960E+01630 -82.927 37.184 -94.199 1.708E+01635 -83.531 35.208 -94.380 9.995E+01540 -84.112 33.338 -94.552 5.928E+01545 -84.671 31.565 -94.714 3.562E+01550 -85.211 29.882 -94.868 2.167E+01555 -85.734 28.277 -95.013 1.335E+01560 -86.242 26.739 -95.150 8.315E+01465 -86.736 25.268 -95.280 5.240E+01470 -87.213 23.868 -95.403 3.339E+01475 -87.674 22.535 -95.519 2.150E+01480 -88.118 21.267 -95.629 1.399E+01485 -88.547 20.061 -95.732 9.189E+01390 -88.960 18.916 -95.829 6.096E+01395 -89.356 17.833 -95.921 4.082E+013100 -89.735 16.810 -96.008 2.758E+013

    Cu(+2a) + HS(-a) = CuS + H(+a)T KC kJ J/K kJ0 -109.791 80.676 -131.827 1.628E+0255 -108.499 85.365 -132.243 6.860E+024

    10 -107.391 89.311 -132.680 3.009E+02415 -106.427 92.688 -133.135 1.368E+02420 -105.570 95.637 -133.606 6.433E+02325 -104.792 98.270 -134.091 3.120E+02330 -104.068 100.678 -134.588 1.557E+02335 -103.380 102.927 -135.097 7.986E+02240 -102.715 105.069 -135.617 4.201E+02245 -102.062 107.137 -136.148 2.264E+02250 -101.416 109.151 -136.689 1.249E+02255 -100.776 111.119 -137.239 7.038E+02160 -100.142 113.036 -137.800 4.050E+02165 -99.506 114.930 -138.370 2.377E+02170 -98.860 116.826 -138.949 1.421E+02175 -98.202 118.729 -139.538 8.656E+020

    H S G

    H S G

  • 80 -97.530 120.646 -140.136 5.363E+02085 -96.840 122.585 -140.744 3.378E+02090 -96.131 124.553 -141.362 2.162E+02095 -95.399 126.556 -141.990 1.405E+020100 -94.640 128.601 -142.628 9.271E+019

    CuOH(+a) + HS(-a) = CuS + H2OT KC kJ J/K kJ0 -161.686 58.185 -177.579 9.150E+0335 -154.627 83.994 -177.990 2.680E+033

    10 -153.681 87.366 -178.419 8.257E+03215 -152.816 90.395 -178.863 2.668E+03220 -152.011 93.164 -179.322 9.015E+03125 -151.249 95.742 -179.794 3.176E+03130 -150.515 98.182 -180.279 1.164E+03135 -149.800 100.523 -180.776 4.426E+03040 -149.094 102.796 -181.284 1.744E+03045 -148.392 105.021 -181.804 7.104E+02950 -147.690 107.209 -182.335 2.988E+02955 -146.987 109.366 -182.876 1.296E+02960 -146.285 111.490 -183.428 5.783E+02865 -145.578 113.596 -183.991 2.653E+02870 -144.862 115.699 -184.564 1.250E+02875 -144.134 117.805 -185.148 6.039E+02780 -143.393 119.917 -185.742 2.989E+02785 -142.638 122.040 -186.347 1.514E+02790 -141.867 124.179 -186.963 7.843E+02695 -141.077 126.339 -187.589 4.150E+026100 -140.267 128.525 -188.226 2.242E+026

    Cu(OH)3(-a) + HS(-a) + 2H(+a) = CuS + 3H2OT KC kJ J/K kJ0 -270.040 22.182 -276.100 6.354E+0525 -248.994 99.135 -276.568 8.748E+051

    10 -246.057 109.599 -277.090 1.321E+05115 -243.186 119.651 -277.663 2.177E+05020 -240.361 129.372 -278.286 3.893E+04925 -237.565 138.829 -278.957 7.518E+04830 -234.785 148.075 -279.674 1.562E+04835 -232.011 157.152 -280.437 3.475E+04740 -229.234 166.090 -281.245 8.255E+04645 -226.450 174.910 -282.098 2.086E+046

    H S G

    H S G

  • 50 -223.655 183.627 -282.994 5.592E+04555 -220.848 192.246 -283.934 1.585E+04560 -218.031 200.768 -284.916 4.740E+04465 -215.197 209.210 -285.941 1.491E+04470 -212.343 217.588 -287.008 4.924E+04375 -209.467 225.909 -288.117 1.703E+04380 -206.568 234.176 -289.267 6.156E+04285 -203.645 242.397 -290.459 2.321E+04290 -200.695 250.576 -291.691 9.114E+04195 -197.717 258.720 -292.965 3.720E+041100 -194.709 266.834 -294.279 1.575E+041

    Cu(OH)3(-a) + S(-2a) + 3H(+a) = CuS + 3H2OT KC kJ J/K kJ0 -318.671 105.890 -347.595 2.995E+0665 -298.075 181.209 -348.478 2.800E+065

    10 -295.391 190.771 -349.408 2.904E+06415 -292.607 200.515 -350.386 3.325E+06320 -289.731 210.411 -351.413 4.182E+06225 -286.769 220.431 -352.490 5.754E+06130 -283.726 230.551 -353.618 8.622E+06035 -280.608 240.751 -354.796 1.402E+06040 -277.421 251.011 -356.025 2.462E+05945 -274.169 261.315 -357.306 4.659E+05850 -270.855 271.648 -358.638 9.460E+05755 -267.485 281.999 -360.022 2.055E+05760 -264.061 292.354 -361.458 4.762E+05665 -260.586 302.706 -362.946 1.174E+05670 -257.064 313.045 -364.485 3.069E+05575 -253.497 323.365 -366.076 8.488E+05480 -249.888 333.658 -367.719 2.478E+05485 -246.238 343.920 -369.413 7.617E+05390 -242.550 354.146 -371.158 2.460E+05395 -238.826 364.332 -372.954 8.331E+052100 -235.066 374.475 -374.801 2.952E+052

    Cu(OH)4(-2a) + S(-2a) + 4H(+a) = CuS + 4H2OT KC kJ J/K kJ0 -374.732 190.064 -426.648 3.934E+0815 -347.285 290.433 -428.069 2.483E+080

    10 -343.749 303.032 -429.552 1.775E+07915 -340.104 315.791 -431.099 1.427E+078

    H S G

    H S G

  • 20 -336.358 328.680 -432.710 1.284E+07725 -332.517 341.673 -434.386 1.285E+07630 -328.586 354.745 -436.127 1.425E+07535 -324.572 367.878 -437.934 1.740E+07440 -320.480 381.051 -439.806 2.331E+07345 -316.314 394.250 -441.744 3.410E+07250 -312.078 407.460 -443.749 5.425E+07155 -307.776 420.669 -445.819 9.354E+07060 -303.413 433.867 -447.955 1.741E+07065 -298.990 447.044 -450.158 3.487E+06970 -294.511 460.193 -452.426 7.489E+06875 -289.978 473.307 -454.759 1.720E+06880 -285.394 486.379 -457.159 4.210E+06785 -280.761 499.406 -459.623 1.096E+06790 -276.081 512.383 -462.153 3.023E+06695 -271.355 525.307 -464.747 8.825E+065100 -266.585 538.176 -467.406 2.718E+065

  • Cu(+2a) + H2S(a) = CuS + 2H(+a) [H(+a)] pHLog(K) 1.00E+00 0.0

    3.16E-01 0.517.763 1.00E-01 1.017.491 3.16E-02 1.517.226 1.00E-02 2.016.968 3.16E-03 2.516.716 1.00E-03 3.016.471 3.16E-04 3.516.233 1.00E-04 4.016.000 3.16E-05 4.515.773 1.00E-05 5.015.552 3.16E-06 5.515.336 1.00E-06 6.015.125 3.16E-07 6.514.920 1.00E-07 7.014.719 3.16E-08 7.514.524 1.00E-08 8.014.332 3.16E-09 8.514.146 1.00E-09 9.013.963 3.16E-10 9.513.785 1.00E-10 10.013.611 3.16E-11 10.513.441 1.00E-11 11.0

    3.16E-12 11.51.00E-12 12.03.16E-13 12.5

    Cu(+2a) + HS(-a) = CuS + H(+a) 1.00E-13 13.0Log(K) 3.16E-14 13.5

    1.00E-14 14.025.212 3.16E-15 14.524.836 1.00E-15 15.024.478 3.16E-16 15.524.136 1.00E-16 16.023.808 3.16E-17 16.523.494 1.00E-17 17.023.192 3.16E-18 17.522.902 1.00E-18 18.022.623 3.16E-19 18.522.355 1.00E-19 19.022.096 3.16E-20 19.521.847 1.00E-20 20.021.60721.37621.15320.937

  • 20.72920.52920.33520.14819.967

    CuOH(+a) + HS(-a) = CuS + H2OLog(K)

    33.96133.42832.91732.42631.95531.50231.06630.64630.24129.85129.47529.11228.76228.42428.09727.78127.47627.18026.89426.61826.351

    Cu(OH)3(-a) + HS(-a) + 2H(+a) = CuS + 3H2OLog(K)

    52.80351.94251.12150.33849.59048.87648.19447.54146.91746.319

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200%5%

    10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%60%65%70%75%80%85%90%95%

    100%

    Diagrama de Predominancia

    [Cu(+2a)]/[CuT][CuOH(+a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]/[CuT]

    pH

    % Concentracin

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -65

    -60

    -55

    -50

    -45

    -40

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 45.74845.20044.67644.17443.69243.23142.78942.36641.96041.57041.197

    Cu(OH)3(-a) + S(-2a) + 3H(+a) = CuS + 3H2OLog(K)

    66.47665.44764.46363.52262.62161.76060.93660.14759.39158.66857.97657.31356.67856.07055.48754.92954.39453.88253.39152.92152.470

    Cu(OH)4(-2a) + S(-2a) + 4H(+a) = CuS + 4H2OLog(K)

    81.59580.39579.24978.154

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -65

    -60

    -55

    -50

    -45

    -40

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    1.000E-064

    1.000E-059

    1.000E-054

    1.000E-049

    1.000E-044

    1.000E-039

    1.000E-034

    1.000E-029

    1.000E-024

    1.000E-019

    1.000E-014

    1.000E-009

    1.000E-004

    1.000E+001

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    [Cu(+2a)][CuOH(+a)][Cu(OH)3(-a)][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 77.10876.10975.15474.24173.36772.53371.73470.97170.24169.54268.87468.23567.62467.04066.48065.94665.434

