dataspace.princeton.edu · 2017. 5. 27. · iii KATA PENGANTAR Laporan Penyiasatan Migrasi, Malaysia, 2012 membentangkan anggaran pergerakan, arah aliran dan magnitud penduduk di

ISSN 0127-8924

LAPORAN PENYIASATAN MIGRASI

MIGRATION SURVEY REPORT

MALAYSIA

2012

JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA

DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

jun

june 2013

iii

KATA PENGANTAR

Laporan Penyiasatan Migrasi, Malaysia, 2012 membentangkan anggaran pergerakan, arah

aliran dan magnitud penduduk di peringkat negeri serta maklumat ciri demografi dan

sosioekonomi migran yang diperoleh daripada Penyiasatan Migrasi 2012.

Migrasi atau pergerakan penduduk merupakan salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi

perubahan struktur penduduk kesan daripada perubahan situasi ekonomi dan sosial sesuatu

kawasan dalam tempoh tertentu. Pada amnya, arah aliran dan ciri migran yang berbeza akan

memberi impak yang berlainan bagi negeri/kawasan asal dan destinasinya. Maklumat yang

dibentangkan dalam laporan ini diharap dapat membantu perancang dan pengkaji dalam

melihat ciri-ciri penduduk migran dan bukan migran, seterusnya menjadi input kepada

perancangan dan pembangunan sosioekonomi negara.

Jabatan merakamkan penghargaan kepada semua pihak yang memberikan kerjasama dan

seterusnya menyumbang kepada penyediaan laporan ini. Sebarang ulasan dan cadangan ke

arah penambahbaikan laporan ini amat dialu-alukan dan dihargai.

DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN

Ketua Perangkawan Malaysia

Jun 2013

iv

PREFACE

The Migration Survey Report, Malaysia, 2012 presents the estimates of the population’s

movement, flow and magnitude at state level, as well as the demographic and socioeconomic

characteristics of migrants obtained from the Migration Survey 2012.

Migration or the movement of people is one of the factors that influence changes in the

population structure brought about by changes in social and economic situation of a

particular area during a specific period. Generally, different types of flows and

characteristics of migrants will have different impacts on the state/area of origin and

destination. It is hoped that the information presented in this report accommodates the

planners and researchers in analysing the migrant and non-migrant population

characteristics, as well as an input to the socio-economic planning and development of the

nation.

The Department would like to express its gratitude to all parties who had co-operated and

contributed towards the preparation of this report. Comments and suggestions towards

improving this report are very much welcomed and appreciated.

DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN

Chief Statistician, Malaysia

June 2013

v

KANDUNGAN

CONTENTS

Muka surat

Page

Kata pengantar

Preface

iii

Senarai jadual

List of tables

vi

Senarai lampiran

List of appendices

ix

Ringkasan Penemuan

Summary Findings

Trend dan paras migrasi di Malaysia

Migration trend and level in Malaysia

1

Migrasi mengikut negeri

Migration by state

2

Migrasi mengikut strata

Migration by stratum

7

Ciri-ciri demografi migran

Demographic characteristics of migrants

8

Ciri-ciri guna tenaga migran

Characteristics of employed migrants

9

Sebab penghijrahan

Reasons for migration

10

Nota teknikal

Technical notes

33

Lampiran

Appendix

53

vi

SENARAI JADUAL

LIST OF TABLES

Jadual

Table

JADUAL UTAMA

MAIN TABLES Muka surat

Page

1 Perangkaan utama migrasi, Malaysia, 2010–2011 dan 2011–2012

Key migration statistics, Malaysia, 2010–2011 and 2011–2012

11

2 Bilangan dan taburan peratus migran masuk mengikut negeri,

Malaysia, 2010–2011 dan 2011–2012

Number and percentage distribution of in-migrants by state,

Malaysia, 2010–2011 and 2011–2012

12

3 Bilangan dan taburan peratus migran keluar mengikut negeri,

Malaysia, 2010–2011 dan 2011–2012

Number and percentage distribution of out-migrants by state,

Malaysia, 2010–2011 and 2011–2012

13

4 Bilangan migrasi bersih mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010–2011

dan 2011–2012

Number of net migration by state, Malaysia, 2010–2011 and

2011–2012

14

PENDUDUK BERUMUR 1 TAHUN DAN LEBIH

POPULATION AGED 1 YEAR AND OVER

5 Taburan peratus migran daripada penduduk mengikut negeri

destinasi dan taraf migrasi, Malaysia, 2010–2011 dan 2011–2012

Percentage distribution of migrants from the population by state of

destination and migration status, Malaysia, 2010–2011 and

2011–2012

15

6 Bilangan dan kadar migrasi masuk, keluar, bersih & kasar dan

nisbah keberkesanan migrasi penduduk berumur 1 tahun dan

lebih mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Number and rate of in, out, net & gross migration and migration

effectiveness ratio of population aged 1 year and over by state,

Malaysia, 2011–2012

16

7 Bilangan migran dalaman mengikut negeri asal dan destinasi,


Number of internal migrants by state of origin and destination,


17

8 Taburan peratus migran dalaman mengikut strata (arah aliran

migrasi), Malaysia, 2010–2011 dan 2011–2012

Percentage distribution of internal migrants by stratum (migration

flow), Malaysia, 2010–2011 and 2011–2012

18

vii

Jadual

Table

Muka surat

Page

9 Taburan peratus migran dalam negeri dan migran antara negeri

mengikut negeri dan strata (arah aliran migrasi), Malaysia,

2011–2012

Percentage distribution of intra-state and inter-state migrants by state

and stratum (migration flow), Malaysia, 2011–2012

19

10 Bilangan dan taburan peratus migran dalaman mengikut jantina

dan kumpulan umur, Malaysia, 2010–2011 dan 2011–2012

Number and percentage distribution of internal migrants by sex and

age group, Malaysia, 2010–2011 and 2011–2012

20

11 Kadar migrasi dalaman mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina,


Internal migration rate by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2011–2012

21

12 Nisbah jantina migran dalaman dan bukan migran mengikut

kumpulan umur, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Sex ratio of internal migrants and non-migrants by age group,


21

13 Bilangan dan taburan peratus migran dalaman berumur 1 tahun

dan lebih mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2010–2011 dan

2011–2012

Number and percentage distribution of internal migrants aged 1 year

and over by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2010–2011 and 2011–2012

22

14 Kadar migrasi dalaman mengikut kumpulan etnik dan jantina,


Internal migration rate by ethnic group and sex, Malaysia, 2011–2012

22

15 Taburan peratus migran dalaman dan bukan migran berumur 1

tahun dan lebih mengikut kumpulan etnik dan strata destinasi,


Percentage distribution of internal migrants and non-migrants aged 1

year and over by ethnic group and stratum of destination, Malaysia,

2011–2012

23

16 Bilangan dan taburan peratus sebab-sebab penghijrahan

penduduk, Malaysia, 2010–2011 dan 2011–2012

Number and percentage distribution of reasons for migration of

population, Malaysia, 2010–2011 and 2011–2012

24

viii

PENDUDUK BERUMUR 15–64 TAHUN

POPULATION AGED 15–64 YEARS

Jadual

Table

Muka surat

Page

17 Bilangan dan kadar migrasi masuk, keluar, bersih & kasar dan

nisbah keberkesanan migrasi penduduk berumur 15–64 tahun

mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Number and rate of in, out, net & gross migration and migration

effectiveness ratio of the population aged 15–64 years by state,


25

18 Bilangan migran dalaman berumur 15–64 tahun mengikut negeri

asal dan destinasi, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Number of internal migrants aged 15–64 years by state of origin and

destination, Malaysia, 2011–2012

26

19 Taburan peratus migran dalaman dan bukan migran berumur

15–64 tahun mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia,

2011–2012

Percentage distribution of internal migrants and non-migrants aged

15–64 years by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2011–2012

27

20 Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh bagi migran dalaman dan bukan

migran mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia,

2011–2012

Labour force participation rate of internal migrants and non-migrants

by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2011–2012

28

21 Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh bagi migran dalaman dan bukan

migran mengikut strata (arah aliran migrasi) dan jantina,


Labour force participation rate of internal migrants and non-migrants

by stratum (migration flow) and sex, Malaysia, 2011–2012

28

22 Taburan peratus migran dalaman dan bukan migran yang

bekerja mengikut taraf pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Percentage distribution of employed internal migrants and

non-migrants by status in employment, Malaysia, 2011–2012

29

23 Taburan peratus migran dalaman dan bukan migran yang

bekerja mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Percentage distribution of employed internal migrants and

non-migrants by occupation, Malaysia, 2011–2012

29

24 Taburan peratus migran dalaman yang bekerja mengikut

pekerjaan dan strata (arah aliran migrasi), Malaysia, 2011–2012

Percentage distribution of employed internal migrants by occupation

and stratum (migration flow), Malaysia 2011–2012

30

ix

Jadual

Table

Muka surat

Page

25 Taburan peratus migran dalaman yang bekerja mengikut

industri, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Percentage distribution of employed internal migrants by industry,


31

SENARAI LAMPIRAN

LIST OF APPENDICES

Lampiran

Appendix

Muka surat

Page

1 Ralat piawai relatif bagi anggaran kadar migrasi dalaman

penduduk berumur 1 tahun dan lebih mengikut negeri, Malaysia,

2011–2012

Relative standard error of estimation for internal migration rate of

population aged 1 year and over by state, Malaysia, 2011–2012

53

2 Ralat piawai relatif bagi anggaran kadar migrasi dalaman

penduduk berumur 15–64 tahun mengikut negeri, Malaysia,

2011–2012

Relative standard error of estimation for internal migration rate of

population aged 15–64 years by state, Malaysia, 2011–2012

54

3 Bilangan dan taburan peratus migran dalaman dan bukan migran

berumur 15–64 tahun mengikut pencapaian pendidikan,


Number and percentage distribution of internal migrants and

non-migrants aged 15–64 years by educational attainment, Malaysia,

2011–2012

55

4 Piawaian taburan peratus migran dalaman mengikut pencapaian

pendidikan yang berasaskan taburan peratus bukan migran,


Standardisation of percentage distribution of internal migrants by

educational attainment based on the percentage distribution of

non-migrants, Malaysia, 2011–2012

55

5 Bilangan dan taburan peratus migran dalaman dan bukan migran

berumur 15–64 tahun mengikut taraf perkahwinan, Malaysia,

2011–2012

Number and percentage distribution of internal migrants and

non-migrants aged 15–64 years by marital status, Malaysia,

2011–2012

56

6 Piawaian taburan peratus migran dalaman mengikut taraf

perkahwinan yang berasaskan taburan peratus bukan migran,


Standardisation of percentage distribution of internal migrants by

marital status based on the percentage distribution of non-migrants,


56

RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY FINDINGS

RINGKASAN PENEMUAN

SUMMARY FINDINGS

Penyiasatan Migrasi/Migration Survey 2012 1

TREND DAN PARAS MIGRASI DI MALAYSIA

MIGRATION TREND AND LEVEL IN MALAYSIA

Bilangan migran yang direkodkan bagi tempoh 2011–2012 adalah seramai 756,300 orang dengan kadar migrasi bagi tempoh tersebut mencapai 2.6 peratus. Kadar ini meningkat sedikit iaitu 0.1 mata peratus (44,700 orang) berbanding tempoh sebelumnya iaitu 2.5 peratus (711,600 orang).

The number of migrants recorded for the period 2011–2012 was 756,300 persons with migration rate reaching 2.6 per cent. This rate has increased slightly by 0.1 percentage point (44,700 persons) as compared to the previous period which was 2.5 per cent (711,600 persons).

Taburan migran terhasil daripada migran dalam negeri iaitu 61.3 peratus, diikuti migran antara negeri (28.5%) dan selebihnya 10.3 peratus daripada migran antarabangsa (tidak termasuk migran keluar dari Malaysia). Bilangan migran dalaman iaitu seramai 678,700 orang mewakili 89.8 peratus daripada jumlah migran. Sepanjang tempoh 2011–2012 corak migrasi menunjukkan penduduk masih cenderung berhijrah dalam negeri yang sama.

Percentage distribution of migrants resulting from the intra-state migrants was 61.3 per cent, followed by inter-state migrants (28.5%) and the remaining was 10.3 per cent of international migrants (excluding migrants out of Malaysia). The number of internal migrants at 678,700 persons represented 89.8 per cent of the total migrants. During the period 2011–2012, migration patterns showed that the residents still inclined to migrate in the same state.

Carta 1: Chart 1:

Taburan peratus penduduk berumur 1 tahun dan lebih mengikut taraf migrasi, Malaysia, 2010–2011 dan 2011–2012 Percentage distribution of population aged 1 year and over by migration status, Malaysia, 2010–2011 and 2011–2012

59.0%

27.8%

13.2%

97.5% Bukan

migran/ Non-

migrant

2.5% (711,600) Migran/ Migrant

2010—2011

61.3%

28.5%

10.3%

97.4% Bukan

migran/ Non-

migrant

2.6% (756,300) Migran/ Migrant

2011—2012

Migran dalam negeri Intra-state migrants

Migran antara negeri Inter-state migrants

Migran antarabangsa International migrants


2 Penyiasatan Migrasi/Migration Survey 2012

Migran dalam negeri dan migran antara negeri

bagi tempoh 2011–2012 meningkat masing-

masing sebanyak 2.3 dan 0.7 mata peratus

kepada 61.3 dan 28.5 peratus. Sebaliknya,

peratusan migran antarabangsa menyusut

sebanyak 2.9 mata peratus kepada 10.3 peratus.

(Carta 1)

Intra-state migrants and inter-state migrants for

the period 2011–2012 increased by 2.3 and 0.7

percentage points to 61.3 and 28.5 per cent

respectively. In contrast, the percentage of

international migrants decreased by 2.9

percentage points to 10.3 per cent. (Chart 1)

MIGRASI MENGIKUT NEGERI MIGRATION BY STATE

Migrasi mengikut negeri bagi tempoh 2011–

2012 menunjukkan Sarawak mencatatkan

kadar migrasi tertinggi iaitu 3.7 peratus.

Peratusan migrasi negeri ini meningkat

sebanyak 1.3 mata peratus berbanding tahun

sebelumnya. Ianya disumbangkan oleh migran

dalam negeri iaitu 2.7 peratus dan selebihnya

migran antara negeri dan migran antarabangsa

masing-masing sebanyak 0.5 peratus.

Migration by state for the period 2011–2012

showed Sarawak recorded the highest

migration rate at 3.7 per cent, which was an

increase of 1.3 percentage points from the

previous year. This was contributed by intra-

state migrant at 2.7 per cent and the remaining

was inter-state and international migrants by

0.5 percent respectively.

