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Teaching and Learning with Technology

Theoretical Foundations

Chapter 1


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What is Educational Technology?

• Educational technology is any technology

used by educators in support of the teaching

and learning process• Educators study educational technology in

order to have a sound foundation in the

technologies needed to teach

• NETS-T standards articulate what teachers

and students should know about technology

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Educational Technology & Instruction

• Educational technologies are the tools

teachers use to create an effective

instructional event

• An instructional event includes all activities

that promote the transfer of knowledge and/or

skills in the learning environment

•The learning environment includes thephysical and non-physical aspects of the area

in which the instructional event takes place

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About Learning

• A variety of theories explain how people learn

• Each theory offers a different perspective on

learning

• Some theories may be contradictory

• Each teacher must personally decide which

theory he or she agrees with

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earning Theories

Learning as Communication

• !nowledge is transferred by sending a

message from sender to receiver • "eceiver then returns feedback to sender

• Sender receives feedback

•

All messages are impacted by variables thatmay alter the pure meaning of the intended

message

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earning Theories

Environmental

Factors

Psychological

Factors

Personal

Filters

Factors Affecting Learning

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earning Theories

Environmental Factors

• Any factor in the environment that may cause

a learner to lose focus• Environmental conditions can block

communications

• ighting# movement# temperature may all

interfere with communications

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earning Theories

Psychological Factors

• $ni%ue individual differences that define and

impact reception of communicatedinformation

• Emotional state may interfere with message

reception

• earning styles &preferred sensory gateways'

may interfere with transmission

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earning Theories

Personal Filters

• (ndividual)s values# heritage# and belief

system that may alter intended messages• *ay include attitudes# cultural differences#

and opinions

• +ilters are present in both sender and

receiver

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earning Theories

Behaviorists

• All behavior is a response to external stimuli

• Students learn &ac%uire behaviors# skills andknowledge' in response to rewards and

punishments

• earning is a passive response to the

environment

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earning Theories

Cognitivists

• +ocus is on learning as a mental operation

• (nformation enters through senses# ismentally manipulated# stored and used

• earning is explained in terms of how one

thinks

• ,elieve learning is more complex than simple

behavioristic responses

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earning Theory

Constructivists

• !nowledge is constructed as a result of the

learning process and is uni%ue to the personwho constructs it

• earning happens when knowledge is

assimilated or accommodated &iaget'

• !nowledge may be constructed best in a

social context

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The earner

Cognitive Styles

• The manner in which one thinks and

interprets the environment• *yers-,riggs helps to determine cognitive

preferences

• $nderstanding cognitive styles helps

teachers create a supportive instructional

environment

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The Learner

Learning Styles

• .onditions under which one learns best

• "elates to individual sensory dominance• Auditory learners learn best by listening

• isual learners learn best by seeing

•

!inesthetic/Tactile learners learn best bydoing and touching

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The earner

Intelligence

• (nherent capabilities to learn and understand

• Standford-,inet (0 tests emphasi1e verbaland mathematical abilities

• 2oward 3ardner)s *ultiple (ntelligence theory

suggests everyone has some degree of each

of nine types of intelligence

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The Learner

Multiple Intelligences

• erbal-inguistic

• *athematical-ogical

• *usical

•

isual-Spatial• ,odily-!inesthetic

• (nterpersonal

• (ntrapersonal• Naturalistic

• Existential

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Teaching and earning

• Teaching is a systematic planned se%uenceof events

•

Teaching is a process that communication ofideas and skills

• Teaching takes into account individual andenvironmental factors related to the learner

•

Skilled teachers are aware of learningtheories and learner characteristics thatimpact the process

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Teaching and earning

• Technology is a component of the teaching

and learning process

•

Educational technology includes anyresource used to facilitate teaching and

learning

• This view of technology has been an

evolution consistent with the evolution oflearning theories

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Educational Technology

An istorical !verview

•

The audio-visual movement began in theearly 4566s with the advent of movies

• Slides# radio# sound recordings were added in

the 4576s-4586s to support the wars

• Television drove audio-visuals in the 4596s

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An istorical !verview

• (n the 45:6s A- was expanded to a broader

systems view• ,y the 45;6s educational technology was

redefined to include all types of learningresources and systems

•

igital

Age

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Today

• The systems view of educational technology

embraces all media and systems that supportthe teaching and learning process

• Each teacher must decide how to best utili1e

technology in support of his or her students

Documents

20150905080907Kulliah1 KPT6043