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    1.000E-064

    1.000E-059

    1.000E-054

    1.000E-049

    1.000E-044

    1.000E-039

    1.000E-034

    1.000E-029

    1.000E-024

    1.000E-019

    1.000E-014

    1.000E-009

    1.000E-004

    1.000E+001

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    [Cu(+2a)][CuOH(+a)][Cu(OH)3(-a)][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • H2S(a)/HS(-a)/S(-2a) [Cu(+2a)] [CuOH(+a)] [Cu(OH)3(-a)] [Cu(OH)4(-2a)]0.001 3.379E-014 3.149E-029 1.3301138E-046 7.78029628E-0740.001 3.379E-015 3.149E-029 1.3301138E-045 7.78029628E-0720.001 3.379E-016 3.149E-029 1.3301138E-044 7.78029628E-0700.001 3.379E-017 3.149E-029 1.3301138E-043 7.78029628E-0680.001 3.379E-018 3.149E-029 1.3301138E-042 7.78029628E-0660.001 3.379E-019 3.149E-029 1.3301138E-041 7.78029628E-0640.001 3.379E-020 3.149E-029 1.3301138E-040 7.78029628E-0620.001 3.380E-021 3.149E-029 1.3301138E-039 7.78029628E-0600.001 3.382E-022 3.149E-029 1.3301138E-038 7.78029628E-0580.001 3.389E-023 3.149E-029 1.3301138E-037 7.78029628E-0560.001 3.411E-024 3.149E-029 1.3301139E-036 7.78029628E-0540.001 3.480E-025 3.149E-029 1.3301139E-035 7.78029628E-0520.001 3.699E-026 3.149E-029 1.3301140E-034 7.78029628E-0500.001 4.392E-027 3.149E-029 1.3301144E-033 7.78029628E-0480.001 6.584E-028 3.149E-029 1.3301156E-032 7.78029628E-0460.001 1.352E-028 3.149E-029 1.3301193E-031 7.78029628E-0440.001 3.543E-029 3.149E-029 1.3301312E-030 7.78029628E-0420.001 1.047E-029 3.149E-029 1.3301688E-029 7.78029628E-0400.001 3.239E-030 3.149E-029 1.3302876E-028 7.78029628E-0380.001 1.017E-030 3.149E-029 1.3306634E-027 7.78029628E-0360.001 3.209E-031 3.149E-029 1.3318518E-026 7.78029628E-0340.001 1.014E-031 3.149E-029 1.3356099E-025 7.78029628E-0320.001 3.206E-032 3.149E-029 1.3474938E-024 7.78029628E-0300.001 1.014E-032 3.149E-029 1.3850741E-023 7.78029628E-0280.001 3.206E-033 3.149E-029 1.5039134E-022 7.78029628E-0260.001 1.014E-033 3.149E-029 1.8797164E-021 7.78029628E-0240.001 3.205E-034 3.149E-029 3.0681098E-020 7.78029628E-0220.001 1.014E-034 3.149E-029 6.8261395E-019 7.78029628E-0200.001 3.205E-035 3.149E-029 1.8710073E-017 7.78029628E-0180.001 1.014E-035 3.149E-029 5.6290371E-016 7.78029628E-0160.001 3.205E-036 3.149E-029 1.7512971E-014 7.78029628E-0140.001 1.014E-036 3.149E-029 5.5093268E-013 7.78029628E-0120.001 3.205E-037 3.149E-029 1.7393260E-011 7.78029628E-0100.001 1.014E-037 3.149E-029 5.4973558E-010 7.78029628E-0080.001 3.205E-038 3.149E-029 1.7381289E-008 7.78029628E-0060.001 1.014E-038 3.149E-029 5.4961587E-007 0.00077802960.001 3.205E-039 3.149E-029 1.7380092E-005 0.07780296280.001 1.014E-039 3.149E-029 0.0005496039 7.78029627770.001 3.205E-040 3.149E-029 0.0173799725 778.02962776630.001 1.014E-040 3.149E-029 0.5496027012 77802.962776630.001 3.205E-041 3.149E-029 17.3799605633 7780296.277663

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200%5%

    10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%60%65%70%75%80%85%90%95%

    100%

    Diagrama de Predominancia

    [Cu(+2a)]/[CuT][CuOH(+a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]/[CuT]

    pH

    % Concentracin

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -65

    -60

    -55

    -50

    -45

    -40

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -65

    -60

    -55

    -50

    -45

    -40

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    1.000E-064

    1.000E-059

    1.000E-054

    1.000E-049

    1.000E-044

    1.000E-039

    1.000E-034

    1.000E-029

    1.000E-024

    1.000E-019

    1.000E-014

    1.000E-009

    1.000E-004

    1.000E+001

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    [Cu(+2a)][CuOH(+a)][Cu(OH)3(-a)][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    1.000E-064

    1.000E-059

    1.000E-054

    1.000E-049

    1.000E-044

    1.000E-039

    1.000E-034

    1.000E-029

    1.000E-024

    1.000E-019

    1.000E-014

    1.000E-009

    1.000E-004

    1.000E+001

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    [Cu(+2a)][CuOH(+a)][Cu(OH)3(-a)][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • [CuT] [Cu(+2a)]/[CuT] [CuOH(+a)]/[CuT] [Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT]3.379E-014 1.000E+000 9.319E-016 3.937E-0333.379E-015 1.000E+000 9.319E-015 3.937E-0313.379E-016 1.000E+000 9.319E-014 3.937E-0293.379E-017 1.000E+000 9.319E-013 3.937E-0273.379E-018 1.000E+000 9.319E-012 3.937E-0253.379E-019 1.000E+000 9.319E-011 3.937E-0233.379E-020 1.000E+000 9.319E-010 3.936E-0213.380E-021 1.000E+000 9.317E-009 3.936E-0193.382E-022 1.000E+000 9.311E-008 3.933E-0173.389E-023 1.000E+000 9.292E-007 3.925E-0153.411E-024 1.000E+000 9.232E-006 3.900E-0133.480E-025 9.999E-001 9.047E-005 3.822E-0113.702E-026 9.991E-001 8.505E-004 3.593E-0094.424E-027 9.929E-001 7.118E-003 3.007E-0076.899E-028 9.543E-001 4.564E-002 1.928E-0051.668E-028 8.104E-001 1.888E-001 7.976E-0046.825E-029 5.192E-001 4.614E-001 1.949E-0025.526E-029 1.895E-001 5.698E-001 2.407E-0011.678E-028 1.931E-002 1.877E-001 7.930E-0011.363E-027 7.461E-004 2.310E-002 9.762E-0011.335E-026 2.404E-005 2.359E-003 9.976E-0011.336E-025 7.590E-007 2.357E-004 9.998E-0011.348E-024 2.379E-008 2.337E-005 1.000E+0001.385E-023 7.318E-010 2.273E-006 9.999E-0011.505E-022 2.130E-011 2.093E-007 9.995E-0011.887E-021 5.370E-013 1.668E-008 9.959E-0013.146E-020 1.019E-014 1.001E-009 9.753E-0017.604E-019 1.333E-016 4.141E-011 8.977E-0012.649E-017 1.210E-018 1.189E-012 7.063E-0011.341E-015 7.559E-021 2.348E-014 4.198E-0019.532E-014 3.363E-023 3.304E-016 1.837E-0018.331E-012 1.217E-025 3.780E-018 6.613E-0027.954E-010 4.030E-028 3.959E-020 2.187E-0027.835E-008 1.294E-030 4.019E-022 7.016E-0037.798E-006 4.111E-033 4.038E-024 2.229E-0037.786E-004 1.302E-035 4.044E-026 7.059E-0047.782E-002 4.119E-038 4.046E-028 2.233E-0047.781E+000 1.303E-040 4.047E-030 7.064E-0057.780E+002 4.120E-043 4.047E-032 2.234E-0057.780E+004 1.303E-045 4.047E-034 7.064E-0067.780E+006 4.120E-048 4.047E-036 2.234E-006

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200%5%

    10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%60%65%70%75%80%85%90%95%

    100%

    Diagrama de Predominancia

    [Cu(+2a)]/[CuT][CuOH(+a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]/[CuT]

    pH

    % Concentracin

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -80-75-70-65-60-55-50-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-505

    1015

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    5

    10

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -65

    -60

    -55

    -50

    -45

    -40

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    5

    10

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

    -29-28-27-26-25-24-23-22-21-20-19-18-17-16-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -65

    -60

    -55

    -50

    -45

    -40

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    1.000E-064

    1.000E-059

    1.000E-054

    1.000E-049

    1.000E-044

    1.000E-039

    1.000E-034

    1.000E-029

    1.000E-024

    1.000E-019

    1.000E-014

    1.000E-009

    1.000E-004

    1.000E+001

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    [Cu(+2a)][CuOH(+a)][Cu(OH)3(-a)][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

    -29-28-27-26-25-24-23-22-21-20-19-18-17-16-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    1.000E-064

    1.000E-059

    1.000E-054

    1.000E-049

    1.000E-044

    1.000E-039

    1.000E-034

    1.000E-029

    1.000E-024

    1.000E-019

    1.000E-014

    1.000E-009

    1.000E-004

    1.000E+001

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    [Cu(+2a)][CuOH(+a)][Cu(OH)3(-a)][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • [Cu(OH)4(-2a)]/[CuT] log[CuT] log[Cu(+2a)] log[CuOH(+a)]2.303E-060 -13.4712435322 -13.4712435322 -28.50185312892.303E-057 -14.4712434431 -14.4712434431 -28.50185312892.303E-054 -15.4712431614 -15.4712431614 -28.50185312892.303E-051 -16.4712422704 -16.4712422704 -28.50185312892.303E-048 -17.4712394532 -17.4712394532 -28.50185312892.303E-045 -18.4712305442 -18.4712305443 -28.50185312892.302E-042 -19.4712023727 -19.4712023731 -28.50185312892.302E-039 -20.4711132959 -20.4711133 -28.50185312892.301E-036 -21.4708317058 -21.4708317462 -28.50185312892.296E-033 -22.469942191 -22.4699425945 -28.50185312892.281E-030 -23.4671387613 -23.4671427706 -28.50185312892.235E-027 -24.4583666089 -24.4584059021 -28.50185312892.101E-024 -25.4315108394 -25.4318803515 -28.50185312891.759E-021 -26.3541943096 -26.3572966832 -28.50185312891.128E-018 -27.1611983233 -27.181494847 -28.50185312894.665E-016 -27.7778694812 -27.8691720841 -28.50185312891.140E-013 -28.1658858283 -28.4505853535 -28.50185312891.408E-011 -28.2575552502 -28.9798670436 -28.50185312894.638E-010 -27.7753215223 -29.4895532415 -28.50185312895.708E-009 -26.8654504219 -29.9926617982 -28.50185312895.828E-008 -25.8745080615 -30.4936494588 -28.50185312895.824E-007 -24.8742174248 -30.9939622526 -28.50185312895.774E-006 -23.8704605606 -31.4940612135 -28.50185312895.617E-005 -22.8585016126 -31.9940925124 -28.50185312895.171E-004 -21.8225524545 -32.4941024105 -28.50185312894.122E-003 -20.7241137924 -32.9941055406 -28.50185312892.473E-002 -19.5022533303 -33.4941065304 -28.50185312891.023E-001 -18.1189482315 -33.9941068434 -28.50185312892.937E-001 -16.5769119865 -34.4941069424 -28.50185312895.802E-001 -14.872592813 -34.9941069737 -28.50185312898.163E-001 -13.0208344949 -35.4941069836 -28.50185312899.339E-001 -11.07929093 -35.9941069867 -28.50185312899.781E-001 -9.0994019164 -36.4941069877 -28.50185312899.930E-001 -7.1059460424 -36.994106988 -28.50185312899.978E-001 -5.1080347268 -37.4941069881 -28.50185312899.993E-001 -3.1086971784 -37.9941069882 -28.50185312899.998E-001 -1.1089068601 -38.4941069882 -28.50185312899.999E-001 0.8910268131 -38.9941069882 -28.50185312891.000E+000 2.8910058368 -39.4941069882 -28.50185312891.000E+000 4.8909992033 -39.9941069882 -28.50185312891.000E+000 6.8909971056 -40.4941069882 -28.5018531289

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -80-75-70-65-60-55-50-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-505

