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7/24/2019 3. Giao Trinh Kien Truc Cong Nghiep
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TRNG AI HOC BACH KHOAKHOA XY DNG DD & CN
BMN KIN TRUC-------------------
GIAO TRNH
KIN TRUC CNG NGHIP
NGI BIN SOAN : TH S GVC TRNG HOAI CHNH
LU HANH NI B
2004
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NI DUNG
GM 3 PHN :
* PHN IC SQUY HOACH CAC X NGHIP CNG NGHIP
* PHN IINGUYN LYTHIT KKIN TRUC CAC NHACNG NGHIP
* PHN IIITHIT KCU TAO KIN TRUC CAC NHACNG NGHIP
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PHN IC SQUI HOACH
CAC X NGHIP CNG NGHIP
CHNG I
QUI HOACH KHU CNG NGHIP
1. QUI HOACH KHU CNG NGHIP
Qui hoach khu cng nghip la mt bin phap quantrong cua vic b tr chnh xac, hp ly sc san xut va tndung tai nguyn cua mt vung .
Hng qui hoach khu cng nghip chu yu tin hanhtheo 3 loai.
I. Khu cng nghip khai thac
Gm cac x nghip chu yu khai thac tai nguyn
(than, du , qung ...)Vit Nam co : khu Apatt Lao Cai, khu gang thepThai nguyn , than Hon Gai , du kh Vung Tau...
II. Khu cng nghip nng lng
Gm mt s nha may nhit in hoc thuy in cung cp nng lng (ng lc, in lc, hi ep ...) cho mtkhu cng nghip ln hoc cac vung dn c thanh th, th trn.
Vit nam cocac nhamay : Thuy in sng a, ThacBa, a Nhim , Yaly .... Nhit in Ung B, PhaLai ...
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III . Khu cng nghip tng hp
Chuyu sdung tai nguyn phong phu cua a phngva ln cn tn dung iu kin a ly thun li cho vic t
chc vn chuyn b tr hang loat cac nha may chu yu giacng chbin.Vit nam co khu cng nghip Vit Tr, Ha Ni, Hai
phong ...Nobao gm c kh, dt, thc phm, cng nghip nhe
2. BTR XNCN TRONG THANH PH
Vic b tr XNCN trong thanh ph phai xut phat t
toan bnghin cu quan hsan xut vi sinh hoat, anh hngvaquan h cua khu cng nghip vi thanh phvavic hptac cac x nghip vi nhau.
I. Phn loai XNCN xy dng trong thanh ph
1. Theo tnh cht cua X nghip
Co3 loai- X nghip khai thac mo, qung.- X nghip gia cng : luyn kim, dt, thc phm .- X nghip nng lng : in, kh t.
2. Theo c im sdung san phm- Cng nghip nng- Cng nghip nhe- Cng nghip thc phm- Cng nghip hoa cht- Cng nghip vt liu xy dng.
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3. Theo din tch tTuy theo qui m macac x nghip chim din tch
t khac nhau t0,1 ha ; 400 600 ha.
4. Theo c im vsinhMi x nghip u comt c im v sinh ring
vamc sinh c hai khac nhau. Cn cvao tnh cht chai vsinh ngi ta chia ra 5 cp :
a. Cp I : XN phat sinh nhiu cht c hai nh :luyn kim, phn am, xi mng >150.000 T/nm , loai nayyu cu khoang cach vsinh 1000 m .
b. Cp II:Cac XN cocng sut va , c hai t hn:hoa cht, super pht phat ... yu cu khoang cach v sinh500 m.
c. Cp III : Mt s x nghip hoa cht , ximng ,khoang cach vsinh 300 m .d. Cp IV:Cac x nghip chbin g, thuy tinh, giy,
xaphong , khoang cach vsinh 100 m.e. Cp V:Cac x nghip phuc vui sng, thuc la,
dt, vn phong phm, khoang cach vsinh 50 m.
0,1 - 0,5 haDt 10 - 30 ha
C kh 30 - 100 haLuyn kim 400 - 600 ha
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5. Theo phng thc vn chuyn
a. Vn chuyn ng st : luyn kim, khai thac hoacht, mt sx nghip qui m ln.b. Vn chuyn ng b : cac x nghip co qui m
va, din tch chim t di 10 ha.c.Vn chuyn ng thuy : nhamay ng, nhamay
giy ...6. Phn loai theo mc dung nc, nng lng
Tng hp cac nhn ttrn cothphn x nghip thanh3 nhom.
a. Nhom I :Gm cac x nghip thuc tiu chun vsinh cp I (1000m), vn chuyn ng st, din tch chimt ln (400 600ha).
Loai nay yu cu btr cach xa thanh phhoc ngoai
thanh ph.b. Nhom II:Thuc tnh cht vsinh cp II IV (100500m) vn chuyn ng st, khi lng vn chuyn vavanho(5 10 van tn/nm) din tch dung t va 10 n100 ha. Khu cng nghip nay btr mep thanh ph.
c. Nhom III : Thuc tnh cht v sinh cp V (50m)hoc khng san sinh ra cht c hai, vn chuyn ng b,
chim t t . Loai nay b tr ngay trong thanh ph, co thxen ln trong khu dn c, khng tp trung thanh khu cngnghip ln.
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II. QUAN H GIA THANH PHVAKHU CN
Khu cng nghip trong thanh ph chu yu gm hainhom II vaIII.Tng kt s phat trin thanh ph va khu cng nghip
cua thgii co03 dang quan hc ban :1. Loai hnh tron
Thanh ph u tin co mt trung tm, khu cngnghip btr chung quanh ngoai thanh ph.
V du : Thanh phMac T Khoa - Paris
2. Loai hnh thc daiLoai hnh thc thanh ph phat trin theo truc chnh,
khu dn c vacng nghip phat trin song song tao thanh 1giai .
V du : Thanh phStalingrat - Vit Tr
4 2 1 2 3
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3. Hnh thc hn hp
La loai kt hp gia hai hnh thc trn va li dungc u im cua 2 loai trn trthanh hnh thc tng i lytng
Khi btr x nghip cng nghip trong thanh phcnchuythoa man.
- Phuhp vi sbtr chung- Chuyiu kin vsinh chung gia x nghip vakhu
dn c.- iu kin i lai cua cng nhn (i bng phng tin
nao cung bao am thi gian 30 40 phut) .
------------------
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CHNG 2
THIT KMT BNG CHUNG
X NGHIP CNG NGHIP
1. CAC C SCHUNG VAYU CU THIT K
Thit kmt bng chung lamt mn khoa hoc tng hpnhiu mt v ky thut, khoa hoc, ngh thut va cac chuynmn khac.
I. NHIM VUVANI DUNG CHUYU CUA
THIT KMT BNG CHUNG
1. Nhim vuthit kmt bng chungTao thanh mt qun thkin truc phong phu, hai hoathoa man nhng yu cu sau :
* Bao am tt dy chuyn san xut*Tit kim vn u t kinh doanh.*Thao tac thun li, nng sut cao, san phm tt.*Tit kim din tch xy dng.*Quan lyx nghip thun li.*Thp kin truc trong qun thtt.
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2. Ni dung chuyu cua thit kmt bng chung- Cn cvao dy chuyn cng nghvaiu kin a
hnh btr tt cac cng trnh kin truc.
- Chon va b tr h thng giao thng trong va ngoainhamay , cung nh lung ngi, lung hang.- Btr ng ng kythut vsinh hp lyvi yu cu
cng nghvaa hnh khu t .- Btr cy xanh va vn hoa.- Nghin cu va sang tao ngh thut ap ng yu
cu thm mycua x nghip cng nghip vakhu cng nghip .
II. CAC NHN TANH HNG N BTR
MT BNG CHUNG XNCN
Qui v5 nhn tchnh :
1. Dy chuyn cng nghy la cn c chu yu nht thit k mt bng
chung, yu cu cua qua trnh cng nghi vi thit kmtbng chung la:
- Dy chuyn san xut phai lin tuc- Mang li giao thng vn chuyn n gian , ngn
nht, khng giao nhau.- Lung ngi valung hang khng anh hng ln
nhau. - Bao am s m rng trong tng lai ma khnghoc t anh hng n dy chuyn san xut.
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2. Phng thc vn chuyn cua x nghip
- Anh hng n hnh dang khu nhamay hnh thc
btr mt bng chung tng hay giam din tch xy dng.
V du : Dung ng st din tch t se tng ln 1/4so vi ng t.
3. iu kin a hnh - a cht thuy vna hnh khu t anh hng n b tr cng trnh
mang li ng giao thng (ng st ..) , a hnh dc,phc tap ng ln - san nn nhiu.
4. Yu cu vsinh phong hoa* Yu cu phong hoa :Khi thit kmt bng chung phai tun theo nhng
qui tc phong hoa, xac nh cp chu la cua cng trnhkhoang cach phong hoa gia cac cng trnh theo bc chu lacng trnh.
Bc chu la I - II III IV - VBc cng trnhI - II 10m 12 16III 12 16 18
IV - V 16 18 20
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*Yu cu vsinh chiu sang thng gio:Khi b tr mt bng chung cn nghin cu thoa man
cac yu cu v sinh, chiu sang, thng gio t nhin, bin
phap phong bnh vav sinh cng nghip - Sau khi aphncp v sinh cn sp xp cac cng trnh c hai, bui bn ranhng khu cui gio, so vi khu dn c va cac cng trnhchnh.
Khu dn c Khu thanh phmKhu giao thng ng lcKhu hanh chnh Gia cng gKhu chun b Cng trnh phutrKhu gia cng lp rap Khoang cach vsinh.
Hng cua cng trnh cn tn dung c nhiu giomat ng thi tranh nng .Thng thng gio thi vao mtcng trnh nh sau :
3
1
10
4
2
7
86
5
9 10
1
45o 45o
90o
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- Khoang cach gia 2 cng trnh - 2 nhasong song.
l h H
2
-bao am chiu sang vathng giotnhin
Tng quat*a > 3m L 1/2 (H + h)*a < 3m L 1/2 (H1+ h)
Nu cng trnh cosn trong
L 2 Hmax20m
5. Yu cu kythut xy dng
III. YU CU THIT KMT BNG CHUNG XNCN
Khi btr mtbng chung cn thoa man cac yu cusau :
1.Bao am shp tac cht chetrong cung 1 khu ; nhamay phai phuhp vi qui hoach chung khu cng nghip vaqui hoach thanh ph.
L
a
H
L
h
H1
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2. Bao am thoa man cao nht dy chuyn cngngh, cac cng trnh phai phu hp vi dy chuyn san xuttao iu kin san xut tt , ngn nht khng tp trung ln xn
ng thi chuyn khanng thay i dy chuyn cng nghsau nay .3.Cobin phap tchc vn chuyn hp ly.Tchc
lung hang, lung ngi tt, thun tin cho san xut va antoan cho con ngi.
- Lung hang : Trong x nghip nguyn vt liu,thanh phm, ban thanh phm di chuyn theo mt quatrnh do
yu cu cua san xut tao thanh lung hang. Lung hang biuth lng vn chuyn vahng vn chuyn.
- Lung ngi: Hnh thanh do lng vahng cngnhn di chuyn trong nhamay luc n lam vic, i ca hocn cac cng trnh .
