20820- KILOBOOKS

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GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

KHO ST V TM HIU NGUYN NHN LM HAO HT SN PHM XC XCH HEO XNG KHI TRONG QU TRNH SN XUT TI X NGHIP CH BIN THC PHM NAM PHONG

SVTH: NGUYN TH HNG PHC

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MC LCNhn xt v cho im ca gio vin chm 2 .......................................................... i Nhn xt v cho im ca GVHD......................................................................... ii Nhn xt v xc nhn ca n v thc tp............................................................ iii Li cm n .......................................................................................................... iv Mc lc ................................................................................................................ v Danh sch bng ................................................................................................. viii Danh sch cc ch vit tt ................................................................................... ix Chng 1. M U........................................................................................... 1 1.1 t vn ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Mc ch v yu cu.................................................................................... 2 Chng 2. TNG QUAN TI LIU................................................................. 3 2.1 Tng quan v X Nghip Ch Bin Thc Phm Nam Phong....................... 3 2.1.1 a im xy dng .............................................................................. 3 2.1.2 Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin .......................................................... 3 2.1.3 S v c cu t chc....................................................................... 4 2.1.4 Cc loi sn phm sn xut.................................................................. 6 2.1.5 H thng phn phi ............................................................................. 7 2.2 Tng quan v xc xch ............................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Ngun gc hnh thnh v s pht trin ................................................ 7 2.2.2 Phn loi xc xch ............................................................................... 8 2.2.3 Mt s dng h hng thng xy ra vi sn phm xc xch .............. 10 2.2.3.1 H hng do vi sinh vt ............................................................... 10 2.2.3.2 H hng do k thut................................................................... 12 2.2.4 Gia v c s dng trong qu trnh ch bin xc xch ...................... 13 2.2.5 Ph gia c s dng trong qu trnh ch bin xc xch .................... 14 2.2.6 Nguyn liu s dng trong sn xut xc xch heo .............................. 16 2.2.7 Cc yu t nh hng n kt cu nh tng tht .............................. 19 2.2.7.1 Qu trnh ct v xay ................................................................... 19


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2.2.7.2 pH ........................................................................................ 19 2.2.7.3 Nhit ..................................................................................... 20 2.2.7.4 Nng cc ion ......................................................................... 20 2.2.7.5 S xng khi.............................................................................. 20 2.2.7.6 S nu ........................................................................................ 21 2.2.7.7 S lm ngui.............................................................................. 22 Chng 3. NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU ...................... 23 3.1 Thi gian v a im nghin cu............................................................. 23 3.2 Ni dung thc hin ................................................................................... 23 3.3 Phng php tin hnh ............................................................................. 23 3.3.1 Kho st hin trng quy trnh sn xut xc xch heo xng khi.......... 23 3.3.2 Kho st hin trng cng tc qun l v sinh an ton thc phm v v sinh sn xut ti x nghip .......................................................................... 23 3.3.3 Xc nh mc hao ht bn thnh phm, thnh phm xc xch mt s cng on sn xut..................................................................................... 23 Chng 4. KT QU V THO LUN ........................................................ 26 4.1 Kho st quy trnh ch bin sn xut xc xch heo xng khi ................... 26 4.1.1 Tip nhn nguyn liu ....................................................................... 27 4.1.2 Cp ng m v nguyn liu tht ....................................................... 27 4.1.3 Xay th ............................................................................................. 28 4.1.4 Cng on to nh tng xc xch .................................................... 29 4.1.5 nh hnh .......................................................................................... 30 4.1.6 Xng khi thanh trng....................................................................... 31 4.1.7 Lm lnh ........................................................................................... 32 4.1.8 ng gi ........................................................................................... 32 4.1.9 Thnh phm v bo qun................................................................... 32 4.1.10 Tiu chun kim tra cht lng sn phm........................................ 32 4.2 Kho st hin trng cng tc qun l v sinh an ton thc phm v v sinh sn xut x nghip ........................................................................................... 33


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4.2.1 Kt qu kho st hin trng v sinh trong sn xut................................. 33 4.2.1.1 V sinh an ton thc phm ......................................................... 33 4.2.1.2 V sinh nh xng .................................................................... 34 4.2.1.3 V sinh my mc ....................................................................... 34 4.2.1.4 V sinh dng c ch bin ........................................................... 34 4.2.1.5 V sinh c nhn .......................................................................... 35 4.2.2 Tnh hnh x l cht thi........................................................................ 35 4.3 Xc nh mc hao ht bn thnh phm, thnh phm xc xch heo xng khi ti mt s cng on sn xut.................................................................................. 36 4.3.1 Trng lng cy xc xch v t l hao ht ............................................. 36 4.3.2 Trng lng thc t ca cy xc xch sau khi nhi ................................ 38 4.3.3 Trng lng v t l hao ht ca cc cy xc xch heo xng khi.......... 39 4.3.4 Chiu di cy xc xch sau khi lm lnh ................................................ 41 4.3.5 nh hng ca thi gian n s hao ht ca xc xch trong giai on lm lnh ................................................................................................................ 42 4.3.6 Trng lng gi xc xch heo thnh phm............................................. 43 4.3.7 S hao ht nguyn liu t giai on nh tng n giai on thnh phm ....................................................................................................................... 44 4.4 Nhn xt v thu hoch ca bn thn qua thi gian thc tp ....................... 45 Chng 5. KT LUN V NGH ............................................................ 46 5.1 Kt lun .................................................................................................... 46 5.2 ngh..................................................................................................... 47 TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................ 48


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DANH SCH BNGBng 2.1 S lc mt s loi xc xch trn th gii.............................................. 10 Bng 2.2 Nhit lm mt i vi sn phm khng dng mui nitrit................... 22 Bng 2.3 Nhit lm mt i vi sn phm dng mui nitrit ............................. 22 Bng 4.1 Thng s x l xc xch bn thnh phm............................................... 32 Bng 4.2 Ch tiu ha sinh ca sn phm xc xch xng khi ............................... 33 Bng 4.3 Ch tiu vi sinh ca xc xch xng khi ................................................. 33 Bng 4.4 Ch tiu nc thi loi B........................................................................ 36 Bng 4.5 Kt qu theo di trng lng v t l hao ht ca dy xc xch heo xng khi ...................................................................................................................... 37 Bng 4.6 Kt qu kho st trng lng ca cy xc xch heo sau khi nhi............ 39 Bng 4.7 Kt qu theo di trng lng v t l hao ht ca cy xc xch heo xng khi ...................................................................................................................... 40 Bng 4.8 Kt qu kho st chiu di ca cy xc xch heo sau khi lm lnh ......... 41 Bng 4.9 Kt qu kho st trng lng tnh gi xc xch heo xng khi thnh phm ........................................................................................................................... 42 Bng 4.10 S hao ht ca nh tng t giai on nh tng n giai on thnh phm .................................................................................................................... 44 Bng 4.11 Kt qu kho st nh hng ca thi gian lm lnh n s hao ht ca xc xch heo ......................................................................................................... 45


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DANH SCH CC CH VIT TTBTP CV KCS n NLNT SD TCVN TLHHSKN TLHHSKLL TLHHTP TP TSTK VSV X XNCBTP : Bn thnh phm : Coefficient of Variation (h s bin ng) : Nhn vin kim tra cht lng sn phm : S lng mu : Nguyn liu nh tng : Standard deviation ( lch chun) : Tiu chun Vit Nam : T l hao ht sau khi nu : T l hao ht sau khi lm lnh : T l hao ht thnh phm : Thnh phm : Tham s thng k : Vi sinh vt : Gi tr trung bnh mu : X nghip ch bin thc phm


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Chng 11.1 T VN

M U

Cuc sng x hi ngy cng theo hng cng nghip lm cho mt b phn ngi dn khng c nhiu thi gian nu nng cc mn n nng cho ba cm truyn thng ca gia nh, h cn nhng thc n ung ch bin sn tin dng nhanh chng khi cn thit. p ng nhu cu cp thit ny, ngnh cng nghip thc phm ngy cng pht trin v sn xut rt nhiu sn phm, nht l cc sn phm thc phm c ch bin t tht, hin nay rt a dng v chng loi v phong ph v hnh thc. Trong xc xch l mt hng ang c kh nhiu ngi tiu dng a thch do tnh nng thun tin trong qu trnh s dng, s ngon ming cng nh cung cp c mt s cht lng dinh dng cn thit cho c th con ngi. Xc xch c th c sn xut mt cch th cng theo qui m gia nh hoc theo qui m cng nghip. Hin nay trn th trng c rt nhiu loi xc xch khc nhau m theo nguyn liu c th phn loi xc xch nh xc xch g, xc xch b, xc xch heo hoc phn loi theo phng thc sn xut nh xc xch ti, xc xch trit trng, xc xch xng khi Cng nghip sn xut xc xch hin i vi s a dng v kch c, th loi ca my mc thit b v i km vi mt chun mc ca cng ngh v ngh thut phi trn nguyn vt liu t c sn phm ngy cng c cht lng cao v hiu qu trong sn xut. Vit Nam, ngnh sn xut xc xch c du nhp v pht trin mnh t nm 1998 cho n nay v c tham gia bi rt nhiu c s gia nh nh, cng nh cc doanh nghip ln ca t nhn, cc tp on ln u t ca nc ngoi v cc x nghip sn xut ca nh nc trong c X Nghip Ch Bin Thc Phm Nam Phong.