    1015

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    5

    10

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    5

    10

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

    -29-28-27-26-25-24-23-22-21-20-19-18-17-16-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

    -29-28-27-26-25-24-23-22-21-20-19-18-17-16-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • log[Cu(OH)3(-a)] log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)] log([Cu(+2a)]/[CuT]) log([CuOH(+a)]/[CuT])-45.87611119 -73.1090038645 -3.857309866213E-016 -15.0306095967-44.87611119 -71.1090038645 -4.050175359524E-015 -14.0306096858-43.87611119 -69.1090038645 -4.050175359524E-014 -13.0306099675-42.87611119 -67.1090038645 -4.047282377126E-013 -12.0306108584

    -41.8761111899 -65.1090038645 -4.047378809890E-012 -11.0306136757-40.8761111899 -63.1090038645 -4.047267912401E-011 -10.0306225846-39.8761111899 -61.1090038645 -4.047003206208E-010 -9.0306507562-38.8761111898 -59.1090038645 -0.000000004 -8.0307398329-37.8761111894 -57.1090038645 -4.043550844685E-008 -7.0310214231-36.8761111882 -55.1090038645 -4.035279090401E-007 -6.0319109379-35.8761111843 -53.1090038645 -4.009331505718E-006 -5.0347143676-34.876111172 -51.1090038645 -3.929322013258E-005 -4.0434865199

    -33.8761111332 -49.1090038645 -0.000369512 -3.0703422894-32.8761110105 -47.1090038645 -0.0031023736 -2.1476588193-31.8761106225 -45.1090038645 -0.0202965237 -1.3406548055-30.8761093955 -43.1090038645 -0.0913026029 -0.7239836476-29.8761055153 -41.1090038645 -0.2846995252 -0.3359673005-28.8760932453 -39.1090038645 -0.7223117934 -0.2442978787-27.8760544465 -37.1090038645 -1.7142317193 -0.7265316066-26.8759317767 -35.1090038645 -3.1272113763 -1.636402707-25.8755440886 -33.1090038645 -4.6191413974 -2.6273450674-24.8743203839 -31.1090038645 -6.1197448277 -3.627635704-23.8704732269 -29.1090038645 -7.6236006529 -4.6313925682-22.8585269949 -27.1090038645 -9.1355908998 -5.6433515162-21.8227771638 -25.1090038645 -10.671549956 -6.6793006744-20.7259076692 -23.1090038645 -12.2699917482 -7.7777393365-19.5131291083 -21.1090038645 -13.9918532001 -8.9995997986-18.1658248397 -19.1090038645 -15.8751586119 -10.3829048973-16.7279245165 -17.1090038645 -17.9171949559 -11.9249411424-15.2495658917 -15.1090038645 -20.1215141607 -13.6292603159-13.756640181 -13.1090038645 -22.4732724887 -15.481018634-12.258901464 -11.1090038645 -24.9148160567 -17.4225621988

    -10.7596190017 -9.1090038645 -27.3947050713 -19.4024512124-9.2598461541 -7.1090038645 -29.8881609456 -21.3959070864-7.7599180107 -5.1090038645 -32.3860722613 -23.3938184021-6.2599407362 -3.1090038645 -34.8854098097 -25.3931559504-4.7599479229 -1.1090038645 -37.3852001281 -27.3929462688-3.2599501955 0.8909961355 -39.8851338013 -29.392879942-1.7599509142 2.8909961355 -42.385112825 -31.3928589657-0.2599511415 4.8909961355 -44.8851061915 -33.39285233221.2400487867 6.8909961355 -47.3851040938 -35.3928502345

  • ECA Cumg/Lmg/L

    ECA Mnmol/Lmol/L

    ECA Mnlog[mol/L]log[mol/L]

    Para este caso, el rango de pH permisible es enorme (de 0 o quizs menos a 17,2).No es necesario elevar el pH o analizar mucho este caso, dado que el pH fluctuanteest dentro del rango permisible (6 a 8).

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -80-75-70-65-60-55-50-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-505

    1015

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    5

    10

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • Observamos en la grfica adjunta que existe un mnimo log[CuT]=-28,3 cuandoel pH=8,4. Respecto a nuestra anterior conclusin, podemos decir que es conveniente llegar a este mnimo (utilizando rocas carbonatadas).

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    5

    10

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

    -29-28-27-26-25-24-23-22-21-20-19-18-17-16-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

    -29-28-27-26-25-24-23-22-21-20-19-18-17-16-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • log([Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT]) log([Cu(OH)4(-2a)]/[CuT])-32.4048676578 -59.6377603324-30.4048677469 -56.6377604215-28.4048680286 -53.6377607032-26.4048689195 -50.6377615941-24.4048717368 -47.6377644114-22.4048806457 -44.6377733203-20.4049088172 -41.6378014919-18.4049978938 -38.6378905686-16.4052794836 -35.6381721587-14.4061689972 -32.6390616736-12.408972423 -29.6418651033

    -10.4177445631 -26.6506372556-8.4446002938 -23.6774930251-6.5219167009 -20.754809555-4.7149122992 -17.9478055412-3.0982399142 -15.3311343833-1.7102196869 -12.9431180362-0.6185379951 -10.8514486144-0.1007329242 -9.3336823423-0.0104813548 -8.2435534427-0.0010360272 -7.2344958031-0.0001029591 -6.2347864397

    -1.26662807525204E-005 -5.2385433039-2.53822684688684E-005 -4.2505022519

    -0.0002247093 -3.28645141-0.0017938769 -2.3848900722-0.010875778 -1.6067505342

    -0.0468766082 -0.990055633-0.15101253 -0.5320918781

    -0.3769730787 -0.2364110516-0.7358056861 -0.0881693697-1.1796105339 -0.0297129345-1.6602170853 -0.0096019481-2.1539001116 -0.0030578221-2.6518832839 -0.0009691377-3.1512435577 -0.0003066861-3.6510410628 -9.70044705945794E-005-4.1509770087 -3.06776890689973E-005-4.650956751 -9.70135531293524E-006

    -5.1509503448 -3.06785974201144E-006-5.6509483189 -9.70144615106007E-007

  • A1 2A2 2A3 2

    A1 3.15E-05A2 3.15E-05A3 3.15E-05

    A1 -4.50202A2 -4.50202A3 -4.50202

    Para este caso, el rango de pH permisible es enorme (de 0 o quizs menos a 17,2).No es necesario elevar el pH o analizar mucho este caso, dado que el pH fluctuanteest dentro del rango permisible (6 a 8).

  • Observamos en la grfica adjunta que existe un mnimo log[CuT]=-28,3 cuandoel pH=8,4. Respecto a nuestra anterior conclusin, podemos decir que es conveniente llegar a este mnimo (utilizando rocas carbonatadas).

  • Para este caso, el rango de pH permisible es enorme (de 0 o quizs menos a 17,2).No es necesario elevar el pH o analizar mucho este caso, dado que el pH fluctuante

  • Observamos en la grfica adjunta que existe un mnimo log[CuT]=-28,3 cuando

  • Cu(+2a) + H2S(a) = CuS + 2H(+a)T KC kJ J/K kJ0 -78.715 51.853 -92.878 5.790E+0175 -79.514 48.952 -93.130 3.095E+017

    10 -80.261 46.292 -93.368 1.682E+01715 -80.969 43.812 -93.593 9.282E+01620 -81.648 41.476 -93.807 5.203E+01625 -82.300 39.270 -94.008 2.960E+01630 -82.927 37.184 -94.199 1.708E+01635 -83.531 35.208 -94.380 9.995E+01540 -84.112 33.338 -94.552 5.928E+01545 -84.671 31.565 -94.714 3.562E+01550 -85.211 29.882 -94.868 2.167E+01555 -85.734 28.277 -95.013 1.335E+01560 -86.242 26.739 -95.150 8.315E+01465 -86.736 25.268 -95.280 5.240E+01470 -87.213 23.868 -95.403 3.339E+01475 -87.674 22.535 -95.519 2.150E+01480 -88.118 21.267 -95.629 1.399E+01485 -88.547 20.061 -95.732 9.189E+01390 -88.960 18.916 -95.829 6.096E+01395 -89.356 17.833 -95.921 4.082E+013100 -89.735 16.810 -96.008 2.758E+013

    Cu(+2a) + HS(-a) = CuS + H(+a)T KC kJ J/K kJ0 -109.791 80.676 -131.827 1.628E+0255 -108.499 85.365 -132.243 6.860E+024

    10 -107.391 89.311 -132.680 3.009E+02415 -106.427 92.688 -133.135 1.368E+02420 -105.570 95.637 -133.606 6.433E+02325 -104.792 98.270 -134.091 3.120E+02330 -104.068 100.678 -134.588 1.557E+02335 -103.380 102.927 -135.097 7.986E+02240 -102.715 105.069 -135.617 4.201E+02245 -102.062 107.137 -136.148 2.264E+02250 -101.416 109.151 -136.689 1.249E+02255 -100.776 111.119 -137.239 7.038E+02160 -100.142 113.036 -137.800 4.050E+02165 -99.506 114.930 -138.370 2.377E+02170 -98.860 116.826 -138.949 1.421E+02175 -98.202 118.729 -139.538 8.656E+020

    H S G

    H S G

  • 80 -97.530 120.646 -140.136 5.363E+02085 -96.840 122.585 -140.744 3.378E+02090 -96.131 124.553 -141.362 2.162E+02095 -95.399 126.556 -141.990 1.405E+020100 -94.640 128.601 -142.628 9.271E+019

    CuOH(+a) + HS(-a) = CuS + H2OT KC kJ J/K kJ0 -161.686 58.185 -177.579 9.150E+0335 -154.627 83.994 -177.990 2.680E+033

    10 -153.681 87.366 -178.419 8.257E+03215 -152.816 90.395 -178.863 2.668E+03220 -152.011 93.164 -179.322 9.015E+03125 -151.249 95.742 -179.794 3.176E+03130 -150.515 98.182 -180.279 1.164E+03135 -149.800 100.523 -180.776 4.426E+03040 -149.094 102.796 -181.284 1.744E+03045 -148.392 105.021 -181.804 7.104E+02950 -147.690 107.209 -182.335 2.988E+02955 -146.987 109.366 -182.876 1.296E+02960 -146.285 111.490 -183.428 5.783E+02865 -145.578 113.596 -183.991 2.653E+02870 -144.862 115.699 -184.564 1.250E+02875 -144.134 117.805 -185.148 6.039E+02780 -143.393 119.917 -185.742 2.989E+02785 -142.638 122.040 -186.347 1.514E+02790 -141.867 124.179 -186.963 7.843E+02695 -141.077 126.339 -187.589 4.150E+026100 -140.267 128.525 -188.226 2.242E+026

    Cu(OH)3(-a) + HS(-a) + 2H(+a) = CuS + 3H2OT KC kJ J/K kJ0 -270.040 22.182 -276.100 6.354E+0525 -248.994 99.135 -276.568 8.748E+051

    10 -246.057 109.599 -277.090 1.321E+05115 -243.186 119.651 -277.663 2.177E+05020 -240.361 129.372 -278.286 3.893E+04925 -237.565 138.829 -278.957 7.518E+04830 -234.785 148.075 -279.674 1.562E+04835 -232.011 157.152 -280.437 3.475E+04740 -229.234 166.090 -281.245 8.255E+04645 -226.450 174.910 -282.098 2.086E+046