4. Phai chuyn iu kin vsinh chiu sang, thng
gio, phong hoa.5. Btr cng trnh kt hp cht chevi iu kin ahnh, a cht, thuy vn, nhm muc ch tit kim trong xydng vahp lyvkythut.
6.Giai quyt tt vn xy dng trc mt va tnglai
7.Phn khu hp ly, btr cht checac cng trnh.
8. Chuytrng cy xanh, trang tr bao am yu cuthm mychung cua tng thcng trnh.
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2. CAC NGUYN TC QUI HOACH
MT BNG CHUNG
Sdung nhng bin phap sau :
I . PHN KHU TRONG NHAMAY
Khi thit kmt bng chung cn cn cvao tnh chtsan xut, yu cu kythut vsinh, giao thng vn chuyn ...maphn thanh tng nhom cng trnh nm trong tng khu vckhac nhau.
Trnh ttin hanh sp xp nh sau :- Thng k toan bcng trnh .- Phn loai cng trnh theo tnh cht san xut.
- Btr cac nhom trong khu vc, giai quyt lin quanchung varing.- i su vao tng cng trnh.
Trong mt x nghip co thchia cng trnh thanh cackhu :
*Khu san xut chnh
*Khu cac cng trnh phuc vusan xut*Khu cac cng trnh kho tang*Khu giao thng..*Khu sinh hoat phuc li
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V du: Phn khu mt nhamay c kh
Nhahanh chnh sinh hoatKhu xng chnhKhu xng phuKhu kho tangGiao thng
Lung ngiLung hang
II. HP KHI XNG
y la mt hnh thc mi do yu cu phat trin cuakhoa hoc kythut. Hp khi lacn cvao iu kin vsinhgn ging nhau, c im ky thut gn ging nhau, dy
chuyn san xut khng anh hng ln nhau hoc dy chuynh tr cho nhau , em nhng cng trnh nho o b tr hpthanh mt cng trnh ln
Ngoai ra trong mt s trng hp cac qui trnh sanxut coanh hng ln nhau nhng cobin phap ngn ngath cung cothhp khi.
1
2
34
5
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V du: Hp khi cac phn xng c kh lp rap vi sivadt.
* u im hp khi :- Rut ngn ng san xut vang vn chuyn gia
cac xng, tng cng quan h gia cac b phn tao iu
kin thun li cho c gii, tng hoa.- Tit kim t, giam bt chi ph kt cu bao che ,
u t xy dng cac thit b kythut vsinh.- D thay i dy chuyn cng ngh thoa man cac
dy chuyn mi.
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- Dthp hnh khi khng gian vanng cao vethmmycua nhamay.
* Mt sim chuykhi hp khi :
+ iu kin kh hu cua khu vc, nu dung thng gio tnhin th khng hp khi ln c.+ a hnh phc tap hp khi segp khokhn
san nn.+ iu kin thi cng vachia thi gian xy dng
nhamay.
III. BIN PHAP B TR CNG TRNH
NNG CAO MT XY DNG
- Hnh dang cng trnh phai n gian- t anh hng n vic giai quyt kt cu, cu tao
kin truc, thi cng sp t may moc ... Nu btr cng trnhli lom nhiu lang ph t
- Nn btr cac cng trnh thp, khng sinh c haign sat ng okin truc . Nu sinh c hai cach 3m.
- ng st nn b tr ngoai va trong mep khu u hi.
40%
6-7m
R = 20m
80m
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- Khoang cach gia cac cng trnh nn bao am tithiu theo yu cu.
- Nghin cu thit knha1 tng thanh nhiu tng, cacx nghip nhovava khi dy chuyn san xut cho phep nnnng cao tng tit kim t bao am yu cu myquan cuathanh ph.
3. CAC GIAI PHAP QUI HOACH MT BNG CHUNG
Thng co4 phng thc sau :I. PHNG THC BTR THEO CHU VI
Phng thc nay chuyu ap dng cho cac x nghipnhovava t trong thanh ph, san xut khng sinh ra chtc hai, khng anh hng n vsinh thanh ph.
Khu t tng i vung vn, khng cong st iqua - vao. Cac cng trnh cao tng c a ra trc lamep ng ph.
II. PHNG THC BTR THANH DAI
Loai nay thng ap dung cho cac x nghip va valn slng cng trnh nhiu vakhi lng vn chuyn ln.
* u im cua loai nay :- Tchc san xut d.
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- Tit kim t- Btr giao thng ng ng li.- Ddang giai quyt myquan tng th
1 dai
Nhiu dai
III. BTR HP KHI LIN TUC HAY DIN RNG )
Loai nay hay ap dung cho dt, c kh.
MT BNG NHAMAY DT
DT SI NI HI
KHO DCHAY NG ST
BNC KHU HANH CHNH - PHUC LI
KHU CHA THAN KHO BNG VAI
IV. HNH THC HN HP
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7
8
6
5
2
4
3
1
7
5
8
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4. T CHC KHU TRC NHAMAY -
NG GIAO THNG CHNH
Khu trc nha may la 1 b phn trong yu cua 1 xnghip cng nghip. Do vy khi thit k khu nay ngoai tacdung thch dung, kinh t, vng chc con phai chuyn yucu myquan cua x nghip vakhu cng nghip thanh ph.
I. TTHANH CUA KHU TRC NHAMAY
1.Cng trnh quan l nhamay
2. Cac cng trnh phuc li sinh hoat3. Cac cng trnh bao vphong hoa4. Cng trnh giao thng5. Cng ra vao nhamay6. Cng trnh ao tao
II. BTR KHU TRC NHAMAY1. Nguyn tc vayu cu btr- La mt trung tm lin h ni ngoai nha may cho
nn nophai cobmt hng vkhu dn c tin vic i laicua cng nhn.
- Nn b tr tp trung tin cho lam vic va sinhhoat cua cng nhn.
- Cng chnh nn t ng chnh lin htrongngoai nhamay c ddang.
- Cac cng trnh yu cu vsinh, yn tnh nn t u hng giochnh vatin vi vic lin hxng.
- Kin truc cua khu nay phai ep phu hp vi kintruc xung quanh.
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- Nn cgng btr kt hp vi vn hoa cy canhcochngh ngi cho cng nhn trc vasau gilam vic.
2. Cac phng phap btr khu trc nha maya. Btr thanh mt bphn c lp trc nhamay :
b. Phng thc kt hp vi cac cng trnh san xut
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c. Btr mt goc x nghip
5. MRNG VACAI TAO X NGHIP CU
I. MRNG
Ni dung chuyu cua mrng x nghip bao gm mrng khu nhamay vamrng ring retng cng trnhmrng cn chuymt sc im sau :
- Ngay tu anghin cuhng mrng khoivng thiu t hoc phai phanhiu cng trnh cu , phai costhng nht gia cac thit kxy dng .
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- Phai cha t thch hp cho canhamay hoc tngcng trnh theo yu cu cua san xut .
* Khi ng san xut theo chiu doc th mrng theochiu ngang (h.a) .* Khi ng san xut theo chiu ngang th m rng
theo chiu doc t dy chuyn san xut mi (h.b ) .
II. CAI TAO X NGHIP CU
Cac x nghip cuthng conhng nhc im :- Khng hoan chnh, kythut san xut lac hu .- Mt bng chung phn tan ln xn .- Cng trnh khng thoa man yu cu vsinh, phong
hoa.- Hnh thc kin truc kem khng phuhp - iukin sinh hoat khng tt .
Cac yu cu khi thit kcai tao :* Tnh hnh qui hoach vacai tao thanh phcu.* Nn tn dung cac cng trnh cutranh p pha.* Cai tao ng giao thng, ng ng kythut .
* Chuykhanng hp khi tit kim t vaphuhp vi dy chuyn mi.
* Cai tao iu kin vsinh thng giochiu sang.* Chuyiu kin khoang cach thi cng luc cai
tao khng gp khokhn.
(h.b )(h.a )
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III. CH TIU KINH TKYTHUT CUA MBC
1.Tng ch tiu
a. Din tch nhamay ha ( F) .b. Din tch chim t cua nhavacng trnh (A)c. Din tch kho bai lthin (B)d. Din tch chim t cua ng st, ng b,
ng ng, vn chuyn, mang nc trn vadi
( C ) , ( D ) .e. Chiu dai tng bao : mf. Din tch trng cy xanh : ha
*HsXD
%100.
F
BAK
XD
*HsSD
%100.
F
DCBAK
SD
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2. Thuyt minh vlng vagiathanh cng trnh
- Giatoan b- Giabtr mt ng- Giacac cng trnh phu- Giacac cng trnh thoat nc- Gia trng cy- Giang i
- Giatng bao
3. Ch tiu kinh doanh
- Chi ph vn chuyn cho mt tn hang- Ph tn hoan thin hoan nm
Mt sv duvcac hs
Tn nhamay KXD KSDLuyn kim 26 - 31 % 45 - 65 %C kh 25 - 45 % 45 - 80 %CN nhe 30 - 45 % 50 - 75 %Thc phm 20 - 35 % 50 - 75 %
Hoa cht 25 - 30 % 65 - 75 %Vt liu xy dng 25 - 40 % 70 - 75 %
-----------------------------
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CHNG 3TCHC MANG LI CUNG CP KYTHUT
VAXY DNG TIN NGHI KHU T X NGHIP
1. TCHC HTHNG GIAO THNG TRONG XN
I. CAC PHNG THC VN CHUYN
Cn cvao tnh cht s dung vav tr s dung chiathanh 2 loai vn chuyn :
1. Vn chuyn ngoai nhamayGm cac phng thc
a. Vn chuyn bng ng stDung cho cac x nghip va valn , vi khi lng
vn chuyn t4 - 5 van tn/nm .Cohai loai ng st : * Tiu chun (1450 mm).
* Thng (1000 -750mm) .
b. Vn chuyn ng bDung cho x nghip va, nhotrong thanh ph, ngoai
ra con dung b sung cho vn chuyn ng st, ng
thuy. c.Vn chuyn ng thuyDung cho cac x nghip t canh sng hoc bin
(thc phm , ng , giy, cahp ....)
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Ngoai 03 loai trn con cac loai vn chuyn trnkhng thch hp vi nui i, dung thit b ng dy treo i =3035o
2. Vn chuyn trong nhamayChuyu vn chuyn nguyn , nhin liu, ban thanh
phm, thanh phm t kho n xng, hoc gia cac xngvi nhau
Cac hnh thc vn chuyn chuyu :
a. Vn chuyn ng stb. Vn chuyn ng bc. Vn chuyn bng cac thit b cnh
Vic chon cac phng tin vn chuyn cn c- Lng vn chuyn.
- Yu cu cua dy chuyn san xut.- Hnh thc cua mt bng chung.- a hnh khu t, so sanh kinh t.
II. VN CHUYN NG ST CUA NHAMAY
Co02 loai ng st ni tga vao nhamay vangst bn trong nhamay.
1. ng st ngoai nhamay
a- ng st cut :thch hp vi cac x nghip nho.u im: re, nhng phai dung ga chung quay tau .
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b- ng st vong :dung cho loai trung valn .
c- ng st xuyn qua :thng sdung cho xnghip cln (luyn kim ...)