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Xc nh trng trch ca mt n v kinh t quc doanh, x nghip thng xuyn ci tin k thut, khng ngng nng cao uy tn cht lng sn phm tng tnh cnh tranh vi nhiu thng hiu khc. Mc d vy, trong qu trnh sn xut khng trnh khi vic c nhiu yu t lm cho hao ht sn lng nh hng n cht lng sn phm nn vic tm hiu cc nguyn nhn ny nhm gip cho x nghip c hng khc phc v phc v sn xut tt hn l iu cn thit. Xut pht t nhng vn trn, c s ng ca Khoa Cng Ngh Sau Thu Hoch, Trng i Hc Hng Vng Thnh Ph H Ch Minh v s gip ca X Nghip, di s hng dn ca TS. Trn Vn Chnh, chng ti thc hin ti KHO ST V TM HIU NGUYN NHN LM HAO HT SN PHM XC XCH HEO XNG KHI TRONG QU TRNH SN XUT TI X NGHIP CH BIN THC PHM NAM PHONG 1.2 MC CH V YU CU 1.2.1 Mc ch Theo di mt s thng s k thut tm ra nguyn nhn hao ht nhm gp phn hon thin hn cho quy trnh ch bin sn phm xc xch heo xng khi. 1.2.2 Yu cu - Kho st ton b quy trnh ch bin - Cn trng lng nguyn liu s dng, bn thnh phm, thnh phm xc xch heo xng khi ti cc cng on sn xut tnh ton s hao ht. - o chiu di bn thnh phm xc nh chnh xc ca my nhi.

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Chng 2

TNG QUAN TI LIU

2.1 TNG QUAN V X NGHIP NAM PHONG X Nghip Ch Bin Thc Phm Nam Phong l n v trc thuc Cng Ty Chn Nui v Ch Bin Thc Phm Si Gn (Sagrifood). 2.1.1 a im xy dng X nghip ch bin thc phm Nam Phong ta lc ti: 344 N Trang Long, Phng 13, Qun Bnh Thnh, Tp. HCM Tng din tch l 7.789m . 2.1.2 Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin Trc nm 1975, x nghip l mt tri chn nui heo t nhn. Sau nm 1975, x nghip c nh nc tip qun v t nm 1975- 1980 tr thnh tri chn nui heo thc nghim v nui ging ca Cng Ty Thc n Gia Sc thuc S Nng Nghip thnh ph H Ch Minh. T nm 1981- 1987, x nghip tip tc l tri chn nui heo nhng c quan ch qun l Cng Ty Chn Nui Heo II. T thng 12/1987- 1993, x nghip thuc Lin Hip Chn Nui Heo c chc nng git m v ch bin thc phm. T 1993- 1997, x nghip trc thuc X Nghip Chn Nui Heo ng Hip. T 1997, x nghip tr thnh n v trc thuc Tng Cng Ty Nng Nghip Si Gn. Nm 2000, x nghip c Tng cng ty u t xy dng xng ch bin theo tiu chun Chu u vi cng sut thit k l 3000 kg/ca. Thng 12/2004, x nghip c Tng cng ty giao tip nhn Trung Tm Git M Gia Cm An Nhn vi din tch khong 1,6ha. y l trung tm git m gia cm c quy m ln u tin ca thnh ph vi cng sut ton trung tm l 50.0002

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con/ngy/m, trong ca x nghip l 2 dy chuyn bn t ng vi cng sut 1 dy chuyn l 5.000- 7.000 con/ca. Thng 1/2007, theo ch o ca y Ban Nhn Dn Thnh Ph H Ch Minh nhm sp xp li cc doanh nghip to thnh tp on kinh t mnh x nghip v 3 x nghip chn nui heo, 1 x nghip thc n gia sc c st nhp hp thnh Cng Ty Chn Nui V Ch Bin Thc Phm Si Gn ph thuc Tng Cng Ty Nng Nghip Si Gn. 2.1.3 S v c cu t chcGim c

Xng git m

Xng ch bin

T giao nhn

T nghip v

T KCS

Gim c - Chu trch nhim chnh trong x nghip, trc tip ph trch t nghip v, t KCS v xng git m. - iu hnh mi hot ng ca x nghip. - Hoch nh cc chin lc pht trin ca x nghip. - Bo co, chu trch nhim v tnh hnh hot ng ca x nghip vi cng ty. T KCS - Kim sot xy dng quy ch v v sinh an ton thc phm, cht lng cho sn phm ca cng ty. - Kim tra cht lng u vo v u ra ca x nghip.

- Kim sot cc iu kin v sinh t khu chun b sn xut, trong qu trnh sn xut n vic lu tr sn phm. - Theo di, phn tch, nh gi, bo co nh k hoc t xut v tnh hnh cht lng sn phm cho Gim c. T nghip v. - Qun l cc vn lin quan n k thut, sn xut v xng ch bin - Tham gia hoc trc tip nghin cu ch bin sn phm mi, nh gi cht lng sn phm mi v lm th tc ng k cht lng, nhn hiu vi c quan qun l Nh Nc c thm quyn. - Sa cha, vn hnh, bo tr v ln k hoch v thit b my mc cho cng ty. - Sa cha nh cc cng trnh phc v cho sn xut kinh doanh. - Hng dn v k thut i vi c nhn n v c trang b k thut cho ton cng ty. - Qun l v t chc thc hin cng tc bo v, v sinh. - Qun l v t chc thc hin cng tc hnh chnh, nhn s, k ton. - Xy dng k hoch sn xut v u t. T giao nhn - Chu trch nhim vn chuyn hng ha, sn phm theo yu cu ca x nghip. - Chu trch nhim bo qun hng ha v cht lng v s lng trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Xng git m: thc hin git m heo v pha lc phc v sn xut v kinh doanh. Xng ch bin: thc hin sn xut cc sn phm ch bin theo n t hng ca cng ty.