    H S G

    H S G

  • 50 -223.655 183.627 -282.994 5.592E+04555 -220.848 192.246 -283.934 1.585E+04560 -218.031 200.768 -284.916 4.740E+04465 -215.197 209.210 -285.941 1.491E+04470 -212.343 217.588 -287.008 4.924E+04375 -209.467 225.909 -288.117 1.703E+04380 -206.568 234.176 -289.267 6.156E+04285 -203.645 242.397 -290.459 2.321E+04290 -200.695 250.576 -291.691 9.114E+04195 -197.717 258.720 -292.965 3.720E+041100 -194.709 266.834 -294.279 1.575E+041

    Cu(OH)3(-a) + S(-2a) + 3H(+a) = CuS + 3H2OT KC kJ J/K kJ0 -318.671 105.890 -347.595 2.995E+0665 -298.075 181.209 -348.478 2.800E+065

    10 -295.391 190.771 -349.408 2.904E+06415 -292.607 200.515 -350.386 3.325E+06320 -289.731 210.411 -351.413 4.182E+06225 -286.769 220.431 -352.490 5.754E+06130 -283.726 230.551 -353.618 8.622E+06035 -280.608 240.751 -354.796 1.402E+06040 -277.421 251.011 -356.025 2.462E+05945 -274.169 261.315 -357.306 4.659E+05850 -270.855 271.648 -358.638 9.460E+05755 -267.485 281.999 -360.022 2.055E+05760 -264.061 292.354 -361.458 4.762E+05665 -260.586 302.706 -362.946 1.174E+05670 -257.064 313.045 -364.485 3.069E+05575 -253.497 323.365 -366.076 8.488E+05480 -249.888 333.658 -367.719 2.478E+05485 -246.238 343.920 -369.413 7.617E+05390 -242.550 354.146 -371.158 2.460E+05395 -238.826 364.332 -372.954 8.331E+052100 -235.066 374.475 -374.801 2.952E+052

    Cu(OH)4(-2a) + S(-2a) + 4H(+a) = CuS + 4H2OT KC kJ J/K kJ0 -374.732 190.064 -426.648 3.934E+0815 -347.285 290.433 -428.069 2.483E+080

    10 -343.749 303.032 -429.552 1.775E+07915 -340.104 315.791 -431.099 1.427E+078

    H S G

    H S G

  • 20 -336.358 328.680 -432.710 1.284E+07725 -332.517 341.673 -434.386 1.285E+07630 -328.586 354.745 -436.127 1.425E+07535 -324.572 367.878 -437.934 1.740E+07440 -320.480 381.051 -439.806 2.331E+07345 -316.314 394.250 -441.744 3.410E+07250 -312.078 407.460 -443.749 5.425E+07155 -307.776 420.669 -445.819 9.354E+07060 -303.413 433.867 -447.955 1.741E+07065 -298.990 447.044 -450.158 3.487E+06970 -294.511 460.193 -452.426 7.489E+06875 -289.978 473.307 -454.759 1.720E+06880 -285.394 486.379 -457.159 4.210E+06785 -280.761 499.406 -459.623 1.096E+06790 -276.081 512.383 -462.153 3.023E+06695 -271.355 525.307 -464.747 8.825E+065100 -266.585 538.176 -467.406 2.718E+065

  • Cu(+2a) + H2S(a) = CuS + 2H(+a) [H(+a)] pHLog(K) 1.00E+00 0.0

    3.16E-01 0.517.763 1.00E-01 1.017.491 3.16E-02 1.517.226 1.00E-02 2.016.968 3.16E-03 2.516.716 1.00E-03 3.016.471 3.16E-04 3.516.233 1.00E-04 4.016.000 3.16E-05 4.515.773 1.00E-05 5.015.552 3.16E-06 5.515.336 1.00E-06 6.015.125 3.16E-07 6.514.920 1.00E-07 7.014.719 3.16E-08 7.514.524 1.00E-08 8.014.332 3.16E-09 8.514.146 1.00E-09 9.013.963 3.16E-10 9.513.785 1.00E-10 10.013.611 3.16E-11 10.513.441 1.00E-11 11.0

    3.16E-12 11.51.00E-12 12.03.16E-13 12.5

    Cu(+2a) + HS(-a) = CuS + H(+a) 1.00E-13 13.0Log(K) 3.16E-14 13.5

    1.00E-14 14.025.212 3.16E-15 14.524.836 1.00E-15 15.024.478 3.16E-16 15.524.136 1.00E-16 16.023.808 3.16E-17 16.523.494 1.00E-17 17.023.192 3.16E-18 17.522.902 1.00E-18 18.022.623 3.16E-19 18.522.355 1.00E-19 19.022.096 3.16E-20 19.521.847 1.00E-20 20.021.60721.37621.15320.937

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200%5%

    10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%60%65%70%75%80%85%90%95%

    100%

    Diagrama de Predominancia

    [Cu(+2a)]/[CuT][CuOH(+a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]/[CuT]

    pH

    % Concentracin

  • 20.72920.52920.33520.14819.967

    CuOH(+a) + HS(-a) = CuS + H2OLog(K)

    33.96133.42832.91732.42631.95531.50231.06630.64630.24129.85129.47529.11228.76228.42428.09727.78127.47627.18026.89426.61826.351

    Cu(OH)3(-a) + HS(-a) + 2H(+a) = CuS + 3H2OLog(K)

    52.80351.94251.12150.33849.59048.87648.19447.54146.91746.319

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200%5%

    10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%60%65%70%75%80%85%90%95%

    100%

    Diagrama de Predominancia

    [Cu(+2a)]/[CuT][CuOH(+a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]/[CuT]

    pH

    % Concentracin

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -70

    -65

    -60

    -55

    -50

    -45

    -40

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 45.74845.20044.67644.17443.69243.23142.78942.36641.96041.57041.197

    Cu(OH)3(-a) + S(-2a) + 3H(+a) = CuS + 3H2OLog(K)

    66.47665.44764.46363.52262.62161.76060.93660.14759.39158.66857.97657.31356.67856.07055.48754.92954.39453.88253.39152.92152.470

    Cu(OH)4(-2a) + S(-2a) + 4H(+a) = CuS + 4H2OLog(K)

    81.59580.39579.24978.154

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -70

    -65

    -60

    -55

    -50

    -45

    -40

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    1.000E-064

    1.000E-059

    1.000E-054

    1.000E-049

    1.000E-044

    1.000E-039

    1.000E-034

    1.000E-029

    1.000E-024

    1.000E-019

    1.000E-014

    1.000E-009

    1.000E-004

    1.000E+001

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    [Cu(+2a)][CuOH(+a)][Cu(OH)3(-a)][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 77.10876.10975.15474.24173.36772.53371.73470.97170.24169.54268.87468.23567.62467.04066.48065.94665.434

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    1.000E-064

    1.000E-059

    1.000E-054

    1.000E-049

    1.000E-044

    1.000E-039

    1.000E-034

    1.000E-029

    1.000E-024

    1.000E-019

    1.000E-014

    1.000E-009

    1.000E-004

    1.000E+001

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    [Cu(+2a)][CuOH(+a)][Cu(OH)3(-a)][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • H2S(a)/HS(-a)/S(-2a) [Cu(+2a)] [CuOH(+a)] [Cu(OH)3(-a)] [Cu(OH)4(-2a)]0.001 3.231E-015 3.732E-031 1.1431801E-049 4.02691741E-0780.001 3.231E-016 3.732E-031 1.1431801E-048 4.02691741E-0760.001 3.231E-017 3.732E-031 1.1431801E-047 4.02691741E-0740.001 3.231E-018 3.732E-031 1.1431801E-046 4.02691741E-0720.001 3.231E-019 3.732E-031 1.1431801E-045 4.02691741E-0700.001 3.231E-020 3.732E-031 1.1431801E-044 4.02691741E-0680.001 3.231E-021 3.732E-031 1.1431801E-043 4.02691741E-0660.001 3.232E-022 3.732E-031 1.1431801E-042 4.02691741E-0640.001 3.233E-023 3.732E-031 1.1431801E-041 4.02691741E-0620.001 3.236E-024 3.732E-031 1.1431801E-040 4.02691741E-0600.001 3.246E-025 3.732E-031 1.1431801E-039 4.02691741E-0580.001 3.277E-026 3.732E-031 1.1431801E-038 4.02691741E-0560.001 3.377E-027 3.732E-031 1.1431802E-037 4.02691741E-0540.001 3.692E-028 3.732E-031 1.1431802E-036 4.02691741E-0520.001 4.689E-029 3.732E-031 1.1431805E-035 4.02691741E-0500.001 7.841E-030 3.732E-031 1.1431812E-034 4.02691741E-0480.001 1.781E-030 3.732E-031 1.1431837E-033 4.02691741E-0460.001 4.933E-031 3.732E-031 1.1431914E-032 4.02691741E-0440.001 1.490E-031 3.732E-031 1.1432158E-031 4.02691741E-0420.001 4.642E-032 3.732E-031 1.1432931E-030 4.02691741E-0400.001 1.461E-032 3.732E-031 1.1435373E-029 4.02691741E-0380.001 4.613E-033 3.732E-031 1.1443095E-028 4.02691741E-0360.001 1.458E-033 3.732E-031 1.1467515E-027 4.02691741E-0340.001 4.610E-034 3.732E-031 1.1544737E-026 4.02691741E-0320.001 1.458E-034 3.732E-031 1.1788936E-025 4.02691741E-0300.001 4.610E-035 3.732E-031 1.2561162E-024 4.02691741E-0280.001 1.458E-035 3.732E-031 1.5003153E-023 4.02691741E-0260.001 4.609E-036 3.732E-031 2.2725407E-022 4.02691741E-0240.001 1.458E-036 3.732E-031 4.7145318E-021 4.02691741E-0220.001 4.609E-037 3.732E-031 1.2436786E-019 4.02691741E-0200.001 1.458E-037 3.732E-031 3.6856697E-018 4.02691741E-0180.001 4.609E-038 3.732E-031 1.1407924E-016 4.02691741E-0160.001 1.458E-038 3.732E-031 3.5827835E-015 4.02691741E-0140.001 4.609E-039 3.732E-031 1.1305037E-013 4.02691741E-0120.001 1.458E-039 3.732E-031 3.5724949E-012 4.02691741E-0100.001 4.609E-040 3.732E-031 1.1294749E-010 4.02691741E-0080.001 1.458E-040 3.732E-031 3.5714660E-009 4.02691741E-0060.001 4.609E-041 3.732E-031 1.1293720E-007 0.00040269170.001 1.458E-041 3.732E-031 3.5713631E-006 0.04026917410.001 4.609E-042 3.732E-031 0.0001129362 4.02691740780.001 1.458E-042 3.732E-031 0.0035713528 402.6917407759

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200%5%

    10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%60%65%70%75%80%85%90%95%

    100%

    Diagrama de Predominancia

    [Cu(+2a)]/[CuT][CuOH(+a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]/[CuT]

    pH

    % Concentracin

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200%5%

    10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%60%65%70%75%80%85%90%95%

    100%

    Diagrama de Predominancia

    [Cu(+2a)]/[CuT][CuOH(+a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]/[CuT]

    pH

    % Concentracin

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -70

    -65

    -60

    -55

    -50

    -45

    -40

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -70

    -65

    -60

    -55

    -50

    -45

    -40

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    1.000E-064

    1.000E-059

    1.000E-054

    1.000E-049

    1.000E-044

    1.000E-039

    1.000E-034

    1.000E-029

    1.000E-024

    1.000E-019

    1.000E-014

    1.000E-009

    1.000E-004

    1.000E+001

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    [Cu(+2a)][CuOH(+a)][Cu(OH)3(-a)][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    1.000E-064

