DR. AHMAD RIADZ BIN MAZELI

Unit Kesihatan Alam Sekitar

Bahagian Kawalan Penyakit

18 Julai 2012 1

RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

(RIA) and TRENDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL

HEALTH

Tentative

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1. Ringkasan RIA

2. Jangkaan Dalam RIA

3. Contoh Isu Semasa Berkaitan RIA

i. Lynas

ii. NPP

4. Kesimpulan

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Di Malaysia, jika mendirikan kilang untuk memproses bijih dan galian mengandungi Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials

(NORMs), RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (RIA) perlu dijalankan

Laporan perlu diberikan kepada Lembaga Perlesenan Tenaga Atom [ATOMIC ENERGY LICENSING BOARD (AELB)] untuk dinilai dan kelulusan

Kepakaran : Agensi Nuklear Malaysia & Juruperunding swasta

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Akta Perlesenan Tenaga Atom (Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 [Act 304] ) DEALING WITH RADIOACTIVE REQUIRES A VALID LICENSE

Atomic Energy Licensing (Basic Safety Radiation Protection) Regulations 2010 DOSE CRITERIA

LEM/TEK/30 SEM.2, September 1996 DESCRIBES RIA SCOPE

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NO ACT 304 & REGULATIONS REMARK

1. Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 (Act 304)

Section 12(1)(b) requirement of license Section 13 classification of licences Section 16 application of licence Section 17 license conditions Section 18 security for licences Section 22 cancelation or suspension of licence Section 23 renewal of licence Section 25 protection of workers Section 26 29 disposal of radioactive waste Section 30 transportation of radioactive waste Section 40 penalty

2. Radiation Protection (Licensing) Regulations 1986

Regulation 4 (3), 4 (4) Class A (Miling) Regulation 7 Class D (transport) Regulation 8 Class E (import/ekxport) Regulation 10 Class G (disposal/store/decommissioni) Regulation 12 general condition obtain a licence Regulation 13 (2) application of licence (letter of intense) Regulation 14(1) & 14(3) amend or renewal of licence Regulation 15 (1) application fee and licence fee Regulation 23 information required for application to site, construct and operate (RIA) Regulation 24 information required for application to site, construct and operate a waste treatment facility

Class A (Miling) to site, to construct or to operate a miling

installation

Atomic Enegry Licensing Act 1984

Radiation safety

Environmental Quality Act 1974

- Occupational & Safety Act

1994,

- Factory & Machinery Act

1967,

Petroleum Act 1984

Environmental Impact Assessment

Registraion of Safety Health Officer (SHO) /

factory & machinery/ usage of pressure vessel / boiler

Department of Environmental

(DOE)

Depasrtment of Safety and Health

(DOSH)

AELB

Ministry of Housing and Local Authority

- Local Government Act 1976 - Fire Services Act 1988 - Street, Drainage, and Building Act 1974 - Town and Country Planning Act 1976

Local government authority / fire services / town planning

MIDA Rare earth miling license Industrial & International

Trade

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CLASS OF LICENSE

RADIOACTIVE

MATERIAL

CLASS A

NUCLEAR

MATERIAL

CLASS

B IRRIDIATING APPARATUS

CLASS C

TRANSPORTA

TION

CLASS D

IMPORT/

EXPORT

CLASS E

NUCLEAR

NSTALLATION

CLASS F

DISPOSAL/

STORAGE OF

RADIOACTIVE/NU

CLEAR MATERIAL

BEFORE DISPOSE

CLASS G

OTHERS

CLASS H

ACTIVITY

-Import

-Export

ACTIVITY -Purchase

-Sell

-Trade in

-Transfer

-Import

-Export

-Possess

-Own

-Use

-Store

-Handle

ACTIVITY -Manufacture

-Trade in

-Produce

-Process

-Purchase

-Own

-Possess

-Transfer

-Handle

-Sell

-Store

-Import

-Export

ACTIVITY -Same as

Class A but

For

Nuclear

Material

ACTIVITY -Transport

ACTIVITY -Same as

Class A

ACTIVITY -Dispose

-Store before

disposal

ACTIVITY -Training

etc

Menentukan sejauh mana impak radiologikal semasa Tempoh Pengoperasian sesuatu kilang / aktiviti kepada alam sekitar, orang awam dan alam sekitar