2. ng st trong nhamay :Co03 loai :
a -ng cut : nhamay nhob-ng vong :nhamay trung va lnc-ng xuyn qua : nhamayln
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3. Nguyn tc c ban thit kng st trongnhamay
- Bao am vn chuyn hang hoa n tn xng vakho , nu cn di chuyn th sln di chuyn t nht .
- Phai phu hp yu cu dy chuyn san xut, bao
am khoang cach gia cac xng ngn nht, tranh ct nhauvatrung lp (lung hang).
- Nghin cu phi hp gia h thng ng st vacac hkhac.
- Phu hp vi h thng vn chuyn cua cac xnghip khac.
- Bao am qui pham v b tr ng st trong xnghip.
Dang cut Dang vong
Dang xuyn qua
KHO XNG
6 MKHO XNG
3M
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Ban knh cong* ng st (1450)
Rmax = 200 m , Rmin= 150 m* ng st (1000 750)
Rmax = 30 m , Rmin= 10 m
III. VN CHUYN NG BTRONG NHAMAY
1. Cac yu cu btr mang li ng ba. Mang li thng lam theo hnh thc vung
truc ng song song mep cng trnh, phuhp vi vic phnkhu mt bng chung.
b.Trong mang li chung cn cotruc ng chnh
ni lin vi giao thng ngoai nha may. y cung la trucchnh btr cac cng trnh chuyu nhamay ln cothco2 hoc nhiu truc chnh song song hoc vung goc.
c. Mang li thng b tr lin tuc khep kn nukhng phai btr chquay xe.
TNG RAO
NHAKHO
500017502500
D =18m 15m
3m
R = 6m
17m
17,5m
3m
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Din tch khu nhamay > 5 ha phai co> 2 ca mkhachng. Pha nhamay tip xuc ng cng cng phai co2 cara vao khi chiu dai nhamay > 1000m.
d. Chiu rng ng: la gii han gia hai ng o
xy dng gm ng xe chay, ngi i bvadin tch trngcy xanh.Chiu rng ng thng nh sau :
* X nghip coS > 100 ha : ng 32 40m* X nghip coS t50 100 ha : ng 26 32m* X nghip coS < 50 ha : ng 20 26m* X nghip coS 10 20 ha : ng 10 20m
* Chiu rng mt ng xe chay- Din tch >50 ha 9m (3 lan xe)- Din tch 1000 m
Va hei bng xe chayChiu rng ng
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g. Chgiao nhau ng st vab < 450Ngoai ra cn chuybn bc dvachu xe.
h. Chuyqui chun thit kng cp I, II, III.
2. TCHC MANG LI CUNG CP KYTHUT
TRONG X NGHIP
I. CAC LOAI MANG LOI CNG TRNH CHUYU
1. ng ng cp nc SX , SH, PCCC .2. ng ng thoat nc bn SX , SH , nc ma .3. ng ng cung cp nc nong , hi nc .
4. ng ng nhin liu cp hi than cho SX, SH .5. ng ng cp kh nen cho ren , dp , uc .6. ng ng O2, C2H2, cp cho ren gohan
- Cn chuyan toan.7. ng ng du , xng , mazut .8. ng ng ng lc cung cp cho SX, sinh hoat.9. in thoai , in bao, phat thanh tn hiu .
II. PHNG THC BTR
Theo v tr cothchia lam 02 loai :* t ni trn mt t, trn khng , db tr, sa
cha nhng phc tap ln xn khng myquan.
600
R = 9 m
b b
R= 9mR= 9m R= 4,5m
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* t ngm cn t theo thtvagia ccho ngxe chay - Nn t song song hoc vung goc truc chnh nha
dsa cha.Cothbtr phn tan hoc tp trung vao ng hm( tunel)
1. ng in nhe 5. Thoat nc ma2. ng in nng 6. Mang li kythut3. Cp hi 7. Cp nhit
4. Cp nc 8. Thoat nc bn
217
86
543
P/a Btr phn tan
P/a Btr tp trung
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3. SAN NN KHU T
I
. N
HIM VUSan nn khu t xy dng x nghip la lam cho ahnh cua khu t xy dng phuhp vi yu cu vvic xydng vakinh doanh.
II. YU CU CUA VIC SAN NN
* Khng can trdy chuyn san xut , tao iu kincho vic vn chuyn va lin h gia cac xng tt va giamkhi lng ao p .
* Bao am thoat nc tt cho khu t .
III. CAC HNH THC SAN NN
1. San phngMt bng c tin hanh san phng toan bb
tr cac cng trnh san xut.
Ct san phng
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2. San nn cuc bhoc trong imLoai nay ch tin hanh san t cuc bthoat nc
ma.Cac chkhac cothli dung a hnh tnhin .
3. Hnh thc san nn hn hpPhng thc nay thng c dung cho cac x
nghip ln, mt bng chung phc tap nh : luyn kim, c kh,gia cng kim loai ...
Trong mt bng cothdung nh sau :* Khu trc nhamay dung phng thc lin tuc .* Khu gara cng trnh phucothtrong im .
IV. ANH HNG CUA SAN NN N VIC BTR
MT NG CNG TRNH
C ban cothchia ra 2 loai : bc thang vadc phng
1. Hdc phngCoth1 hng hoc 2 hng dc ra ngoai
Dc 2 hngDc 1 hng
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2. Hbc thangLi dung a hnh co dc ln, tit kim chi ph
san nn phuhp cho a hnh nui hoc chiu rng khu t >500m madc tnhin > 2%, hoc do yu cu cng ngh(tuyn khoang) .
V. NGUYN TC LA CHON CT SAN NN
* Cgng gia hnh cu, tranh phahoai a hnh,tnh hnh a cht thuy vn, a cht cng trnh .
* Bao am lng ao p t nht .* Bao am thoat nc trn mt tt nht.
* Cgng t mong vao lp t tnhin , tranh ttrn nn t mi p.
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4. XY DNG TIN NGHI KHU T X NGHIP
I. HOAN THIN MT BNG
Ladung mt loat bin phap tao myquan bmtkhu t, bao am iu kin lam vic, vsinh, bao vkhu nhamay.
Bao gm mt scng tac nh sau :* Hoan thin h thng giao thng lin h trong va
ngoai nhamay tin cho vic vn chuyn vai lai*Tng rao vacac thit b chiu sang ngoai nha* Trng cy xanh* Cng trnh ky nim, kin truc nho, b nc, cy
canh ...* Thoat nc bmt khu t, kho lthin sn bai.
II. TRNG CY XANH
y lacng tac khaquan trong cho iu kin kh hunhit i. Trng cy xanh coli nh :
* Cai tao kh hu khu nha may (chng n , c haibui bn , phong chay lan ).
*Lam ni ngh ngi cho cng nhn.* Tng vemyquan cng trnh.
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PHN IINGUYN LYTHIT KKIN TRUC
CAC NHACNG NGHIP
CHNG 1
NHNG VN CHUNG
THIT KMT BNG CNG TRNH
1. C IM C BAN CUA KTCN
I. C IM VCNG NNG THC T
CUA KIN TRUC CNG NGHIP
c im nay biu hin ch cac cng trnh xydng u co quan h cht che vi san xut cng nghip ,
phuc vu cho vic tao ra san phm hoc bao quan hang hoanguyn vt liu.
II. C IM VTHM MY
KIN TRUC CNG NGHIP
Cac cng trnh cng nghip thng cohnh dang kchthc ln va ty l khac thng , nhng dang kt cu va vtliu mi abiu hin nhng c im thm myring.
1. c im vhnh khi vatrang tr2. c im vphng din kch thc vatyl3. c im vvt liu xy dng4. c im vmau sc
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* S dung mau sc trong ky thut tn hiu va ky
thut bao him hoc ng ng kythut.* Sdung mau sc gy hiu quathm mycho cngtrnh vakhng gian co tac dung kch thch tm ly tinh thnvatnh cam.
III. NHNG C IM VMAY MOC TAI TRONG
VAANH HNG MI TRNG
- Trong cng trnh thng b tr cac may moc to,nng , cng knh, s dung nhiu phng tin vn chuynhang hoa phc tap nh ng st, xe goong , t, bngchuyn , cu truc .
- Trong quatrnh sdung chu nhiu lc xung kch
chn ng vachu tai trong ln.- Qua trnh san xut thng lam nhim bn mitrng , cokh bui , c hai , m , nong , n ...
2. NHNG NGUYN TC BAN U VA
PHNG PHAP NGHIN CU
I. NHNG NGUYN TC BAN UThit knhasan xut bt u ts ky thut sanxut, phng phap san xut, dy chuyn cng nghvabtrthit b ...
Nhng yu cu c ban thit knhacng nghip la:
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+ Bao am shp lychc nng (hay dy chuyn sanxut) congha laphai phuhp dy chuyn san xut , tchciu kin lao ng tt vakinh doanh tt.
+ Hp lyvkythut : thit kbao am san xut, baovcon ngi lam vic bn trong - nhatao ra mt mi trngkh hu tt cho san xut vacobn vng cao.
+ Cht lng kin truc vangh thut tt ep cosctruyn cam bmt bn ngoai cung nh bn trong, co anhhng n tnh cam , tm lycua cng nhn.
+ Hp ly, kinh t trong vic t chc qua trnh san
xut, gia thanh san phm ha , kinh t trong xy dng , baoquan .
II. PHNG PHAP NGHIN CU
- Phn loai nhasan xut- Thng nht hoa - in hnh hoa nha san xut va
cac bphn cua chung.- Giai quyt mt bng va hnh khi nha san xut.Hp khi nha san xut, t chc dy chuyn cng ngh, lachon stng, xac nh cac thng skythut (nhp, bc ct,chiu cao )
- T chc iu kin lao ng tt nht bao am antoan cho tng lao ng.
- La chon vt liu vahnh dang kt cu i vi cacbphn chu lc, bao che cua nhasan xut - Bao am cngnghip hoa xy dng.
- Tchc mt kin truc cotnh truyn cam.- Vn kinh tcua nhasan xut thhin qua cac
ch tiu kinh t.
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3. PHN LOAI NHACNG NGHIP
I. THEO CHC NNG SAN XUT
1. Nhom nhasan xut chnh2. Nhom nhasan xut phu
3. Nhom nhanng lng4. Nhom cng trnh kho tang.5.Cac cng trnh giao thng vn chuyn6. Nhom cac cng trnh kythut vsinh7. Cac cng trnh phuc vucng cng cho XNCN
II. THEO BN
1. Loai I : Nin han sdung trn 100 nm2. Loai II : Nin han sdung trn 50 nm3. Loai III : Nin han sdung trn 20 nm
bn vng cua nhac xac nh cn cvao bcchu la cua nha va mc chu la cua kt cu (QC95-
BXD). Gii han chu la va thi gian tnh bng gimacukin cothchng lai ngon la tluc bt u n luc mt tnhbn vng hoc n luc nt ne hoc b mt ngon la nong>220 0C .
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III. THEO C IM KIN TRUC, KT CU
1. Nhamt tng dung cho nganh san xut cotai trong
ng ln, thit b nng, cng knh co dy chuyn san xutnm ngang.