    1.000E-059

    1.000E-054

    1.000E-049

    1.000E-044

    1.000E-039

    1.000E-034

    1.000E-029

    1.000E-024

    1.000E-019

    1.000E-014

    1.000E-009

    1.000E-004

    1.000E+001

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    [Cu(+2a)][CuOH(+a)][Cu(OH)3(-a)][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • [CuT] [Cu(+2a)]/[CuT] [CuOH(+a)]/[CuT] [Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT]3.231E-015 1.000E+000 1.155E-016 3.538E-0353.231E-016 1.000E+000 1.155E-015 3.538E-0333.231E-017 1.000E+000 1.155E-014 3.538E-0313.231E-018 1.000E+000 1.155E-013 3.538E-0293.231E-019 1.000E+000 1.155E-012 3.538E-0273.231E-020 1.000E+000 1.155E-011 3.538E-0253.231E-021 1.000E+000 1.155E-010 3.538E-0233.232E-022 1.000E+000 1.155E-009 3.538E-0213.233E-023 1.000E+000 1.154E-008 3.536E-0193.236E-024 1.000E+000 1.153E-007 3.533E-0173.246E-025 1.000E+000 1.150E-006 3.522E-0153.277E-026 1.000E+000 1.139E-005 3.488E-0133.377E-027 9.999E-001 1.105E-004 3.385E-0113.696E-028 9.990E-001 1.010E-003 3.093E-0094.726E-029 9.921E-001 7.897E-003 2.419E-0078.214E-030 9.546E-001 4.543E-002 1.392E-0052.155E-030 8.263E-001 1.732E-001 5.305E-0048.779E-031 5.619E-001 4.251E-001 1.302E-0026.365E-031 2.341E-001 5.863E-001 1.796E-0011.563E-030 2.970E-002 2.388E-001 7.315E-0011.182E-029 1.236E-003 3.156E-002 9.672E-0011.148E-028 4.018E-005 3.251E-003 9.967E-0011.147E-027 1.271E-006 3.253E-004 9.997E-0011.155E-026 3.993E-008 3.232E-005 1.000E+0001.179E-025 1.236E-009 3.165E-006 1.000E+0001.257E-024 3.668E-011 2.970E-007 9.997E-0011.504E-023 9.690E-013 2.481E-008 9.973E-0012.313E-022 1.993E-014 1.614E-009 9.826E-0015.117E-021 2.849E-016 7.293E-011 9.213E-0011.646E-019 2.800E-018 2.267E-012 7.554E-0017.713E-018 1.890E-020 4.839E-014 4.779E-0015.168E-016 8.920E-023 7.222E-016 2.208E-0014.385E-014 3.324E-025 8.510E-018 8.170E-0024.140E-012 1.113E-027 9.014E-020 2.731E-0024.063E-010 3.588E-030 9.186E-022 8.794E-0034.038E-008 1.141E-032 9.242E-024 2.797E-0034.030E-006 3.617E-035 9.259E-026 8.861E-0044.028E-004 1.144E-037 9.265E-028 2.804E-0044.027E-002 3.619E-040 9.267E-030 8.868E-0054.027E+000 1.145E-042 9.267E-032 2.804E-0054.027E+002 3.620E-045 9.267E-034 8.869E-006

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200%5%

    10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%60%65%70%75%80%85%90%95%

    100%

    Diagrama de Predominancia

    [Cu(+2a)]/[CuT][CuOH(+a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]/[CuT]

    pH

    % Concentracin

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -85-80-75-70-65-60-55-50-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-505

    10

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200%5%

    10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%60%65%70%75%80%85%90%95%

    100%

    Diagrama de Predominancia

    [Cu(+2a)]/[CuT][CuOH(+a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]/[CuT]

    pH

    % Concentracin

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -85-80-75-70-65-60-55-50-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-505

    10

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    5

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -70

    -65

    -60

    -55

    -50

    -45

    -40

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    5

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -70

    -65

    -60

    -55

    -50

    -45

    -40

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    1.000E-064

    1.000E-059

    1.000E-054

    1.000E-049

    1.000E-044

    1.000E-039

    1.000E-034

    1.000E-029

    1.000E-024

    1.000E-019

    1.000E-014

    1.000E-009

    1.000E-004

    1.000E+001

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    [Cu(+2a)][CuOH(+a)][Cu(OH)3(-a)][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    1.000E-064

    1.000E-059

    1.000E-054

    1.000E-049

    1.000E-044

    1.000E-039

    1.000E-034

    1.000E-029

    1.000E-024

    1.000E-019

    1.000E-014

    1.000E-009

    1.000E-004

    1.000E+001

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    [Cu(+2a)][CuOH(+a)][Cu(OH)3(-a)][Cu(OH)4(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • [Cu(OH)4(-2a)]/[CuT] log[CuT] log[Cu(+2a)] log[CuOH(+a)]1.246E-063 -14.4906533825 -14.4906533825 -30.42806709061.246E-060 -15.4906533402 -15.4906533402 -30.42806709061.246E-057 -16.4906532062 -16.4906532062 -30.42806709061.246E-054 -17.4906527826 -17.4906527826 -30.42806709061.246E-051 -18.4906514429 -18.4906514429 -30.42806709061.246E-048 -19.4906472065 -19.4906472065 -30.42806709061.246E-045 -20.49063381 -20.49063381 -30.42806709061.246E-042 -21.4905914491 -21.4905914496 -30.42806709061.246E-039 -22.4904575161 -22.4904575212 -30.42806709061.245E-036 -23.4900342239 -23.4900342739 -30.42806709061.241E-033 -24.4886980575 -24.4886985569 -30.42806709061.229E-030 -25.484496538 -25.4845014835 -30.42806709061.192E-027 -26.4714419795 -26.4714899731 -30.42806709061.090E-024 -27.4322971551 -27.4327359232 -30.42806709068.521E-022 -28.3255026601 -28.3289457916 -30.42806709064.903E-019 -29.0854524889 -29.1056530701 -30.42806709061.869E-016 -29.6665345546 -29.749395954 -30.42806709064.587E-014 -30.0565630217 -30.3069247445 -30.42806709066.327E-012 -30.1961948456 -30.8268259657 -30.42806709062.577E-010 -29.8060678315 -31.3333139275 -30.42806709063.406E-009 -28.9272659248 -31.8353859377 -30.42806709063.508E-008 -27.9400249853 -32.3360432275 -30.42806709063.510E-007 -26.9403886794 -32.836251288 -30.42806709063.488E-006 -25.9376003772 -33.3363171032 -30.42806709063.416E-005 -24.9285091679 -33.8363379179 -30.42806709063.205E-004 -23.9008308578 -34.3363445003 -30.42806709062.677E-003 -22.8226533499 -34.8363465819 -30.42806709061.741E-002 -21.6358600697 -35.3363472401 -30.42806709067.869E-002 -20.2909656104 -35.8363474483 -30.42806709062.446E-001 -18.7834724721 -36.3363475141 -30.42806709065.221E-001 -17.1127999178 -36.8363475349 -30.42806709067.792E-001 -15.2867018848 -37.3363475415 -30.42806709069.183E-001 -13.3580110148 -37.8363475436 -30.42806709069.727E-001 -11.3830030386 -38.3363475442 -30.42806709069.912E-001 -9.3911914079 -38.8363475445 -30.42806709069.972E-001 -7.3938108682 -39.3363475445 -30.42806709069.991E-001 -5.3946422734 -39.8363475445 -30.42806709069.997E-001 -3.3949054944 -40.3363475445 -30.42806709069.999E-001 -1.394988763 -40.8363475445 -30.42806709061.000E+000 0.6049849021 -41.3363475445 -30.42806709061.000E+000 2.6049765739 -41.8363475445 -30.4280670906

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -85-80-75-70-65-60-55-50-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-505

    10

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -85-80-75-70-65-60-55-50-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-505

    10

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    5

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    5

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • log[Cu(OH)3(-a)] log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)] log([Cu(+2a)]/[CuT]) log([CuOH(+a)]/[CuT])-48.941885338 -77.3950272777 -4.821637332766E-017 -15.9374137081-47.941885338 -75.3950272777 -5.303801066043E-016 -14.9374137504-46.941885338 -73.3950272777 -5.062719199405E-015 -13.9374138844-45.941885338 -71.3950272777 -5.014502826077E-014 -12.937414308-44.941885338 -69.3950272777 -5.015949317280E-013 -11.9374156477-43.941885338 -67.3950272777 -5.016045750053E-012 -10.9374198841-42.941885338 -65.3950272777 -5.015925209380E-011 -9.9374332806-41.941885338 -63.3950272777 -5.015435815797E-010 -8.9374756415

    -40.9418853379 -61.3950272777 -0.000000005 -7.9376095745-39.9418853376 -59.3950272777 -5.009005050104E-008 -6.9380328667-38.9418853366 -57.3950272777 -4.993620443132E-007 -5.9393690331-37.9418853337 -55.3950272777 -4.945568764278E-006 -4.9435705526-36.9418853244 -53.3950272777 -4.799360024973E-005 -3.9566251111-35.9418852951 -51.3950272777 -0.0004387681 -2.9957699355-34.9418852023 -49.3950272777 -0.0034431315 -2.1025644305-33.941884909 -47.3950272777 -0.0202005812 -1.3426146017

    -32.9418839812 -45.3950272777 -0.0828613994 -0.761532536-31.9418810476 -43.3950272777 -0.2503617228 -0.3715040689-30.9418717706 -41.3950272777 -0.6306311201 -0.231872245-29.9418424357 -39.3950272777 -1.5272460959 -0.6219992591-28.9417496834 -37.3950272777 -2.9081200129 -1.5008011658-27.9414565054 -35.3950272777 -4.3960182422 -2.4880421053-26.9405306953 -33.3950272777 -5.8958626086 -3.4876784112-25.937615948 -31.3950272777 -7.398716726 -4.4904667134

    -24.9285253778 -29.3950272777 -8.90782875 -5.4995579227-23.9009701927 -27.3950272777 -10.4355136425 -6.5272362328-22.8238174661 -25.3950272777 -12.013693232 -7.6054137407-21.6434883334 -23.3950272777 -13.7004871704 -8.7922070209

    -20.32656143 -21.3950272777 -15.5453818379 -10.1371014802-18.9052918462 -19.3950272777 -17.552875042 -11.6445946185-17.4334835875 -17.3950272777 -19.7235476171 -13.3152671728-15.9427933931 -15.3950272777 -22.0496456567 -15.1413652058-14.4457794356 -13.3950272777 -24.4783365288 -17.0700560758-12.946727994 -11.3950272777 -26.9533445057 -19.045064052

    -11.4470283862 -9.3950272777 -29.4451561365 -21.0368756827-9.9471234218 -7.3950272777 -31.9425366764 -23.0342562224-8.447153479 -5.3950272777 -34.4417052712 -25.0334248172

    -6.9471629844 -3.3950272777 -36.9414420501 -27.0331615962-5.4471659903 -1.3950272777 -39.4413587815 -29.0330783276-3.9471669408 0.6049727223 -41.9413324466 -31.0330519927-2.4471672414 2.6049727223 -44.4413241185 -33.0330436645

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -85-80-75-70-65-60-55-50-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-505

    10

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • ECA Cumg/Lmg/L

    ECA Mnmol/Lmol/L

    ECA Mnlog[mol/L]log[mol/L]

    Para este caso, el rango de pH permisible es enorme (de 0 o quizs menos a 18,2).No es necesario elevar el pH o analizar mucho este caso, dado que el pH fluctuanteest dentro del rango permisible (6 a 8).