Carta 2:

Chart 2:

Peratusan migran daripada penduduk mengikut negeri destinasi dan taraf migrasi, Malaysia,

2010–2011 dan 2011–2012

Percentage distribution of migrants by state of destination and migration status, Malaysia,

2010–2011 and 2011–2012

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

Joh

or

Ked

ah

Kel

anta

n

Mel

aka

Neg

eri

Sem

bil

an

Pah

ang

Pu

lau

Pin

ang

Per

ak

Per

lis

Sel

angor

Ter

enggan

u

Sab

ah

Sar

awak

W.P

. K

ual

a L

um

pu

r

W.P

. L

abu

an

W.P

. P

utr

ajay

a

(%) 2010-2011

Joh

or

Ked

ah

Kel

anta

n

Mel

aka

Neg

eri

Sem

bil

an

Pah

ang

Pu

lau

Pin

ang

Per

ak

Per

lis

Sel

angor

Ter

enggan

u

Sab

ah

Sar

awak

W.P

. K

ual

a L

um

pu

r

W.P

. L

abu

an

W.P

. P

utr

ajay

a

2011-2012

Dalam negeri

Intra-state

Antara negeri

Inter-state

Antarabangsa

International

RINGKASAN PENEMUAN

SUMMARY FINDINGS


Selangor dan Pulau Pinang mencatatkan kadar

migrasi kedua tertinggi iaitu 3.5 peratus. Bagi

tempoh 2011–2012, kadar migrasi Selangor

meningkat sebanyak 0.3 mata peratus

sebaliknya Pulau Pinang menurun sebanyak 0.8

mata peratus berbanding tempoh 2010–2011.

Majoriti penduduk yang berhijrah ke Selangor

adalah migran dalam negeri dengan peratusan

sebanyak 2.3 peratus, migran antara negeri 1.0

dan migran antarabangsa pula sebanyak 0.2

peratus. Penduduk yang berhijrah ke Pulau

Pinang pula adalah migran dalam negeri (2.0%),

migran antara negeri (1.2%) dan migran

antarabangsa (0.3%).

Selangor and Pulau Pinang recorded the

second highest rate of migration at 3.5 per cent.

For the period 2011–2012, Selangor migration

rate increased by 0.3 percentage point, but

Pulau Pinang declined by 0.8 percentage point.

Majority of the population who migrated to

Selangor were intra-state migrants with a share

of 2.3 per cent, inter-state migrants by

1.0 per cent and international migrants by 0.2

per cent. Population who migrated to Pulau

Pinang was also intra-state migrants (2.0%),

inter-state migrants (1.2%) and international

migrants (0.3%).

W.P. Labuan dan W.P. Kuala Lumpur

masih kekal mencatatkan kadar migrasi yang

rendah masing-masing sebanyak 0.6 peratus

dan 1.1 peratus.

W.P. Labuan and W.P. Kuala Lumpur

continued to record low migration rates at 0.6

per cent and 1.1 per cent respectively.

Migrasi bersih Net migration

Bagi tempoh 2011–2012, Selangor masih

merupakan negeri destinasi utama migran

dengan jumlah migran bersih sebanyak 22,400

orang, meningkat sebanyak 26.5 peratus

berbanding tahun sebelumnya. Migran masuk

bersih kedua tertinggi ialah Kelantan (8,100)

diikuti Sarawak (7,100) dan Pulau Pinang

(5,200) orang.

For the period 2011-2012, Selangor was still

the main migrant destination state with a total

net migrant of 22,400 persons, an increase of

26.5 per cent as compared to the previous year.

Second highest net migrants was Kelantan

(8,100), followed by Sarawak (7,100) and Pulau

Pinang (5,200) persons.

Carta 3:

Chart 3: Migrasi bersih mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010–2011 dan 2011–2012

Net migration by state, Malaysia, 2010–2011 and 2011–2012

-6.7

-2.7

3.2

-0.2

-2.0

-1.2

8.8

-3.3

-2.2

17

.7

-0.4

-0.1

5.5

-14

.1

-1.3

-1.1

-10

.7

2.1

8.1

-1.1

-6.6

-5.2

5.2

-7.9

0.5

22

.4

-3.3

1.8

7.1

-11

.2

-0.7

-0.5

-20.0

-15.0

-10.0

-5.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

Joh

or

Ked

ah

Kel

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tan

Mel

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a

Neg

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Pah

an

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Per

ak

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Sel

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W.P

. K

uala

Lu

mp

ur

W.P

. L

ab

uan

W.P

. P

utr

aja

ya

('000)

2010—2011 2011—2012



Tiga negeri kekal sebagai negeri penghantar

utama migran iaitu W.P. Kuala Lumpur, Johor

dan Perak masing-masing mencatatkan migran

bersih keluar sebanyak 11,200, 10,700 dan

7,900 orang.

Three states which remained as the main

migrant sending state was W.P. Kuala Lumpur,

Johor and Perak recorded out net migrants of

11,200, 10,700 and 7,900 persons respectively.

Trend migrasi di tiga buah negeri iaitu Kedah,

Perlis dan Sabah pula mengalami perubahan

daripada negeri penghantar kepada negeri

penerima migran.

The migration trend of three states namely

Kedah, Perlis and Sabah has changed from a

sender to a receiver state of migrants.

Negeri Penerima Receiving State

Selangor merupakan negeri penerima utama

migrasi bagi tempoh 2011–2012. W.P. Kuala

Lumpur merupakan penyumbang utama migran

masuk ke Selangor iaitu 25.6 peratus, diikuti

Perak dan Pahang masing-masing 13.8 dan 11.1

peratus.

Selangor was a major receiving state migration

for the period 2011–2012. W.P. Kuala Lumpur

was the main contributor of migrants into

Selangor at 25.6 per cent, followed by Perak

and Pahang at 13.8 and 11.1 per cent

respectively.

Carta 4:

Chart 4:

Taburan peratus migran masuk ke Selangor dan Kelantan mengikut negeri asal, Malaysia,

2011–2012

Percentage distribution of in-migrant into Selangor and Kelantan by state of origin, Malaysia,

2011–2012

Negeri penerima kedua tertinggi ialah

Kelantan. Migran masuk ke Kelantan berasal

dari Selangor (19.4%), Johor (16.1%) dan

negeri-negeri jiran seperti Terengganu (12.8%)

dan Pahang (12.2%).

The second highest receiving state was

Kelantan. Migrants into Kelantan came from

Selangor (19.4%), Johor (16.1%) and

neighbouring states like Terengganu (12.8%)

and Pahang (12.2%).

W.P. Kuala

Lumpur

25.6%

Perak

13.8% Pahang

11.1% Sabah

9.7%

Negeri

Sembilan

8.3%

Terengganu

8.3%

Johor

7.6%

Kelantan

5.5%

Pulau

Pinang

4.0%

Kedah

2.9%

Negeri-

negeri lain

Other states

3.1%

SELANGOR

Selangor

19.4%

Johor

16.1%

Terengganu

12.8% Pahang

12.2%

Negeri

Sembilan

10.6%

Perak

7.2%

W.P.

Kuala

Lumpur 6.7%

Melaka

6.1%

Kedah

3.3% Pulau

Pinang

2.8%

Negeri-

negeri lain

Other states

2.8%

KELANTAN

RINGKASAN PENEMUAN

SUMMARY FINDINGS


Negeri Penghantar Sending State

W.P. Kuala Lumpur adalah negeri penghantar

utama migrasi bagi tempoh 2011–2012.

Majoriti penduduk yang berhijrah keluar dari

W.P. Kuala Lumpur menuju ke negeri jiran iaitu

Selangor (62.2%). Selain itu, mereka juga

memilih Kelantan (5.0%), Pulau Pinang dan

Terengganu (4.2%) sebagai negeri destinasi.

W.P. Kuala Lumpur was the main sending state

migration for the period 2011–2012. Majority

of the population have migrated out from W.P.

Kuala Lumpur and headed to the neighbouring

state of Selangor (62.2%). In addition, they also

chose Kelantan (5.0%), Pulau Pinang and

Terengganu (4.2%) as their destination states.

Carta 5:

Chart 5: Taburan peratus migran keluar dari W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan Johor mengikut negeri destinasi,


Percentage distribution of out-migrants from W.P. Kuala Lumpur and Johor by state of destination,


Johor merupakan negeri penghantar kedua

tertinggi. Aliran migran keluar bagi Johor

adalah hampir sama seperti W.P. Kuala Lumpur

iaitu tertumpu ke Selangor (20.0%), Kelantan

(13.2%), Terengganu dan W.P. Kuala Lumpur

(10.0%) serta Pulau Pinang (8.6%) sebagai

negeri destinasi penghijrahan.

Johor was the second highest sending state. The

outflow of migrants from Johor was almost the

same as W.P. Kuala Lumpur which focused on

Selangor (20.0%), Kelantan (13.2%),

Terengganu and W.P. Kuala Lumpur (10.0%)

and Pulau Pinang (8.6%) as migration

destination states.

Selangor

62.2%

Kelantan

5.0%

Pulau

Pinang

4.2%

Terengganu

4.2%

Kedah

3.8%

Negeri

Sembilan

3.8%

Sabah

3.8%

Johor

2.5%

Melaka

2.5%

Pahang

2.5%

Perak

2.5% Negeri-

negeri lain

Others states

2.9%

W.P. KUALA LUMPUR

Selangor

20.0%

Kelantan

13.2%

Terengganu

10.0%

W.P.

Kuala

Lumpur 10.0%

Pulau

Pinang

8.6%

Sarawak

7.7%

Kedah

7.3%

Pahang

7.3%

Perak

5.9%

Negeri

Sembilan

4.5%

Melaka

4.1%

Negeri-

negeri lain

Others states

1.4%

JOHOR



Nisbah Keberkesanan Effectiveness Ratio

Sarawak merekodkan nisbah keberkesanan

migrasi tertinggi iaitu 41.8 peratus. Ini

bermakna penduduk Sarawak akan bertambah

sebanyak 41 orang bagi setiap 100 pergerakan

masuk atau keluar bagi negeri tersebut.

Sarawak recorded the highest migration

effectiveness ratio at 41.8 per cent. This means

that Sarawak population will increase by 41

persons for every 100 movements into or out

for the state.

Sebaliknya, W.P. Labuan mencatatkan nisbah

keberkesanan migrasi negatif iaitu 70.0

peratus. Ini menunjukan negeri tersebut

kehilangan 70 orang bagi setiap 100

pergerakan keluar atau masuk bagi negeri

tersebut.

On the contrary, W.P. Labuan recorded

negative migration effectiveness ratio of 70.0

per cent. This indicates that W.P. Labuan was

losing 70 persons for every 100 movements out

or into for the state.

Carta 6:

Chart 6:

Nisbah keberkesanan migrasi penduduk berumur 1 tahun dan lebih mengikut negeri,

Malaysia, 2011–2012 Migration effectiveness ratio of population aged 1 year and over by state, Malaysia, 2011–2012

RINGKASAN PENEMUAN

SUMMARY FINDINGS


MIGRASI MENGIKUT STRATA MIGRATION BY STRATUM

Bagi tempoh 2011–2012, pergerakan migran

dari bandar ke bandar kekal sebagai

pergerakan utama di Malaysia dengan 61.5

peratus, meningkat sebanyak 3.0 mata peratus

berbanding tempoh 2010–2011. Peratusan

migran dari luar bandar ke bandar turut

meningkat berbanding tahun sebelumnya, iaitu

daripada 6.4 peratus kepada 7.5 peratus. Secara

keseluruhannya, komposisi pergerakan

penduduk mengikut arah aliran migrasi bagi

tempoh 2010–2011 dan 2011–2012 adalah

konsisten.

For the period 2011–2012, the movement of

migrants from urban to urban remained as a

major movement in Malaysia with 61.5 per cent,

an increase of 3.0 percentage points as

compared to 2010–2011 period. The percentage

of migrants from rural to urban areas also

increase compared to previous year, from 6.4 to

7.5 per cent. Overall, the composition of

population movement in migration direction for

the period 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 was

consistent.

Carta 7:

Chart 7:

Taburan peratus migran dalaman mengikut strata (arah aliran migrasi),

Malaysia, 2010–2011 dan 2011–2012

Percentage distribution of internal migrants by stratum (migration flow),

Malaysia, 2010–2011 and 2011–2012

58.5

24.3

6.4 10.7

61.5

20.4

7.5 10.6

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

(%)

2010—2011

2011—2012

Bandar-Bandar

Urban-Urban Luar bandar-

Luar bandar

Rural-Rural

Bandar-Luar

bandar

Urban-Rural

Luar bandar-

Bandar

Rural-Urban



CIRI-CIRI DEMOGRAFI MIGRAN DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF

MIGRANTS

Trend penghijrahan penduduk mengikut

kumpulan umur dan jantina bagi tempoh 2010–

2011 dan 2011–2012 menunjukkan trend yang

hampir sama. Bagi tempoh 2011–2012,

penduduk dalam kumpulan umur 25–34 paling

ramai berhijrah iaitu 33.5 peratus berbanding

tahun sebelumnya iaitu 30.3 peratus. Kumpulan

umur 15–24 pula merupakan kumpulan umur

kedua tertinggi iaitu 26.8 peratus, namun

menurun 2.8 mata peratus berbanding tahun

2010–2011. Dua kumpulan umur ini, paling

cenderung berhijrah sama ada untuk

melanjutkan pelajaran, mencari peluang

pekerjaan atau mencari persekitaran baru yang

lebih baik.

Migration trends by age group and sex for the

period 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 showed

similar trends. For the period 2011–2012, the

population in the 25–34 age group has the

highest migrants with 33.5 per cent as

compared to previous year at 30.3 per cent. The

15–24 age group was the second highest at 26.8

per cent, but decreased by 2.8 percentage points

as compared to the period 2010–2011. These

two age groups were the likely most to migrate

either to further their studies, seeking

employment opportunities or the pursuance of

better environment.

Carta 8:

Chart 8:

Taburan peratus migran dalaman mengikut jantina dan kumpulan umur, Malaysia,

2010–2011 dan 2011–2012

Percentage distribution of internal migrants by sex and age group, Malaysia, 2010–2011 and

2011–2012

Migran dalaman kumpulan umur 1–14 tidak

menunjukkan perbezaan yang besar bagi

tempoh 2010–2011 dan 2011–2012 iaitu

masing-masing sebanyak 21.7 dan 21.8

peratus. Penduduk dalam kumpulan umur

muda ini berhijrah disebabkan mengikut ahli

keluarga yang berpindah kerana kerjaya atau

mencari persekitaran baru.

The internal migrants in the 1–14 age group

do not show a big difference for the period

2010–2011 and 2011–2012 with 21.7 and 21.8

per cent respectively. Population in this young

age group migrated due to family members

moving out for career or looking for a new

environment.