2. Nhanhiu tngSdung cho nganh san xut co dy chuyn san xut
theo chiu thng ng
Phng an san codm Phng an san khng dm
L L
L LL
L LL L
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3. Nha co s tng hn hp : dung cho cac nganh sanxut co dy chuyn va ngang va ng hoc thit b san
xut cao thp khac nhau - chnh lch ln.IV. THEO C IM SAN XUT BN TRONG
1. Xng gia cng nong , nhit phat sinh ln.Nhit lng sinh ra trong xng > 20kcaloh/m3
2. Xng gia cng ngui
3. Xng phat sinh nhiu cht c hai4. Xng conguy c nchay5. Xng coyu cu c bit vt, w , vsinh.
4. C SNGHIN CU THIT KNHASAN XUT
I. CAC YU TSAN XUT BN TRONG
Nhng yu tchc nng bn trong coanh hng quytnh n thit knhacng nghip, bao gm : cng nghsanxut, c im san xut, phng thc va phng tin vnchuyn.
1. Cng nghsan xut* Cng nghsan xut lacai rut , con nhalavobao
che, hai bphn nay lin quan cht chevi nhau- Tranh cac khuynh hng kin truc thun tuy, cng
nghthun tuy.Cng ngh san xut thng c c trng bi
phng phap san xut vady chuyn san xut.
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Phng phap san xutcothlaphng phap kh cuaquatrnh san xut ngui, cothphng phap t cua cac quatrnh san xut lin quan n nc.
Dy chuyn san xut la qua trnh lin tuc gia cngnguyn vt liu, ban thanh phm n thanh phm c thhin qua tng giai oan san xut .
Dy chuyn san xut cothqui v 4 dang :
* Ngang vathng :
* Ngang vavong (hoc vung goc)* Ngang vadc* Ngang vathng ng.
2. Btr thit b san xutB tr thit b san xut theo s qui trnh cng
ngh, dy chuyn san xut coanh hng rt ln n thit kkin truc cng nghip.
- Thit b qui nh kch thc L, B, chiu cao, cach btr mt bng chc nng, din tch san xut, thao tac baodng.
3. S mang li cung cp kythutS mang li cung cp kythut thng anh hng
n qui hoach mt bng vakhng gian nha, khng gian bntrong vacac giai phap cu tao nhasan xut.
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4. Tchc vaphng tin vn chuyn ni b
T chc vn chuyn ni b nha san xut la mt b
phn cua toan b t chc qua trnh san xut. La chonphng phap va phng thc vn chuyn cn c vao dychuyn san xut, s chc nng, khi lng, c im, ctnh nguyn vt liu vahang hoa.
Thit b vn chuyn bn trong phn xng c chia
lam hai nhom :* Nhom hoat ng theo chu kybao gm : palng,cn truc cac loai, xe vn chuyn.
* Nhom hoat ng lin tuc bao gm : bng chuyn,cao, gau xon, rut ga, xch, gung.
Phng tin s dung ph bin nht la cac loai cntruc - chung coanh hng n cac giai phap thit knhasan
xut.
5. c im san xut
- Sdung nhiu may moc nng, cng knh, phc tap- Sdung cac phng tin vn chuyn phc tap cng
knh, cac phng tin vn chuyn co yu cu ky thut cbit .
- Trong xng phat sinh nhiu nhit tha, bui bn,c hai, ting n, hi nc, hi m, san sinh kh, cht long nmon, gy c.
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II. NHNG YU TBN NGOAI
1. Cac yu t kh hu (nhit , m, ma, lng
bc xacua mt tri ...)2. c im a hnh a cht thuy vn .3. Nhng tac ng khac nhau nh ting n, chnng, mi trng sinh c hai, khoi bui.
III. KYTHUT XY DNG VAVT LIU XY DNG
Kythut xy dng vavt liu xy dng layu tong
vai tro quan trong kha quyt nh i vi vic thit k nhasan xut .
1. Phng phap xy dngThucng, c gii vakt hp
Trong lng ban thn + thit b
Nc ngmAp lc nn t Chn ng
Cac thanh phn kh quyn( Nhit , m , cht c ..)
Ma
Mt tri
Gio
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2. Khanng vgiai phap kt cu* Tng chu lc .* Khung chu lc
* Kt cu hn hp* Kt cu khng gian
5. THNG NHT HOA- IN HNH HOANHA
CAC BPHN CUA NHA
co th san xut hang loat nhng thanh phm xy
dng vaxy dng c gii hang loat, xy dng vi tc cao, cht lng tt , giathanh hacn i theo con ng cngnghip hoa xy dng tc la chuyn nganh xy dng thanhmt qua trnh san xut theo mt dy chuyn cng nghnhcac nganh cng nghip khac . Mt trong nhng c scothc hin san xut vaxy dng hang loat vi hiu quakinh tcao la phai tin hanh in hnh hoa va thng nht hoa xydng .in hnh hoa va thng nht hoa xy dng la mtpham trukhoa hoc rng ln .y chung ta ch nghin cunhng khai nim trong pham vi hep cua vic thit knhavacac bphn cua chung .
I) THNG NHT HOA
nh ngha: Thng nht hoatrong xy dng lavic
lam co lin quan ti s thng nht cac i tng lao ng ,cng culao ng cung nh cac san phm vaphng phap sanxut ( bao gm cac yu tvthng skch thc , tnh chtc ly, thm my, kinh t...)
Thng nht hoa ( pham vi hep )la vic lam co linquan n s thng nht cac thng s kch thc hnh khi,
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mt bng nhavacac bphn cua nhac chtao sn trongnhamay . Muc ch thng nht hoa lahan chs lng cacthng shnh khi mt bng nhavaslng cac kch thc
in hnh cua cac bphn . Chung thc hin bng con ngla chon cac giai phap hp lynht theo cac yu cu kin truc,kythut , kinh t.
Trn c sTNH tao iu kin tiu chun hoavainhnh hoatc latao iu kin cng nghip hoaxy dng .
II) IN HNH HOA
in hnh hoa trong xy dng lamt b phn trongtiu chun hoa va ni dung cua no la xac nh loai , hnhthc, ln cua cac i tng lao ng , cng culao ng ,san phm vaphng phap san xut .
in hnh hoa la phng phap kinh t trong thit kxy dng nhm la chon hoc nghin cu ra nhng phngan, nhng giai phap, nhng hnh dang kch thc hp lynht,
kinh t nht dung ap dung rng rai trong lnh vc xydng vachtao san phm xy dng .C sHH lavic nghin cu vn dung hthng
m un thng nht , lasthng nht hoacac thng skhnggian mt bng , la s bin soan cac tai liu tiu chun quipham , nhim vuthit kin hnh , xac nh ch tiu kinh tkythut cua cng trnh . Cng tac HH coyngha to ln latao iu kin cho cng nghip hoaxy dng , tao ra san phmnhanh , co cht lng , gia thanh renh tit kim thi gianu t nghin cu thit kvachtao san phm , c nghincu kim nghim ky.
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Thit kin hnh lamt bphn cua in hnh hoavacac san phm cua nolasan phm cua in hnh hoa. Thitk in hnh co u im la co kha nng tao nn nhng
phng an hoan chnh v cht lng s dung , kinh t kythut , phuhp yu cu xy dng nhiu , nhanh , cht lngvagiathanh re.
Quatrnh phat trin cua thit kin hnh nh sau :1. Thit kcac cu kin chi tit in hnh cua nhava
cng trnh , trn c s cu kin chi tit nay co th t hpthanh nhng ngi nha theo ung yu cu cua nganh va quym san xut , comc biu hin thm my khac nhau .
Cac cu kin in hnh nay co th ap dung cnhiu ln cho nhiu i tng cng trnh khac nhau .
2. Thit kin hnh n nguyn.
n nguyn lamt bphn hoan chnh vcac mtgm : giai phap mt bng , kythut , cu tao .o la mt n v ghep thanh nhng ngi nha
ngn , dai , rng , hep tuytheo yu cu .Phng phap nay conhiu u im :
* Rt linh hoat ap ng yu cu sdung , cho phepghep ni thanh nhng cng trnh coquy m khac nhau .
* Tao c nhng bmt kin truc a dang .* Thun li cho vic san xut cu kin .
3. Thit kin hnh ngi nhahay noi cach khac lain hnhg theo cng nng cua nhng loai i tng khacnhau ( C kh , hoacht , in ......)
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u im :* n gian quy trnh thit k.* Rt thun li cho vic san xut cng nghip hoa.
4. Thit k in hnh toan nhamay ap ng yucu xy dng hang loat , nhanh .III. KCH THC THNG NHT TRONG XY DNG
Hthng mun thng nht lamt trong nhng tiu cua vic thng nht hoakch thc , vic phat trin xy dngtheo li cng nghip .
H thng mun thng nht ap dung trong lnh vc
xy dng bao gm nhng nguyn tc iu hp kch thckhng gian ba chiu vcac bphn kt cu. Thit b vathanhphm xy dng da trn c smun gc la100mm .Nochophep han chskiu kch thc cua cac thanh phm , thit bxy dng , tao iu kin cho thi cng xy lp c nhanhchong , giup cho vic trao i , hp tac quc t.
* Mun gc 100mm ( M )* Mun bi s( 2,3,6,12,15,30,60 ) M* Mun c sM / (2,5,10,20,50,100)
IV. QUY NH VTNH CAC GIAI PHAP MT BNG -
HNH KHI NHACNG NGHIP
lam c scho vic thit khnh khi mt bng vagiai phap kt cu nhacng nghip cn tm hiu " Nhng quynh c ban vthng nht hoamt bng , hnh khi ...QPXD - 57.73 "
Mt squy nh c ban :* Mt bng hnh khi nn thit kdang chnht ,
mai khng chnh lch nhau .
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* Nha cng nghip mt tng thit k vi nhngkhu cung hng , cung L & H .
* Khng cho phep git cp mai < 1,2m
* Cn nhc 1,8m ; Cho phep > 2,4m
* Quy nh vkhu :- Khng cu truc : L = 12 , 18 , 24m.- Cocu truc : L = 18 , 24 , 30m ; bi s6m* Quy nh vchiu cao.* Bc ct b = 6m , bc mrng 12m tuykha
nng kin truc .* Li ct nhacng nghip nhiu tng :- 6m x 6m khi tai trong tnh toan trn san t:2000 - 2500 daN/m2
- 9m x 6m khi tai trong tnh toan trn san t:500 - 1500 daN/m2
* Quy nh vphn chia truc nh v :- Truc nh v doc .- Truc nh v ngang .- Truc nh v hai nhavung goc nhau.- Truc nh v khi sdung tng gach chu lc .
V. PHN CHIA TRUC NH V TRONG
NHA CNG NGHIP
Vic phn chia truc nh v trong nhacng nghip comt tm quan trong c bit i vi vic thit kvathi cngcac cu kin lp ghep. Phn chia truc nh v la c s thng nht gia thit ktiu chun hoavathi cng lp ghep hin trng .
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1. Truc nh v i vi nhacng nghip 1 tnga. Phng phap chia truc nh v khng ong kn :* Truc doc nha:
- i qua tim hang ct gia .- Cach mep ngoai hang ct bin 1 oan 200mm.