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Pengenalan kepada projek/aktiviti

Situasi sinaran semasa

Keadaan geografi tapak projek/aktiviti Hidrologi

Geologi

Meteorologi

Keadaan projek/aktiviti setara yang sedia ada di Malaysia / negara berkenaan

Kajian RIA proses, aktiviti, paras sinaran jangkaan

Kesan kanser kepada manusia matematik 10

Sumber : Resrad 6.5, Argonne National Laboratory, US Department of Energy

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100 % RADON & THORON GAS ARE DISCHARGED THROUGH STACK

NO POLYETHYLENE LINER UNDERNEARTH THE WLP TEMPORARY STORAGE FACILITY

LEACHED RADIONUCLIDES MIGRATED TO THE GROUND WATER WITH NO DILUTION

A DRINKING WATER WELL IS BUILT ADJACENT TO THE STORAGE FACILITY (IN FACT, THE AREA IS NON-ACCESSIBLE TO PUBLIC)

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Physical parameter (e.g. size, depth, density, porosity, diffusion coefficient)

Hydrological parameter (e.g. conductivity, water table depth)

Geochemical parameter (e.g. distribution coefficient, leach rate)

Meteorological parameter (e.g. precipitation, wind speed)

Usage and consumption parameter (e.g. inhalation, ingestion, occupancy)

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Subsidiary of Lynas Corporation Limited

(Australia) Lanthanide concentrate

80,000 tpa

20-50 consignments of

containers per year

Gebeng Industrial

Estate

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Europe, Canada

USA, Japan

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CONCENTRATE

SEPARATION

PRODUCT FINISHING

Lanthanide

Products

Lanthanide

Concentrate

MINE + CRUSH

SULFURIC ACID

CRACKING &

LEACHING

Lanthanide Ore

Residue (IOM)

Mt Weld, Australia

Advanced Materials

Plant, Malaysia

Sulfuric Acid

Hydrochloric Acid

Sodium Hydroxide

Soda Ash

Magnesium Oxide

Hydrated Lime

Waste Gas Treatment

FGD (Residue)

Neutralisation NUF (Residue)

WLP (Residue)

LYNAS: PROCESS FLOW SHEET

The main processes involved in the LYNAS Advance Material Plant (LAMP) include:

Lanthanide Concentrate Handling

Lanthanide Concentrate Cracking

Leaching

Upstream Extraction

Downstream Extraction

Product Finishing

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Lanthanide Concentrates

Lynas Plant, Malaysia

Lanthanide Products

Solid Residue

NUF from water treatment

FGD from gas treatment

WLP Containing low-level natural radionuclide, 0.165% Th

+ 0.0022 % U

Containing low-level natural radionuclide, 0.16% Th +

0.0029 % U

NUF (Neutralized Underflow Residue) , FGD (Flue Gas Desulphonation Residue) , WLP Residue (Water Leach & Purification Residue)

21 NUF (Neutralized Underflow Residue) FGD (Flue Gas Desulphonation Residue) WLP (Water Leach & Purification Residue)

For FGD and NUF materials:

o residue will be discharged directly into trucks parked beneath the filter press.

o residue transfer to cells thru a loaded truck pulls away from beneath the filter press which then travel the FGD and NUF storage.

the WLP Residue:

o will be discharged into one dedicated truck and transfer to the WLP residue cell

o the loaded truck will travel to the WLP residue cell along the designated truck routes

o once within the residue cell, a rubber-tyre front-end loader (FEL) will spread, traffic compact, and contour the residue.

Residue will need to be stored until processing and sale of materials becomes commercially viable.

WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

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the study covers:

o the radiological safety assessment of exposure scenarios;

o the critical pathways;

o the critical radionuclides; and

o the critical groups identified covering both internal & external exposure

situations.

The estimated average total doses received:

o workers the highest dose of 5.62 mSv/yr;

o members of the public - 0.002 mSv/y.

wastes generated from the process:

o WLP - appears to be slightly enhanced NORM (0.165%)

o assessment thru RESRAD model software code:

during the operational period - proved the expected doses to workers and MOP are within and not exceeding the ADL.