21.7

29.6

30.3

10.8

6.5

1.2

20.2

27.9

31.8

12.0

7.4

0.7

23.4

31.5

28.5

9.4

5.4

1.7

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

(%)

2010–2011

21.8

26.8

33.5

10.4

6.4

1.1

21.6

25.9

33.5

11.3

6.9

0.9

22.2

27.9

33.6

9.3

5.9

1.2

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

(%)

2011–2012 Kumpulan Umur (tahun)

Age group (year)

65 &

lebih/over

45–64

1–14

15–24

25–34

35–44

Perempuan

Female Lelaki

Male Jumlah

Total

RINGKASAN PENEMUAN

SUMMARY FINDINGS


Kadar migrasi dalaman lelaki dan perempuan

adalah masing-masing sebanyak 2.4 dan 2.3

peratus. Manakala kadar migrasi dalaman bagi

kumpulan umur 25–34 bagi lelaki mahupun

perempuan merupakan yang tertinggi

berbanding dengan kumpulan umur yang lain

iaitu masing-masing sebanyak 4.3 peratus.

The internal migration rates for male and

female were 2.4 and 2.3 per cent respectively.

Meanwhile, the internal migration rates in the

25–34 age group for both sexes were the

highest as compared to other age groups at

4.3 per cent respectively.

Carta 9:

Chart 9:

Kadar migrasi dalaman mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2011–2012


CIRI-CIRI GUNA TENAGA MIGRAN CHARACTERISTICS OF EMPLOYED

MIGRANTS

Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh (KPTB) migran

secara keseluruhan ialah 70.0 peratus, 4.8 mata

peratus lebih tinggi berbanding bukan migran

(65.2%). Penyertaan migran lelaki dan

perempuan dalam pasaran buruh juga lebih

tinggi berbanding bukan migran. Ini

menunjukkan bahawa penghijrahan penduduk

dipengaruhi oleh faktor pekerjaan. (Carta 10)

The labour force participation rate (LFPR) was

70.0 per cent of overall internal migrant, 4.8

percentage points higher than non-migrants

(65.2%). The participation rates of male and

female migrants in the labour market were also

higher than non-migrants. This indicates that

migration has been influenced by employment

factor. (Chart 10)

2.1

3.2

4.3

2.1

0.9

0.5

2.0

3.2

4.3

1.6

0.7 0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

1—14 15—24 25—34 35—44 45—64 65 & lebih/over

(%)

Kumpulan umur (tahun)/Age group (year)

Perempuan

Female Lelaki

Male

Jumlah

Total 2.4

Lelaki Male

2.4

Perempuan

Female 2.3

65 & lebih/over



KPTB tertinggi bagi migran lelaki berada dalam

kumpulan umur 35–44 (98.7%) manakala

migran perempuan dalam kumpulan umur 25–

34 (65.2%).

The highest LFPR for male migrants was in the

35–44 age group (98.7%) while for female

migrants in the age group 25–34 (65.2%).

SEBAB PENGHIJRAHAN REASONS FOR MIGRATION

Bagi tempoh 2011–2012 hampir separuh

daripada migran dalaman di Malaysia berhijrah

kerana mengikut ahli keluarga. Namun sebab

utama penduduk berhijrah adalah kerana faktor

kerjaya iaitu 21.8 peratus, diikuti persekitaran

(19.7%), perkahwinan & penceraian (5.8%) dan

pendidikan (5.7%).

For the period 2011–2012, almost half of

internal migrants in Malaysia migrated because

they followed their family members. However,

the main reasons people migrated were due to

work-related factors at 21.8 per cent, followed

by environment (19.7%), marriage & divorce

(5.8%) and education (5.7%).

Carta 11:

Chart 11: Taburan peratus sebab-sebab penghijrahan penduduk, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Percentage distribution of reasons for migration of population, Malaysia, 2011–2012

43.4

21.8

19.7

5.8 5.7 3.6

Carta 10:

Chart 10:

Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh migran dalaman dan bukan migran mengikut jantina dan

kumpulan umur, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Labour force participation rates of internal migrants and non-migrants by sex and age group,


83

.9

60

.7

96

.9

98

.7

83

.6

80

.2

48

.8

96

.8

97

.9

84

.2

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

Jumlah

Total

15—24 25—34 35—44 45—64

LELAKI/MALE

54

.0

42

.4

65

.2

62

.4

32

.1

49

.2

32

.0

67

.3

59

.9

42

.5

Jumlah

Total

15—24 25—34 35—44 45—64

PEREMPUAN/FEMALE

Jumlah

Total

Jumlah

Total

Migran dalaman

Internal migrant

Bukan migran

Non-migrant

KP

TB

/ L

FP

R (

%)

Mengikut keluarga

Follow family member

Kerjaya

Work-related

Perkahwinan &

Perceraian

Marriage & Divorce

Persekitaran

Environment

Pendidikan

Education

Lain-lain

Others

JADUAL TABLES

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 1:

Table 1: Perangkaan utama migrasi, Malaysia, 2010–2011 dan 2011–2012

Key migration statistics, Malaysia, 2010–2011and 2011–2012

Perkara

Item

Tempoh

Period

2010–2011 2011–2012

Taburan peratus penduduk mengikut taraf migrasi

Percentage distribution of population by migration status

(%)

Jumlah

Total 100.0 100.0

Migran

Migrants 2.5 2.6

100.0 100.0

Migran dalam negeri

Intra-state migrants 59.0 61.3

Migran antara negeri

Inter-state migrants 27.8 28.5

Migran antarabangsa a

International migrants

13.2

10.3

Bukan migran

Non-migrants 97.5 97.4

Bilangan migran dalaman mengikut taraf migrasi

Number of internal migrants by migration status

(‘000)

Migran dalaman

Internal migrants 617.9 678.7

Migran dalam negeri

Intra-state migrants 419.8 463.4

Migran antara negeri

Inter-state migrants 198.1 215.3

a Tidak termasuk migran dari Malaysia ke negara lain

Excludes migrants from Malaysia to other countries

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 2:

Table 2:

Bilangan dan taburan peratus migran masuk mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010–2011 dan

2011–2012

Number and percentage distribution of in-migrants by state, Malaysia, 2010–2011 and

2011–2012

Negeri destinasi

State of destination

Tempoh

Period

2010–2011 2011–2012

Bilangan

Number

(‘000)

Peratus

Per cent Bilangan

Number

(‘000)

Peratus

Per cent

Malaysia 198.1 100.0 215.3 100.0

Johor 14.8 7.5 11.3 5.2

Kedah 11.8 6.0 21.0 9.8

Kelantan 13.1 6.6 17.9 8.3

Melaka 7.1 3.6 5.9 2.7

Negeri Sembilan 9.3 4.7 7.5 3.5

Pahang 12.0 6.0 11.8 5.5

Pulau Pinang 18.4 9.3 18.2 8.5

Perak 14.4 7.3 15.1 7.0

Perlis 2.4 1.2 1.6 0.7

Selangor 50.9 25.7 57.8 26.8

Terengganu 6.6 3.3 8.6 4.0

Sabah 11.6 5.9 12.3 5.7

Sarawak 12.9 6.5 12.1 5.6

W.P.

Kuala Lumpur 10.1 5.1 12.6 5.9

W.P.

Labuan 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1

W.P.

Putrajaya 2.5 1.3 1.7 0.8

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 3:

Table 3 :

Bilangan dan taburan peratus migran keluar mengikut negeri, Malaysia,

2010–2011 dan 2011–2012 Number and percentage distribution of out-migrants by state, Malaysia,

2010–2011 and 2011–2012

Negeri destinasi


Tempoh

Period

2010–2011 2011–2012

Bilangan

Number

(‘000)

Peratus

Per cent Bilangan

Number

(‘000)

Peratus

Per cent

Malaysia 198.1 100.0 215.3 100.0

Johor 21.4 10.8 21.9 10.2

Kedah 14.5 7.3 18.9 8.8

Kelantan 9.9 5.0 9.8 4.6

Melaka 7.3 3.7 6.9 3.2

Negeri Sembilan 11.3 5.7 14.1 6.5

Pahang 13.1 6.6 17.0 7.9

Pulau Pinang 9.6 4.8 13.0 6.0

Perak 17.8 9.0 23.0 10.7

Perlis 4.6 2.3 1.1 0.5

Selangor 33.1 16.7 35.4 16.4

Terengganu 7.0 3.5 11.9 5.5

Sabah 11.8 5.9 10.4 4.8

Sarawak 7.4 3.8 5.0 2.3

W.P.

Kuala Lumpur 24.3 12.2 23.8 11.1

W.P.

Labuan 1.4 0.7 0.9 0.4

W.P.

Putrajaya 3.7 1.9 2.2 1.0

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 4:

Table 4: Bilangan migrasi bersih mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010–2011 dan 2011–2012

Number of net migration by state, Malaysia, 2010–2011 and 2011–2012

(‘000)

Negeri

State

Tempoh

Period

2010–2011 2011–2012

Johor -6.7 -10.7

Kedah -2.7 2.1

Kelantan 3.2 8.1

Melaka -0.2 -1.1

Negeri Sembilan -2.0 -6.6

Pahang -1.2 -5.2

Pulau Pinang 8.8 5.2

Perak -3.3 -7.9

Perlis -2.2 0.5

Selangor 17.7 22.4

Terengganu -0.4 -3.3

Sabah -0.1 1.8

Sarawak 5.5 7.1

W.P.

Kuala Lumpur -14.1 -11.2

W.P.

Labuan -1.3 -0.7

W.P.

Putrajaya -1.1 -0.5

PENDUDUK BERUMUR 1 TAHUN DAN LEBIH

POPULATION AGED 1 YEAR AND OVER

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 5:

Table 5:

Taburan peratus migran daripada penduduk mengikut negeri destinasi dan taraf migrasi,

Malaysia, 2010–2011 dan 2011–2012

Percentage distribution of migrants from the population by state of destination and migration status,

Malaysia, 2010–2011 and 2011–2012

(%)

Negeri destinasi


Tempoh

Period

2010-2011 2011-2012

Jumlah

Total

Dalam

negeri

Intra-

state

Antara

negeri

Inter-

state

Antara-

bangsa a

Inter-

national

Jumlah

Total

Dalam

negeri

Intra-

state

Antara

negeri

Inter-

state

Antara-

bangsa a

Inter-

national

Malaysia 2.5 1.5 0.7 0.3 2.6 1.6 0.8 0.3

Johor 1.6 0.7 0.4 0.4 1.5 0.9 0.3 0.3

Kedah 2.0 1.1 0.6 0.3 3.2 1.9 1.1 0.3

Kelantan 2.9 1.8 0.8 0.2 3.0 1.7 1.1 0.1

Melaka 2.7 1.8 0.9 0.1 2.2 1.4 0.7 0.1

Negeri

Sembilan 2.4 0.9 0.9 0.6 1.8 0.7 0.7 0.4

Pahang 1.8 0.8 0.8 0.2 1.8 0.7 0.8 0.3

Pulau Pinang 4.3 2.7 1.2 0.5 3.5 2.0 1.2 0.3

Perak 2.0 1.1 0.6 0.3 1.9 1.0 0.6 0.3

Perlis 2.0 0.8 1.0 0.1 1.2 0.4 0.7 0.2

Selangor 3.2 1.9 0.9 0.4 3.5 2.3 1.0 0.2

Terengganu 1.5 0.7 0.6 0.2 2.2 1.2 0.8 0.2

Sabah 3.5 2.9 0.4 0.3 3.0 2.3 0.4 0.3

Sarawak 2.4 1.5 0.5 0.5 3.7 2.7 0.5 0.5

W.P.

Kuala Lumpur 0.8 n.a 0.6 0.2 1.1 0.0 0.8 0.3

W.P.

Labuan 0.6 0.5 0.2 - 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1

W.P.

Putrajaya 3.8 n.a 3.5 0.3 2.4 0.0 2.3 0.2

a Tidak termasuk migran dari Malaysia ke negara lain

Excludes migrants from Malaysia to other countries

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 6:

Table 6:

Bilangan dan kadar migrasi masuk, keluar, bersih & kasar dan nisbah keberkesanan migrasi penduduk berumur

1 tahun dan lebih mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Number and rate of in, out, net & gross migration and migration effectiveness ratio of population aged 1 year and over

by state, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Negeri

State

(‘000)

(Kadar bagi setiap 1,000

penduduk)

(Rate per 1,000 population) (‘000)

(bagi setiap

1,000

penduduk)

(per 1,000

population)

(%)

Migran

masuk

In-

migrants

Migran

keluar

Out-

migrants

Migrasi

bersih

Net

migration

Migrasi

masuk

In-

migration

Migrasi

keluar

Out-

migration

Migrasi

bersih

Net

migration

Migrasi

kasar

Gross

migration

Kadar

migrasi

kasar

Gross

migration

rate

Nisbah

keberkesanan

migrasi

Migration

effectiveness

ratio

Malaysia 215.3 215.3 - n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a

Johor 11.3 21.9 -10.7 3.4 6.5 -3.2 33.2 9.9 -32.2

Kedah 21.0 18.9 2.1 10.8 9.7 1.1 39.9 20.4 5.3

Kelantan 17.9 9.8 8.1 11.2 6.2 5.1 27.7 17.3 29.2

Melaka 5.9 6.9 -1.1 7.1 8.3 -1.3 12.8 15.5 -8.6

Negeri

Sembilan 7.5 14.1 -6.6 7.3 13.6 -6.4 21.6 20.9 -30.6

Pahang 11.8 17.0 -5.2 7.8 11.2 -3.4 28.8 19.1 -18.1

Pulau Pinang 18.2 13.0 5.2 11.6 8.3 3.3 31.2 19.9 16.7

Perak 15.1 23.0 -7.9 6.4 9.7 -3.3 38.2 16.1 -20.7

Perlis 1.6 1.1 0.5 6.8 4.7 2.1 2.7 11.4 18.5

Selangor 57.8 35.4 22.4 10.4 6.4 4.0 93.2 16.8 24.0

Terengganu 8.6 11.9 -3.3 8.1 11.2 -3.1 20.5 19.2 -16.1

Sabah 12.3 10.4 1.8 3.7 3.2 0.5 22.7 6.9 7.9

Sarawak 12.1 5.0 7.1 4.9 2.0 2.9 17.0 6.9 41.8

W.P.

Kuala Lumpur 12.6 23.8 -11.2 7.5 14.1 -6.7 36.3 21.7 -30.9

W.P.

Labuan 0.2 0.9 -0.7 2.2 10.0 -7.9 1.0 11.7 -70.0

W.P.

Putrajaya 1.7 2.2 -0.5 22.5 29.0 -6.6 3.9 51.9 -12.8

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 7:

Table 7: Bilangan migran dalaman mengikut negeri asal dan destinasi, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Number of internal migrants by state of origin and destination, Malaysia, 2011–2012

(‘000)

Negeri asal

State of origin

Negeri destinasi


Ma

lay

sia

Joho

r

Ked

ah

Kel

anta

n

Mel

aka

Neg

eri

Sem

bil

an

Pah

ang

Pu

lau

Pin

ang

Per

ak

Per

lis

Sel

ang

or

Ter

engg

anu

Sab

ah

Sar

awak

W.P

.

Ku

ala

Lu

mpu

r

W.P

.

Lab

uan

W.P

.