2.1.4. Cc loi sn phm sn xut Hin nay, x nghip c trn 40 mt hng ch bin trn th trng. Sn phm ca x nghip chia lm 2 nhm chnh: - Sn phm tht ti sng gm tht heo nguyn mnh, tht heo pha lc, tht g, tht b. - Sn phm ch bin: chia thnh 3 nhm nh: + Sn phm theo cng ngh nc ngoi: xc xch cc loi, thn xng khi, ba ri xng khi, pate, + Sn phm truyn thng: lp xng cc loi, ch gi cc loi, cc loi ch la... + Sn phm s ch: tht xay vin, nem nng, gi sng,.. Sn phm ca x nghip c 2 thng hiu l Nam Phong v Sagrifood. Mt s sn phm ch bin ca x nghip c trnh by qua cc hnh sau:

Gi li

Ch la

Xc xch phomai

Xc xch heo

Ch gi r

Lp xng tm

2.1.5 H thng phn phi C 2 knh chnh: - Gin tip: ch yu qua cc h thng siu th trn ton quc nh Metro, Coop Mart, Big C, MaxiMart, Lotte, cc ca hng i l. hc,.. Hin ti cng ty c 4 ca hng mang thng hiu Sagrifood v c sn mu cam c trng cc qun 2, 5, 10 v Bnh Thnh. 2.2 TNG QUAN V XC XCH 2.2.1 Ngun gc hnh thnh v s pht trin Xc xch l mt loi thc phm c bit n t rt lu trong cng nghip sn xut thc phm v chng pht trin nhanh chng. Ngun gc ca ch bin tht khng cn xa xa na nhng chng hu nh mi bt u khi nhn loi bit c rng mui c hiu qu trong qu trnh bo qun ngun nguyn liu t tht. V qu trnh lm xc xch tin trin nh mt c gng tit kim v bo qun tht khi khng th s dng tht ti sau git m. T sausage (xc xch) c xut pht t ting Latinh l salsus, c ngha l s bo qun khng b phn hu hoc ngha en l s p mui nguyn liu tht ti sng. Chnh ngi Trung Hoa, cch y khong 2.500 nm, tm ra loi xc xch kh chng ra kh, t chng ra t v gi tn l lp xng. Nhng nm sau sn phm ny lun c pht trin a dng v hng v v kt cu vi nhng thay i v thnh phn v qu trnh sn xut. Vi trm nm sau, ngi La M, ngi Hy Lp mi c bit n xc xch v pht trin rt nhiu loi loi xc xch gn ging vi xc xch ngy nay ca Chu u. Thot u xc xch c nhi tit, nhi gan...sau nhi vi tht bm s hoc ct nh. Sau ny nhi vi nh tng tht (tht nghin mn), c th ln men hoc Trc tip: cc h thng ca hng ca cng ty, cc bp n tp th, cc trng

xng khi ko di thi gian bo qun. Chnh loi xc xch ny mi c xem l c ngun gc Chu u. Xc xch ngy nay a s lm t tht heo, b, c khi lm t tht g, c, tm v c bit, c c xc xch chay lm t u nnh. Sau khi to nh tng nh hnh bng cc loi v bc nh: rut ng vt lm t rut heo, rut cu,.. hoc loi nhn to lm t cellulose, bng cc cht polymer.. v sau khi to hnh c xng khi hoc ln men bo qun c lu. Vic ch bin xc xch hin nay c thc hin bi cc my mc hin i vi kh nng v c kh ha v t ng ha rt cao, to iu kin nng cao nng sut, d dng kim sot v mt k thut. Ngoi ra, quy trnh ch bin cng c ci thin vi quy trnh nh hin nay th ngi ta c th s dng nhiu loi nguyn liu khc nhau, ch bin ra nhiu loi xc xch khc nhau v khng yu cu vic bo v kht khe, m ch cn nhng nhit bnh thng. Ngy nay, cng nghip sn xut xc xch phi thc hin ng theo quy nh ca Nh Nc v liu lng v thnh phn cht ph gia, gia v trong cng thc ch bin. Ngoi ra, nhn sn phm cng c yu cu ghi chnh xc v ng theo quy nh php lut v thng tin ca thnh phn sn phm xc xch. Mc ch ca tiu chun ny l gip m bo rng sn xut xc xch duy tr cht lng tt v an ton khi tiu th. 2.2.2 Phn loi xc xch Xc xch c th phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau, nhng hu ht c phn loi theo phng php ch bin v theo thnh phn nguyn liu. Di y l s phn loi mang tnh cht tng i c trng v n gin v xc xch. Xc xch ti : l loi xc xch cha qua ch bin, cn sng v ch c lm chn khi dng. Chng khng cha cc thnh phn gy c nh mui Nitrit,

TariBao b dng cho loi xc xch ny c th l bao b t nhin v nhn to hay tng hp. Bo qun nhit 0 - 4 C, thi gian s dng 3 ngy, c th hp, chin, rn trc khi dng. Xc xch qua ch bin: l loi xc xch c nu chn trong qu trnh sn xut, gm c cc loi nh sau: Xc xch tit trng: l loi xc xch trong qu trnh ch bin c khu tit trng. Trong thnh phn c cha nhiu loi gia v, ph gia v c ph liu (nh protein u nnh) Bao b c dng l loi bao b t nhn to nh nha PE, PVC Bo qun nhit thng, thi gian s dng 3 - 6 thng, ch cn bc v trc khi dng. Xc xch xng khi: l loi xc xch trong qu trnh ch bin c khu xng khi, khng s dng ph liu. Bao b s dng l loi bao b t nhin nh rut heo, collagen Bo qun nhit 0 4 C, thi gian s dng t 2 3 thng. Xc xch dng ny c th dng lin hay ch bin. Xc xch hp: tng t nh xc xch xng khi nhng khng c khu xng khi trong qu trnh ch bin . Bao b tng hp hay t nhin. Bo qun nhit t 0 4 C, thi gian bo qun 3 7 ngy. Xc xch ln men: Loi xc xch ny c c trng l to ra mi v thm do c s tch lu ca acid lactic to t s ln men ng c b sung vo ca vi khun. Cc loi xc xch ny c sy kh thay i trng thi ca nguyn liu trong qu trnh ch bin. Gm 2 loi chnh: Xc xch ln men bn kh: bao gm xc xch summer, snack stick0 0 0

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Xc xch ln men kh: bao gm xc xch pepperoni, hard salami, genoa salami Ngoi ra nhiu loi xc xch c bit n qua tn ca cc thnh phn nguyn liu s dng to nn s c trng ring cho tng loi xc xch, tn ca cc tnh, thnh ph, ngi sn xut tm ra loi xc xch ny (Bng 2.1). 2.2.3 Mt s dng h hng thng xy ra cho sn phm xc xch 2.2.3.1 H hng do vi sinh vt Vi khun, nm men v nm mc hin din trn xc xch gy nn h hng cho sn phm. Sn phm h hng thng gim cht lng cm quan v dinh dng. Hu ht cc dng h hng thng xut hin trn b mt xc xch nh nhy nht, chua v mc xanh S sinh nht: do nm men v vi khun v d nh Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Weissella, v B. thermosphacta. S sinh nht cn xut hin nhng si di bn trong xc xch. Nhng xc xch ny khng th by bn c na. S chua: xy ra bn di v bc ca xc xch. Nguyn nhn l do Lactobacillus v Enterococcus phn hy ng to thnh sn phm c tnh acid. Mc xanh: Xut hin tiu biu khi xc xch c bo qun khng ng cch. Nhng nguyn nhn h hng do vi khun trn l do cc cng on thao tc bng tay khng m bo v sinh hay khng tun th cc cng tc quy nh v sinh trong sn xut. S h hng c th gim bt v thi hn s dng sn phm c th tng ln nu cng tc v sinh c tin hnh tt. Vic ng gi chn khng sn phm trong nhng bao b khng thm nc, kh v sn phm c bo qun trong kho nhit thch hp c th kim hm s tng trng ca vi khun gy h hng, lm tng thi hn s dng ca xc xch.

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Bng 2.1 S lc mt s loi xc xch trn th gii (Ngun: Estes Reynolds v Schuler, 1982)Xc xch Xc xch Ba Lan (polish sausage) Kielbasa Bratwurst (c) Xc xch (Salami) Sweet v Hot Italian Cervelat hoc Summer Sausage (Php) Andouille (Php) Boudin Blanc (Php) Braunschweiger (c) Boudin Noir (Php) Knackwurst (c) Linguica (Php) Pepperoni Chorizo Mortadella (Php) Hot Dogs Bockwurst Bologna Loi Ti Ti, xng khi v nu Ti, xng khi v nu Kh, x l Ti x l, xng khi, na kh Xng khi Xng khi Nu s b, xng khi Nu s b Nu s b, xng khi x l, xng khi Sy kh Rn, xng khi Na kh, xng khi Nu, xng khi, x l Ti Xng khi nu Thnh phm Tht heo, tht b, ti, hng ty hoc kinh gii , m heo, tiu Tht b, tht heo, ti, m b hoc m heo, m tt. Tht heo hoc tht b, tht b, bt sa, c hnh, ti, rau mi, c rm, nhc u khu Ti, mui, tiu, ng Sweet: ti, ng, cy hi, th l Hot Italian: t bt, tiu chile, hnh, ti, th l, rau mi ty Tht heo, tht b, ti, bt m tt, gia v nh Cch thc nu Hi nc, rn, nng, nhit 0 x l 75 C Hi nc, rn, nng, nhit 0 x l 75 C Hi nc, rn, nng, nhit 0 x l 75 C n lin Hi nc, rn, nng, nhit 0 x l 75 C n lin