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -85-80-75-70-65-60-55-50-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-505

    10

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[Cu(OH)4(-2a)]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    5

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • Observamos en la grfica adjunta que existe un mnimo log[CuT]=-30,2 cuandoel pH=8,9. Respecto a nuestra anterior conclusin, podemos decir que es conveniente llegar a este mnimo (utilizando rocas carbonatadas).

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    5

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • log([Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT]) log([Cu(OH)4(-2a)]/[CuT])-34.4512319555 -62.9043738952-32.4512319978 -59.9043739375-30.4512321318 -56.9043740715-28.4512325555 -53.9043744951-26.4512338951 -50.9043758348-24.4512381315 -47.9043800712-22.451251528 -44.9043934677

    -20.4512938889 -41.9044358286-18.4514278217 -38.9045697616-16.4518511137 -35.9049930538-14.4531872791 -32.9063292202-12.4573887957 -29.9105307397-10.4704433449 -26.9235852982

    -8.50958814 -23.9627301226-6.6163825422 -21.0695246176-4.8564324201 -18.3095747888-3.2753494267 -15.7284927231-1.8853180258 -13.338464256-0.745676925 -11.1988324321

    -0.1357746041 -9.5889594462-0.0144837586 -8.4677613529-0.0014315201 -7.4550022924-0.0001420159 -6.4546385983

    -1.55708267627637E-005 -5.4574269005-1.62098686641304E-005 -4.4665181098

    -0.0001393349 -3.4941964199-0.0011641162 -2.5723739278-0.0076282636 -1.759167208-0.0355958197 -1.1040616673-0.1218193741 -0.6115548056-0.3206836697 -0.2822273599-0.6560915083 -0.1083253929-1.0877684209 -0.0370162629-1.5637249554 -0.0120242391-2.0558369783 -0.0038358698-2.5533125536 -0.0012164095-3.0525112056 -0.0003850043

    -3.55225749 -0.0001217833-4.0521772273 -3.85146841997976E-005-4.5521518429 -1.21797551644637E-005-5.0521438153 -3.85161103015222E-006

  • A1 2A2 2A3 2

    A1 3.15E-05A2 3.15E-05A3 3.15E-05

    A1 -4.50202A2 -4.50202A3 -4.50202

    Para este caso, el rango de pH permisible es enorme (de 0 o quizs menos a 18,2).No es necesario elevar el pH o analizar mucho este caso, dado que el pH fluctuanteest dentro del rango permisible (6 a 8).

  • Observamos en la grfica adjunta que existe un mnimo log[CuT]=-30,2 cuandoel pH=8,9. Respecto a nuestra anterior conclusin, podemos decir que es conveniente llegar a este mnimo (utilizando rocas carbonatadas).

  • Para este caso, el rango de pH permisible es enorme (de 0 o quizs menos a 18,2).No es necesario elevar el pH o analizar mucho este caso, dado que el pH fluctuante

  • Observamos en la grfica adjunta que existe un mnimo log[CuT]=-30,2 cuando

  • Cu(+2a) + H2S(a) = CuS + 2H(+a)T KC kJ J/K kJ0 -78.715 51.853 -92.878 5.790E+0175 -79.514 48.952 -93.130 3.095E+017

    10 -80.261 46.292 -93.368 1.682E+01715 -80.969 43.812 -93.593 9.282E+01620 -81.648 41.476 -93.807 5.203E+01625 -82.300 39.270 -94.008 2.960E+01630 -82.927 37.184 -94.199 1.708E+01635 -83.531 35.208 -94.380 9.995E+01540 -84.112 33.338 -94.552 5.928E+01545 -84.671 31.565 -94.714 3.562E+01550 -85.211 29.882 -94.868 2.167E+01555 -85.734 28.277 -95.013 1.335E+01560 -86.242 26.739 -95.150 8.315E+01465 -86.736 25.268 -95.280 5.240E+01470 -87.213 23.868 -95.403 3.339E+01475 -87.674 22.535 -95.519 2.150E+01480 -88.118 21.267 -95.629 1.399E+01485 -88.547 20.061 -95.732 9.189E+01390 -88.960 18.916 -95.829 6.096E+01395 -89.356 17.833 -95.921 4.082E+013100 -89.735 16.810 -96.008 2.758E+013

    Cu(+2a) + HS(-a) = CuS + H(+a)T KC kJ J/K kJ0 -109.791 80.676 -131.827 1.628E+0255 -108.499 85.365 -132.243 6.860E+024

    10 -107.391 89.311 -132.680 3.009E+02415 -106.427 92.688 -133.135 1.368E+02420 -105.570 95.637 -133.606 6.433E+02325 -104.792 98.270 -134.091 3.120E+02330 -104.068 100.678 -134.588 1.557E+02335 -103.380 102.927 -135.097 7.986E+02240 -102.715 105.069 -135.617 4.201E+02245 -102.062 107.137 -136.148 2.264E+02250 -101.416 109.151 -136.689 1.249E+02255 -100.776 111.119 -137.239 7.038E+02160 -100.142 113.036 -137.800 4.050E+02165 -99.506 114.930 -138.370 2.377E+02170 -98.860 116.826 -138.949 1.421E+02175 -98.202 118.729 -139.538 8.656E+020

    H S G

    H S G

  • 80 -97.530 120.646 -140.136 5.363E+02085 -96.840 122.585 -140.744 3.378E+02090 -96.131 124.553 -141.362 2.162E+02095 -95.399 126.556 -141.990 1.405E+020100 -94.640 128.601 -142.628 9.271E+019

    CuOH(+a) + HS(-a) = CuS + H2OT KC kJ J/K kJ0 -161.686 58.185 -177.579 9.150E+0335 -154.627 83.994 -177.990 2.680E+033

    10 -153.681 87.366 -178.419 8.257E+03215 -152.816 90.395 -178.863 2.668E+03220 -152.011 93.164 -179.322 9.015E+03125 -151.249 95.742 -179.794 3.176E+03130 -150.515 98.182 -180.279 1.164E+03135 -149.800 100.523 -180.776 4.426E+03040 -149.094 102.796 -181.284 1.744E+03045 -148.392 105.021 -181.804 7.104E+02950 -147.690 107.209 -182.335 2.988E+02955 -146.987 109.366 -182.876 1.296E+02960 -146.285 111.490 -183.428 5.783E+02865 -145.578 113.596 -183.991 2.653E+02870 -144.862 115.699 -184.564 1.250E+02875 -144.134 117.805 -185.148 6.039E+02780 -143.393 119.917 -185.742 2.989E+02785 -142.638 122.040 -186.347 1.514E+02790 -141.867 124.179 -186.963 7.843E+02695 -141.077 126.339 -187.589 4.150E+026100 -140.267 128.525 -188.226 2.242E+026

    Cu(OH)3(-a) + HS(-a) + 2H(+a) = CuS + 3H2OT KC kJ J/K kJ0 -270.040 22.182 -276.100 6.354E+0525 -248.994 99.135 -276.568 8.748E+051

    10 -246.057 109.599 -277.090 1.321E+05115 -243.186 119.651 -277.663 2.177E+05020 -240.361 129.372 -278.286 3.893E+04925 -237.565 138.829 -278.957 7.518E+04830 -234.785 148.075 -279.674 1.562E+04835 -232.011 157.152 -280.437 3.475E+04740 -229.234 166.090 -281.245 8.255E+04645 -226.450 174.910 -282.098 2.086E+046

    H S G

    H S G

  • 50 -223.655 183.627 -282.994 5.592E+04555 -220.848 192.246 -283.934 1.585E+04560 -218.031 200.768 -284.916 4.740E+04465 -215.197 209.210 -285.941 1.491E+04470 -212.343 217.588 -287.008 4.924E+04375 -209.467 225.909 -288.117 1.703E+04380 -206.568 234.176 -289.267 6.156E+04285 -203.645 242.397 -290.459 2.321E+04290 -200.695 250.576 -291.691 9.114E+04195 -197.717 258.720 -292.965 3.720E+041100 -194.709 266.834 -294.279 1.575E+041

    Cu(OH)3(-a) + S(-2a) + 3H(+a) = CuS + 3H2OT KC kJ J/K kJ0 -318.671 105.890 -347.595 2.995E+0665 -298.075 181.209 -348.478 2.800E+065

    10 -295.391 190.771 -349.408 2.904E+06415 -292.607 200.515 -350.386 3.325E+06320 -289.731 210.411 -351.413 4.182E+06225 -286.769 220.431 -352.490 5.754E+06130 -283.726 230.551 -353.618 8.622E+06035 -280.608 240.751 -354.796 1.402E+06040 -277.421 251.011 -356.025 2.462E+05945 -274.169 261.315 -357.306 4.659E+05850 -270.855 271.648 -358.638 9.460E+05755 -267.485 281.999 -360.022 2.055E+05760 -264.061 292.354 -361.458 4.762E+05665 -260.586 302.706 -362.946 1.174E+05670 -257.064 313.045 -364.485 3.069E+05575 -253.497 323.365 -366.076 8.488E+05480 -249.888 333.658 -367.719 2.478E+05485 -246.238 343.920 -369.413 7.617E+05390 -242.550 354.146 -371.158 2.460E+05395 -238.826 364.332 -372.954 8.331E+052100 -235.066 374.475 -374.801 2.952E+052

    CuO2(-2a) + S(-2a) + 4H(+a) = CuS + 2H2OT KC kJ J/K kJ0 -376.129 223.065 -437.060 3.856E+0835 -360.970 278.461 -438.424 2.187E+082

    10 -357.975 289.135 -439.843 1.405E+08115 -355.083 299.257 -441.314 1.015E+080

    H S G

    H S G

  • 20 -352.257 308.980 -442.835 8.178E+07825 -349.466 318.423 -444.404 7.314E+07730 -346.684 327.676 -446.019 7.215E+07635 -343.893 336.807 -447.680 7.812E+07540 -341.080 345.863 -449.387 9.241E+07445 -338.237 354.868 -451.139 1.189E+07450 -335.362 363.836 -452.935 1.658E+07355 -332.455 372.763 -454.777 2.495E+07260 -329.522 381.634 -456.663 4.038E+07165 -326.555 390.473 -458.593 7.008E+07070 -323.547 399.303 -460.568 1.300E+07075 -320.497 408.126 -462.586 2.569E+06980 -317.406 416.942 -464.649 5.398E+06885 -314.271 425.755 -466.756 1.202E+06890 -311.092 434.570 -468.906 2.831E+06795 -307.867 443.391 -471.101 7.037E+066100 -304.593 452.224 -473.340 1.841E+066