Pu

traj

aya

Malaysia 678.7 41.1 57.2 45.6 17.3 14.9 22.9 50.1 37.6 2.4 184.9 21.0 89.6 79.3 12.6 0.5 1.7

Johor 51.7 29.8 1.6 2.9 0.9 1.0 1.6 1.9 1.3 0.0 4.4 2.2 0.3 1.7 2.2 - 0.0

Kedah 55.0 3.8 36.2 0.6 0.1 1.6 0.5 5.2 2.6 0.4 1.7 0.6 1.1 0.4 0.2 - 0.1

Kelantan 37.5 0.8 1.4 27.7 - 0.2 0.6 1.3 0.4 0.1 3.2 0.7 - 0.6 0.4 - 0.0

Melaka 18.3 0.4 0.1 1.1 11.4 0.1 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 2.2 0.1 0.4 - 0.1

Negeri

Sembilan 21.5 0.8 0.1 1.9 1.9 7.4 1.0 1.6 0.2 0.0 4.8 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.7 - 0.1

Pahang 28.1 2.4 0.7 2.2 - 0.1 11.1 0.0 1.6 0.1 6.4 0.9 - 2.2 0.4 0.0 0.0

Pulau Pinang 44.9 0.5 4.5 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.1 31.9 0.9 0.4 2.3 0.3 0.5 1.4 1.2 - 0.0

Perak 45.5 0.5 2.5 1.3 0.3 1.1 2.1 3.8 22.4 0.1 8.0 0.5 1.5 1.0 0.2 - 0.2

Perlis 1.9 - 0.6 - - - - - - 0.8 0.0 0.2 - 0.1 - - 0.1

Selangor 162.5 1.1 8.0 3.5 0.9 1.6 2.6 2.1 3.3 0.3 127.1 1.1 2.6 2.3 5.3 - 0.7

Terengganu 24.4 - 0.2 2.3 0.0 0.6 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.0 4.8 12.5 0.5 - 0.7 - 0.0

Sabah 87.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.7 - 0.7 0.4 0.9 0.0 5.6 - 77.4 1.1 0.6 0.1 0.1

Sarawak 72.3 0.2 - 0.1 0.1 - 0.3 - 1.0 0.1 0.8 - 2.4 67.3 0.2 - 0.0

W.P.

Kuala Lumpur 23.8 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.6 0.9 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.1 14.8 1.0 0.9 0.3 - - 0.3

W.P.

Labuan 1.2 - 0.2 - - - - - - - - - 0.1 0.6 - 0.3 -

W.P.

Putrajaya 2.2 - 0.2 0.3 - 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 - 0.9 0.2 - - - - -

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 8:

Table 8:

Taburan peratus migran dalaman mengikut strata (arah aliran migrasi), Malaysia,

2010–2011 dan 2011–2012

Percentage distribution of internal migrants by stratum (migration flow), Malaysia,

2010–2011 and 2011–2012

(%)

Strata (arah aliran migrasi)

Stratum (migration flow)

Tempoh

Period

2010–2011 2011–2012

Jumlah

Total 100.0 100.0

Bandar-Bandar

Urban-Urban 58.5 61.5

Bandar-Luar bandar

Urban-Rural 24.3 20.4

Luar bandar-Bandar

Rural-Urban 6.4 7.5

Luar bandar- Luar bandar

Rural-Rural 10.7 10.6

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 9:

Table 9:

Taburan peratus migran dalam negeri dan migran antara negeri mengikut negeri dan strata (arah aliran

migrasi), Malaysia, 2011–2012

Percentage distribution of intra-state and inter-state migrants by state and stratum (migration flow), Malaysia,

2011–2012

(%)

Negeri destinasi

State of

destination

Migran dalam negeri

Intra-state migrants Migran antara negeri

Inter-state migrants

Jumlah

Total



Jumlah

Total



Bandar-

Bandar

Urban-

Urban

Bandar

-Luar

bandar

Urban-

Rural

Luar

bandar-

Bandar

Rural-

Urban

Luar

bandar

-Luar

bandar

Rural-

Rural

Bandar-

Bandar

Urban-

Urban

Bandar

-Luar

bandar

Urban-

Rural

Luar

bandar-

Bandar

Rural-

Urban

Luar

bandar -

Luar

bandar

Rural-

Rural

Malaysia 100.0 58.5 18.4 8.9 14.2 100.0 67.9 24.7 4.6 2.8

Johor 100.0 52.6 12.2 15.9 19.3 100.0 65.9 13.2 13.6 7.2

Kedah 100.0 54.1 18.6 4.5 22.8 100.0 43.0 52.3 0.5 4.2

Kelantan 100.0 20.0 43.0 11.0 26.0 100.0 24.1 67.3 1.2 7.4

Melaka 100.0 87.0 13.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 88.7 11.3 0.0 0.0

Negeri

Sembilan 100.0 59.1 13.3 12.6 15.0 100.0 76.3 23.7 0.0 0.0

Pahang 100.0 49.4 26.5 3.0 21.1 100.0 54.7 26.2 8.4 10.6

Pulau Pinang 100.0 79.7 11.8 3.5 5.0 100.0 71.5 13.1 10.4 5.0

Perak 100.0 33.8 18.0 21.5 26.8 100.0 67.6 27.5 1.8 3.1

Perlis 100.0 17.8 8.9 42.1 31.2 100.0 25.6 66.3 6.5 1.6

Selangor 100.0 92.1 7.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 90.6 5.4 4.1 0.0

Terengganu 100.0 16.5 29.5 11.2 42.8 100.0 36.3 52.3 9.7 1.7

Sabah 100.0 42.5 29.8 11.8 16.0 100.0 72.4 25.4 2.2 0.0

Sarawak 100.0 37.4 18.9 20.5 23.2 100.0 48.1 40.9 10.2 0.8

W.P.

Kuala Lumpur n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 100.0 100.0 n.a. n.a. n.a.

W.P.

Labuan 100.0 66.4 33.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 9.9 62.1 26.1 1.9

W.P.

Putrajaya n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 100.0 100.0 n.a. n.a. n.a.

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 10:

Table 10:

Bilangan dan taburan peratus migran dalaman mengikut jantina dan kumpulan

umur, Malaysia, 2010–2011 dan 2011–2012

Number and percentage distribution of internal migrants by sex and age group,

Malaysia, 2010–2011 and 2011–2012

Jantina/

Kumpulan umur (tahun)

Sex/Age group (year)

Tempoh

Period

2010–2011 2011–2012

Bilangan

Number

(‘000)

Peratus

Per cent

Bilangan

Number

(‘000)

Peratus

Per cent

Jumlah

Total

Jumlah

Total 618.0 100.0 678.7 100.0

1–14 134.0 21.7 148.3 21.8

15–24 183.1 29.6 181.8 26.8

25–34 187.0 30.3 227.6 33.5

35–44 66.6 10.8 70.4 10.4

45–64 39.9 6.5 43.5 6.4

65 & lebih/over 7.4 1.2 7.1 1.1

Lelaki

Male

Jumlah

Total 326.9 100.0 361.4 100.0

1–14 66.0 20.2 77.9 21.6

15–24 91.4 27.9 93.4 25.9

25–34 104.0 31.8 121.1 33.5

35–44 39.1 12.0 40.8 11.3

45–64 24.2 7.4 24.8 6.9

65 & lebih/over 2.4 0.7 3.3 0.9

Perempuan

Female

Jumlah

Total 291.0 100.0 317.3 100.0

1–14 68.0 23.4 70.4 22.2

15–24 91.7 31.5 88.4 27.9

25–34 83.1 28.5 106.5 33.6

35–44 27.5 9.4 29.6 9.3

45–64 15.7 5.4 18.7 5.9

65 & lebih/over 5.0 1.7 3.8 1.2

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 11:

Table 11:

Kadar migrasi dalaman mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia,

2011–2012


(%)

Kumpulan Umur (tahun)

Age group (year) Jumlah

Total Lelaki

Male Perempuan

Female

Jumlah

Total 2.4 2.4 2.3

1–14 2.1 2.1 2.0

15–24 3.2 3.2 3.2

25–34 4.3 4.3 4.3

35–44 1.8 2.1 1.6

45–64 0.8 0.9 0.7

65 & lebih/over 0.5 0.5 0.5

Jadual 12:

Table 12 :

Nisbah jantina migran dalaman dan bukan migran mengikut kumpulan umur,


Sex ratio of internal migrants and non-migrants by age group, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Kumpulan umur (tahun)

Age group (year) Migran dalaman

Internal migrants

Bukan migran

Non-migrants

Jumlah

Total 117 106

1–14 110 105

15–24 104 105

25–34 129 111

35–44 136 106

45–64 120 105

65 & lebih/over 82 92

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 13:

Table 13:

Bilangan dan taburan peratus migran dalaman berumur 1 tahun dan lebih mengikut

kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2010–2011 dan 2011–2012

Number and percentage distribution of internal migrants aged 1 year and over by ethnic group,

Malaysia, 2010–2011 and 2011–2012

Kumpulan etnik

Ethnic group

Tempoh

Period

2010–2011 2011–2012

Bilangan

Number

(‘000)

Peratus

Per cent Bilangan

Number

(‘000)

Peratus

Per cent

Jumlah

Total 618.0 100.0 678.7 100.0

Warganegara Malaysia

Malaysian citizens 533.5 86.3 594.7 87.6

Bumiputera 419.6 78.7 472.2 79.4

Melayu

Malay 332.9 62.4 371.8 62.5

Bumiputera lain

Other Bumiputera 86.7 16.3 100.4 16.9

Cina

Chinese 80.9 15.2 71.2 12.0

India

Indians 28.9 5.4 43.8 7.4

Lain-lain

Others 4.1 0.8 7.5 1.3

Bukan warganegara Malaysia

Non-Malaysian citizens 84.4 13.7 84.0 12.4

Jadual 14: Table 14:

Kadar migrasi dalaman mengikut kumpulan etnik dan jantina, Malaysia, 2011–2012 Internal migration rates by ethnic group and sex, Malaysia, 2011–2012

(%)

Kumpulan etnik

Ethnic group

Jumlah

Total Lelaki

Male Perempuan

Female

Jumlah

Total 2.4 2.4 2.3


Malaysian citizens 2.3 2.3 2.2

Bumiputera 2.6 2.7 2.6

Melayu

Malay 2.6 2.6 2.6

Bumiputera lain

Other Bumiputera 3.0 3.4 2.5

Cina

Chinese 1.1 1.1 1.1

India

Indians 2.3 2.0 2.5

Lain-lain

Others 3.6 4.3 2.9


Non-Malaysian citizens 3.6 4.0 3.0

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 15:

Table 15:

Taburan peratus migran dalaman dan bukan migran berumur 1 tahun dan lebih

mengikut kumpulan etnik dan strata destinasi, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Percentage distribution of internal migrants and non-migrants aged 1 year and over by ethnic

group and stratum of destination, Malaysia, 2011–2012

(%)

Kumpulan etnik

Ethnic group

Migran dalaman

Internal migrants

Bukan migran

Non-migrants

Jumlah

Total Bandar

Urban

Luar

bandar

Rural

Jumlah

Total Bandar

Urban

Luar

bandar

Rural

Jumlah

Total 100.0 69.0 31.0 100.0 68.2 31.8


Malaysian citizens 100.0 70.1 29.9 100.0 67.7 32.3

Bumiputera

100.0 64.6 35.4 100.0 57.5 42.5

Melayu

Malay 100.0 65.6 34.4 100.0 59.9 40.1

Bumiputera lain

Other Bumiputera 100.0 61.0 39.0 100.0 46.9 53.1

Cina

Chinese 100.0 91.8 8.2 100.0 89.0 11.0

India

Indians 100.0 89.4 10.6 100.0 89.0 11.0

Lain-lain

Others 100.0 97.9 2.1 100.0 74.9 25.1


Non-Malaysian citizens 100.0 61.5 38.5 100.0 73.8 26.2

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 16:

Table 16:

Bilangan dan taburan peratus sebab-sebab penghijrahan penduduk, Malaysia,

2010–2011 dan 2011–2012

Number and percentage distribution of reasons for migration of population, Malaysia,

2010–2011 and 2011–2012

Sebab penghijrahan

Reasons for migration

Tempoh

Period

2010–2011 2011–2012

Bilangan

Number

(‘000)

Peratus

Per cent Bilangan

Number

(‘000)

Peratus

Per cent

Jumlah

Total

618.0 100.0 678.7 100.0

Mengikut keluarga

Follow family member

258.2 41.8 294.5 43.4

Kerjaya

Work-related

135.4 21.9 147.6 21.8

Berpindah tempat kerja/

memulakan pekerjaan baru

Job transfer/to start a new job

108.2 17.5 125.5 18.5

Mencari kerja

Seeking work

17.5 2.8 12.1 1.8

Berhenti kerja

Resign

8.8 1.4 8.8 1.3

Bersara

Retire

0.9 0.2 1.2 0.2

Persekitaran

Environment

131.8 21.3 133.8 19.7

Pelajaran

Education

38.3 6.2 39.1 5.7

Memasuki persekolahan

Start schooling

34.2 5.5 33.4 4.9

Telah tamat persekolahan

Complete schooling

4.1 0.7 5.7 0.8

Perkahwinan & perceraian

Marriage & divorce

34.9 5.7 39.0 5.8

Perkahwinan

Marriage

33.3 5.4 35.7 5.3

Perceraian

Divorce

1.6 0.3 3.3 0.5

Lain-lain

Others 19.4 3.1 24.7 3.6

PENDUDUK BERUMUR 15-64 TAHUN

POPULATION AGED 15-64 YEARS

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 17:

Table 17:

Bilangan dan kadar migrasi masuk, keluar, bersih & kasar dan nisbah keberkesanan migrasi

penduduk berumur 15-64 tahun mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Number and rate of in, out, net & gross migration and migration effectiveness ratio of the population aged

15-64 years by state, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Negeri

State

(‘000)

(Kadar bagi setiap 1,000

penduduk)

(Rate per 1,000 population) (‘000)

(bagi

setiap

1,000

penduduk)

(per 1,000

population)

(%)

Migran

masuk In-

migrants

Migran

keluar Out-

migrants

Migrasi

bersih Net

migration

Migrasi

masuk In-

migration

Migrasi

keluar Out-

migration

Migrasi

bersih Net

migration

Migrasi

kasar Gross

migration

Kadar

migrasi

kasar Gross

migration

rate

Nisbah

keberkesanan

migrasi Migration

effectiveness

ratio

Malaysia 171.8 171.8 0.0 n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a

Johor 8.2 17.0 -8.8 3.5 7.2 -3.8 25.2 10.8 -34.9

Kedah 15.2 13.8 1.4 11.6 10.6 1.1 28.9 22.2 4.8

Kelantan 11.7 8.0 3.6 11.6 7.9 3.6 19.7 19.5 18.3

Melaka 4.6 5.1 -0.5 8.0 8.9 -0.9 9.7 16.9 -5.2

Negeri

Sembilan 6.0 10.7 -4.7 8.4 14.9 -6.6 16.8 23.5 -28.0

Pahang 8.9 13.0 -4.1 8.8 12.8 -4.0 21.9 21.6 -18.7

Pulau Pinang 15.3 11.6 3.6 13.5 10.3 3.2 26.9 23.7 13.4

Perak 12.6 17.4 -4.8 7.9 10.9 -3.0 30.0 18.8 -16.0

Perlis 1.4 0.8 0.6 8.7 5.0 3.7 2.1 13.3 28.6

Selangor 50.2 28.4 21.8 12.4 7.1 5.4 78.6 19.5 27.7

Terengganu 5.4 9.2 -3.8 7.9 13.4 -5.6 14.6 21.4 -26.0

Sabah 9.6 10.1 -0.5 4.1 4.3 -0.2 19.7 8.4 -2.5

Sarawak 9.6 4.7 4.9 5.7 2.8 2.9 14.3 8.5 34.3

W.P.