SAFETY ASSESSMENT: RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (RIA) (1)

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RIA concluded and recommended:

o the operation of the plant would not caused any radiological

risk to the workers and members of the public living in the

surrounding areas of the site as reported in previous RIA study

to be given due consideration by the AELB.

SAFETY ASSESSMENT: RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT (RIA) (2)

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The WLP contains NORM 0.165 % Thorium distributed in 99.835% of non-radioactive materials

Th

Th

Th

Th

Th Th

Th

Th

WLP Th

Th

La

La

La

La

Th Th

Th Th

ARAS SINARAN DARI SISA WLP

Aras sinaran pada ketinggian 1 meter dari permukaan sisa WLP ialah 0.004 mSv/jam. Hanya lapisan atas memberi kesan kepada sinaran. Lapisan atas menjadi penahan sinaran dari lapisan bawah

Aras sinaran pada ketinggian 1 meter dari permukaan sisa WLP ialah 0.004 mSv/jam walaupun ketebalan sisa bertambah

-26-

Th Th

Th

Th Th

Th

Th Th

Th

Th Th Th

GAS RADIOAKTIF RADON DARI SISA WLP Thorium menghasilkan gas radon (nama biasa thoron) mempunyai separuh

hayat 55 saat. Setiap 55 saat keaktifan asal berkurang menjadi separuh.

Sebahagian besar gas radon terperangkap di dalam sisa WLP

Lagi basah sisa WLP lagi banyak gas radon tak dapat keluar dari sisa WLP

Sebahagian kecil sahaja gas radon terbebas dari permukaan sisa WLP dan menjadi semakin cair oleh sebaran angin pada jarak lebih jauh dari sisa WLP

Th Th

Th Th Th

Th Th Th

Th

Th

WLP

CONTOH PERBANDINGAN SINARAN RADIOAKTIF BERKEKUATAN TINGGI DAN RENDAH

BAHAN RADIOAKTIF DENGAN KEKUATAN TINGGI

SISA MENGANDUNGI RADIOAKTIF PARAS RENDAH

PUNCA DALAM INDUSTRI (NDT), IRIDIUM-192

SISA WLP MENGANDUNGI 0.165% THORIUM

SAIZ SANGAT KECIL SAIZ 32,000 tan

KEKUATAN 3700 GBq KEKUATAN 210 GBq

ARAS SINARAN PADA JARAK 1 METER DARI PUNCA

500 mSv sejam

ARAS SINARAN PADA JARAK 1 METER

0.004 mSv sejam

DEDAHAN PADA JARAK 1 METER SELAMA 1 TAHUN

35 mSv

ARAS SINARAN PERBANDINGAN ANTARA WLP DAN THORIUM

JARAK DARI BAHAN

WLP, SISA MENGANDUNGI BAHAN RADIOAKTIF PARAS RENDAH, 0.165% THORIUM

BAHAN RADIOAKTIF, 100% THORIUM

1 METER 0.004 mSv / jam

2.5 mSv / jam

10 METER 0.00004 mSv / jam

0.025 mSv / jam

Radiation Basic

Workers limit 20 mSv/yr

Public limit 1 mSv/yr

AELA (Act 304)

-32-

POSSIBLE EXPOSURE PATHWAYS TO PUBLIC

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Risiko Kanser Bagi Radiasi Paras Rendah:

5.5 x 10-2 per sievert (Sv) = 5.5 x 10-5 per millisievert (mSv)

Lynas, (di pagar) = 0.002 mSv / year

= 0.002 x 5.5 x 10-5

= 0.011 x 10-5

= 1.1 x 10-7

Risiko kanser drp Lynas = 1 bagi setiap 10,000,000 populasi

Sumber : ICRP Publication

operational limit is 10 mSv/per year, ensuring ADL 20 mSv/year will not be exceeded.

Types of medical surveillance - performed to all radiation workers:

o Pre-employment medical examination

o General health surveillance

o Periodic reviews of health(once every 3 years - in controlled area)

o Special medical examination

o the medical examination - termination of employment or

retirement.

Basic Radiation Awareness training - conducted every 3 years

A film badge or a TLD - given to Radiation Workers (RW) for monitoring exposure.