  • Cu(+2a) + H2S(a) = CuS + 2H(+a) [H(+a)] pHLog(K) 1.00E+00 0.0

    3.16E-01 0.517.763 1.00E-01 1.017.491 3.16E-02 1.517.226 1.00E-02 2.016.968 3.16E-03 2.516.716 1.00E-03 3.016.471 3.16E-04 3.516.233 1.00E-04 4.016.000 3.16E-05 4.515.773 1.00E-05 5.015.552 3.16E-06 5.515.336 1.00E-06 6.015.125 3.16E-07 6.514.920 1.00E-07 7.014.719 3.16E-08 7.514.524 1.00E-08 8.014.332 3.16E-09 8.514.146 1.00E-09 9.013.963 3.16E-10 9.513.785 1.00E-10 10.013.611 3.16E-11 10.513.441 1.00E-11 11.0

    3.16E-12 11.51.00E-12 12.03.16E-13 12.5

    Cu(+2a) + HS(-a) = CuS + H(+a) 1.00E-13 13.0Log(K) 3.16E-14 13.5

    1.00E-14 14.025.212 3.16E-15 14.524.836 1.00E-15 15.024.478 3.16E-16 15.524.136 1.00E-16 16.023.808 3.16E-17 16.523.494 1.00E-17 17.023.192 3.16E-18 17.522.902 1.00E-18 18.022.623 3.16E-19 18.522.355 1.00E-19 19.022.096 3.16E-20 19.521.847 1.00E-20 20.021.60721.37621.15320.937

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200%5%

    10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%60%65%70%75%80%85%90%95%

    100%

    Diagrama de Predominancia

    [Cu(+2a)]/[CuT][CuOH(+a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT][CuO2(-2a)]/[CuT]

    pH

    % Concentracin

  • 20.72920.52920.33520.14819.967

    CuOH(+a) + HS(-a) = CuS + H2OLog(K)

    33.96133.42832.91732.42631.95531.50231.06630.64630.24129.85129.47529.11228.76228.42428.09727.78127.47627.18026.89426.61826.351

    Cu(OH)3(-a) + HS(-a) + 2H(+a) = CuS + 3H2OLog(K)

    52.80351.94251.12150.33849.59048.87648.19447.54146.91746.319

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200%5%

    10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%60%65%70%75%80%85%90%95%

    100%

    Diagrama de Predominancia

    [Cu(+2a)]/[CuT][CuOH(+a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT][CuO2(-2a)]/[CuT]

    pH

    % Concentracin

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -60

    -55

    -50

    -45

    -40

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[CuO2(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 45.74845.20044.67644.17443.69243.23142.78942.36641.96041.57041.197

    Cu(OH)3(-a) + S(-2a) + 3H(+a) = CuS + 3H2OLog(K)

    66.47665.44764.46363.52262.62161.76060.93660.14759.39158.66857.97657.31356.67856.07055.48754.92954.39453.88253.39152.92152.470

    CuO2(-2a) + S(-2a) + 4H(+a) = CuS + 2H2OLog(K)

    83.58682.34081.14880.006

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -60

    -55

    -50

    -45

    -40

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[CuO2(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    1.000E-059

    1.000E-054

    1.000E-049

    1.000E-044

    1.000E-039

    1.000E-034

    1.000E-029

    1.000E-024

    1.000E-019

    1.000E-014

    1.000E-009

    1.000E-004

    1.000E+001

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    [Cu(+2a)][CuOH(+a)][Cu(OH)3(-a)][CuO2(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 78.91377.86476.85875.89374.96674.07573.22072.39771.60670.84670.11469.41068.73268.08067.45266.84766.265

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    1.000E-059

    1.000E-054

    1.000E-049

    1.000E-044

    1.000E-039

    1.000E-034

    1.000E-029

    1.000E-024

    1.000E-019

    1.000E-014

    1.000E-009

    1.000E-004

    1.000E+001

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    [Cu(+2a)][CuOH(+a)][Cu(OH)3(-a)][CuO2(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • H2S(a)/HS(-a)/S(-2a) [Cu(+2a)] [CuOH(+a)] [Cu(OH)3(-a)] [CuO2(-2a)]0.001 2.450E-011 2.409E-024 2.6884973E-039 1.421120E-0640.001 2.450E-012 2.409E-024 2.6884973E-038 1.421120E-0620.001 2.450E-013 2.409E-024 2.6884973E-037 1.421120E-0600.001 2.450E-014 2.409E-024 2.6884973E-036 1.421120E-0580.001 2.450E-015 2.409E-024 2.6884973E-035 1.421120E-0560.001 2.450E-016 2.409E-024 2.6884973E-034 1.421120E-0540.001 2.451E-017 2.409E-024 2.6884973E-033 1.421120E-0520.001 2.452E-018 2.409E-024 2.6884973E-032 1.421120E-0500.001 2.457E-019 2.409E-024 2.6884974E-031 1.421120E-0480.001 2.473E-020 2.409E-024 2.6884977E-030 1.421120E-0460.001 2.521E-021 2.409E-024 2.6884985E-029 1.421120E-0440.001 2.675E-022 2.409E-024 2.6885011E-028 1.421120E-0420.001 3.162E-023 2.409E-024 2.6885093E-027 1.421120E-0400.001 4.700E-024 2.409E-024 2.6885352E-026 1.421120E-0380.001 9.565E-025 2.409E-024 2.6886173E-025 1.421120E-0360.001 2.495E-025 2.409E-024 2.6888769E-024 1.421120E-0340.001 7.360E-026 2.409E-024 2.6896976E-023 1.421120E-0320.001 2.275E-026 2.409E-024 2.6922930E-022 1.421120E-0300.001 7.140E-027 2.409E-024 2.7005003E-021 1.421120E-0280.001 2.253E-027 2.409E-024 2.7264541E-020 1.421120E-0260.001 7.118E-028 2.409E-024 2.8085273E-019 1.421120E-0240.001 2.250E-028 2.409E-024 3.0680656E-018 1.421120E-0220.001 7.116E-029 2.409E-024 3.8887978E-017 1.421120E-0200.001 2.250E-029 2.409E-024 6.4841808E-016 1.421120E-0180.001 7.115E-030 2.409E-024 1.4691503E-014 1.421120E-0160.001 2.250E-030 2.409E-024 4.0645333E-013 1.421120E-0140.001 7.115E-031 2.409E-024 1.2271855E-011 1.421120E-0120.001 2.250E-031 2.409E-024 3.8225685E-010 1.421120E-0100.001 7.115E-032 2.409E-024 0.000000012 1.421120E-0080.001 2.250E-032 2.409E-024 3.7983720E-007 1.421120E-0060.001 7.115E-033 2.409E-024 1.2005694E-005 0.0001421120.001 2.250E-033 2.409E-024 0.0003795952 0.01421120450.001 7.115E-034 2.409E-024 0.0120032741 1.42112045310.001 2.250E-034 2.409E-024 0.3795710418 142.1120453080.001 7.115E-035 2.409E-024 12.0030321251 14211.20453080.001 2.250E-035 2.409E-024 379.568622108 1421120.453080.001 7.115E-036 2.409E-024 12003.0079286 142112045.3080.001 2.250E-036 2.409E-024 379568.380143 142112045310.001 7.115E-037 2.409E-024 12003005.509 14211204530830.001 2.250E-037 2.409E-024 379568355.947 1.421120E+0140.001 7.115E-038 2.409E-024 12003005267 1.421120E+016

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200%5%

    10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%60%65%70%75%80%85%90%95%

    100%

    Diagrama de Predominancia

    [Cu(+2a)]/[CuT][CuOH(+a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT][CuO2(-2a)]/[CuT]

    pH

    % Concentracin

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200%5%

    10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%60%65%70%75%80%85%90%95%

    100%

    Diagrama de Predominancia

    [Cu(+2a)]/[CuT][CuOH(+a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT][CuO2(-2a)]/[CuT]

    pH

    % Concentracin

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -60

    -55

    -50

    -45

    -40

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[CuO2(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -60

    -55

    -50

    -45

    -40

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[CuO2(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    1.000E-059

    1.000E-054

    1.000E-049

    1.000E-044

    1.000E-039

    1.000E-034

    1.000E-029

    1.000E-024

    1.000E-019

    1.000E-014

    1.000E-009

    1.000E-004

    1.000E+001

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    [Cu(+2a)][CuOH(+a)][Cu(OH)3(-a)][CuO2(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    1.000E-059

    1.000E-054

    1.000E-049

    1.000E-044

    1.000E-039

    1.000E-034

    1.000E-029

    1.000E-024

    1.000E-019

    1.000E-014

    1.000E-009

    1.000E-004

    1.000E+001

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    [Cu(+2a)][CuOH(+a)][Cu(OH)3(-a)][CuO2(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • [CuT] [Cu(+2a)]/[CuT] [CuOH(+a)]/[CuT] [Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT]2.450E-011 1.000E+000 9.834E-014 1.097E-0282.450E-012 1.000E+000 9.834E-013 1.097E-0262.450E-013 1.000E+000 9.834E-012 1.097E-0242.450E-014 1.000E+000 9.834E-011 1.097E-0222.450E-015 1.000E+000 9.834E-010 1.097E-0202.450E-016 1.000E+000 9.833E-009 1.097E-0182.451E-017 1.000E+000 9.831E-008 1.097E-0162.452E-018 1.000E+000 9.825E-007 1.096E-0142.457E-019 1.000E+000 9.805E-006 1.094E-0122.473E-020 9.999E-001 9.744E-005 1.087E-0102.524E-021 9.990E-001 9.547E-004 1.065E-0082.699E-022 9.911E-001 8.926E-003 9.961E-0073.403E-023 9.291E-001 7.081E-002 7.901E-0057.136E-024 6.586E-001 3.376E-001 3.767E-0033.635E-024 2.632E-001 6.629E-001 7.397E-0025.348E-024 4.666E-002 4.505E-001 5.028E-0012.938E-023 2.505E-003 8.201E-002 9.155E-0012.717E-022 8.373E-005 8.869E-003 9.910E-0012.703E-021 2.642E-006 8.914E-004 9.991E-0012.727E-020 8.261E-008 8.836E-005 9.999E-0012.809E-019 2.534E-009 8.579E-006 1.000E+0003.068E-018 7.334E-011 7.853E-007 1.000E+0003.890E-017 1.829E-012 6.193E-008 9.996E-0016.498E-016 3.463E-014 3.708E-009 9.978E-0011.483E-014 4.797E-016 1.624E-010 9.904E-0014.207E-013 5.349E-018 5.728E-012 9.662E-0011.369E-011 5.196E-020 1.760E-013 8.962E-0015.244E-010 4.291E-022 4.595E-015 7.290E-0012.624E-008 2.712E-024 9.182E-017 4.584E-0011.801E-006 1.249E-026 1.338E-018 2.109E-0011.541E-004 4.617E-029 1.563E-020 7.790E-0021.459E-002 1.542E-031 1.651E-022 2.602E-0021.433E+000 4.965E-034 1.681E-024 8.376E-0031.425E+002 1.579E-036 1.691E-026 2.664E-0031.422E+004 5.003E-039 1.694E-028 8.439E-0041.422E+006 1.583E-041 1.695E-030 2.670E-0041.421E+008 5.006E-044 1.695E-032 8.445E-0051.421E+010 1.583E-046 1.695E-034 2.671E-0051.421E+012 5.007E-049 1.695E-036 8.446E-0061.421E+014 1.583E-051 1.695E-038 2.671E-0061.421E+016 5.007E-054 1.695E-040 8.446E-007