* Truc ngang nha:- i qua tim ct , tng u hi cach truc nh v 1
khoang 500mm.200
500
1 1
500
1- 1
Tn u hi
2
200
2- 2
L
L
b b b b b
2
A
B
C
1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
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Nhc im cua phng phap nay la:* Tng xung quanh nhavamai cokhe h, mun khep
kn phai thm tm che , lam tng scu kin . khc phucdung phng phap phn chia truc nh v ong kn .b. Phng phap chia truc nh v ong kn :* Truc nh v doc nha:- i qua tim cua cac hang ct gia .- i qua mep ngoai cung cua cac hang ct bin .* Truc nh v ngang nha:
- i qua tim cua cac hang ct bn trong .- i qua mep trong cua tng u hi , tim cac hangct u hi cach truc nh v mt khoang 500mm .
500
1
1
2L
L
b-500 b b b-500500
33
500
2A
B
C
2 3 4 7 8
500
1- 1
Tn u hi
2- 2
500
3- 3
500
1 A 7
1
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Tai v tr khe nhit theo chiu ngang nhathit k2day ct , truc nh v i qua trung tm 2 ct , tim ct cachtruc nh v v2 bn mt khoang 500mm .
Vi phng phap phn chia truc nh v ong knkhng cokhe hgia cac tm mai va tng bao quanh nhann sloai cu kin t nht .
Tuy nhin khi nhaxng cocn truc cu vi sc trucln ( luc otit din ct ln) bao am an toan cho cu truchoat ng quy nh nh sau :
* Khoang cach e ()ttruc nh v n truc ng
ray (trn obanh xe cu truc hoat ng )vi :- Sc truc Q 30T e = 750mm.- Sc truc Q > 30T ; luc nay truc nh v sedi vaoso vi mep ngoai ct mt khoang t250 - 500mme = 1000mm vae = 1250mm(khi cocu tao ngi doc dm cu truc )
Trong trng hp nay secokhe hgia cac tm mai vitng doc nha, bt kn phai sdung tm mai c bit .
Q 30 T Q > 30 T
250-500 mm
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- Nu nhacochiu rng ln 60m , co2 khu songsong cao thp khac nhau th tt nht la ch tip giap gia 2khu otrung nhit .
Q 30 TQ 30 T
a = b + c = 500mm
bc
c : khe hthi cng
b : bday tngchn mai
Q > 30 TQ 30 T
a = b + c + 250 = 1000mm
bc
c : khe hthi cng
b : bday tngchn mai
250-500
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- Trng hp theo chiu doc nha co 2 nhp cao thpkhac nhau vach sdung 1 ct tai v tr gia th truc nh vi qua mep ngoai gi ta cua 2 kt cu mai .
- Chi tit chtip giap gia 2 nhavung goc nhau .
Q 30T
Q 30T
L
A
B
C
L
5 611
b b
L1
D E
10
b
b
b
b
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bc
Q 30 T
a = b + c = 500mm
bc
c : khe hthi cng
b : bday tngchn mai
C
Q 30 T
50011
Q > 30 T
a = b + c + 250 = 1000mm
c : khe hthi cng
b : bday tngchn mai
250-500
50011 D
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* Nhatng gach chu lc quy nh nh sau :
- Nu tng gach day 330mm , truc nh v cach mep
trong tng mt khoang 250mm (h.1) .- Nu tng gach cobtru, bday btru< 250mm,truc nh v cach mep trong btru250mm (h.2) .
- Nu btruday 250mm th truc nh v nm v trtip giap gia tng vabtru(h.3) .
* Nu tng u hi latng gach chu lc seco
02 trng hp:- Tng gach day > 250mm , truc nh v cach meptrong tng mt khoang 250mm (h.4) .
- Tng cobtru250mm th truc nh v nm v trtip giap gia tng vabtru(h.5).
250
h.1
250
h.2
Btru
250
h.3
Btru
250 250Btru
h.4 h.5
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2. Truc nh v nhacng nghip nhiu tngNha cng nghip nhiu tng co san trung gian gia
cac tng , tuy theo cu tao cua san maquy nh truc nh v
cokhac nhau .a. Kiu san codm :* Truc doc nha : i qua tim ct , mep trong tng
bin cach truc nh v 500mm.* Truc ngang nha: i qua tim cac hang ct gia ; i
qua mep trong tng u hi , tim hang ct u hi cach trucnh v 600mm.
Day ct v tr khe lun , khe nhit cach truc nhv v2 bn 600mm
b. Kiu san khng dm :Truc nh v doc va ngang u i qua tim ct ,
khoang cach ttng bin vatng u hi n truc nh vu do ln nhocua muct quyt nh .
600
L
L
b-600 b b b -600600600
500TNG BIN
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CHNG 2
THIT KNHASAN XUT MT TNG
1.PHN LOAI NHASAN XUT MT TNG
I. THEO TNH CHT XY DNG
Trong pham vi x nghip chia ra :1- Nhaxy dng kiu lin tuc:nhanhiu nhp coca
mai thng giovachiu sang , thoat nc ma bn trong.2- Nhaxy dng kiu t nhp:slng nhp t , thng
giovachiu sang qua ca bn vaca mai .II. THEO CACH BTR CT BN TRONG
1- Nhacng nghip 1 tng kiu nhp: c im ni bt: nhip > bc ct rt nhiu, cang phuhp vi cac nganh sanxut cody chuyn cng nghtheo qui trnh lin tuc cnh
theo phng doc nhacosdung cu truc.2.Nhakiu li:do vic phat trin cua san xut va
dy chuyn san xut lin tuc oi hoi btr dy chuyn kythut theo kiu ng thng vagiao thng vn chuyn bntrong theo nhiu phung . Ngi ta xy dng nhakiu lin tuccoli ct vung (12x12) hoc gn vung (9x12), cocungchiu cao, loai nay dthay i hng dy chuyn san xut, btr lai thit b hay noi cach khac lalinh hoat a nng .
3- Nhakiu nhp ln:nhp nha36 -- 100m sdungkhi cn mt din tch ln khng coct bn trong ( gara maybay, nhatrin lam ... )
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2. THIT KMT BNG PHN XNG SAN XUT
I. NHIM VUVANI DUNG BTR MT BNG
Mt bng nhacng nghip ladin tch matrong ovic btr cac thit b may moc phuc vucho quatrnh sanxut nht nh nao o. Khi thit kcn phai tin hanh iuchnh, btr lai cng nghcho hp l hn vatrn c soxacnh chnh xac hnh thc mt bng, kch thc mt bng, hthng li ct, btr ng i lai vatng ngn bn trongxng .
Khi btr mt bng nhacng nghip cn giai quytcac vn sau :
1- Thoa man yu cu cng nghBtr mt bng trc tin phai bao am cho
ng san xut c btr hp l, vic btr thit b vaning thao tac codin tch nht nh .
Cac bphn phai cach nhau ngn nht, lin htrctip nht, bao am slin hcac xng vatrong xng tt,thun tin , phuhp dy chuyn san xut chung cua nhamay.ng thi phai li dung trit din tch vakhng gianxng.
2- Bao am iu kin lam vic tt trong xngPhai nghin cu iu kin vi kh hu trong
xng tt, bao am uanh sang cho cng nhn thao tac, hanchnhit tha, bui bn, kh c .
3- Bao am an toan trong quatrnh san xutPhai tchc i lai, vn chuyn gia cac xng,
cac bphn rorang vangn nht. Phai tchc thoat nginhanh khi coscxay ra.
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4- Xac nh chnh xac hnh thc mt bng vahthng li ct
Chon la phng an kt cu hp l. Trong khanng cothdung kt cu lp ghep, thch ng yu cu thngnht hoa vanh hnh hoa , ap dung cac cu kin tiu chunvagiam bt sloai cu kin.
5- Phat trin xngDo yu cu san xut ngay cang tng, oi hoi s
mrng khng ngng cua xng san xut, v vy khi thit k
phai dkin c smrng cua xng trong tng lai tranhp phamavn sdung c.
II. QUAN H GIA CNG NGH SAN XUT VA B
TR MT BNG :
Trong quatrnh thit knhacng nghip cn giaiquyt tng hp nhiu vn trong obao gm quan hgiaCNG NGHVAKIN TRUC -KIN TRUC VAKT CU -KTCU VATHI CNG. Trong oquan hgia cng nghvakintruc laquan htrong yu nht.
Cac nhamay conhiu loai khac nhau, san xut cua miloai lai coc im vayu cu ring. V thphai nghin cuy uvatoan din tng loai trong quatrnh thit k.
1- Quatrnh san xut vathit b anh hng n
btr mt bng* Quatrnh san xut ( dy chuyn san xut) laquatrnhmacac nguyn liu hay ban thanh phm tun ti qua caccng oan gia cng trthanh san phm. Quatrnh cngnghtrong xng btr hp l th ng san xut c rut
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ngn, khng giao nhau hoc trung lp ln xn, dn n giambt din tch, tit kim vn.
* Thit b vakch thc thit b coanh hng n vic
thit kkin truc.V du: Dy chuyn san xut nhamay c kh lp rap.Nguyn liuGia cng nhoLR bphnNguyn liuGia cng vaLR bphnTng LRKim traSnThNguyn liuGia cng ln LR bphn Thanh phmXut xng
Gia cng nhe Lp rap Tng lp rapGia cng va b
Gia cng ln phn Kim traSn
Xut xng
- ng san xut trong xng cothtin hanh theophng doc nha.
V du: Xng can thep trong nhamay luyn kim- ng san xut tin hanh theo phng ngang nha.
V du: Xng luyn thep trong nhamay luyn kim.- ng san xut cung cothtin hanh song song
doc theo cac khu .2- Quan hgia thit b vn chuyn
vabtr mt bnga/ Noi chung trong cac xng cokhi lng vn
chuyn ln, hoc nguyn liu vathanh phm cotrong lngnng , nng cao hiu sut lao ng , giam bt nng nhoccho ngi lao ng cn cothit b vn chuyn nng .
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b/Khi lng vn chuyn nguyn vt liu haythanh phm nhiu thng dung xe hoa vn chuyn ( tngoai vao hoc ttrong ra). ng st thng btr chay doc
theo ng bc dhang.Vic btr ng st seanh hngn vic thit kmt bng.3- c im vaiu kin san xut i vi yu cu
btr mt bngtin hanh san xut bnh thng vabao am sc
khoe cua cng nhn luc thit knhacgng bao am iukin kythut cn thit cua san xut ra vabao am iu
kin lam vic tt cho cng nhn.San xut cng nghip chia ra 2 loai : - bnh thng va
c bit- Loai bnh thng khng anh hng ln n vic b
tr mt bng. Vi loai nay ch cn bao am uanh sang vathng giotnhin laap ng yu cu san xut.
- Loai c bit anh hng tong i ln n vic btr mt bng.Loai nay chia ra 2 trng hp :
* Ban thn san xut yu cu iu kin nghim vchnhit , m, yu cu phong bui, phong chn ng,v trung cao ( nhamay dung cutinh vi, nhamay bong enin t....).
* Quatrnh san xut san sinh ra lng hi nc,cht c hai ln coanh hng n sc khoe cua cng nhnhoc n mon cng trnh kin truc, hoc loai xng cophatsinh nhiu nhit tha, bui bn hoc cothchay n. Cacloai nay tuy mc vayu cu khac nhau cung anh hngn btr mt bng.
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III. HNH THC MT BNG NHACNG NGHIP
1- Cn cxac nh hnh thc mt bng nhacng nghip
Khi xac nh hnh thc mt bng nhacng nghip1 tng cn cn cvao cac im sau :- Dy chuyn san xut trong xng- Tchc cac cng oan.- Tchc vn chuyn ( trong ni bxng vat
ngoai vao).- Yu cu thng gio, chiu sang.