Personal Protection Equipment will be supplied as per standard operating procedure.

LYNAS RADIATION PROTECTION: OCCUPATIONAL

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External radiation level - monitored monthly at the following area:

o Concentrate Handling Area (unit 110)

o Water Leached Purification Press Filter Unit

o Water Leached Purification - Residue Storage Facility

On site location, total 12 monitoring stations have been proposed.

during radiological emergency or accident, monitoring covers:

o the external radiation exposure (ERD)

o level of radioactive contamination (RC) and

o risk evaluation (RE).

released effluent or stack emission will be measured periodical.

Propose the waste containing NORM/TENORM management plan.

2 monitoring stations were placed at (1) the factory and (2) police station

LYNAS RADIATION PROTECTION: ENVIRONMENTAL

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Required by: DOE Malaysia

The predicted environmental impacts arising from the construction

and operational phases can be effectively mitigated and minimized to

meet regulatory limits.

The EIA findings shows that there are no detrimental or harmful

impacts which cannot be mitigated or unavoidable.

The recommended mitigation measures including technologically

sound practices and best management practices that will minimize

potential impacts to sustainable levels.

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been developed and

implemented.

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The residue will need:

o to be stored

o until processing & sale of materials becomes commercially viable.

o depending on this outcome of the residues.

at closure:

o residue cells will be capped with suitable low-permeability materials

o surface water runoff from capped cells will not interact with stored

residue and

o the final site topography will encourage surface water to drain off-

site to prevent ponding and standing water.

ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION

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Related to Fukushima

disaster March 2011

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1. Can I get pregnant in Kuantan? Will I have impotence? Will I get skin cancer? Will the river and the beaches contaminated? Will children have higher risk of cancer?

2. Will my vegetables get contaminated? 3. Why Pahang, not Terengganu or Australia? Should I leave

Kuantan? 4. Why Lynas after ARE? 5. Why Lynas given 12 year tax free? Is it economical for Lynas

to operate in Malaysia? 6. Thoron travels faraway and daughters still continue to be

radioactive. 7. Where is the permanent disposal facility? Will the plant

release waste water into Balok river?

NO Audience Date

1 Pahang Government Aug-07

2 HR and Safety Managers in Gebeng Feb-08

3 Head of Departments and Organization in Kuantan Feb-08

4 Petronas Assets Sdn Bhd June-08

5 Industry Neighbors in Gebeng June-08

6 Pahang Housing, Infrastructure and Transport Committee July-08

7 Group of Chemical Companies in East Coast Aug-08

8 Nature Society Dec-08

9 Public briefing Apr 2009

10 BOMBA Gebeng May-09

11 Public briefing June 2009

12 Chief Editors and Senior Editors Jul-09

13 East Coast Reporters Jul-09

14 Head of Government Departments in Pahang Jul-09

15 State Assemblyman and MPs from Pahang Jul-09

16 PAS Pahang Management Committee Aug-09

17 Staff Aug-09

18 HSBC Bank Staff Nov-09

19 Kuantan MCA Representatives Mar-10

20 Students & Parents from AMG Jan-11

21 Pahang EXCO 5-Apr-11

22 Public Briefings 5-Apr-11

23 Public Briefings 6-Apr-11

24 Pahang Police Contingent 21-Apr-11

Public Communication conducted 2007 2011

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By invitation of the Government of Malaysia, due to the issues raised by parties pertaining to the radioactive nature of the residue, a member of 9 IAEA experts visited the country from 29 May 4 June

Their mission was to gather information via visitation and consultations, which in the end was to produce a report on 30th June 2011 of their findings

IAEA experts also met with representative from MOH on the 2nd June 2011 in MIDA

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Lynas is not unique in the world.

Review team cannot identify non-compliance with international radiation safety standards

However, the team identified 10 areas for improvement

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MOH was not actively involved in this rare earth project from the very beginning. During the EIA phase, MOH was requested the number of cancers in Kuantan Districts.