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200%5%

    10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%60%65%70%75%80%85%90%95%

    100%

    Diagrama de Predominancia

    [Cu(+2a)]/[CuT][CuOH(+a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT][CuO2(-2a)]/[CuT]

    pH

    % Concentracin

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200%5%

    10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%60%65%70%75%80%85%90%95%

    100%

    Diagrama de Predominancia

    [Cu(+2a)]/[CuT][CuOH(+a)]/[CuT][Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT][CuO2(-2a)]/[CuT]

    pH

    % Concentracin

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -70-65-60-55-50-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-505

    10152025

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[CuO2(-2a)]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -60

    -55

    -50

    -45

    -40

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[CuO2(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

    -24-23-22-21-20-19-18-17-16-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -60

    -55

    -50

    -45

    -40

    -35

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[CuO2(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    1.000E-059

    1.000E-054

    1.000E-049

    1.000E-044

    1.000E-039

    1.000E-034

    1.000E-029

    1.000E-024

    1.000E-019

    1.000E-014

    1.000E-009

    1.000E-004

    1.000E+001

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    [Cu(+2a)][CuOH(+a)][Cu(OH)3(-a)][CuO2(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

    -24-23-22-21-20-19-18-17-16-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    1.000E-059

    1.000E-054

    1.000E-049

    1.000E-044

    1.000E-039

    1.000E-034

    1.000E-029

    1.000E-024

    1.000E-019

    1.000E-014

    1.000E-009

    1.000E-004

    1.000E+001

    Diagrama de Bjerrum

    [Cu(+2a)][CuOH(+a)][Cu(OH)3(-a)][CuO2(-2a)]

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • [CuO2(-2a)]/[CuT] log[CuT] log[Cu(+2a)] log[CuOH(+a)] log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]5.800E-054 -10.6108278061 -10.6108278061 -23.6180962886 -38.57049039745.800E-051 -11.6108275334 -11.6108275334 -23.6180962886 -37.57049039745.800E-048 -12.610826671 -12.610826671 -23.6180962886 -36.57049039745.800E-045 -13.6108239437 -13.6108239438 -23.6180962886 -35.57049039745.800E-042 -14.6108153193 -14.6108153197 -23.6180962886 -34.57049039725.800E-039 -15.610788045 -15.6107880493 -23.6180962886 -33.57049039685.799E-036 -16.6107017811 -16.6107018238 -23.6180962886 -32.57049039555.795E-033 -17.6104288407 -17.6104292674 -23.6180962886 -31.57049039135.784E-030 -18.6095642341 -18.6095684926 -23.6180962886 -30.5704903785.747E-027 -19.6068153392 -19.6068576572 -23.6180962886 -29.57049033615.631E-024 -20.5979800931 -20.5983949329 -23.6180962886 -28.57049020355.265E-021 -21.5687751324 -21.5726696838 -23.6180962886 -27.57048978434.176E-018 -22.4681670672 -22.5000976548 -23.6180962886 -26.57048845851.991E-015 -23.1465235571 -23.3278930484 -23.6180962886 -25.5704842663.910E-013 -23.4395231596 -24.0192985458 -23.6180962886 -24.57047100852.657E-011 -23.2718285105 -24.6029176076 -23.6180962886 -23.57042908714.837E-010 -22.5319489418 -25.1331025612 -23.6180962886 -22.57029654665.231E-009 -21.565972041 -25.6431016484 -23.6180962886 -21.56987768275.258E-008 -20.568167299 -26.1463121563 -23.6180962886 -20.56855577145.212E-007 -19.5643631665 -26.6473323673 -23.6180962886 -19.56440180575.060E-006 -18.5515154198 -27.1476554858 -23.6180962886 -18.55152134424.632E-005 -17.513114896 -27.6477577149 -23.6180962886 -17.5131353533.653E-004 -16.4100259301 -28.1477900476 -23.6180962886 -16.41018463642.187E-003 -15.1871940912 -28.6478002725 -23.6180962886 -15.18814488289.580E-003 -13.8287530095 -29.147803506 -23.6180962886 -13.83293378583.378E-002 -12.376064105 -29.6478045285 -23.6180962886 -12.39098931811.038E-001 -10.8635021714 -30.1478048519 -23.6180962886 -10.91108978592.710E-001 -9.2803630774 -30.6478049541 -23.6180962886 -9.41764472275.416E-001 -7.5810180507 -31.1478049865 -23.6180962886 -7.91973833617.891E-001 -5.7444964981 -31.6478049967 -23.6180962886 -6.42040250079.221E-001 -3.8121473708 -32.1478049999 -23.6180962886 -4.92061273969.740E-001 -1.8359209024 -32.647805001 -23.6180962886 -3.42067924419.916E-001 0.1562836864 -33.1478050013 -23.6180962886 -1.92070027699.973E-001 2.1537893129 -33.6478050014 -23.6180962886 -0.42070692829.992E-001 4.1529975479 -34.1478050014 -23.6180962886 1.07929096859.997E-001 6.1527468707 -34.6478050014 -23.6180962886 2.57929030339.999E-001 8.1526675696 -35.1478050014 -23.6180962886 4.0792900931.000E+000 10.1526424894 -35.6478050014 -23.6180962886 5.57929002651.000E+000 12.1526345581 -36.1478050014 -23.6180962886 7.07929000541.000E+000 14.1526320499 -36.6478050014 -23.6180962886 8.57928999881.000E+000 16.1526312568 -37.1478050014 -23.6180962886 10.0792899967

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -70-65-60-55-50-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-505

    10152025

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[CuO2(-2a)]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

    -24-23-22-21-20-19-18-17-16-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

    -24-23-22-21-20-19-18-17-16-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • log[CuO2(-2a)] log([Cu(+2a)]/[CuT]) log([CuOH(+a)]/[CuT])-63.84736911 -4.271970676831E-014 -13.0072684825-61.84736911 -4.270524185633E-013 -12.0072687552-59.84736911 -4.270909916639E-012 -11.0072696176-57.84736911 -4.270827948993E-011 -10.0072723449-55.84736911 -4.270742125739E-010 -9.0072809693-53.84736911 -4.270473868734E-009 -8.0073082436-51.84736911 -4.269625912321E-008 -7.0073945075-49.84736911 -4.266945360690E-007 -6.0076674478-47.84736911 -4.258478260378E-006 -5.0085320545-45.84736911 -0.000042318 -4.0112809494-43.84736911 -0.0004148398 -3.0201161955-41.84736911 -0.0038945513 -2.0493211562-39.84736911 -0.0319305875 -1.1499292214-37.84736911 -0.1813694912 -0.4715727314-35.84736911 -0.5797753862 -0.178573129-33.84736911 -1.3310890971 -0.3462677781-31.84736911 -2.6011536194 -1.0861473468-29.84736911 -4.0771296073 -2.0521242475-27.84736911 -5.5781448573 -3.0499289896-25.84736911 -7.0829692008 -4.053733122-23.84736911 -8.5961400659 -5.0665808687-21.84736911 -10.1346428189 -6.1049813926-19.84736911 -11.7377641174 -7.2080703585-17.84736911 -13.4606061813 -8.4309021974-15.84736911 -15.3190504965 -9.789343279-13.84736911 -17.2717404235 -11.2420321836-11.84736911 -19.2843026805 -12.7545941172-9.84736911 -21.3674418768 -14.3377332112-7.84736911 -23.5667869358 -16.0370782379-5.84736911 -25.9033084986 -17.8735997904-3.84736911 -28.3356576291 -19.8059489177-1.84736911 -30.8118840986 -21.78217538620.15263089 -33.3040886876 -23.77437997492.15263089 -35.8015943143 -25.77188560154.15263089 -38.3008025493 -27.77109383646.15263089 -40.8005518721 -29.77084315928.15263089 -43.300472571 -31.7707638582

    10.15263089 -45.8004474908 -33.77073877812.15263089 -48.3004395595 -35.770730846614.15263089 -50.8004370513 -37.770728338516.15263089 -53.3004362582 -39.7707275453

  • ECA Cumg/Lmg/L

    ECA Mnmol/Lmol/L

    ECA Mnlog[mol/L]log[mol/L]

    Para este caso, el rango de pH permisible es enorme (de 0 o quizs menos a 14,8).No es necesario elevar el pH o analizar mucho este caso, dado que el pH fluctuanteest dentro del rango permisible (6 a 8).

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -70-65-60-55-50-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-505

    10152025

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]log[Cu(+2a)]log[CuOH(+a)]log[Cu(OH)3(-a)]log[CuO2(-2a)]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • Observamos en la grfica adjunta que existe un mnimo log[CuT]=-23,44 cuandoel pH=7,0. Respecto a nuestra anterior conclusin, podemos decir que es conveniente llegar a este mnimo (utilizando rocas carbonatadas).

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    -30

    -25

    -20

    -15

    -10

    -5

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

    -24-23-22-21-20-19-18-17-16-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

    -24-23-22-21-20-19-18-17-16-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4

    Diagrama de Solubilidad

    log[CuT]ECA A1, A2 y A3

    pH

    log[CuT]

  • log([Cu(OH)3(-a)]/[CuT]) log([CuO2(-2a)]/[CuT])-27.9596625913 -53.2365413039-25.959662864 -50.2365415767

    -23.9596637265 -47.2365424391-21.9596664536 -44.2365451663-19.9596750779 -41.2365537907-17.9597023518 -38.236581065-15.9597886144 -35.236667329-13.9600615506 -32.2369402693-11.960926144 -29.237804876-9.9636749969 -26.2405537708-7.9725101104 -23.2493890169-6.0017146519 -20.2785939776-4.1023213913 -17.3792020428-2.4239607089 -14.7008455529-1.1309478489 -12.4078459505-0.2986005765 -10.5755405995-0.0383476048 -9.3154201683-0.0039056417 -8.281397069-0.0003884724 -7.279201811

    -3.8639192101658E-005 -6.2830059435-5.92431175273275E-006 -5.2958536902

    -0.000020457 -4.334254214-0.0001587063 -3.4373431799-0.0009507916 -2.6601750188-0.0041807763 -2.0186161005-0.0149252131 -1.471305005-0.0475876146 -0.9838669387-0.1372816453 -0.5670060327-0.3387202854 -0.2663510593-0.6759060026 -0.1028726119-1.1084653687 -0.0352217392-1.5847583418 -0.0114482077-2.0769839632 -0.0036527964-2.5744962411 -0.001158423-3.0737065794 -0.0003666579-3.5734565673 -0.0001159807-4.0733774766 -3.6679649275181E-005-4.573352463 -1.1599456700468E-005

    -5.0733445526 -3.6681035963185E-006-5.5733420511 -0.00000116-6.0733412601 -3.6681174642813E-007

  • A1 2A2 2A3 2

    A1 3.15E-05A2 3.15E-05A3 3.15E-05

    A1 -4.50202A2 -4.50202A3 -4.50202

    Para este caso, el rango de pH permisible es enorme (de 0 o quizs menos a 14,8).No es necesario elevar el pH o analizar mucho este caso, dado que el pH fluctuanteest dentro del rango permisible (6 a 8).

  • Observamos en la grfica adjunta que existe un mnimo log[CuT]=-23,44 cuandoel pH=7,0. Respecto a nuestra anterior conclusin, podemos decir que es conveniente llegar a este mnimo (utilizando rocas carbonatadas).

  • Para este caso, el rango de pH permisible es enorme (de 0 o quizs menos a 14,8).No es necesario elevar el pH o analizar mucho este caso, dado que el pH fluctuante

  • Observamos en la grfica adjunta que existe un mnimo log[CuT]=-23,44 cuando

  • 25 C5 C95 C