- Yu cu cng nghip hoa xy dng .i vi nhacng nghip 1 tng thng sdung cac
hnh thc mt bng sau :a/ Loa hnh chnht sdung rng rai nht .b/ Loai L , T dphuhp dy chuyn san xut
thng goc nhng cu tao tai v tr tip giap phc tap .
c/ Loai U , E dung cho xng conhiu cht chai cn cach li vanhamong dtchc thng gio.2- Mrng xng
Lathc hin bin phap kinh ttrong thit knhacngnghip. Khi tin hanh thit knhamay cn cn cvao quihoach phat trin cua nhamay dkin trc khanng mrng san xut.
IV. CHON LI CT
Chon li ct lamt bc quan trong trong quatrnhbtr mt bng nhacng nghip. Khi chon li ct phai cncvao din tch yu cu cua san xut, c tnh cua san xutvabtr thit b machon hli ct hp l trn c sso sanhvkythut vakinh t.
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1- Tham schuyu cua li ctTham schuyu cua li ct trong mt bng xng
lakch thc cua khu vabc ct .
- Khu : lakch thc tnh tkhoang cach 2 trucphn doc nhalin tip.- Bc ct : lakch thc tnh tkhoang cach 2 truc
phn ngang nhalin tip.n gian cho vic thit kvachtao, cac thng s
kch thc mt bng nhacng nghip 1 tng c qui nhnh sau :
* Nhp L > 12m ly bi s6m : 12 ,18 , 24m .....L < 12m ly bi s3m : 6 , 9m .
* Bc ct b = 6m hay bmr= 12m .Theo kinh nghim cho thy li ct cang ln th din
tch san xut cang tng ln cho phep btr linh hoat hn apng c nhng yu cu cua thay i kythut . Phn tch li
ct khac nhau i vi nhiu nganh san xut cho thy li ctcang ln th tit kim c din tch sdung .V du: Nhamay c kh khi tng li ct t6 x12m ln
12 x 18m tit kim din tch 9% .Nhamay dt khi tng li ct t9 x 12m ln 12 x 18,
18 x18, 24 x 24 tit kim din tch 4,5%,9%, 10%.Mt sli ct phuhp vi nhng nganh san xut nht
nh sau y :- Cng nghip VLXD & san phm XD : 12 x 18 ; 12 x
24 ; 12 x 30 .- Nghin dp tuyn khoang : 12 x 12 ; 12 x 18 ; 12 x 24 .- C kh : 12 x 18 ; 12 x 24 .- Cng nghip nhevathc phm : 6 x 12 ; 12 x 18 .
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2- Btr khe lun vakhe nhit Luc btr hthng li ct cn chuybtr khe lun
vakhe nhit .
* Tac dung khe nhit latrit tiu ng lc phat sinhtrong ni bkt cu luc nhit thay i .* Tac dung khe lun laphong lun khng u xay ra
luc nhaconhiu loai cu chay sc truc khac nhau, sc chutai cua nn t khng ng nht hoc nhacocao thpkhac nhau .
Tai vung coa chn manh cn cvao qui pham ng
t matnh toan btr khe phong chn.Khi ng thi giai quyt khe lun , khe nhit , khe
phong chn th cn btr thng nht tai mt khe . Tai obtr hai hang ct .
V. TCHC LI I BN TRONG XNG VA
THOAT NGI
Tchc giao thng vathoat ngi lamt vn quan trong bao am thun li cho san xut vaan toan chocng nhn . Trong mt bng xng thng thng din tchc chia ra bng cac li i ngang, doc. Li i doc cach nhau30m, li i ngang cach nhau 60m.
Chiu rng li i vacua c xac nh bng kchthc cac phng tin vn chuyn.Thit kkch thc li i
vaca thoat ngi phai cn cvao yu cu an toan ( thoat rakhoi cng trnh sau 4 - 6 phut ; 25ngi/ phut ; dong ngirng 0,6m ; tc 16m/ phut ), mt phong san xut phai cotnht 2 ca ( phong < 600m2th 1 ca ), khoang cach cngnhn xa nht n ca gn nht 50 - 100m.
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3.THIT KMT CT NGANG
CUA NHACNG NGHIP MT TNG
Trn c sthit kmt bng ta tin hanh thit kmt
ct ngang nhm chon hthng kt cu, giai quyt khng giannha, giai quyt vn thoat nc ma trn mai vathng giochiu sang.
I. XAC NH CAO NHA
i vi nhacng nghip 1 tng cao nhaquinh nh sau:
* Vi nhakhng cocn truc cu Q hoc ch cocntruc treo th cao nhatnh tmt trn nn cho n mep dicua kt cu mang lc mai.
* Vi nhacocn truc cu Q th cao nhac tnhtmt nn cho n mep trn cua ray cu chay.
Xac nh cao nhacn cvao cac yu tsau:1- Cn cvao cao thit b
y lacn cchuyu nht xac nh cao nha.Nu trong 1 gian ( khu ) btr nhiu thit b cocao thp khac nhau th luc xac nh cao cua gian ophai cn cvao cao cua thit b cao nht.
V du: gian lohi vagian tuabin trong nhamay nhitin do cao cua thit b khac nhau nn chiu cao cua migian cung khng ging nhau
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nhacho phuhp. Kinh nghim loai nhakhng cao lm thchiu rng < 24 - 30m.
d/ Vmt thng giotnhin:
Cn coslin quan gia chiu cao vachiu rngnha. Thc tnghin cu cho thy giothi vao nhach n su khoang 40 - 50m . Nn nu nhaquarng th khng baoam thng giott. V vy trng hp nhaquarng nu dungmai 2 dc th phai coca tri thng gio. Ca tri btrdoc theo nhalatt nht
e/ Vkinh t:Nu chiu rng qualn th khng gian lang ph tng
ln a n giathanh cng trnh tng.
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2- Loai mai nhiu dci vi nhacochiu rng ln loai nay conhiu u
im :
a/ Vthoat nc ma trn mai :Nhachia thanh nhiu khu , mi khu lamai 2dc nn ddang thoat nc ma.
b/ Vmt thng nht hoa vain hnh hoa :Loai nhanay tt v cac bphn cua nhaddang
thng nht vatiu chun , slng cu kin ging nhau
nhiu .
c/ Vmt chiu sang tnhin :
Mi khu u coca tri nn bao am anh sangu trong xng
d/ Vmt thng giotnhin:Tt hn loai mai 2 dc nhiu khu . Cokhanng
iu chnh ca tri tchc thng giocho xng.
e/ Vkinh t:Nhanhiu dc cn phai giai quyt thoat nc bn
trong nn phai lam nhiu ng thoat nc ma trn mai vang thoat nc trong nn nn giathanh cotng ln .
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i vi nc ta mua henhit bn ngoai rt caonn chnh lch nhit trong vangoai segam i nhiuvaanh hng n thng giotnhin bng i lu. Cho nn
bao am tc thng giot nhin cn phai tng thmdin tch cac lthng giovakhoang cach lgiovao valgiora. Btr lkhng kh vao phn di cua tng ngoai cachnn < 1,5m , lkhng kh ra btr ca tri khoang cachH1. Vmua ng tranh khng kh lanh lun vao dithp nn lkhng kh vao cothbtr cao 3 - 4m valkhng kh ra vn ca tri khoang cach H2 ; H2 < H1,
nhng v mua ng nhit bn trong vabn ngoai chnhlch ln nn vn baoam thng giotnhin bng i lu tt.
b/ Anh hng cua gioi vi thng giotnhin:Gioanh hng i vi thng giotnhin rt ln, c
bit lavmua hekhi nhit bn trong vabn ngoai chnh
lch nhau t thng lakhng bao am thay i khng khbng i lu .Trng hp nay cn nghin cu ap lc ngcua giotac dung vao cng trnh .
Giothi vao cng trnh setao ap lc gio(+) pha trcvaap lc gio(-) pha sau .
Ni ap lc gio(+) btr ca khng kh vao, ni ap lcgio(-) btr ca khng kh ra .
Phai nghin cu hng giocua a phng tcng trnh theo ung hng giochnh.
(+ ) (- )(-)
(- )
(+ )
(+ )
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Tai v tr ca mai nu mca th giosehut tngoaivao xng v vy ngi ta btr tm chn tao c vungap sut (-) sau tm chn khng kh nong trong xng thoat
ra c .
2- Chiu sang tnhinBu tri nc ta rt sang nn rt thun li cho vic t
chc chiu sang tnhin .Nu giai quyt tt chiu sang t
nhin th sc khoe cng nhn c bao am tt nht laimt vatao iu kin tng nng sut lao ng .Thit kchiu sang tnhin cn thoa man nhngyu
cu sau :* Cn cvao tnh cht cng tac khng ging nhau,
chiu sang ni cng tac phai bao am tiu chun nht nh .*Phn banh sang cho cac bphn trong phong cn
phai u.* Anh sang chiu trc tip vao nhakhng nn ch
quasang, chquati trn din tch lam vic.
(-)(-)(+) (-)
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CAC BIU CHIU SANG
IV. HNH THC KT CU VAVT LIU XY DNG
Kt cu chu lc chuyu cua nhacng nghip lahthng ct vadm mai. Ct vadm mai thp thanh khungngang chu lc cua nha.
1- Vt liu lam khung nhacng nghipTuy theo yu cu sdung vamc bn chc,khung
nhacng nghip thng dung cac loai vt liu sau:thep, btng ct thep vagach g.a/ Thep:Dung lam ct vadan mai. u ddim lacng
chu lc ln, khng chay vatrong lng ban thn kt cutung i nhoso vi btng ct thep. Thep lavt liu himnn sdung han ch.
b/ Btng ct thep:Trong nhacng nghip loai vt liu nay c ng
dung rt rng rai. u im lacng chu lc ln, bnvng vachu la tt. Khuyt im trong lng ban thn ln,khi tai trong ln th tit din cu kin tng i ln,khanngchu tai trong ng kem.
San cng tac
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b/ Kt cu nhacokhu ln :Nhacng nghip cokhuln chuyu dung
trong cac nganh cng nghip nng ( c kh, luyn kim, hoa
cht ). cao nhacng nghip cokhu ln tnh tmtnn mep trn ray cu chay cotht8 - 30m hoc cao hnna. Khu t18 - 60m hoc hn na. Bc ct 6m, mrng 12m, c bit 18 , 24m. Nhacng nghip khu lnn gian nht laL = 18 - 36m.
Kt cu chu lc cua nhanay lakhung ngang chu
lc, sdung btng ct thep, thep, btng thep hn hp.
Ct
Dm
Dan thep
Ct
>18m>18m
Dan thep
Ct thep
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c/ Kt cu khng gian :Do nhng thanh tu cua khoa hoc kythut, kt hp
nhng phng phap tnh toan m, kythut thi cng ngay
cang c nng cao , gn y ngi ta aa ra nhiu dangkt cu mi vaac ap dung vao nhacng nghip .uim cua dang kt cu nay lanhenhang, tit kim vt liu vacothdung vi nhacokhu ln vali ct ln. Loai ktcu nay cothlam toan khi hoc lp ghep .