Kuala Lumpur 11.9 19.4 -7.5 9.6 15.5 -6.0 31.3 25.1 -24.0

W.P.

Labuan 0.1 0.6 -0.4 1.6 9.6 -6.5 0.7 11.0 -57.1

W.P. Putrajaya 1.3 2.0 -0.7 25.7 39.0 -13.8 3.4 66.9 -20.6

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 18:

Table 18: Bilangan migran dalaman berumur 15–64 tahun mengikut negeri asal dan destinasi, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Number of internal migrants aged 15–64 years by state of origin and destination, Malaysia, 2011–2012

(‘000)

Negeri asal

State of origin

Negeri destinasi


Ma

lay

sia

Joh

or

Ked

ah

Kel

anta

n

Mel

aka

Neg

eri

Sem

bil

an

Pah

ang

Pu

lau

Pin

ang

Per

ak

Per

lis

Sel

ang

or

Ter

eng

gan

u

Sab

ah

Sar

awak

W.P

.

Ku

ala

Lu

mp

ur

W.P

.

Lab

uan

W.P

.

Pu

traj

aya

Malaysia 523.3 29.3 40.9 31.4 13.1 12.2 16.4 40.1 28.8 2.1 151.9 13.9 69.9 59.6 11.9 0.4 1.3

Johor 38.1 21.1 1.2 1.8 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.6 1.3 - 4.4 1.2 0.3 1.3 2.0 - 0.0

Kedah 39.5 2.3 25.7 0.5 0.1 1.1 0.2 4.7 2.0 0.4 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 - 0.1

Kelantan 27.7 0.8 1.1 19.7 - 0.2 0.6 1.2 0.3 0.1 2.2 0.6 - 0.6 0.4 - 0.0

Melaka 13.6 0.4 - 0.3 8.5 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.6 - 0.1 0.1 2.2 0.1 0.4 - 0.0

Negeri

Sembilan 16.9 0.8 0.1 1.0 1.6 6.2 0.9 1.0 0.2 - 3.8 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.7 - 0.1

Pahang 20.5 1.2 0.4 1.4 - 0.1 7.5 - 1.6 0.1 5.8 0.4 - 1.6 0.4 0.0 0.0

Pulau Pinang 36.5 0.5 3.6 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 24.9 0.8 0.4 2.3 0.3 0.5 1.1 1.0 0.0 0.0

Perak 33.7 0.5 1.5 0.8 0.3 1.0 1.3 3.3 16.3 0.1 6.6 0.2 0.8 0.9 0.2 - 0.1

Perlis 1.5 - 0.4 - - - - - - 0.8 - 0.1 - 0.1 - - 0.1

Selangor 130.1 0.9 5.6 2.8 0.6 1.3 2.0 1.7 2.8 0.1 101.7 0.8 2.4 1.7 5.1 - 0.6

Terengganu 17.7 - 0.2 1.4 - 0.6 1.0 0.1 0.7 - 4.3 8.5 0.2 0.0 0.7 - 0.0

Sabah 70.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 - 0.7 0.4 0.9 - 5.6 - 60.3 1.1 0.6 0.1 0.1

Sarawak 54.7 0.2 - 0.1 0.1 - 0.3 - 1.0 0.1 0.8 - 2.0 50.0 0.2 0.0 0.0

W.P.

Kuala Lumpur 19.4 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.1 12.5 0.6 0.8 0.3 - - 0.2

W.P.

Labuan 0.8 - 0.2 - - - - - - - - - 0.1 0.3 - 0.2 -

W.P.

Putrajaya 2.0 - 0.2 0.3 - 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 - 0.9 0.2 - - - - -

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 19:

Table 19 :

Taburan peratus migran dalaman dan bukan migran berumur 15–64 tahun mengikut

kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Percentage distribution of internal migrants and non-migrants aged 15–64 years by age group

and sex, Malaysia, 2011–2012

(%)

Kumpulan

umur (tahun)

Age group (year)

Migran dalaman

Internal migrants

Bukan migran

Non-migrants

Jumlah

Total Lelaki

Male Perempuan

Female Jumlah

Total Lelaki

Male Perempuan

Female

Jumlah

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

15–24 34.8 33.4 36.4 28.3 28.1 28.6

25–34 43.5 43.2 43.8 25.9 26.4 25.3

35–44 13.5 14.6 12.2 19.4 19.3 19.5

45–64 8.3 8.9 7.7 26.5 26.2 26.7

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 20:

Table 20:

Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh bagi migran dalaman dan bukan migran mengikut kumpulan

umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Labour force participation rate of internal migrants and non-migrants by age group and sex, Malaysia,

2011–2012

(%)

Kumpulan umur

(tahun)

Age group

(year)

Migran dalaman

Internal migrants Bukan migran

Non-migrants

Jumlah

Total Lelaki

Male Perempuan

Female Jumlah

Total Lelaki

Male Perempuan

Female

Jumlah

Total 70.0 83.9 54.0 65.2 80.2 49.2

15–24 51.8 60.7 42.4 40.6 48.8 32.0

25–34 82.1 96.9 65.2 82.8 96.8 67.3

35–44 83.4 98.7 62.4 79.5 97.9 59.9

45–64 61.5 83.6 32.1 63.8 84.2 42.5

Jadual 21:

Table 21:

Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh bagi migran dalaman dan bukan migran mengikut strata

(arah aliran migrasi) dan jantina, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Labour force participation rate of internal migrants and non-migrants by stratum (migration flow)

and sex, Malaysia, 2011–2012

(%)


Stratum (migration flow) Jumlah

Total Lelaki

Male Perempuan

Female

Migran dalaman

Internal migrants

Bandar-Bandar

Urban-Urban 71.3 82.5 59.2

Bandar-Luar bandar

Urban-Rural 68.6 88.7 43.3

Luar bandar-Bandar

Rural-Urban 66.1 75.0 52.9

Luar bandar-Luar bandar

Rural-Rural 67.7 91.0 38.7

Bukan migran

Non-migrants

Bandar

Urban 66.1 79.9 51.4

Luar bandar

Rural 63.1 80.9 43.9

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 22:

Table 22 :

Taburan peratus migran dalaman dan bukan migran yang bekerja mengikut taraf pekerjaan,


Percentage distribution of employed internal migrants and non-migrants by status in employment,


(%)

Taraf pekerjaan

Status in employment Migran dalaman


Non-migrants

Jumlah

Total 100.0 100.0

Majikan

Employer 2.1 3.9

Pekerja

Employee 87.6 74.8

Bekerja sendiri

Own account worker 7.4 16.7

Pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji

Unpaid family worker 2.9 4.6

Jadual 23:

Table 23:

Taburan peratus migran dalaman dan bukan migran yang bekerja mengikut pekerjaan,


Percentage distribution of employed internal migrants and non-migrants by occupation, Malaysia,

2011–2012

(%)

Pekerjaan

Occupation Migran dalaman


Non-migrants

Jumlah

Total 100.0 100.0

Pengurus

Managers 3.5 5.6

Profesional

Professionals 12.8 9.7

Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu

Technician and associate professionals 13.9 10.0

Pekerja sokongan perkeranian

Clerical support workers 9.9 9.4

Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan

Service and sales workers 18.6 20.9

Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan

Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers 5.1 9.0

Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang

berkaitan

Craft and related trades workers 12.7 11.1

Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang

Plant and machine-operators and assemblers 12.3 12.1

Pekerjaan asas

Elementary occupations 11.3 12.2

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 24:

Table 24:

Taburan peratus migran dalaman yang bekerja mengikut pekerjaan dan strata (arah aliran migrasi),


Percentage distribution of employed internal migrants by occupation and stratum (migration flow),


(%)

Pekerjaan

Occupation Bandar-Bandar

Urban-Urban

Bandar-

Luar bandar

Urban-Rural

Luar bandar-

Bandar

Rural-Urban

Luar bandar-

Luar bandar

Rural-Rural

Jumlah

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Pengurus

Managers 6.8 2.7 1.6 2.4

Profesional

Professionals 11.2 8.8 5.5 6.1

Juruteknik dan profesional

bersekutu

Technician and associate

professionals

12.3 9.8 7.3 4.8

Pekerja sokongan perkeranian

Clerical support workers 11.3 6.1 3.1 4.7

Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan

Service and sales workers 22.2 18.1 19.5 17.4

Pekerja mahir pertanian,

perhutanan dan perikanan

Skilled agricultural, forestry and

fishery workers

1.6 13.5 0.2 26.9

Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja

pertukangan yang berkaitan

Craft and related trades workers

11.2 17.1 11.0 10.7

Operator loji dan mesin serta

pemasang

Plant and machine-operators and

assemblers

12.8 10.1 19.7 10.6

Pekerjaan asas

Elementary occupations 10.5 13.8 32.0 16.5

JADUAL TABLES


Jadual 25:

Table 25: Taburan peratus migran dalaman yang bekerja mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Percentage distribution of employed internal migrants by industry, Malaysia, 2011–2012

(%)

Industri

Industry

Migran dalaman

Internal migrants

Jumlah

Total 100.0

Pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan

Agriculture, forestry and fishing 7.2

Perlombongan dan pengkuarian

Mining and quarrying 2.2

Pembuatan

Manufacturing 18.5

Bekalan elektrik, gas, wap dan pendingin udara

Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 0.5

Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti pemulihan

Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 0.5

Pembinaan

Construction 11.0

Perkhidmatan

Services

58.8

100.0

Perdagangan borong dan runcit; pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal

Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 25.2

Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan

Transportation and storage 6.6

Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan minuman

Accommodation and food and beverage service activities 9.9

Maklumat dan komunikasi

Information and communications 4.2

Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful

Financial and insurance/takaful activities 4.2

Aktiviti hartanah

Real estate activities 0.7

Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal

Professional, scientific and technical activities 4.0

Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan

Administrative and support service activities 7.4

Pentadbiran awam dan pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan sosial wajib

Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 13.6

Pendidikan

Education 12.2

Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial

Human health and social work activities 7.9

Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi

Arts, entertainment and recreation 1.5

Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain

Other service activities 2.6

Aktiviti isi rumah sebagai majikan

Activities of households as employers 1.2

Aktiviti badan dan pertubuhan luar wilayah

Activities of extraterritorial organisation and bodies 0.1

NOTA TEKNIKAL TECHNICAL NOTES

NOTA TEKNIKAL

TECHNICAL NOTES


OBJEKTIF PENYIASATAN OBJECTIVES OF THE SURVEY

1. Objektif Penyiasatan Migrasi adalah

untuk memberikan anggaran pergerakan dan

arah aliran penduduk pada peringkat negeri.

Selain itu, penyiasatan ini juga bertujuan

mendapatkan maklumat tentang ciri

sosioekonomi penduduk migran dan bukan

migran seperti umur, jantina, guna tenaga dan

jenis pekerjaan di tempat destinasi serta sebab

penghijrahan penduduk.

1. The main objective of Migration Survey

is to provide estimates of population movements

and flow at state level. In addition, the survey

also aims to obtain information on the socio-

economic characteristics of migrants and non-

migrants such as age, sex, employment and type

of occupation at the place of destination as well

as the reasons for population migration.

KAEDAH PENGUMPULAN METHOD OF COLLECTION

2. Penyiasatan Migrasi merupakan salah

satu modul Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh (PTB)

menggunakan kaedah temu ramah bersemuka

dengan responden. Dalam tempoh penyiasatan,

penemuramah terlatih melawat tempat kediaman

terpilih untuk mengumpulkan maklumat ahli isi

rumah termasuk butiran demografi.

2. Migration Survey is a module of the

Labour Force Survey (LFS), uses the face to

face interview method. During the survey

period, trained interviewers will visit selected

living quarters to collect household members’

information including demographic particulars.

3. Dari segi operasi, soalan Penyiasatan

Migrasi ditanyakan kepada ahli isi rumah yang

berumur 1 tahun dan lebih.

3. In terms of operation, Migration Survey

questions are asked for household members

aged 1 year and over.

4. Semakan kerja luar dibuat bagi

mengesan maklumat yang tertinggal serta

membetulkan sebarang kesalahan semasa

penyiasatan dijalankan.

4. Field operation checks are undertaken

to identify any omissions of information and to

correct any errors occurring at the time of the

survey.



PUNGUTAN DATA DATA COLLECTION

5. Soal selidik penyiasatan direka bentuk

bagi mengumpul maklumat tempat tinggal biasa

responden untuk suatu tempoh tertentu bagi

tujuan penentuan taraf migrasi. Responden

ditanya mengenai tempat tinggal biasa mereka

pada dua titik masa (tarikh) tertentu di mana

tempoh di antaranya genap satu tahun.

Pertukaran lokaliti tempat tinggal biasa pada

dua titik masa ini dianggap sebagai migrasi.

Sebarang pergerakan di antara kedua-dua

tempoh rujukan ini tidak diambil kira. Ini bererti

skop data migrasi dalam Penyiasatan Migrasi

adalah terhad kepada “migrasi tempoh tetap”.

5. The survey questionnaire is designed to

collect information on respondents’ usual place

of residence for a certain period of time to

determine migration status. The respondents

will be asked for the usual place of residence at

two specific point of times (dates) which are

exactly one year apart. A change in the locality

of the usual place of residence at these two

points in time constitutes migration. Any

intervening move between these two reference

dates is not taken into consideration. This

means the scope of migration data in Migration

Survey is confined to “fixed-term migration”.

6. Maklumat demografi dan sosioekonomi

ahli akan diambil daripada soal selidik PTB.

6. Details on members’ demographic and

socio-economic characteristics will be extracted

from LFS questionnaire.