Tht heo, mui, gia v m , n lin ng, bt t, tiu , ti, x thm Tht heo, m, trng, kem, vn bnh Chin m, gia v Gan xng khi, trng, sa n lin Tit heo, m rn, bnh m vn Tht b, tht heo, nhiu ti, th l n lin n lin, chin

Tht heo, nhiu ti, th l, qu, gim Thng n lin Tht heo, tht b, nhiu tiu v en Tht heo, cilantro, bt t, ti, bt t kh, gia v m M khi, tht heo, tht b, tiu, ti, cy hi Tht b v tht heo khi, ti, mui, bt m tt, tiu Tht b, tht heo, sa, tho mi, trng Tht b v tht heo khi, ti, mui Thng n lin Thng n lin Hi nc, rn, nng, nhit 0 x l 75 C n lin Hi nc, rn, nng, nhit 0 x l 75 C n lin

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2.2.3.2 H hng do k thut y l loi h hng ph bin nht, thng lin quan n cc yu t k thut nh nhit , bin i ca nhit trong qu trnh ch bin, thnh phn nguyn ph liu s dng, thao tc k thutv c mt s h hng nh sau: Xc xch b tch v: phn v ca b mt xc xch b tch ra khi cy xc xch. Sai st ny l do kt cu khng n nh ca nh tng v do cc thng s k thut khng tha ng trong cng on dn v bc, xng khi. Nh tng tht khng n nh: C rt nhiu yu t tc ng c th lm nh tng tht khng n nh v kt cu nh: thnh phn nguyn liu khng thch hp, s dng qu nhiu tht c kh nng lin kt yu (tht PSE, tht giai on t cng), cht lng m xu v khng thch hp ch bin xc xch, cng on xay mn khng ng k thut, s dng v bc khng thch hp, x l nhit khng tha ng. Chy m b mt xc xch: M khng c gi trong bt tht, tm chy trn b mt xc xch. Hin tng ny c th c nhng nguyn nhn nh dao ct ca my cutter qu cn, thi gian xay lu, cc ht m kch thc qu ln c nguy c gy chy m, nhit trong cng on xay ct tng cao. M c s dng l loi m c nhiu acid bo khng no hoc c p mui qu lu hay khng c bo qun lnh ng mc cng dn n sai st chy m b mt xc xch. Xc xch c kt cu b: Nng mui s dng khng tha ng c th lm xut hin hin tng ln men, to kt cu b ca xc xch. Tht nc khng c pha lc tinh hay cn nhiu gn kh lin kt ci thin kt cu ca xc xch. Ngoi ra cn c cc h hng do phn ng gia cc cu phn trong xc xch, c th k n nh phn ng gia cc sc t vi oxy, phn ng Maillard,.. loi h hng ny c th lm cho xc xch b ha nu i vi sn phm dng x l tit trng hoc lm ha xanh i vi sn phm dng mui.

13


2.2.4 Mt s gia v thng c s dng trong ch bin xc xch Mui n (NaCl) Trong ch bin cc sn phm t tht, mui thng c s dng nhm cc mc ch sau: - To v mn, nng cao tnh bn vng ca sn phm khi bo qun. - Thc y qu trnh oxy ha cc thnh phn trong tht lm cho sn phm thay i mu. - Mui n cn l cht st khun nh, nng 4,4% n c th lm c ch s pht trin ca mt s vi sinh vt gy bnh, c ch cc vi sinh vt hiu kh. Tuy nhin, cng c mt s vi khun chu c nng cao hn. Mt s vi khun gy thi ra ch cht nng mui ln hn 12%. (TS. Trn Vn Chng, 2002). - To p sut thm thu v gim m ca sn phm - Ion Clo (Cl ) s kt hp vi protein cc dy ni peptide lm cho enzym phn hy protein khng cn kh nng phn hy protein. - Liu lng: 25-35 g/kg nguyn liu. ng Thng thng ng c s dng vi lng t, ch yu lm du v mn ca mui, cung cp dinh dng cho vi khun kh nitrat thnh nitrit hot ng. Ngoi ra ng cn c tc dng gim hot tnh ca nc v c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt trong sn phm. ng c bo qun trong bao polymer, kn, sch. Khng c mi l, ni kh ro v khng gn vi gia v khc s lm nh hng n cht lng ng. Bt ngt Bt ngt c s dng to cho sn phm v ngt c trng. Bt ngt c bo qun trong bao b. Bao b c th l bao ci, keo thu tinh, keo nha. Bao b phi m bo khng c mi l v khng nhim mu cho sn phm. Ni cha v bo qun phi sch, kh ro v thong. Liu lng l 10g/kg nguyn liu.-

14


Tiu Tiu l l loi gia v thng c s dng to v cay cho sn phm, thng c s dng dng bt mn. Loi bt mn ny c xay t tiu c tch b v. Bt tiu dng ri, mn, kh v c hng thm t nhin. Tiu phi c bo qun trong thng kn ni kh ro v thong mt. 2.2.5. Mt s cht ph gia thng c s dng trong sn xut xc xch heo Mui nitrit v nitrat Theo phng php truyn thng, mui c s dng bo qun xc xch. Dn dn, nhng nh sn xut nhn thy rng mui nitrat v nitrit trong hn hp mui khi s dng l mt trong nhng yu t c bn nh hng n cht lng sn phm. - Mui nitrit u im: to mu nhanh, st trng mnh, ngn cn s sinh trng ca sinh vt v to hng v chuyn bit cho sn phm. Nhc im: mu km bn, thng c. Mui nitrit d s gy hin tng ngt, nhc u v bun nn. Mt khc, nitrit d cng s gy c lu di cho c th (c th gy ung th gan). - Mui nitrat Khi s dng nitrat, n phi c chuyn thnh nitrit nh vo cc vi sinh vt kh nitrat thnh nitrit hin din trong tht. Ngy xa, ngi ta thng s dng mui kali nitrat (dim tiu), nhng ngy nay ngi ta s dng mui natri nitrat thay th ( Martin Marchello, 1998). Cn nh rng, hm lng nitrit s dng qu nhiu s gy c cho con ngi. Bi vy, an ton v chnh xc hn hp mui phi c trn theo ng liu lng quy nh. a s hn hp mui s dng thng mi c iu chnh thng thng 6% natri nitrit v 94% mui n t c mt lng hi ha lng nitrit thm vo (Martin Marchello, 1998).

15


Xc xch nu c th khng thm mui nitrit nu mun, nhng xc xch s b mu nu (m hn mu hng), d b nh hng hn n s thay i mu v d h hng do vi sinh vt. Nhng sn phm ny tt nht nn bo qun nhit thp. Polyphosphates Cc polyphosphates thng c s dng v hiu qu nht l cc hn hp ca di, tri polyphosphates. Vi loi polyphosphates ny cho kh nng ph v cc lin kt canxi gia cc protein tht v ph v cu trc kn ca tht giai on t cng. Polyphosphates to phc vi canxi, phn tch hp cht acto-myosin thnh actin v myosin. Thng trong tht lnh (sau khi t cng) di tc dng ca polyphosphates th tht lnh c tr li tnh ha tan v kh nng to nh. Vi tnh nng ny cng to iu kin cho cc protein tht c th hp thu c nhiu nc, gim s hao ht trong sn xut. Theo Baracco v cng tc vin (1991) polyphosphates cn to iu kin thun li cho s phn tn cc ht mixen, ng nht khi nh tng tht, tng kh nng to nh ca khi m, ci thin cu trc mm mi cho sn phm v ngn cn s tch lp ca protein- m- nc. Ngoi ra, polyphosphates cn kim hm s oxy ho tht bng cch to phc vi st v ng l nhng cht xc tc cho s oxy ho v tng kh nng n nh mu cho tht. Cch s dng: cho vo ngay khi tht bt u xay, xay nhuyn sau cho cc cht ph gia khc vo. Polyphosphates phi c bo qun ni kh ro, thong mt. Liu lng: 3-5g/kg nguyn liu (0,3- 0,5%) Vitamin C: Trong ch bin thc phm, vitamin C c s dng nh mt cht ph gia dng bo qun v chng li s oxy ha tht bng cch kt hp vi oxy trong khng kh v ngn cn vi sinh vt hiu kh. Vitamin C c bo qun trong bao b, c th l bao ci, keo thu tinh, keo nha m bo trnh ht m, khng c mi l v khng nhim mu cho sn phm.