MOH was officially invited to join the public hearing on 3rd April 2011 and represented by Engineering Services Division

MOH was also required to attend a meeting with IAEA on 2nd June 2011

Mandate by YBMK Public Health to organise a committee. 5 meetings were held

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Public health specialists EH, OH, Cancer Unit, EHIA trained PH Specialists, IMR, Engineering Services Division, Nuclear Scientist, Emergency medicine, DOSH, DOE, AELB, Nuclear Malaysia, MMA. If required : Lynas

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Nuclear Scientist, DOSH, DOE, AELB, Nuclear Malaysia, MOH, MIDA, MITI

AELB (secretariat), AELB Pensioner (chairperson), Nuclear scientists (UKM, USM), MOH, DOE, DOSH, JKR

5 meetings from 24.10.2011 to 18.01.2012

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AELB (secretariat), Legal Specialist (chairperson) Nuclear scientists (UIA), MOH, DOE, DOSH, JKR, Future Studies, Language Specialist

License Class A (Miling) from AELB :

19.09.2009 18.09.2011 Siting & Construction

Licence Class E (Importing) September 2011

Licence Class F (Temporary Operating

Licence) from AELB : 30.01.2012

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8 Mac 2012 Notis bagi YB Menteri MOSTI mendengar rayuan di bawah Seksyen 32, Akta 304, pada 17 April 2012

20 Mac 2012 Semakan kehakiman di Mahkamah Tinggi KL. Plaintiff Zakaria Abdullah & 9 lain; Defendan LPTA, KP AS, Lynas

20 Mac 2012 Penubuhan PSC di Parlimen

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12/04/2012 Mahkamah Tinggi menolak permohonan kebenaran yang difailkan 10 penduduk tempatan bagi membatalkan lesen operasi sementara (TOL) yang dikeluarkan oleh Lembaga Pelesenan Tenaga Atom (AELB) selepas meneliti bantahan permulaan oleh Pejabat Peguam Negara dan AELB, kerana permohonan itu adalah pramatang.

Rayuan kepada YB MOSTI pada 17 April 2012 KKM diwakili Dr. Gerard Lim

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YB MOSTI telah mengenakan 2 syarat tambahan kepada Lynas untuk mengemukakan:

Pelan immobilsasi residu

Pelan kontingensi mengekalkan kelembapan WLP

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Ditubuhkan di Parlimen pada 20 Mac 2012

Dipengerusikan oleh YB KPT

Dianggotai 5 YB BN, 1 Bebas (4 YB pembangkang

menarik diri)

Mengadakan mesyuarat, lawatan tapak dan sessi

pendengaran awam

Mengemukakan 31 syor

5 syor melibatkan KKM

Dokumen laporan penuh :

http://www.parlimen.gov.my Jawatankuasa Pilihan Khas Mengenai Projek Lynas Advanced Materials Plant (LAMP)

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Dari kiri: (i) YBhg Datuk Roosme bt Hamzah [Setiausaha Dewan Rakyat merangkap Setiausaha Jawatankuasa]

(ii) YB Dato Zulkifli bin Noordin (Ahli bagi Kawasan Kulim Bandar Baharu) (iii) YB Dato Haji Abdul Rahman bin Haji Dahlan (Ahli bagi Kawasan Kota Belud)

(iv) YB Dato Seri Mohamed Khaled bin Nordin (Menteri Pengajian Tinggi) [Pengerusi] (v) YB Tuan Teng Boon Soon (Ahli bagi Kawasan Tebrau)

(vi) YB Tuan Liang Teck Meng (Ahli bagi Kawasan Simpang Renggam) (vii) YB Puan Hajah Nancy binti Haji Shukri (Ahli bagi Kawasan Batang Sadong)

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Disposal

Source: 45nuclearplants.com

Source: 45nuclearplants.com

Source: 45nuclearplants.com

RE is required to help creating a greener society and Lynas is extracting RE from lanthanide concentrate of Mount Weld

The residues contain NORMs, not uncommon to any mining residues, including Malaysia. Natural radiation are present anywhere in the world

Lynas is NOT a nuclear power plant like Fukushima

Scientifically, Lynas project is anticipated to be acceptable by requirement

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Unacceptable by certain public, politicians

Public communications were not successful

Perception nuclear explosions, radioactive fallout, nuclear weapons manufacturing, nuclear power plant

Siting and construction, importing, temporary operating licences were granted by AELB

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