TEMPOH RUJUKAN REFERENCE PERIOD

7. Tempoh rujukan penyiasatan adalah

“tempoh rujukan bergerak mengikut bulanan”

iaitu:

7. The reference period of the survey is

“monthly moving reference period” that is:

Bulan penyiasatan

Survey month

Tempoh rujukan

Reference period

Januari

January

1 Januari 2011 hingga 1 Januari 2012

1st January 2011 to 1

st January 2012

Februari

February

1 Februari 2011 hingga 1 Februari 2012

1st February 2011 to 1

st February 2012

Mac

March

1 Mac 2011 hingga 1 Mac 2012

1st March 2011 to 1

st March 2012

April

April

1 April 2011 hingga 1 April 2012

1st April 2011 to 1

st April 2012

NOTA TEKNIKAL

TECHNICAL NOTES


Bulan penyiasatan

Survey month Tempoh rujukan

Reference period

Mei

May

1 Mei 2011 hingga 1 Mei 2012

1st May 2011 to 1

st May 2012

Jun

June

1 Jun 2011 hingga 1 Jun 2012

1st June 2011 to 1

st June 2012

Julai

July

1 Julai 2011 hingga 1 Julai 2012

1st July 2011 to 1

st July 2012

Ogos

August

1 Ogos 2011 hingga 1 Ogos 2012

1st August 2011 to 1

st August 2012

September

September

1 September 2011 hingga 1 September 2012

1st September 2011 to 1

st September 2012

Oktober

October

1 Oktober 2011 hingga 1 Oktober 2012

1st October 2011 to 1

st October 2012

November

November

1 November 2011 hingga 1 November 2012

1st November 2011 to 1

st November 2012

Disember

December

1 Disember 2011 hingga 1 Disember 2012

1st December 2011 to 1

st December 2012

LIPUTAN DAN SKOP COVERAGE AND SCOPE

8. Penyiasatan Migrasi dijalankan serentak

dengan PTB dan meliputi penduduk penyiasatan

yang sama iaitu kawasan bandar dan luar bandar

bagi semua negeri di Malaysia.

8. The Migration Survey which is carried

out simultaneously with the LFS covers the same

survey population that is urban and rural area

for all states in Malaysia.

9. Populasi penyiasatan terdiri daripada

penduduk yang tinggal di tempat kediaman

persendirian di Malaysia dan tidak termasuk

mereka yang tinggal di tempat kediaman

institusi seperti hotel, rumah tumpangan,

asrama, hospital, rumah orang tua, berek tentera

dan penjara.

9. The population covered is drawn from

all those residing in private living quarters in

Malaysia and therefore excludes persons living

in institutions such as hotels, boarding houses,

hostels, hospitals, old folks homes, military

barracks and prisons.



10. Bagi tujuan penyiasatan ini, ahli biasa

sesuatu isi rumah mesti memenuhi syarat

berikut:

10. For the purpose of this survey, the usual

households’ members must satisfy the following

conditions:

seorang atau beberapa orang yang

bersaudara dan/atau tidak bersaudara

yang biasanya tinggal bersama dan

membuat peraturan secara individu atau

dalam kumpulan untuk persediaan

makanan atau keperluan lain untuk

hidup;

one or more person(s) who may be

related and/or persons unrelated who

usually live together and make

provision individually or in a group for

the preparation of meal or other

essentials for living;

ahli biasa yang telah atau akan tinggal

di sesuatu tempat kediaman sekurang-

kurangnya bagi tempoh tiga bulan; dan

usual member that has/will live in a

living quarter for a period of at least

three months; and

berumur 1 tahun dan lebih. aged 1 year and over.

RANGKA PENSAMPELAN SAMPLING FRAME

11. Blok Penghitungan (BP) dalam rangka

pensampelan juga dikelaskan mengikut kawasan

bandar dan luar bandar. Kawasan bandar

ditakrifkan mengikut definisi Banci Penduduk

dan Perumahan 2010 iaitu merujuk kepada

kawasan yang diwartakan serta kawasan tepu

bina yang bersempadan dengannya dan

gabungan kedua-dua kawasan mempunyai

penduduk seramai 10,000 atau lebih semasa

Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan 2010. Kawasan

selainnya yang diwartakan dan mempunyai

penduduk kurang daripada 10,000 orang serta

kawasan yang tidak diwartakan dikelaskan

sebagai luar bandar.

12. Kawasan tepu bina ditakrifkan sebagai

kawasan yang terletak bersebelahan kawasan

yang diwartakan dan mempunyai sekurang-

kurangya 60 peratus penduduk (berumur 15

tahun dan lebih) yang terlibat dalam aktiviti

bukan pertanian.

11. The Enumeration Blocks (EB) in the

sampling frame are also classified by urban and

rural areas. Urban areas as used in the 2010

Population and Housing Census were defined as

gazetted areas with their adjoining built-up

areas which had a combined population of

10,000 or more at the time of the 2010

Population and Housing Census. All other

gazetted areas with a population of less than

10,000 persons and non-gazetted areas are

classified as rural.

12. Built-up areas are defined as areas

contiguous to a gazetted area and had at least

60 per cent of their population (aged 15 years

and over) engaged in non-agricultural

activities.

NOTA TEKNIKAL

TECHNICAL NOTES


13. Pengelasan kawasan mengikut strata

adalah seperti berikut:

13. The classification of areas by stratum is

as follows:

Strata Bilangan penduduk

Metropolitan 75,000 dan lebih

Bandar besar 10,000 hingga 74,999

Bandar kecil 1,000 hingga 9,999

Luar bandar Kawasan selebihnya

Stratum Number of population

Metropolitan 75,000 and over

Urban large 10,000 to 74,999

Urban small 1,000 to 9,999

Rural The rest of the areas

14. Bagi tujuan pensampelan, pengelasan

yang luas seperti perkara 13 memadai untuk

semua negeri di Malaysia. Walau

bagaimanapun, bagi Sabah dan Sarawak, oleh

kerana kesukaran untuk masuk ke kawasan

pedalaman, strata luar bandar dibahagikan lebih

lanjut berdasarkan kepada jangka masa yang

diambil untuk sampai ke sesuatu tempat dari

pusat bandar yang terdekat.

14. For sampling purposes, the broad

classification in item 13 is found to be adequate

for all states in Malaysia. However, for Sabah

and Sarawak, due to problems of accessibility,

the rural stratum had to be further sub-stratified

based on the time taken to reach the area from

the nearest urban centre.

15. Bagi tujuan analisis bandar/luar bandar,

strata-strata dicantumkan seperti berikut:

15. For the purpose of urban/rural analysis,

the stratum were collapsed as follows:

REKA BENTUK PENSAMPELAN SAMPLE DESIGN

16. Reka bentuk pensampelan berstrata dua

peringkat telah digunakan iaitu:

16. A stratified two-stage sample design is

adopted that is:

Primary stratum - Consist of the states in

Malaysia.

Secondary

stratum

- Consist up of the

urban and rural

stratum as defined in

item 15 and formed

within the primary

stratum.

Urban = Metropolitan + urban large

Rural = Urban small + rural Bandar = Metropolitan + bandar besar

Luar bandar = Bandar kecil + luar bandar

Strata utama - Terdiri daripada negeri-

negeri di Malaysia.

Strata kedua - Terdiri daripada strata

bandar dan luar bandar

seperti yang ditakrifkan di

perkara 15 dan dibentuk

di dalam strata utama.



17. Sampel telah dipilih secara bebas bagi

setiap peringkat pada strata kedua. Unit

pensampelan peringkat pertama ialah BP,

sementara unit peringkat kedua ialah tempat

kediaman (TK) di dalam BP tersebut. TK

terpilih meliputi kesemua isi rumah dan orang

yang tinggal di dalamnya. Di setiap peringkat

pemilihan, unit-unit telah dipilih secara

sistematik dengan kebarangkalian yang sama

dalam strata kedua.

17. Samples are drawn independently

within each level of the secondary stratum. The

first stage units of sample selection are the EBs

while the second stage units are the living

quarters (LQs) within the EBs. All households

and persons within the selected LQs are

canvassed. At every stage of selection the units

are selected systematically with equal

probability within each level of the secondary

stratum.

SAIZ SAMPEL SAMPLE SIZE

18. Saiz sampel bagi Penyiasatan Migrasi

2012 adalah seperti berikut:

18. The sample size of the Migration Survey

2012 is as follows:

Negeri

State Bilangan BP Terpilih

Number of selected EBs Bilangan TK Terpilih

Number of selected LQs

Johor 801 6,158

Kedah 658 5,040

Kelantan 748 5,973

Melaka 665 5,397

Negeri Sembilan 602 4,877

Pahang 745 5,524

Pulau Pinang 567 4,406

Perak 810 6,153

Perlis 449 3,578

Selangor 898 7,072

Terengganu 520 4,245

Sabah 825 6,337

Sarawak 595 4,357

W.P. Kuala Lumpur 370 2,800

W.P. Labuan 114 1,834

W.P. Putrajaya 108 1,712

Malaysia 9,475 75,463

NOTA TEKNIKAL

TECHNICAL NOTES


19. KONSEP DAN DEFINISI 19. CONCEPT AND DEFINITION

Migran - Penduduk yang tempat tinggal

biasanya berbeza pada kedua-dua tarikh

rujukan dan tidak termasuk mereka yang

berhijrah dalam unit lokaliti yang sama.

Migrants - Those whose usual place of

residence at the two reference dates is

different and not include those who move

within the same locality.

Bukan migran - Penduduk yang tempat

tinggal biasanya sama pada kedua-dua tarikh

rujukan, atau mereka yang berhijrah dalam

unit lokaliti yang sama.

Non-migrants - Those whose usual place of

residence at the two reference dates is the

same or those who move within the same

locality.

Migran dalaman - Penduduk yang bertukar

tempat tinggal biasa di beberapa peringkat

geografi di dalam negara. Mereka boleh

dikategorikan sebagai migran antara negeri

jika mereka berpindah dari satu negeri ke

negeri yang lain. Jika pergerakan adalah dalam

negeri yang sama, mereka dikategorikan

sebagai migran dalam negeri.

Internal migrants - Those who have changed

their usual place of residence at various

geographical levels. They may be categorised

as inter-state migrants if they move from one

state to another. If they move within the same

state, they are categorised as intra-state

migrants.

Migran dalaman = Migran antara negeri +

Migran dalam negeri

Internal migrants = Inter-state migrants + Intra-

state migrants

Migran antarabangsa - Penduduk yang

berpindah dari luar negara ke Malaysia.

International migrants - Those who have

moved from other countries to Malaysia.

Migran masuk - Mereka yang berhijrah dari

negeri lain dan tinggal di negeri yang

dinyatakan.

In-migrants - Those who have moved from

another state to stay in the state mentioned.

Migran keluar - Mereka yang berhijrah

keluar dari negeri yang dinyatakan dan tinggal

di negeri lain.

Out-migrants - Those who have moved out of

the state mentioned to stay in another state.

Migrasi kasar - Jumlah migran masuk dan

migran keluar bagi sesebuah negeri. Migrasi

kasar mengukur magnitud penghijrahan masuk

dan keluar bagi sesebuah negeri dan bertujuan

memberi gambaran berkenaan turnover dan

taburan semula penduduk di sesebuah negeri.

Gross migration - The sum of in-migrants and

out-migrants for a specific state. Gross

migration measures the magnitude of in and

out movements which reflects the population

turnover and redistribution in the state.



100 t group age in females of number Total

t group age in males of number Total ratio Sex

Migrasi bersih - Perbezaan di antara bilangan

migran masuk dan migran keluar. Jika

bilangan migran masuk melebihi migran

keluar, hasilnya ialah migran masuk bersih.

Kes sebaliknya pula dikenali sebagai migran

keluar bersih.

Net migration - The balance between the

number of in-migrants and out-migrants. If the

number of in-migrants is more than the out-

migrants, then the result is net in-migrants.

For the opposite case, it results in net out-

migrants.

Kadar migrasi masuk - Kadar migrasi masuk

adalah bilangan migran yang memasuki

sesebuah negeri bagi setiap 1,000 penduduk

negeri destinasi dalam tahun semasa.

In-migration rate - The number of migrants

arriving at the destination state for every

1,000 persons at the destination in a current

year.

Kadar migrasi keluar - Kadar migrasi keluar

adalah bilangan migran yang keluar dari

sesebuah negeri bagi setiap 1,000 penduduk

negeri asal dalam tahun semasa.

Out-migration rate - The number of migrants

departing from the state of origin for every

1,000 persons at the origin in a current year.

Kadar migrasi kasar - Kadar migrasi kasar

adalah bilangan migrasi kasar sesebuah negeri

bagi setiap 1,000 penduduk pada tahun

semasa.

Gross migration rate - The number of gross

migration at the state of destination for every

1,000 persons in a current year.

Kadar migrasi bersih - Kadar migrasi bersih

adalah penambahan atau pengurangan bersih

bagi setiap 1,000 penduduk pada tahun

semasa.

Net migration rate - The net increase or

decrease per 1,000 persons in a current year.

Nisbah jantina Sex ratio

Merujuk kepada bilangan lelaki bagi setiap

100 perempuan

Refers to the number of males for every 100

females

NOTA TEKNIKAL

TECHNICAL NOTES


Nisbah keberkesanan migrasi - Indeks yang

menilai keberkesanan migrasi dalam mengagih

semula taburan penduduk.

Migration effectiveness ratio - An index that

assesses the effectiveness of migration in

redistributing the population.

Tempat asal/destinasi - Tempat asal/destinasi

ialah lokaliti tempat tinggal biasa pada dua

tarikh rujukan iaitu tempoh 12 bulan seperti

yang telah ditetapkan dalam tempoh

penyiasatan. Dalam hubungan ini suatu lokaliti

merujuk kepada sebuah bandar dalam strata

bandar atau sebuah kampung/penempatan

dalam strata luar bandar.

Place of origin/destination - Place of

origin/destination identifies the locality of the

usual place of residence at the two specified

reference dates which are 12 months apart as

fixed by survey periods. In this context, a

locality refers to a town in the urban stratum

or a village/settlement in the rural stratum.

Strata asal/destinasi - Strata asal/destinasi

adalah stratifikasi bandar dan luar bandar bagi

tempat asal dan destinasi, dan ia bersamaan

dengan pembahagian penduduk seperti yang

dinyatakan dalam perkara 13 dan 15.

Stratum of origin/destination - Stratum of

origin/destination is the urban and rural

stratification of the place of origin and

destination, and is the same as the population

cut off mentioned in items 13 and 15.

Kumpulan etnik dikategorikan dikalangan

warganegara Malaysia setelah mengasingkan

bukan warganegara Malaysia. Pengelasan

tersebut adalah seperti berikut:

The ethnic group is categorised within

Malaysia citizens after separating those who are

non citizens. The classification is as follows:


Bumiputera

Melayu

Bumiputera lain

Cina

India

Lain-lain


Malaysian citizens

Bumiputera

Malay

Other Bumiputera

Chinese

Indians

Others

Non-Malaysian citizens



Pencapaian pendidikan merujuk kepada

peringkat tertinggi seseorang itu telah

menamatkan atau sedang mengikuti

persekolahan di insitusi pendidikan awam atau

swasta yang menyediakan pendidikan rasmi. Ia

dikategorikan seperti berikut:

Educational attainment refers to the highest

level in which a person has completed schooling

or is currently attending, in a public or private

educational institution that provides formal

education. It is categorised as follows:

Tiada pendidikan rasmi: Mereka yang

tidak pernah menghadiri mana insitusi

pendidikan yang memberikan secara rasmi.

Rendah: Mereka yang telah mencapai

pendidikan tertinggi di peringkat Darjah 1

hingga 6 atau yang setaraf dengannya.