16


Ni bo qun phi sch, kh ro, thong v khng chung vi cc ph gia ha cht khc. 2.2.6. Nguyn liu ph liu s dng trong sn xut xc xch heo Tht heo nc Tht l thnh phn chnh trong qu trnh ch bin. N quyt nh cht lng ca sn phm, l ngun cung cp protein quan trng, c cha y cc acid amin khng thay th vi t l cn i. Ngoi ra, cn cha cc cht khong nh st (Fe), ng (Cu), Magie (Mg) v cc vitamin nh vitamin A, B1, B2, Tht heo nc c s dng trong cng thc ch bin nhm mc ch: To gi tr dinh dng Tht cha ng gn nh sn sng nhng cht ch yu m c th cn dng trao i cht trong c th. Thc n t tht c tc ng n b no v cung cp nhng cht cn thit cho s bi dng n s pht trin ca b c, v nh m t th h ny sang th h khc b c c th pht trin nhanh chng v y hn. To cu trc cho sn phm Protein trong tht c vai tr cc k quan trng trong cng ngh sn xut cc thc phm: l cht to hnh v to kt cu c trng v lng, cng nh v cht cho nhiu loi sn phm thc phm. Do tng tc vi nc v di tc dng ca nhit m protein c th thay i tnh cht, trng thi to hnh, to dng v to kt cu cho sn phm thc phm. Trong nhng iu kin cng ngh nht nh, protein c th tng tc vi nhau, tng tc vi nc, tng tc vi glucid v lipid to ra c, do, trong, to bt, to xp cho sn phm thc phm ( Nguyn Kim Anh, 2001) To mi v v mu sc c trng ca sn phm Vn to hng thm v v ca tht n nay cha hon ton hiu r. Tuy nhin thc nghim xc nhn mi quan h gia v ca tht vi acid glutamic t do, acid inozinic v purin t do (ni ring l hipoxantin) cha trong tht (ng c Dng, 1979)

17


M heo M heo l ngun cung cp cht bo. Bao gm nh m lng, m i, m nngnhng khng dng m sa trong ch bin xc xch.. M c tc dng lm tng dnh, bo, bng, lm tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm, gip tn dng ngun nguyn liu v lm gim gi thnh, tng hiu qu kinh t. V bc V bc xc xch rt a dng, phn ln s dng t rut gia sc, chng hn xc xch Frankfurter thng dng rut cu hoc rut heo. Mt s xc xch khc dng v bc collagen lm t da b. Hai loi v bc xc xch k trn c th n c v khi n cho cm gic dn v dai. Nhng v bc lm bng bt g cng kh ph bin trn th trng, nhng loi ny khng n c, chng c loi b khi s dng sn phm. Nhng v bc nhn to c lm t nhng giy c bit c tm cellulose, nhng v bc sanran lm t cht do tng hp v v bc hydro cellulose c lm t cellulose ti sinh. Cc v bc cellulose c lm t cht si, c ha tan t ht bng vi hay bt giy. Mi loi v bc ny th tin dng, a dng, nhiu kch c v nhiu c tnh khc nhau. Tuy nhin, nhng v bc ny khng n c, phi loi b ra khi sn phm xc xch khi s dng. Theo Martin Mechello (1998), c im ca mt s v bc s dng trong xc xch l: - V bc t nhin lun c mt un cong t nhin ca chng. - Collagen l protein ng vt, thng c chit tch t da b v c sn xut thnh v bc n c (collagen cng l protein chnh trong v bc t nhin) - Nhng v bc tng hp cho ra nhng mu a dng, sn phm nu khng v c sn xut trong nhng v bc cellulose (lm t cotton bng vi) cho php khi v m thm nhp, sau khi sn phm c nu xong v lm mt, nhng v bc cellulose c lt b ra khi sn phm v cho ra sn phm khng v.

18


Ph liu Nc vy Nc vy c vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh ch bin, gip cho vic gi nhit thp (di 12 C) trong qu trnh xay (do s ma st xy ra gia cc dao v nguyn liu a vo), ngoi ra n cn l dung mi gip ha tan cc cht ph gia. Nc vy nh hng n kh nng to nh tng, tham gia vo vic to cu trc v trng thi ca sn phm thc phm ch bin, ng thi lm tng m cng nh trng lng ca sn phm. Protein u nnh Protein u nnh l mt sn phm c ch bin bng cch trch ly protein t u nnh vi hm lng protein cao (>90%), cung cp cho cc nh ch bin cc sn phm tht. Protein u nnh c tnh nng ci thin cu trc hay to cu trc trong cc dng sn phm khc nhau (dng gel, nh tng...), c kh nng gi nc, lin kt cc thnh phn cht bo, protein...nhanh chng nn c a vo trc tip trong qu trnh to nh tng. to s cn bng gia ngun protein ng vt v protein thc vt, cng nh to cho sn phm xc xch tit trng c gi tr dinh dng cao, th vic b sung protein u nnh l thch hp v n c gi thnh r v c cc tnh nng cng ngh u vit khc. Tinh bt Trong ch bin cc sn phm t, tht tinh bt thng dng l tinh bt bp. Tinh bt to ra c, do, dai, dnh, xp, trongTrong sn xut xc xch, tinh bt s lin kt vi gel protein lm cho xc xch c n hi c trng.0

19


2.2.7. Cc yu t nh hng n kt cu nh tng tht 2.2.7.1. S ct v xay Trong qu trnh ch bin xc xch, s ct v xay lm nh nguyn liu (tht nc, m,..) c chia lm hai giai on: Xay th: t tht nguyn liu kch thc ln (3cm 3cm 7cm) c xay thnh nhng kch thc nh (3mm). Trong giai on ny nhit ca nguyn liu sau khi xay khng c cao qu khong -1n 1 C to iu kin cho qu trnh to nh tng c thun li. Xay nhuyn (cutter): trong qu trnh ny vn tc dao ct rt cao s to ma st gia dao v nguyn liu lm cho nhit ca nguyn liu tng nhanh. Nhit ca nguyn liu cn t l 12- 14 C, nu nhit ca nguyn liu tng cao s gy kt dnh, tch m khng tt cho qu trnh to nh tng v c th lm mt tnh n nh ca nh tng. Qu trnh ct khng t cng c th lm cho cc si protein b ct qu ngn. Tt c nhng vn ny c th dn n kt qu l lm nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Nhit nh tng tht c khuyn co trong giai on xay ct ca qu trnh ch bin xc xch l 14 C (Baracco v ctv, 1990) 2.2.7.2. pH Trong ch bin nh tng, tht c pH cao t 5,8 n 6,2 thng c a chung, loi tht ny c kh nng lin kt m v nc cao to iu kin hnh thnh cho cc pha phn tn ng nht v lm n nh cu trc nh tng. pH ca tht cao to iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin. Ngc li, pH tht thp lm gim kh nng lin kt vi nc. Tht PSE c pH gim nhanh thng t 5,2 hoc thp hn lm gim kh nng lin kt vi nc, tht DFD c pH t 6,4 tr ln c kh nng lin kt vi nc cao.0 0 0

20


pH c nh hng n tnh cht nh ha ca protein, mt s protein im ng in t ha tan do s lm gim kh nng lm bn nh tng ca chng (Nguyn Kim Anh, 2001). 2.2.7.3. Nhit Nhit nguyn liu c ngha quan trng n kt cu ca nh tng tht. Khi nhit nguyn liu tng cao, lm gim cc lin kt hydro, lm gim kh nng hp th nc ca protein cng gim theo. Nu nhit tng qu cao, s gy bin tnh v tp hp protein, lm cho b mt ca phn t protein b gim, cng lm cho kh nng gi nc ca cc nhm c cc ca protein cng gim theo (Nguyn Kim Anh, 2001) 2.2.7.4. Nng cc ion Nng cc ion c nh hng n kh nng hp th nc v ho tan ca protein. Nc, mui v cc nhm acid amin thng c mt mi cnh tranh. nng mui thp, s hydrat ha ca cc protein c th tng, nhng khi nng mui cao, cc tng tc gia mui v nc tri hn cc tng tc gia mui v protein v do kh nc ca protein. Kh nng hp th v gi nc ca protein tht s tng ln (nht l khi nu) khi c mt NaCl (3-8%), l do s nh thm cc ion lm m rng mng li protein hoc thm natri polyphophates vi nng khong 0,3% cng c hiu qu, nht l khi kt hp vi NaCl (Nguyn Kim Anh, 2001) 2.2.7.5. S xng khi Xng khi c s dng lm kh, bo v tht, to mi v v hng thm cho sn phm cui cng. Theo truyn thng th xng khi quan trng v n kim hm s pht trin ca vi sinh vt trn sn phm. Tuy nhin, trong thi i ngy nay, ngi ta thng da vo s lm lnh kim ch vi sinh vt.