CAC DANG VOTRU
CAC DANG VOCONG 2 CHIU
CU PN DY TREO
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CHNG 3 THIT KNHASAN XUT NHIU TNG
1. PHN LOAI VAPHAM VI NG DUNG
NHACNG NGHIP NHIU TNG
I. PHN LOAI
Nhacng nghip nhiu tng cothchia ra :1- Theo tnh cht xy dng trong lanh th
- Nhakiu lin tuc ( nhiu nhp ).- Nhakiu t nhp.
2- Theo khanng thch ng vi
cac nganh san xut khac nhau
- Nhasdung mt muc ch .- Nhalinh hoat van nng .
3- Theo li ct bn trong nha- Nhacoli ct vung hoc gn vung :
L ~ b ~ 6 , 9 ,12 m .- Nhakiu nhp L >> b , L = 18 - 24m.
- Nhakhng coct bn trong : L > 24m .
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II. PHAM VI NG DUNG
1- Nhacng nghip yu cu dy chuyn san xut theo phng ng
2- Yu cu san xut thao tac cac tngkhng ging nhau
3- Cac x nghip coyu cu san xut c bit
III. U NHC IM CUA NHASX NHIU TNG
SO VI NHA1 TNG )
1- u im- Tit kim t xy dng .- Din tch mai tng i nhonn vic bao vmaivathoat nc ma trn mai ddang.
- Nhanhiu tng tit kim khng gian 20% ,din tch tng bao quanh nhat , khi lng
ao mong , mong < mong nhamt tng.- Phuhp yu cu xy dng thanh ph,lam tng vem quan th .
2- Nhc im- Khng mrng c li ct , mt khac do yu
cu phai bao am anh sang t nhin qua ca bn nn chiurng nhakhng ln lm, anh hng n vic btr thit b .
- Din tch giao thng vn chuyn > nhamt tngdo thm din tch cu thang va din tch vn chuyn theophng ng. Din tch nay nhiu hn 10 -15% so vi nhamt tng.
- Khng t c thit b nng, b tr may mockhng linh hoat.
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2. THIT KMT BNG NHASX NHIU TNG
I. XAC NH STNG
Trong nha cng nghip nhiu tng, s tng at ccao nht, cung nh din tch at c cua tng gia cac tngngn chay c xac nh da vao yu cu cua dy chuyn sanxut vamc chu la cua nha, vn so sanh kinh t.
Stng nhac xac nh phuthuc vao hang nguyhim vchay cua nhasan xut vabc chu la cn thit cuanha. Tham khao (TCVN- 2262 -78 ).
- Nu xac nh theo s so sanh kinh t, kinh nghimcho thy loai nha2- 6 tng lakinh tnht.
Hang nguy him Mc chu Stng ti a Din tch cho phep ln nht (m2)chay cua nganh sx la yu cu cho phep gia 2 tng ngn chay
B I 6 khng xac nhII 3 2500 m2
I - khng xac nhC II 6 4000 m2
III 3 2000 m2
D I - II - khng xac nhIII 2 2000 m2
I - II - khng xac nh III 3 3000 m2IV 2 2000 m2V 2 1250 m2
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a/ Bphn phuvaphong sinh hoat ttrc tip trong nhanhiu tng:
b/Phong sinh hoat vabphn phut
u hi xng hoc sat hai bn xng
c/ Theo phng thc c lp
d/ Loai phng thc hn hp :Cn c tnh hnh cu th, dung hnh thc kt hp
gia tp trung vaphn tan. Cothbtr tp trung cac phongthay qun ao, phong tm, phong ra, phong phu t vao 1tng, con cac phong v sinh, phong hut thuc...cn kt hpvi cu thang btr rai rac cac tng
6m6m6m6m
6m
6m 6m6
6m
NHAXNG NHAXNG
PHONG SINH HOAT & BBP
NHAXNG
BPHN PHU& PSH
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3- Btr cu thangCu thang dung lin h gia cac tng, cng
nhn i lai, vn chuyn nguyn liu san phm...
Co2 cach btr :a/ Cu thang lin hgia cac tng san xut :
-Loai btr gia xng (Hnh-1)- Btr sat tng ngoai nhngli ra trong xng (Hnh-2)
- Btr sat tng ngoai vali ra ngoai xng(Hnh-3)
b/ Cu thang lin hgia cac tng san xutvatng sinh hoat:
- Khi chiu cao cua phong sinh hoat vaxng sanxut ging nhau, th dung 1 cu thang lin hcho phongsan xut vaphong sinh hoat (Hnh - 4 )
- Khi chiu cao cua xng san xut vaphong sinhhoat theo t l2 : 3 th c1 chiu ngh lin hvi phong sanxut th co1 chiu ti lin hphong sinh hoat ( Hnh - 5 )
- Khi chiu cao cua xng san xut vaphong sinhhoat theo t l1 : 2 th c2 chiu ti cua phong sinh hoat thco1 chiu ti cua phong san xut ( Hnh - 6 )
Hnh . 3Hnh . 2Hnh . 1
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4- V tr vakhoang cach gia cac cu thang
Phuthuc dy chuyn san xut , din tch phuc vuvayu cu phong hoa . Cn ctheo qui nh cua phong hoa ,chiu rng cu thang cn theo yu cu tnh toan sau :
* Nha2 tng : c 125 ng tnh cho 1m rngcu thang vat250 ngi trln ctng 160 ngi th thm1m rng cu thang .
* Nha3 tng : c100 ngi tnh cho 1m rngcu thang vat250 ngi trln ctng 125 ngi th thm1m rng cu thang .
*Nha> 4 tng :c80 ngi tnh cho 1m rngcu thang vat250 ngi trln ctng 100 ngi th thm1m rng cu thang .
SH
Hnh - 6Hnh- 4
4.8m6mSX SH
Hnh - 5
SX3.2m
3.0m
3.0m
3.0m
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Khoang cach xa nht t ch lam vic n cu thang cqui nh nh sau :
Ngoai ra trong cac nhamay hin a ngi ta con sdung thang may dung nng hang hoa hoc kt hp ngi vahang hoa
- Kch thc bung thang may :( 1,3m 2,65m ) x ( 0,75m 2,55m ).
( 1,0m 2,50m ) x ( 1,20m 4,00m ) .
Hang san xut chia theo Khoang cach xa nht cho phep mc nguy him vchay Bc chu la n cu thang ( m )
A I & II 25
B I & II 50
I & II 50C III 40
IV 30
I & II Khng han chD III 50
IV & V -
I & II Khng han chIII 75
E IV 50V 40
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III. CHON LI CT
Chon kch thc li ct nha nhiu tng chu yu lacn cvao qua trnh cng ngh , chiu rng nhavakt cu
nhachon c phng an kinh tvahp l . Trong oyutcng nghlac ban nht .
1- Anh hng cua cng nghsan xuti vi vic chon li ct
Cn cvao yu cu cng nghli ct chia ra 3 loai :a/ Yu cu cng nghcn ng i gia xng
con cac cng oan san xut b tr 2 bn , thng dung hli ct nh sau : ( 7+ 3 + 7 )m x 6m ;
( 6 + 2,4 + 6 )m x 6mva( 6 + 6 + 3 + 6 + 6 ) x 6m .
b/ Khi cng nghsan xut yu cu btr thit blin tuc ng i chnh cua cng oan khng nht thit btrgia th cothchon li ct :
- ( 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 .... ) x 6m .
SX
LI I
7.0m
3.0m
7.0m
6.0m6.0m
SX
6.0m 6.0m6.0m
SH
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c/ Trong xng cothbtr 2 nhp lch nhau,nhp ln btr cng oan san xut chnh , nhp nhobtr bphn phuc vusan xut hoc sinh hoat , chon hli ct :
* ( 9 + 3 + 5 ) x 6m .
2 / Anh hng cua chiu rng nhavakt cui vi vic chon li ct
Xac nh chiu rng nha nhiu tng la mt vn phc tap v no lin quan n vn thng gio chiu sang ,cng ngh san xut , kinh t xy dng va thi cng , no con
lin quan n vic chon li ct.V du: Nhacochiu rng 17m , 24m , 36m th tngng vi khu : (7 + 3 + 7)m ; (6 + 6 + 6 + 6)m
hoc (8 + 8 + 8 ) mAnh hng cua kt cu i vi vic chon li ct
cung ln .V du: Nhacotai trong khng ln hoc san xut co
nhng yu cu c bit makhng dung loai san khng dmth li ct tt nht la6 x 6 m .
SAN XUT CHNH
LI I
SAN XUT PHU
9m
3m
5m
6m6m6m6m6m6m6m
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CtTm san
6m
B- B
6m B
6m
B1
2
2
2
2
Ct
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Lk: Khoang cach gia hai truc ray (nhp cu truc)Lk< L
Trong o: L = Lk+ 2e.e : Khoang cach ttruc ng ray truc nh vVi sc truc Q 30T e = 750 mm
Q 30T e = 1000 1250 mm
1. Mong 6. Tm mai (panen)2. Ct 7. Khung ca mai (ca tri)3. Vai ct 8. Ca mai
4. Dm cu truc 9. Dm mong5. Kt cu mang lc mai (dm mai)
1
22
4
9
65 7 8
Q 43 3
eee LkLkeLL
h2
hhr
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2. CAC BPHN CUA NHACNG NGHIP
I. CAC BPHN NHACNG NGHIP 1 TNG
1. KHUNGLa phn chu lc cua nha gm co cac b phn
chnh vacac bphn phu.Cac bphn chnhgm co: mong , ct, kt cu mang
lc mai .Cac b phn phu gm co : dm mong, dm lin kt
(dm ging) dm cu truc, kt cu keo (nu co), khungchng gio(sn tng) hging.
2. KT CU BAO CHEa. Tngb. Mai
II. CAC BPHN CUA NHACNG NGHIP
NHIU TNG
Ngoai cac bphn nh nhacng nghip 1 tng, nhacng nghip nhiu tng con cosan trung gian gia cac tng.Tuy theo cach cu tao san cothgac trc tip ln dm (goi la
san kiu dm) hoc gac trc tip ln muct (goi lasan khngdm) .
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man iu kin cu tao vathm m kin truc .*B tng laloai vt liu sach se,vsinh v nokhng
congoc ngach, hang lbui bn cothbam vao .
- Nhc im :*Trong lng ring ln (= 1800 2500 kG/m3)*Hsdn nhit cao (= 0,9 14 kcal/ m,h,oc)*Hut m nhiu .I. MONG
Mong nm trc tip ln nn t lam chta cho ct,nhn tai trong tct, trong lng cua tng, dm mong, dm
ging v.v... truyn vao nn t.Phn loai mong :
1. Theo bin phap thi cng Mong tai ch Mong lp ghep
2. Theo tnh cht lam vic Mong cng Mong mm Mong coc
3. Theo cu tao
Mong bng Mong be Mong n
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Mong n lp ghep :
1. Cc 2. Ban bao am iu kin cu lp, lin kt, n nh ctvao mong ngi ta qui nh quan h kch thc gia ct vamong nh sau :
* dtm: chiu rng thanh trn mongdtm200 mm
0,75 hb* hb: chiu cao cua bc mong
* hc: chn su ct vao monghca (canh dai tit din ct)hc20 da(ng knh ct thep chu lc ct)
Nu ct thep chu lc u mut coneo th : hc15 da
H = 600 - 800h2
h1
1
b
a
700450300
2
dtm 75
a
Ct
hc
50>200 hb
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*Dm mong: t di tng nhn vatruyn tai trongttng xung mong hoc ct
-Lin kt dm mong
1. Dm mong 3. m (gi k)
2. Ct 4. Mong 5. Tng
52
134
2 1
+ 0,005
3
14
+ 0,001
4Tai ct
Dm mong
Mong ct
CtA
A
300
100 400
A - A200
300- 4006m
A - A 400 - 600 240
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II. CT
Khi thit k va ch tao ct phai bao am kha nngchu lc van nh tng ng. V tr lin kt gia ct vi
mong vact vi kt cu mang lc mai phai bao am khng bphahuy hoc bin dang quapham vi cho phep di tac dungcua tai trong.