Menengah: Mereka yang telah mencapai

pendidikan di peringkat Tingkatan 1

(termasuk kelas peralihan) hingga

Tingkatan 5, GCE ‘O’ Level atau yang

setaraf dengannya. Turut termasuk dalam

kategori ini ialah program kemahiran asas

di insitusi latihan kemahiran khusus dan

teknikal yang mana tempoh pengajian

adalah sekurang-kurangnya enam bulan

seperti GIATMARA.

Tertiari: Mereka yang telah mencapai

peringkat tertinggi selepas Tingkatan 5

No formal education: Those who never

attended school in any of the educational

institutions that provides formal education.

Primary: Those whose highest level of

education attainment are from Standard 1

until 6 or its equivalent.

Secondary: Those whose highest level of

education attainment are from Form 1

(including remove class) to Form 5, GCE

‘O’ Level or its equivalent. Also included

in this category are basic skill programmes

in specific trades and technical skills

institutions whereby the training period is

at least six months i.e. GIATMARA.

Tertiary: Those whose highest level of

education attainment is above Form 5.

Taraf perkahwinan dikelaskan seperti berikut: Marital status is defined by the following

classifications:

Tidak pernah berkahwin: Mereka yang

melaporkan sebagai belum berkahwin.

Never married: Persons who report

themselves as never married.

Berkahwin: Mereka yang masih

berkahwin pada masa temu ramah. Istilah

‘perkahwinan’ adalah termasuk

perkahwinan mengikut undang-undang,

secara adat atau peraturan keagamaan.

Married: Persons who were still married

at the time of interview. The term

‘married’, includes those married by law

or by religious rites.

Balu/duda: Mereka yang belum

berkahwin semula selepas kematian

isteri/suami pada masa temu ramah.

Widowed: Persons who have not

remarried after death of their spouses at

the time of interview.

NOTA TEKNIKAL

TECHNICAL NOTES


Bercerai/berpisah tetap: Mereka yang

perkahwinannya telah dimansuhkan

melalui perceraian mengikut undang-

undang atau peraturan keagamaan atau

tidak lagi tinggal bersama bagi satu

jangka masa yang lama dan tiada

kemungkinan untuk bersatu semula.

Divorced/permanently separated: Persons

whose marriages were annulled through

divorced by law or religious arrangement

or separated for a long duration without

any possibility of reconciliation.

Taraf pekerjaan merujuk kepada kedudukan

atau taraf seseorang yang bekerja di dalam

pertubuhan atau organisasi di mana beliau

bekerja. Penduduk yang bekerja dikelaskan

mengikut taraf guna tenaga berikut:

Status in employment refers to the position or

status of an employed person within the

establishment or organisation for which he/she

worked. Employed persons are classified

according to the following employment status:

Majikan: Seorang yang menjalankan

sesuatu perniagaan, perusahaan ladang atau

perniagaan lain dan menggaji seorang

pekerja atau lebih untuk menolongnya.

Employer: A person who operates a

business, a plantation or other trade and

employs one or more workers to help him.

Pekerja: Seorang yang bekerja untuk

majikan awam, majikan bukan kerajaan

atau persendirian dan menerima ganjaran

tetap seperti upah, gaji, komisen, tips atau

upahan yang berbentuk mata benda.

Employee: A person who works for a

public or private employer and receives

regular remuneration in wages, salary,

commission, tips or payment in kind.

Bekerja sendiri: Seorang yang

mengerjakan ladang, perniagaan atau

perusahaan sendiri tanpa menggaji pekerja

di ladang, perniagaan atau perusahaannya.

Own account worker: A person who

operates his own farm, business or trade

without employing any paid workers in the

conduct of his farm, trade or business.

Pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji: Seorang

yang bekerja tanpa menerima sebarang

bayaran atau upah di ladang, perniagaan

atau perusahaan yang dijalankan oleh ahli

keluarganya yang lain.

Unpaid family worker: A person who

works without pay or wages on a farm,

business or trade operated by another

member of the family.



Pekerjaan dikelaskan mengikut klasifikasi

“Piawaian Pengelasan Pekerjaan, Malaysia

(MASCO) 2008” berasaskan kepada

“International Standard Classification of

Occupation (ISCO)”. Bagi seseorang yang

mempunyai lebih daripada satu pekerjaan,

hanya pekerjaan yang mengambil masa

terbanyak semasa tempoh rujukan PTB

dianggap sebagai pekerjaan utamanya. Jika

masa bekerja bagi tiap-tiap pekerjaan itu sama,

maka pekerjaan yang menghasilkan pendapatan

yang tertinggi adalah pekerjaan utamanya.

Dalam kes di mana bilangan jam bekerja dan

pendapatannya adalah sama bagi setiap

pekerjaan, pekerjaan di mana dia telah bekerja

paling lama dianggap sebagai pekerjaan

utamanya.

Occupation is classified according to the

“Malaysia Standard Classification of

Occupations (MASCO) 2008” based on the

“International Standard Classification of

Occupation (ISCO)”. For a person having more

than one job, only the job at which he worked

for the longest number of hours during the LFS

reference week is treated as his principal

occupation. Should the number of hours worked

for each job is the same, then the job with the

highest income is the principal occupation. In

case where the number of hours worked and the

income earned from each job are the same, the

job at which he was working for the longest

period of time is considered as the principal

occupation.

Industri dikelaskan mengikut “Piawaian

Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia (MSIC) 2008”

yang diterbitkan oleh Jabatan Perangkaan

Malaysia, berasaskan kepada “International

Standard Industrial Classification of All

Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 4”.

Pengelasan industri seseorang merujuk kepada

aktiviti yang berkaitan dengan pekerjaan utama.

Industry is classified according to the

“Malaysia Standard Industrial Classifications

(MSIC) 2008” published by the Department of

Statistics, Malaysia based on the “International

Standard Industrial Classification of All

Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 4”.

Classification of industry refers to the activity of

the principal occupation.

Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh tidak

mengelaskan aktiviti pengeluaran

barangan dan perkhidmatan sara hidup

untuk kegunaan isi rumah sendiri

sebagai penduduk yang aktif dalam

ekonomi. Oleh itu, klasifikasi MSIC

2008 bagi industri Aktiviti isi rumah

sebagai majikan; aktiviti

mengeluarkan barangan dan

perkhidmatan yang tidak dapat

dibezakan oleh isi rumah untuk

kegunaan sendiri hanya mengambil

kira Aktiviti isi rumah sebagai

majikan.

Labour Force survey does not classify

the subsistence goods and services

producing activities of households as

person who are economically activities

of households as person who are

economically actve. Therefore, the

classification of industry by MSIC 2008

for Activities of household as

employers; undifferentiated goods and

services producing activities of

household for own use only accounted

for Activities of householdas

employers.

NOTA TEKNIKAL

TECHNICAL NOTES


PROSEDUR PENGANGGARAN ESTIMATION PROCEDURE

20. Prosedur penganggaran yang digunakan

adalah pada dua peringkat. Peringkat pertama

ialah untuk mendapatkan anggaran migrasi

berpemberat daripada sampel. BP terpilih dalam

sampel ditentukan secara sistematik iaitu

dibahagikan kepada dua belas tempoh rujukan

penyiasatan bagi 2012 mengikut tempoh rujukan

yang berlainan yang disenaraikan di perkara 7.

20. Estimation procedures were applied in

two stages. The first stage was to obtain the

weighted estimates of migration from the

sample, with selected EBs in the sample

systematically allocated to twelve reference

periods in 2012 for the survey, with different

reference dates as listed in item 7.

21. Kaedah penganggaran yang digunakan

mengandaikan bahawa aliran migrasi adalah

seragam bagi tempoh satu tahun dan

memberikan purata anggaran migrasi dari

1 Julai 2011 hingga 30 Jun 2012 untuk tahun

penyiasatan 2012. Perlu diambil perhatian

bahawa jangka masa rujukan berbeza mengikut

tempoh penyiasatan.

21. The estimation method used assumes

that the migration flow is uniformly distributed

throughout one year period and thus provides

the average migration estimates from 1st July

2011 to 30th June 2012 for the survey year 2012.

It is also to be noted that the reference periods

differ according to the survey dates.

22. Katakan Yt ialah anggaran jumlah

migrasi untuk setiap bulan bagi tahun

penyiasatan 2012. t=1, 2, …, 12, seperti yang

ditunjukkan dalam rajah berikut:

22. Let Yt represent the estimates of total

migration for each round of the survey year

2012. t=1, 2,…, 12, as illustrated in the

following diagram.

Rajah 1: Anggaran jumlah migran

Diagram 1: Estimates of total migration

Y12

Y11

Y10

Y9

Y8

Y7

Y6

Y5

Y4

Y3

Y2

Y1

2011 2012

Bulan dan tahun

Month and year

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12



Migrasi purata bagi 1 Julai 2011 hingga 30 Jun 2012

Average migration for 1st July 2011 to 30

th June 2012

Persamaan 1

Equation 1

NOTA TEKNIKAL

TECHNICAL NOTES


……… (1)

23. Ini bermakna migrasi purata 1 Julai

2011 hingga 30 Jun 2012 merujuk kepada

migrasi yang berlaku dalam tempoh (bulan)

penyiasatan seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh

kawasan yang berlorek dalam Rajah 1.

23. This means that the average migration

for 1st July 2011 to 30

th June 2012 refers to

migrations that occurred in the reference period

(months) as denoted by the shaded areas of

Diagram 1.

24. Nilai-nilai yang diperoleh dalam

Persamaan 1 adalah pemberat yang sesuai untuk

digunakan ke atas data sampel setiap pusingan

penyiasatan dan seterusnya dicampurkan untuk

mendapatkan purata anggaran migrasi bagi

jangka masa tertentu.

24. The values derived from Equation 1 are

the appropriate weights applied to the sample

data for each survey period, which was then

combined to obtain the average migration

estimates for a specific period.

Pemberat bulanan, Monthly weight,

P1: 0.0544 x 12 = 0.6532

P2: 0.0620 x 12 = 0.7441

P3: 0.0703 x 12 = 0.8441

P4: 0.0796 x 12 = 0.9552

P5: 0.0900 x 12 = 1.0802

P6: 0.1019 x 12 = 1.2230

P7: 0.1158 x 12 = 1.3897

P8: 0.1039 x 12 = 1.2469

P9: 0.0935 x 12 = 1.1219

P10: 0.0842 x 12 = 1.0108

P11: 0.0759 x 12 = 0.9108

P12: 0.0683 x 12 = 0.8198

12.000



25. Peringkat kedua menggunakan teknik

anggaran nisbah bergabung (adjusted weight

dan faktor penduduk) untuk mendapatkan

sesuatu ciri tertentu populasi penyiasatan.

Faktor penduduk menggunakan anggaran

penduduk pertengahan tahun 2012 mengikut

kumpulan umur, jantina, etnik dan negeri

sebagai penanda aras. Oleh itu, anggaran

sesuatu ciri dikira dengan menggunakan formula

seperti berikut:

25. The second stage used the combined

ratio estimates (adjusted weight and population

factor) to obtain population estimates of a

specific characteristic in the survey population.

Population factor used mid-year population of

2012 by age group, sex, ethnic and state as a

benchmark. Therefore, the estimate of a

characteristics was obtained by using the

following formula:

di mana

where

ialah anggaran berwajaran daripada kiraan sampel bilangan orang bagi sesuatu ciri (contoh:

taraf migran) dalam sesuatu kumpulan umur-jantina-etnik-negeri (contoh: lelaki Melayu

dalam kumpulan umur 15–19 tahun di Johor).

is the weighted estimate from the sample count of persons for a characteristic (e.g. migration

status) in a particular age-sex-ethnic-state (e.g. Malay males in the 15–19 years age group in

Johor).

ialah anggaran penduduk pertengahan tahun yang dianggar secara bebas bagi bilangan

orang dalam sesuatu kumpulan umur-jantina-etnik-negeri.

is the independent mid-year population projection of the number of persons in a particular

age-sex-ethnic-state.

ialah anggaran berwajaran daripada kiraan sampel bilangan orang dalam sesuatu kumpulan

umur-jantina-etnik-negeri.

is the weighted estimate from the sample count of the number of persons in a particular age-

sex-ethnic-state.

ialah pemalar (constant) yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan anggaran nisbah sesuatu ciri

dalam kumpulan umur-jantina-etnik-negeri. Tiap-tiap pemalar yang merupakan nisbah

anggaran penduduk bebas kepada angka-angka kiraan sampel dalam sesuatu kumpulan umur-

jantina-etnik-negeri digunakan untuk membesarkan angka bagi sebarang ciri yang

dikehendaki dalam sesuatu kumpulan umur-jantina-etnik-negeri.

is a constant used in deriving the ratio-estimate of any characteristic in a particular age-sex-

ethnic-state. Each constant which is the ratio of the independent population estimate to the

sample count figures in a particular age-sex-ethnic group was then used to inflate any

required characteristic within the particular age-sex-ethnic-state.

ialah anggaran yang disesuaikan bagi sesuatu ciri di dalam kumpulan umur-jantina-etnik-

negeri yang diperoleh menerusi pengubahsuaian kumpulan umur-jantina-etnik-negeri.

is the adjusted estimate of a characteristic in a particular age-sex-ethnic-state obtained by the

age-sex-ethnic-state adjustment.

NOTA TEKNIKAL

TECHNICAL NOTES


diperoleh dengan mencampurkan anggaran yang diubahsuai

bagi kesemua kumpulan umur-jantina-etnik-negeri. Dengan itu

ialah penganggar nisbah bilangan orang bagi semua kumpulan umur, jantina dan kumpulan

etnik mengikut negeri.

is obtained by adding the adjusted estimate

for all age-sex-ethnic-state. Thus, is

also known as the ratio estimator of the characteristic.

KEBOLEHPERCAYAAN DATA RELIABILITY OF DATA

26. Anggaran penyiasatan adalah

berdasarkan kepada penyiasatan sampel yang

tertakluk kepada ralat pensampelan dan ralat

bukan pensampelan.

26. The survey estimates are based on a

sample survey that is subjected to sampling and

non-sampling errors.

27. Ralat pensampelan berpunca daripada

anggaran data yang dibuat berasaskan sampel

berkebarangkalian, bukan berdasarkan banci.

Dalam statistik, ralat ini dikenali sebagai ralat

piawai relatif dan kerap ditandakan sebagai RSE

dan diberikan dalam peratusan. Ralat ini

digunakan sebagai penunjuk kepada kepersisan

anggaran parameter yang dikaji. Dengan erti

kata lain, ia boleh memberi gambaran tentang

tahap variasi anggaran penyiasatan berbanding

dengan lain-lain anggaran yang berdasarkan

pemilihan sampel.

27. Sampling error is a result of estimating

data based on a probability sampling, not on

census. Such error in statistics is termed as

relative standard error and often denoted as

RSE and is given in percentage. This error is an

indication to the precision of the parameter

under study. In other words, it reflects the extent

of variation with other sample-based estimates.