21


G H o, g mt s cy n qu v mt s g cng khc cng c s dng rng ri to khi. Nhng cy h thng khng c s dng bi v n nhiu nha, loi g ny to nhiu khi en v c v ng. Nh sn xut cng kim sot m ca sn phm trc v trong sut qu trnh xng khi to ra sn phm c cht lng cao. B mt sn phm phi hi m khi c th bm cht vo sn phm. Nu b mt sn phm qu m t, khi s to thnh sc. Nu v bc qu kh th khi s khng bm cht v khng thm vo bn trong v bc. Do cn kim sot qu trnh sy cn thn m bo khi bm chc vo sn phm. Thi gian ca qu trnh xng khi ph thuc vo loi sn phm. Nhng loi khc nhau s c mu sc, mi, vkhc nhau. 2.2.7.6. S nu Nu l qu trnh s dng nhit lm chn tht sng v lm chn sn phm. Nu xc xch lm tng cng hng v, mu sc to ra sn phm mong mun, kim hm vi khun gy h hng v tiu dit vi khun gy bnh. sn xut mt sn phm xc xch an ton, vic nu phi ph hy k sinh trng v vi khun gy bnh. Xc xch c th nu ngp trong nc nng, trong l xng khi hay l hp. Qu trnh nu c iu khin mt cch cn thn m bo rng sn phm t n nhit tm mong mun trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Trong sut qu trnh lm nng xc xch nu, nhit sn phm cn tng nhanh t 29 C n 65 C, nhit ny cc vi sinh vt sinh hng pht trin. Hu ht cc xc xch nu c lm nng ti nhit tm t 77 C. Kt hp gia thi gian v nhit trong sn phm m bo tiu dit mt s vi khun gy bnh (Martin Marchello, 1998) Nu sn phm c nu trong nc, nhit nc cn nm trong khong 75 C- 87 C. Nu lm nng trong l xng khi hoc l nng, nhit khng kh mong mun khong 75 C- 97 C. Sn phm phi lm lnh thch hp sau khi nu.0 0 0 0 0 0 0

22


Khi nu nhit thch hp s ph hu tt c cc cht sinh dng cn thit ca vi khun gy bnh, vi vi khun gy bnh c th hnh thnh nhng bo t, c th tn ti sau khi nu. Nu xc xch c lm lnh qu chm, cc bo t c th hon nguyn li trng thi sinh dng v bt u pht trin (Marchello, 1998) 2.2.7.7. S lm ngui. Sau qu trnh nu, sn phm xc xch c lm lnh di vi nc. Sau sn phm c treo ln trnh lm nhu v bc sn phm. Nhit lm mt bn trong sn phm c s dng mui nitrit v khng s dng mui nitrit c trnh by trong bng 2.2 v bng 2.3 Bng 2.2: Nhit lm mt i vi sn phm khng dng mui nitrit Nhit 63 C 39 C 39 C - 19 C0 0 0 0

Thi gian 1,5 gi 5 gi (Ngun: Marchello, 1998)

Bng 2.3: Nhit lm mt i vi sn phm c s dng mui nitrit Nhit 63 C 39 C 39 C - 19 C0 0 0 0

Thi gian 5 gi 10 gi (Ngun: Marchello, 1998)

Qu trnh lm lnh cng c iu khin v theo di mt cch cn thn, vi nhit phi thp trong mt thi gian nht nh. Bn cnh nhit l yu t quan trng bo qun nguyn liu c ti trong qu trnh sn xut v sau khi sn phm hon tt. Ko di nhit thp trong sut qu trnh sn xut c th lm chm qu trnh tng trng ca vi sinh vt gy h hng.

23


Chng III

NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

3.1 THI GIAN V A IM THC HIN - a im: X Nghip Ch Bin Thc Phm Nam Phong, thnh ph H Ch Minh. - Thi gian: t ngy 15- 05-2010 n 30-06-1010 3.2. NI DUNG THC HIN - Kho st hin trng qui trnh sn xut sn phm xc xch heo xng khi - Kho st hin trng cng tc qun l v sinh an ton thc phm v v sinh sn xut ti x nghip. - Xc nh mc hao ht bn thnh phm, thnh phm xc xch mt s cng on sn xut. 3.3. PHNG PHP TIN HNH 3.3.1.Kho st hin trng qui trnh sn xut sn phm xc xch heo xng khi Tham gia trc tip cc cng on sn xut, quan st, kt hp phng vn cn b k thut v cng nhn m t li chi tit qui trnh sn xut thc t sn phm xc xch heo xng khi ti x nghip. 3.3.2. Kho st hin trng cng tc qun l v sinh an ton thc phm v v sinh sn xut ti x nghip. Kt hp quan st, ghi nhn hin trng, nhn nh v cng tc qun l v sinh an ton thc phm v v sinh sn xut ti x nghip. 3.3.3 . Xc nh mc hao ht bn thnh phm, thnh phm xc xch mt s cng on sn xut. Vt liu - Cn in t dung sai 5g - Cn Nhn Ha loi 2kg v 50kg. - Dy d nh du mu.

24


- Ko, thc k li. - Nguyn liu nh tng. - Cc mu bn thnh phm xc xch dng dy (mi dy nh lng t 29-30 cy). - Cc mu bn thnh phm xc xch dng cy (mi cy khong 35g) - Cc mu ng bao ng gi thnh phm (mi bao khong 210g) Phng php thc hin Ti mi cng on trong dy chuyn sn xut s ly mu nguyn liu nh tng, bn thnh phm v thnh sn phm kho st sau tr li cho mi cng on tip tc hon thin qui trnh sn xut sn phm. Kho st c tin hnh vi 3 t lp li, mi t theo di 6 dy xc xch, 2930 cy xc xch, 30 bao gi thnh phm, 70 kg nguyn liu nh tng. Cc ch tiu kho st Trng lng xc xch sau khi nhi: l trng lng c cn sau khi nh

tng c nhi nh hnh. - Trng lng xc xch sau khi nu: l trng lng c cn sau khi nu nh tng c nhi nh hnh. - Trng lng xc xch sau khi lm lnh: l trng lng c cn sau khi lm lnh bn thnh phm. - Trng lng xc xch sau khi ng gi : l trng lng xc xch thnh phm tr trng lng bao b. - Chiu di cy xc xch: c o sau khi lm lnh t u cy xc xch n cui cy xc xch. - T l hao ht sau khi nu (TLHHSKN): c tnh theo cng thc: TLHHSKN (%) = (Trng lng xc xch sau khi nhi trng lng xc xch sau khi nu) / Trng lng xc xch sau khi nhi 100 - T l hao ht sau khi lm lnh (TLHHSKLL): c tnh theo cng thc:

25


TLHHSKLL (%) = (Trng lng xc xch sau khi nu trng lng xc xch sau khi lm lnh)/ Trng lng xc xch sau khi nu 100 - T l hao ht bn thnh phm so vi nh tng (TLHHBTP/NT) : c tnh theo cng thc: TLHHBTP/NT (%) = (Trng lng nh tng trng lng bn thnh phm)/ Trng lng nh tng 100 - T l hao ht thnh phm so vi bn thnh phm (TLHHTP/BTP) : c tnh theo cng thc: TLHHTP/BTP (%) = (Trng lng thnh phm Trng lng bn thnh phm)/ Trng lng thnh phm 100 - T l hao ht thnh phm so vi nguyn liu nh tng (TLHHTP/NLNT) : c tnh theo cng thc: TLHHTP/NLNT (%) = (Trng lng nh tng Trng lng thnh phm)/ Trng lng nh tng 100

26


Chng IV

KT QU V THO LUN

4.1 KHO ST QUI TRNH CH BIN SN PHM XC XCH HEO XNG KHI Qui trnh sn xut ch bin sn phm xc xch heo xng khi ti X Nghip Ch Bin Nam Phong c trnh by qua s sau:

M

Tht t = -30 C = 30 pht0

Cp ng

Cp ng

Bo qun

Bo qun

t = -5 C = 18-24 gi

0

Cn

Cn

Xay th

Xay th

3mm

Xay nhuyn Nhi nh lng Gia v, ph gia Nu- xng khi

0.2mm 0 tcui 12 C

t= 70-75 C = 180 pht

0

Lm lnh ng gi

Thnh phm

4.1.1 Tip nhn nguyn liu M t: Tht, m dng trong ch bin c ly t con th khe mnh, c c quan th y kim dch v c git m trong iu kin thc hin sn xut tt. Tht, m trc khi a vo pha lc s c c nh trn gin treo trong kho tr lnh di dng nguyn mnh. Yu cu k thut Tht, m nguyn liu phi c la chn theo ng yu cu ca TCVN 70462002 v tht ti trong sn xut thc phm. Tht c chn l tht i hoc tht vai, c t m lin kt, tht rn chc c mu hng, khng c tp cht v m c chn s dng l m cng vng lng. 4.1.2 Cp ng m v nguyn liu tht Tht trc khi ch bin c cp ng. Mc ch: - c ch vi sinh vt c trong bn thn nguyn liu v vi sinh vt nhim trong nguyn liu. - m bo nhit tm sn phm, gi lnh nguyn liu gip qu trnh bo qun c lu, n nh ngun nguyn liu. Tht sau khi bo qun lnh hay lnh ng c u th hn tht nng ch: Sau thi gian bo qun, tht t ti chn ti. C nhng biu hin tt v mi v, tr nn mm v thm ngon. C kh nng gi m ln hn so vi tht trong giai on co cng v d b tc Gim vic tch nc v m. Nhit nguyn liu thp, nguyn liu kh b oxy ho khi ch bin.

dng ca enzym tiu ho hn.

M t: Sau khi pha lc, tht, m c chn lc, loi, pha lc tinh s dn u trn khay dy khng qu 7cm v c tn tr trong kho lnh -5 C, ch ch bin. Yu cu k thut: Tht heo, m heo c ct thnh nhng ming tht nh ri nhau, kch thc khong 3cm 3cm 7cm thch hp cho my xay th. 0 Nhit kho tr lnh khong -5 C, nguyn liu c duy tr nhit ny trong vng 14-20 gi h nhit ca ming tht ct c xung khong t -2 C n -1 C trc khi a vo ch bin. 4.1.3. Xay th Mc ch: qu trnh xay th nhm lm gim kch thc ca khi tht lnh ng to iu kin cho qu trnh xay nhuyn, phi trn v sau trn my cutter. Cc bin i xy ra: Qu trnh xay th ch yu xy ra qu trnh bin i vt l ct t m lin kt lm gim kch thc khi tht, gia tng nhit ca khi tht do ma st. Thit b dng d xay th l my mincer. M t Sau khi tr lnh tht v m t n nhit thch hp, tht v m c cho vo my xay th. Yu cu k thut 0 Nhit tht trc khi thc hin cng on xay th khong t -1 n -1,5 C. Tht v m c xay th ring qua li vi ng knh l 3mm. Nhit ca tht v m sau khi xay th khong 10 C l ph hp thc hin cng on to nh tng.0 0 0 0

4.1.4 Cng on to nh tng xc xch Mc ch: To nn mt h nh tng bn ca tt c cc thnh phn vt cht c trong xc xch: nguyn liu (tht nc, m heo, da heo) gia v, ph gia, to nn mt h ng nht. M t - Cho tht vo chy vi tc (100-200 vng/pht) sau tng ln 1500- 3000 vng /pht - Tip tc cho hn hp gia v gm mui nitrit, polyphophate, bt ti, cho 1/3 lng nc vo nhm khng ch s tng nhit lm hn hp khng b c c cc thnh phn trong hn hp trn u vi nhau. - Trong giai on ny gi nhit tht duy tr 12 C v khng ch qu trnh xay nhuyn khng qu 15 pht. Qu trnh ny nh hng trc tip n cc qu trnh sau ny. Nu nh qu trnh xay nhuyn khng c tt, nguyn liu khng t nhuyn th rt kh cho qu trnh nhi nh hnh sau ny. ng thi, nu khng xay nhuyn nguyn liu, h nh tng to thnh khng bn th s nh hng n kh nng to gel ca protein khi b bin tnh, lm cho sn phm cng khng u, lm gim gi tr cm quan ca sn phm. Qu trnh bin i. - Cu trc v trng thi tht b bin i - Mu sc ca tht b bin i do c cha nhiu myoglobin trong nhn hem c cha st. Nu c tc nhn O2 th n chuyn Fe thnh Fe nn ti sm (mu ca Met Mb) - Mui nitrat v nitrit s dng trong ch bin dng gi mu cho tht. Nitrat (NO 3) NOVK kh + pH2+ 3+ 0

th mu ca tht tr

Nitrit (NO2 ) HNO2T,0

-

NOM (Nitrozo Mysoglobin)

tbq

Globin + Nitrozo hem

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- Hn hp t dng ht chuyn thnh dng paste, cu trc sn phm tr nn mn hn. - S gia tng nhit trong sn phm xy ra do qu trnh sinh nhit gia cho ct v nguyn liu. - Qu trnh nh ho din ra to kt dnh tt, do lng protein ca tht v bt lin kt vi m nguyn liu cho nn qu trnh to nh tt. - S ho tan gia v vo trong khi gel do polyphosphat c tnh gi nc trong cu trc ca ht m v lm cho sn phm sau ny mn hn. - S bin tnh protein c ci thin tnh cht khi cho mui n vo. - Khi lng nguyn liu tng ln do: c s khuch tn nc t bn trong nguyn liu ra ngoi v mui t bn ngoi vo bn trong nguyn liu - c ch vi sinh vt v mui c kh nng lm gim hot tnh ca nc v gim t l oxy ha tan trong mi trng. Yu cu k thut Giai on 1: cho my chy tc chm (tc dao 300-500 vng/pht) Giai on 2: cho my chy vi tc nhanh (tc dao 2500-2800 vng/pht) Nhit khi nh tng phi t nh hn 12 C trc khi c nh hnh. Khi nh tng phi ng nht, dai, mn. 4.1.5. nh hnh M t Cng on ny c thc hin bng my nhi xc xch c bi kh bng chn khng. Lc ny, hn hp nh tng c bi kh trong khoang chn khng ca my, v sau c nhi vo v bc. V bc c lm bng cellulose c ng knh 21- 24mm. Trng lng v kch thc ca cy xc xch c ci t sn v thc hin nh c ch xon vn ca my. Kt thc cng on ny, cc dy xc xch c g ln xe y.0

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Yu cu k thut: Cc cy xc xch sau khi nh hnh phi c trng lng v kch thc u nhau. Xc xch c cu trc cht, v bc khng b nhn, v, bn trong khng xut hin bt kh. Khong cch gia cc cy xc xch phi m bo to iu kin cho khi bm vo. 4.1.6. Xng khi thanh trng M t: Cng on ny c thc hin ti my xng khi- thanh trng bao gm 3 giai on: lm ro- xng khi- thanh trng. Lm ro nhm to m thch hp trn b mt xc xch m bo cc cu phn khi c thm u. Xng khi ch yu to mi v c trng cho sn phm. Khi c cung cp nh vo qu trnh t mn ca trong iu kin thiu khng kh. Thanh trng nhm n nh kt cu thnh phm v c ch s pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt, gp phn ko di thi gian s dng sn phm. Cc thng s x l xc xch bn thnh phm c ci t sn trong my c trnh by trong bng 4.1 Bng 4. 1 Cc thng s nh mc x l xc xch bn thnh phm Thng s Giai on Lm ro Xng khi Thanh trng Nhit bung xng khi ( C) 70 60 750

