Drug formulation

Dosage forms or

pharmaceutical preparation

Drug formulation

Why to use different formulation Types of dosage forms Composition of each dosage form

Why to use different formulation?

The physical nature of the drug Drug size Drug solubility Drug taste Drug absorption, first pass effect Drug side effects Drug half life Site of disease or infection Patient compliance

Drug forms

Solid dosage forms

Liquid dosage forms

Semi-solid dosage forms

Others Nasal

Inhalational

Solid dosage forms

Tablets Capsules Lozenges Powders

I-Solid dosage forms

Capsules, sustained-release capsules, tablets, pills, are used to divide a drug or mixture of drugs into definite doses and avoid the inconvenience of preparing the dose from dry powders.

Tablets are a convenient way of giving drugs that have an unpleasant taste

Capsules the most popular dosage forms for the oral

administration of powders, oils, and liquid They dissolve readily in the stomach and make the

contents available for absorption only slightly less quickly than a liquid medicament

Are usually made of gelatin and may be hard or soft

- Hard gelatin capsule : contains powder

- Soft gelatin capsule : contains Liquids

Gelatin capsules may be coated with a substance that resists the action of gastric juice and so will not disintegrate until they reach the alkaline secretions of the intestine. Such capsules are said to be ‘enteric coated

Tablets

Tablets are preparations of powdered drug that are compressed or molded into small disks.

They may be made with or without a diluent (dextrose, lactose, starch),

And they may differ greatly in size, weight, and shape. Compressed tablets are made with heavy machinery.

Tablets

Compressed tablets usually contain in addition to the drug a Diluents, are used when the amount of active

ingredient is small A binder are substances that give adhesiveness to

the powdered drug. A disintegrator , such a starch, helps the tablet to

dissolve readily when it is placed in water, because the starch expands when it gets wet

and a lubricant keep the tablet from sticking to the machines

Tablets

Tablets are sometimes scored (marked with an indented line across the surface) so-that they can be broken easily if half a tablet is the dose required.

Tablets may be coated with sugar or chocolate to enhance their palatability.

They may be covered with a colored coating to make them more attractive to patients, easier to swallow, or identifiable by the use of distinctive colors.

Both tablets and capsules may be enteric coated, to protect the drug from the effect of the gastric secretions to prevent drug irritation of the gastric mucosa

Tablets

Normal tablets Effervescent Chewable Delayed release Film coated Sugar coated

Sustained-release dosage forms

Dosage forms providing for gradual but continued release of drug .

Sustained-release dosage forms contain small particles of the drug coated with materials that require a varying amount of time to dissolve.. This provides for a long continuous period of absorption and effect. Some particles dissolve and-are absorbed almost immediately, others require 2 or 3 hours

Lozenges

Troches or lozenges are flat, round, or rectangular preparations that are held in the mouth until they dissolve, liberating the drug or drugs involved.

They usually contain water, sugar, and a mucilage in addition to the drug and are dried in hot air.

They temporarily produce a high concentration of the drug in the oral cavity.

They are held in the mouth until entirely dissolved.

Pills

Pills are mixtures of a drug or drugs with some cohesive materials.

The mass is molded into globular, oval, or flattened bodies convenient for swallowing.

They have been replaced to a great extent by capsules and tablets.

Powders

Powders are finely divided solid drugs or mixtures of drugs for internal or external use. Dusting powders Granules Sachets

Chewable Tablets

Effervescent Tablets

Capsules

Pills

II-Liquid dosage forms

Solutions ((محـلول Aqueous solutions have one or more substances dissolved in

water. Examples are strong iodine solution (Lugol's Solution), epinephrine nasal solution

Syrups For their demulcent(soothing) effect on irritated membranes

of the throat e.g Promethazina hydrochloride syrup

Suspensions ( معلق) are defined as preparations of finely divided drugs either

intended for suspension or already in suspension in some suitable liquid vehicle

Liquid dosage forms

Emulsions ( (مستحلب are suspensions of fats or oils in water with the aid of an,

emulsifying agent, which lowers the interfacial tension between the two susbtances, masking its oily feel.

These oils are more easily digested than undispersed oils. Emulsions are stabilized by agents such as acacia and gelatin, which coat the tiny droplets of oil and prevent them from coming in direct contact with water.

An example is cod liver oil emulsion

Elixirs ( (اكسـير are aromatic, sweetened, alcoholic preparations,

frequently used as flavored vehicles, such as aromatic elixir, or as active medicinal agents if they are medicated elixirs, such as phenobarbital elixir.

Liquid dosage forms

Liquid dosage forms

Liquid forms are composed of Solvents Sweeting agents Flavouring and colouring agent Stabilisers Preservatives and antioxidant

Liquid dosage forms

-Drops eye (ophthalmic ) – ear (otic) – nose

(Nasal) – oral (commonly for infants) - Paints (دهان) Lotions (غسول) -Tinctures (صبغة)• -Sprays - nasal – oral - local

Liquid dosage forms

-Ampoules and the like

1-Ampoules ( Single Dose).

2- vials ( multi -dose containers with rubber capped stopper ).

3- Bottles.

4- Disposable syringes.

Solution

Suspension

Ampoule

Vials

Drops

III-Semi-solid dosage forms

1- Ointments and the like - Ointments (مرهم) - Creams (كريم) - Gels (جل) - Pasts (معجون)

2- Transdermal therapeutic system 3- Suppositories and the like - Rectal supp. - Vaginal inserts ( tablets – ovules – supp. pessary )