28. Anggaran ralat pensampelan telah dikira

secara berasingan untuk beberapa

pembolehubah penting bagi peringkat nasional

dan negeri seperti di Lampiran 1 dan 2. Bagi

Penyiasatan Migrasi 2012, kadar migrasi

dalaman peringkat Malaysia ialah 2.36 peratus,

dengan RSE 3.41 peratus dan ralat piawai (SE)

ialah kira-kira 0.08 peratus. Pada selang

keyakinan = 0.05, kadar migrasi dalaman

boleh berada antara 2.20–2.52 peratus.

28. Sampling errors of estimates on a few

important variables at national and state levels

are calculated separately as shown in Appendix

1 and 2. For Migration Survey 2012, the

internal migration rate for Malaysia was 2.36

per cent with RSE of 3.41 per cent and standard

error (SE) of 0.08 per cent. At confidence

interval = 0.05, the internal migration rate

was in the range of 2.20–2.52 per cent.



29. Bagi memastikan kualiti data berada

pada tahap terbaik, beberapa langkah telah

diambil untuk meminimumkan ralat bukan

pensampelan. Berbeza dengan ralat

pensampelan, ralat ini tidak boleh diukur dan

hanya boleh diatasi melalui beberapa langkah

pentadbiran. Ralat ini boleh berpunca daripada

liputan penyiasatan yang tidak lengkap,

kelemahan rangka, ralat maklum balas, ralat

tiada sambutan serta kesilapan semasa prosesan

seperti di peringkat penyuntingan, pengekodan

dan tangkapan data.

29. To ensure that the quality of data is at

its best, several steps were taken to minimise

non-sampling error. Unlike sampling error, this

error cannot be measured and can only be

overcome through several administrative

procedures. This error can arise as a result of

incomplete survey coverage, weakness of frame,

poor feedback, non-response as well as

processing errors such as editing, coding and

data capture.

30. Ralat maklum balas boleh berlaku

disebabkan kesukaran dan perbezaan dalam

tafsiran soalan, sama ada daripada penemu

ramah ataupun responden. Bagi meminimumkan

ralat ini, latihan intensif kepada penyelia dan

penemu ramah telah dijalankan. Di samping itu,

semakan rawak juga dijalankan ke atas isi

rumah yang telah diliputi oleh penemu ramah

untuk memastikan kesahihan maklum balas

yang dicatatkan. Untuk memastikan liputan

menyeluruh, rangka sampel kerap dikemas kini

dan tempat kediaman telah dipilih selepas

penyenaraian BP dijalankan.

30. Response error can occur due to

difficulty and differences in interpreting

questions, either on the part of the enumerator

or respondent. To minimise this error, intensive

training was conducted for the enumerators as

well as supervisors. In addition, random checks

were carried out on households that were

already canvassed by the enumerators to ensure

the validity of the information recorded. To

guarantee the completeness of the survey

coverage, the sampling frame is frequently

updated and the living quarters are selected

after the EB listing exercise.

31. Penghasilan data yang bermutu dan

boleh diterima pakai dipastikan dengan

mengawal ralat penyuntingan dan prosesan

melalui pelaksanaan beberapa peringkat

semakan konsistensi sama ada secara manual

atau berkomputer.

31. The generation of quality and reliable

data is ascertained by controlling editing and

processing errors via implementation of

several consistency checks either manually or

by computer.

PERSEMBAHAN DATA PRESENTATION OF DATA

32. Data peringkat negeri yang disusun

dalam laporan ini terdiri daripada tiga belas

negeri dan tiga Wilayah Persekutuan. Walau

bagaimanapun, bilangan migran dalaman bagi

W.P. Labuan tidak ditunjukkan kerana nilainya

terlalu kecil untuk dibuat anggaran.

32. The state level data compiled in this

report consists of thirteen states and three

federal territories. However, the number of

internal migrants for W.P. Labuan is not shown

because the value is too small to estimate.

NOTA TEKNIKAL

TECHNICAL NOTES


33. Kekangan utama data penyiasatan ini

adalah penetapan migrasi pada tempoh rujukan

yang singkat iaitu selama satu tahun mungkin

tidak menghasilkan jumlah migran yang cukup

dalam penyiasatan sampel yang menggunakan

corak pensampelan PTB.

33. The main limitation of the survey is that

the selective nature of migration in a short

reference period of one year may not yield

enough migrants in a sample survey which uses

the sample design of the LFS.

34. Anggaran jumlah penduduk yang

ditunjukkan pada jadual merujuk kepada mereka

yang berumur 1 tahun dan lebih. Ciri-ciri utama

bagi penduduk migran ditunjukkan dalam

bentuk taburan nisbah atau peratus dan di mana

berkenaan, ianya dibandingkan dengan

penduduk bukan migran di negeri tempat temu

ramah. Oleh itu, prosedur pemiawaian umur

(Lampiran 4 dan 6) akan digunakan jika

difikirkan perbezaan taburan umur penduduk

migran dan bukan migran akan mempengaruhi

perbandingan di antara sesuatu ciri seperti

pencapaian pendidikan dan taraf perkahwinan

(Lampiran 3 dan 5).

34. The estimates on total population shown

in the tabulations refer only to those aged 1 year

and over. The main characteristics of the

migrant population are shown in the form of

rates or percentage distributions, and where

pertinent, they are compared with the non-

migrant population at state of destination. As

such, age standardisation procedures (Appendix

4 and 6) will be applied when it is considered

that the different age distributions of the

migrant and non-migrant population may affect

a comparison of the other characteristics, such

as educational attainment and marital status

(Appendix 3 and 5).

PEMBUNDARAN ANGGARAN ROUNDING OF ESTIMATES

35. Hasil tambah bagi sesuatu kategori

mungkin tidak sentiasa sama dengan jumlah

yang ditunjukkan dalam jadual dan carta yang

berkenaan kerana prosedur wajaran tersendiri

dan setiap komponen digenapkan secara bebas.

Walau bagaimanapun, perbezaan adalah kecil

dan tidak ketara.

35. The sum of individual figures in the

tabulations and charts may not always equal to

the totals shown in the same or other tables due

to the ‘self-weighting’ procedure and

independent rounding of each component.

However, the differences are insignificant.

NOTA DAN SIMBOL NOTES AND SYMBOLS

– Kosong/tiada kes – Nil/no cases

0.0 Kurang daripada setengah unit terkecil

yang ditunjukkan. Contohnya kurang

daripada 0.05 peratus

0.0 Less than half the smallest unit shown.

For example, less than 0.05 per cent

n.a Tidak berkenaan n.a Not applicable

W.P. Wilayah Persekutuan W.P. Wilayah Persekutuan

LAMPIRAN APPENDIX

LAMPIRAN APPENDIX


Lampiran 1:

Appendix 1:

Ralat piawai relatif bagi anggaran kadar migrasi dalaman penduduk berumur 1 tahun dan

lebih mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Relative standard error of estimation for internal migration rate of population aged 1 year and over


(%)

Negeri destinasi


Kadar

migrasi

dalaman

Internal

migration

rate

Ralat piawai relatif bagi

anggaran

Relative standard error of

estimation

Kadar migrasi dalaman pada

selang keyakinan 95%

Internal migration rate at 95%

confidence interval Nilai relatif

Relative

value

Ralat piawai

Standard error

Malaysia 2.36 3.41 0.08 2.20–2.52

Johor 1.21 13.65 0.16 0.88–1.53

Kedah 2.91 8.76 0.26 2.41–3.41

Kelantan 2.85 8.89 0.25 2.36–3.35

Melaka 2.06 12.58 0.26 1.55–2.57

Negeri Sembilan 1.43 14.31 0.21 1.03–1.84

Pahang 1.51 12.17 0.18 1.15–1.88

Pulau Pinang 3.30 8.81 0.29 2.73–3.86

Perak 1.58 10.64 0.17 1.25–1.91

Perlis 0.91 18.12 0.17 0.59–1.24

Selangor 3.32 8.81 0.29 2.75–3.90

Terengganu 1.97 11.44 0.23 1.53–2.42

Sabah 2.71 9.92 0.27 2.19–3.24

Sarawak 3.18 8.88 0.28 2.62–3.73

W.P. Kuala Lumpur 0.73 22.58 0.17 0.41–1.06

W.P. Labuan * * * *

W.P. Putrajaya 2.28 15.12 0.34 1.60–2.95

Nota: * Bilangan migran dalaman terlalu kecil untuk dibuat anggaran

Notes: * The number of internal migrants is too small to estimate

LAMPIRAN APPENDIX


Lampiran 2:

Appendix 2:

Ralat piawai relatif bagi anggaran kadar migrasi dalaman penduduk berumur 15–64 tahun

mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Relative standard error of estimation for internal migration rate of population aged 15–64 years


(%)

Negeri destinasi


Kadar

migrasi

dalaman

Internal

migration

rate

Ralat piawai relatif bagi

anggaran

Relative standard error of

estimation

Kadar migrasi dalaman pada

selang keyakinan 95%

Internal migration rate at 95%

confidence interval Nilai relatif

Relative

value

Ralat piawai

Standard error

Malaysia 2.61 3.52 0.09 2.43–2.79

Johor 1.24 12.74 0.16 0.93–1.55

Kedah 3.10 8.71 0.27 2.57–3.63

Kelantan 3.09 8.65 0.27 2.57–3.61

Melaka 2.23 12.66 0.28 1.68–2.79

Negeri Sembilan 1.70 14.43 0.24 1.22–2.17

Pahang 1.61 11.47 0.18 1.25–1.97

Pulau Pinang 3.68 8.86 0.33 3.04–4.32

Perak 1.80 10.77 0.19 1.42–2.19

Perlis 1.15 17.89 0.21 0.74–1.55

Selangor 3.74 9.00 0.34 3.08–4.40

Terengganu 2.02 12.04 0.24 1.55–2.50

Sabah 2.98 9.91 0.30 2.40–3.56

Sarawak 3.52 8.65 0.30 2.93–4.12

W.P. Kuala Lumpur 0.93 23.22 0.22 0.51–1.36

W.P. Labuan * * * *

W.P. Putrajaya 2.65 14.28 0.38 1.91–3.39

Nota: * Bilangan migran dalaman terlalu kecil untuk dibuat anggaran

Notes: * The number of internal migrants is too small to estimate

LAMPIRAN APPENDIX


Lampiran 3:

Appendix 3:

Bilangan dan taburan peratus migran dalaman dan bukan migran berumur 15–64 tahun

mengikut pencapaian pendidikan, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Number and percentage distribution of internal migrants and non-migrants aged 15–64 years by

educational attainment, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Perkara

Item

Jumlah

Total Tiada

pendidikan

rasmi

No formal

education

Rendah

Primary Menengah

Secondary Tertiari

Tertiary

Bilangan migran dalaman mengikut

kumpulan umur (‘000)

Number of internal migrants by age group

Jumlah/Total 523.3 13.1 64.3 246.4 199.4

15–24 181.8 2.7 11.2 84.0 84.0

25–34 227.6 4.3 30.7 102.1 90.5

35–44 70.4 3.1 10.8 39.8 16.7

45–64 43.5 3.0 11.7 20.6 8.2

Taburan peratus migran dalaman dan

bukan migran (%)

Percentage distribution of internal

migrants and non-migrants

Migran dalaman

Internal migrants 100.0 2.5 12.3 47.1 38.1

Migran dalaman (dipiawaikan a)

Internal migrants (standardised) 100.0 3.6 15.3 48.2 33.0

Bukan migran

Non-migrants 100.0 3.6 16.1 56.1 24.2

a Dipiawaikan mengikut taburan umur bagi jumlah penduduk bukan migran

Standardised according to age distribution of non-migrants population

Lampiran 4:

Appendix 4:

Piawaian taburan peratus migran dalaman mengikut pencapaian pendidikan yang berasaskan

taburan peratus bukan migran, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Standardisation of percentage distribution of internal migrants by educational attainment based on

the percentage distribution of non-migrants, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Perkara

Item

Taburan peratus

bukan migran

mengikut kumpulan

umur (Pa)

Percentage distribution

of non-migrants by age

group (Pa)

Taburan migran dalaman mengikut pencapaian pendidikan (ra)

Distribution of internal migrants by educational attainment (ra)

Jumlah

Total Tiada

pendidikan

rasmi

No formal

education

Rendah

Primary Menengah

Secondary Tertiari

Tertiary

Kumpulan umur

Age group

15–24 28.3 1.000 0.015 0.061 0.462 0.462

25–34 25.9 1.000 0.019 0.135 0.448 0.398

35–44 19.4 1.000 0.044 0.153 0.565 0.237

45–64 26.5 1.000 0.068 0.269 0.473 0.189

LAMPIRAN APPENDIX


Lampiran 5:

Appendix 5:

Bilangan dan taburan peratus migran dalaman dan bukan migran berumur 15–64 tahun

mengikut taraf perkahwinan, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Number and percentage distribution of internal migrants and non-migrants aged 15–64 years by

marital status, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Perkara

Item

Jumlah

Total Tidak pernah

berkahwin

Never married

Berkahwin

Married Balu/duda/bercerai/

berpisah tetap

Widowed/divorced/

permanently

separated

Bilangan migran dalaman mengikut

kumpulan umur (‘000)

Number of internal migrants by age

group

Jumlah/Total 523.3 208.5 298.2 16.7

15–24 181.8 141.0 40.0 0.8

25–34 227.6 58.1 166.1 3.4

35–44 70.4 6.7 58.0 5.7

45–64 43.5 2.6 34.1 6.8

Taburan peratus migran dalaman

dan bukan migran (%)

Percentage distribution of internal

migrants and non-migrants

Migran dalaman

Internal migrants 100.0 39.8 57.0 3.2

Migran dalaman (dipiawaikan a)

Internal migrants (standardised) 100.0 32.0 61.9 6.2

Bukan migran

Non-migrants 100.0 39.9 55.9 4.2

a Dipiawaikan mengikut taburan umur bagi jumlah penduduk bukan migran

Standardised according to age distribution of non-migrants population

Lampiran 6:

Appendix 6:

Piawaian taburan peratus migran dalaman mengikut taraf perkahwinan yang berasaskan

taburan peratus bukan migran, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Standardisation of percentage distribution of internal migrants by marital status based on the

percentage distribution of non-migrants, Malaysia, 2011–2012

Perkara

Item

Taburan peratus bukan

migran mengikut

kumpulan umur (Pa)

Percentage distribution of

non-migrants by age

group (Pa)

Taburan migran dalaman mengikut taraf perkahwinan (ra)

Distribution of internal migrants by marital status (ra)

Jumlah

Total Tidak

pernah

berkahwin

Never

married

Berkahwin

Married Balu/duda/bercerai/

berpisah tetap

Widowed/divorced/

permanently

separated

Kumpulan umur

Age group

15–24 28.3 1.000 0.776 0.220 0.004

25–34 25.9 1.000 0.255 0.730 0.015

35–44 19.4 1.000 0.095 0.824 0.081

45–64 26.5 1.000 0.060 0.784 0.156

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