Thi gian (pht) 20 20 - 40 20

m bung xng khi (%) 35 30 100

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4.1.7. Lm lnh Kt thc qu trnh xng khi- thanh trng, cc cy xc xch c ra bng nc m c nhit khong 60 C (thc t khong t 50 C n 70 C) nhm lm sch b mt sn phm. Xc xch c chuyn vo phng lm lnh nhit 2 C trong thi gian 60 pht (trn thc t 13 gi) trc khi ng gi thnh phm. Nhm to iu kin thun li cho cng on ng gi v lm lnh sau ny. 4.1.8 ng gi M t: Xc xch c phn loi v ng gi bng bao PA khng mu bng my ht cht khng. Yu cu k thut Sn phm sau khi ng gi phi kn, cy ng u. Dng c ng gi (mm, ko,..) phi c ra bng nc nng (50-70 C) Thao tc ng gi phi nhanh gn. Cng nhn ng gi phi thng xuyn ra tay, xt cn nhm m bo v sinh. 4.1.9. Thnh phm v bo qun M t Sau khi ng gi, sn phm c bo qun trong kho lnh, ch c vn chuyn n ni tiu th. Thnh phm c sp xp gn gng trong kho lnh theo nguyn tc vo trc ra trc to iu kin thun li cho thao tc lun chuyn, gp phn m bo vic kim sot thi hn s dng ca sn phm. Yu cu k thut Nhit trong kho bo qun khong 0- 5 C Hi lnh phi phn b u trong kho. 4.1.10. Tiu chun kim tra cht lng sn phm Cc ch tiu cm quan0 0 0 0 0 0

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- B mt ngoi: rn n hi, mt ct mn chc, khng b nhn. - Mu tht hng, khng c l hng bn trong, khng b tch lp. - Mi v c trng, khng c v chua, v l. - Hnh tr trn thng, khng b cong. - Trng lng nm trong khong cho php. Ch tiu l ha Bng 4.2 Ch tiu ha sinh ca sn phm xc xch xng khi Ch tiu nh lng NH3 nh tnh H2S Hm lng protid Ch tiu vi sinh Bng 4.3 Ch tiu vi sinh ca xc xch xng khi Ch tiu Ecoli Salmonella Coliform Clostridium botilinum Vi sinh vt a nhit Vi sinh vt k kh H2S Yu cu Khng c Khng c Khng c Khng c Khng c Khng c Yu cu 0,05

17

Nhn chung, thi gian lm lnh cng lu cc dy xc xch cng gim trng lng nhiu hn v t l hao ht sau khi nu cng nhiu hn. Kt qu cho thy lm lnh 17 gi t l hao ht l nhiu nht (53,33 13,66%) v t nht khi lm lnh sau khi nu l (49,17 8,61%). Tuy nhin, qua x l thng k, s khc bit ny cha c ngha vi P>0,05. Vi kt qu kho st ny, ty theo tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th

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sn phm ny m x nghip c th lm lnh t 13 gi n 17 gi m s hao ht khc bit nhau khng ng k. 4.4 NHN XT V THU HOCH CA BN THN QUA THI GIAN THC TP V khoa hc: - Qua t thc tp ti XN CBTP Nam Phong, gip ti hiu r hn v thc tin sn xut. Gp phn cng c nhng kin thc hc. - Vn p dng tiu chun v sinh trong sn xut lun c ch trng. - Thng s vn hnh my mc cng sut quy m cng nghip. - S hao ht thc t trong qu trnh sn xut. V tc phong o c, t tng: - Gi thi lm vic nghim tc, tun th quy nh, tc phong ng gi nhanh nhn. - Gn gng ngn np khi lm vic. - Vn v sinh an ton thc phm lun t hng u. - Lun thc trch nhim trong mi thao tc lm vic. - Lng nghe, tip thu kin hng dn ca cn b cng nhn vin lm bi hc cho bn thn.

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Chng V

KT LUN V NGH

Qua qu trnh thc hin vi ti KHO ST V TM HIU NGUYN NHN LM HAO HT SN PHM XC XCH HEO XNG KHI TRONG QU TRNH SN XUT TI X NGHIP NAM PHONG. Chng ti tm thi rt ra mt s kt lun v ngh sau: 5.1 KT LUN Quy trnh sn xut c tun th cht ch theo quy nh, mi cng on u c cc t trng, t ph, cn b k thut v cn b KCS theo di cng nhn lm vic, gim st hot ng sn xut v kim tra cht lng sn phm. Sn phm xc xch heo xng khi c sn xut theo n t hng v khng ngng nng cao v cht lng. Sau mi t xut kho u c lu mu ti phng lu mu theo di s bin i cht lng nu c, kp thi ngn chn vic ng tic xy ra. iu kin v sinh sn xut ca x nghip c bo m kh tt. Mt s thng s k thut ca sn phm xc xch heo xng khi c ghi nhn nh sau: - Trng lng trung bnh ca mt cy xc xch ngay sau khi nhi l 42,5g chnh lch 29,17% so vi thng s ci t trn my l 60g. - Trng lng trung bnh ca mt dy xc xch (30 cy) trung bnh l 1237,8 32,5g v hao ht sau khi lm lnh so vi sau khi nhi l 15,55 2,067%. - Chiu di trung bnh chung ca cc cy xc xch l 110,37mm 6,02mm, ph hp vi quy nh ca x nghip l 110mm, tuy nhin di ca cc cy xc xch trong mt dy c cng c mt s chnh lch nh. - Trng lng trung bnh ca mt gi xc xch sau khi ng gi l 216,94 8,5g chnh lch kh nhiu so vi qui nh ca x nghip l 200g. - T l hao ht thnh phm so vi bn thnh phm l 14,89%. T l hao ht thnh phm so vi nguyn liu l 21,01%.

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5.2 NGH - T trng sn xut nn thng xuyn nhc nh cng nhn v vic tun th bo h lao ng nghim ngt trong qu trnh sn xut. - Cn b KCS cn ch theo di, gim st, nhc nh cng nhn cng nhn lm ng theo yu cu k thut, trnh xy ra sn phm h hng. - Cn b k thut cn kim tra k cng on nhi nh lng xc xch. Ci t hai thng s 40g v 80g kt hp thay i cng nhn ng my nhm so snh s chnh lch gia cc ln ci t nh lng trng lng sn phm c chnh xc. ng thi kim tra li cc thng s my nhi, gim hao ht trong cng on thnh phm n mc thp nht.

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TI LIU THAM KHO[1]. Trn Vn Chnh Gio trnh Thng k ng dng v phng php x l s liu trong cng ngh thc phm v sau thu hoch - Trng i hc Nng Lm TP. H Ch Minh 2010. [2]. Trn Vn Chng Cng ngh bo qun ch bin cc sn phm chn nui v c Nh xut bn vn ha dn tc 2001. [3]. ng Th Thanh Thu Gio trnh sinh ha c bn i Hc Khoa Hc T Nhin 2002. [4]. Nguyn c Hiu Th nghim ch bin xc xch heo vi tht heo ni v tht heo nc gi loi thi. Thm d mc a chung ca ngi tiu dng i vi sn phm tht ch bin ca XNCBTP Nam Phong Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc Nng Lm TP. H Ch Minh 2005. [5]. Nguyn Th Lan nh gi qu trnh thc hin GMP, SSOP cho sn phm xc xch tit trng ti cng ty VISSAN Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc Bnh Dng 2009. [6]. Nguyn Th Tho Loan Bi ging Cng ngh ch bin cc sn phm ng vt trng i hc Hng Vng TP. H Ch Minh 2010. [7]. L Th Nga Kho st quy trnh sn xut v mt s thng s k thut ca xc xch tit trng ti cng ty VISSAN Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc Bnh Dng 2009. [8]. http://sagrifood.com.vn/ [9]. http://www.ebook.edu.vn/

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