* Phn loai1.Theo sc truc Ct nhakhng cu truc Ct nhacocu truc
1
2 2
1
400
7501000
h0
hr
500
h
a
400
400
1-1
600
400
2-2
300Bulong 300300
h1 111
a
400
400
1-1
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* Nu nhacoQ ln cocac loai ct tit din I, ct 2 thn .
2. Theo v tr* Ct bin : day ct sat tng ngoai.* Ct gia : day ct gia 2 nhp klin nhau .
3. Theo cu tao* Ct tit din chnht .* Tit din chI.* Ct 2 thn .
2 2
h0
h
a
h
400
2-22 2
hr
1 1
1 - 1
h0
h
a
500
+ 0.00- 0.15
1000
hr
1050-1600
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III. KT CU MAI
Tuy theo vt liu kt cu bao che maco2 hthng mai*Hthng mai coxag
* Hthng mai khng xagKt cu mai trong hthng mai xagthng :
- Dm mai - Dan mai - Khung cng - Vom
1. DmVi khu L < 18 m lam dm rt phbin .Dm coth1 dc hoc 2 dc, tit din I , T
Tm lp XagU
Dm mai
i = 1/12
600 - 800
600 - 8006 , 9 , 12m
120 - 150
100
600 - 800
300
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- Chiu cao gia nhp Hgd = l)15
1
10
1(
- Chiu cao h gi thng ly 800 mm.2. Dan
Nha xng co L > 24 m nn dung dan. So vi danthep th dan btct giam 50% ph tn thep.
Chiu cao Hgd = l)9
1
7
1( .
CAC HNH DANG DAN THNG DUNG
24000
i = 1/12
24000
2405 24000
3400
30000
120 - 150
170 - 240 - 280
10012 , 15 , 18m
i = 1/12
i = 1/12
280 -300
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3. Lin kt gia dan (dm) vao ct
1. Ct 2. Bulong 3. Ban thep u ct4. Dm (dan ) 5.Ban thep u dm (dan)
4. Khung cngKhung cng la1 loai kt cu codang hnh hoc khng
i do lin kt cng cac mt .
Tuy theo chiu rng nhamasdung khung 1 nhphoc nhiu nhp.Khung cng thng dung trong trng hp :
L = 18 - 30m , h > 12m & b = 6m .15 - 20m
+ 0.00
18 - 30m
3
4
21
45
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5. VomVom b tng ct thep dung lam kt cu chu lc cho
cac nhacng nghip conhp ln L 18m. Vom cothlp
ghep hoc toan khi .* L < 24m vom khng kinh tbng dan* L 24m th vom kinh thn danCac loai vom : 2 khp - 3 khp - khng khp .
2 khp cothanh cng
IV. DM GING
Dm ta trn tai ct tng, lam lanh t cho cas, ca i, dm cotit din chnht L
Ct
CtDm ging
Dm ging
a
b- ba- a
490b
b
a
250 3805950
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* Ging ct : Tac dung bao am cng theophng doc nha- Thanh ging bng thep hnh.
V. DM CU CHAY DM CU TRUC )
Dm cu truc ta ln vai ct valam chta cho ngray matrn ocu truc di chuyn.
Nhp Ldct phuthuc bc khung b, thng la6,12m.
Dm cu truc btct dung cho cu truc sc truc Q 100T.Chlam vic bnh thng.
Dm CT
Dm CT
Ging
6000
D E
Ging
12000
D F
12000
H
800 - 1000
650
340
6000
550 - 600
160 -200
800 - 1000
1400
12000 1400
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*Lin kt dm cu truc vao ct
- t dm cu truc ln vai ct, iu chnh ung v tr
thit ktin hanh lin kt gm :+ Lin kt u dm vao ct bng thep lin kt .+ Lin kt 2 u dm lai vi nhau .+ Lin kt ay dm vao vai ct bng inh c .+ Chen b tng vao khe hgia dm vi ct bng
b tng mac > 200 # (chu c lc ham cuacu truc)
1. Ban thep lin kt 2 u dm2. Ban thep lin kt dm vao ct3. Thep chn sn ct4. Thep chn dm ay dm lin kt vao vai ct5. Bulong chvai ct6. B tng chen mac > 200
12
3
4
5
6
2 3
4 5
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*Lin kt ray vao dm cu trucTrnh tlin kt ray vao dm b tng ct thep
+ Lp tavet, gtthit m W < 15% c ngm
tm thuc phong muc mot, tavet c quet hc n .+ t tavet ln cac on k tam dm.+ Hiu chnh ung v tr thit k, lin kt ray bng
nhng moc thep vao dm.+ Dung b tng adm hoc soi nho(soi < 7mm)
vi phoi st (ng knh 0,5 - 1 mm) t l5kg/m3chen ditavet vi dm. Sau orut on k, chen b tng vao ch
trng.+ Hiu chnh ng ray theo cac phng ng, ngang
1. Ray 5. Moc lin kt2. Thep chU 6. Ban thep lin kt3. Gm (tavet) 7. inh c 8. Dm cu truc4. B tng chen ct liu nho mac > 200
12
35
6 4
87
86 5 7 4
1
2
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MT SDANG KT CU KEO
VII. KHUNG CHNG GIOHOC SN TNGnh ngha :Sn tng lah thng khung phut gia 2ct cua khung chnh, lam chta cho cac mang tng trn
lca (thng nhacng nghip cokch thc lca rt ln)khi tng tng i cao varng.
Sn tng nhn va truyn tai trong ca tng, taitrong giovao cac bphn chu lc cua khung chnh ng thitng n nh cua tng.
Sn tng gm cac truchnh, phu, xangang ; truchnh
comong c lp. Sn tng dung khi khoang cach 2 ct >6m vathng btr tng hi cua xng.Sn tng cothbng khung thep hoc b tng ct
thep. Nu tng bng gach ta coththay sn tng bng btrugach tc lamrng cuc btng gach pha trong hocpha ngoai.
200
2 - 24 - 4
700
1 - 1
700
500- 700
700
3 - 3
1300- 1500
2
3
3
4
4
1
700 2112000
12000 550
2200
700
1500- 1800
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1. Khung chnh chu lc 2. Truchnh3. Xangang4. Truphu5. Dm mong6. Tm tng
HSN TNG DOC NHA
Khung chng giou hi cao n sat mai
HSN TNG U HI NHAXNG
6000 60001
6
2
43
5
Kt cu mai
6000
500L
1
2
3
2
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VIII. H THNG GING
i vi nhacng nghip hthng ging ong 1 vaitrov cung quan trong. Cac cng trnh nghin cu cho thyhging cotac dung sau :
1. Tng cng n nh canh trn kt cu mang lcmai trong khung ngang. Bao am cng cho toan mai nha.
2.Chu tac dung cua giovalc ham cua cu truc
truyn lc tac dung tcac bphn nhaxung mong theong ngn nht.3. Tng cng cng khng gian cua nha.4. Bao am cho toan bkt cu con nh tt .5. Phn phi lc do cac thit b vn chuyn treo tac
dung trc tip vao kt cu mang lc mai cho kt cu chu lcchuyu cua nha.
Hthng ging trong xng chia lam 2 nhom :*Hthng ging mai: conhim vulin kt cac kt
cu mai vabao am n nh cng cua toan mai.Hthng ging mai gm :- Hthng ging ngang: lam nhim vuging canh
trn vaging canh di kt cu mang lc mai.- Hthng ging ng:t gi ta kt cu manglc mai .
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*Hthng ging ct :bao am cng theo phng
doc nha, nhn lc giottng u hi valc ham doc do cutruc gy ra.Hthng ging ct gm :- Ging ct trn :btr phn trn ct, bao am
cng phn ct trn, nhn lc giotruyn vao u hi.Ging ct trn btr bc ct tip giap vi u hi
hoc khe co gian.
- Ging ct di :tmep di dm cu truc n chnct, nhn lc ththng ging trn, lc ham cu truc truynxung mong.
Ging ct di btr gia cua oan nha* Ging ca mai :btr bc ct u hi (u hi
cua mai khac hi nha)
Hthng ging canh di kt cu mang lc mai
11
1
2 5
1
3
L
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Hthng ging canh trn kt cu mang lc mai
Hthng ging ng kt cu mang lc mai vaging ct
Ging ca mai
1. Hthng ging ngang canh trn vacanh di ktcu mang lc mai
2. Ging u ct3. Thanh thep nh kt cu mang lc mai4. Ging ng ( gi ta )5. Ging ct trn 6. Ging ct di
4
3- 3
4
4- 4
1
3
4
3
124 3 5
6bb
1- 1
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2. KHUNG THEP
Trong xy dng cng nghip, thep laloai vt liu conhiu u im : bn, trong lng kt cu nhe, chu c taitrong ln, chtao, vn chuyn vadng lp nhanh chong.Nnkhi sdung cn tnh toan cn nhc. Dung khung thep trongnhng trng hp sau y tt, li nht :
1. Xng nu khng cn truc kiu cu th chiu caoxng h > 20 m
Xng cocn truc cu vi sc truc Q > 20T, hr> 8 m,nhp L > 24 m2. Dm cu truc bng thep dung vi bc ct b 6 m,
sc truc Q > 20T, chlam vic cua cu truc nng3. Dan thep dung khi nhp L 30 m
Vy chon khung nhabng vt liu g cung phai da trnnhng yu tsau :
- Yu cu kythut cua san xut- iu kin, hoan canh vami trng sdung kt cu- Chlam vic bn trong xng- Nhng tham sc ban ( L, b, h, Q )- iu kin khanng cung cp vt liu .
180001800018000
A B C D
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Thng chon giai phap khung ngang chu lc. Tuythuc kin kt gia ct vi mong - ct vi kt cu mang lcmai, ta co:
*Khung lin kt cng :(ct vi mong, ct vi kt cumai lin kt ngam)
Loai khung nay co cng theo phng ngang ln,chu c tai trong ln.
- Khuyt im : khi b lun khng u, khi chu stac
dung cua thay i nhit ln vakhi cobt kychuyn v naou cothgy ra ni lc phutrong kt cu khung -> dbphahoai cuc b.
*Khung lin kt khp : ct vi mong lin kt ngam,ct vi kt mang lc mai lin kt khp. Trong loai khung naycac lin kt khp d b phahoai gy h hong mai nhngkhng h hong kt cu chu lc chnh.
I. MONG CT THEP
Mong ct thep lakhi b tng ct thep, trong oachn sn 4 bulong neo lin kt chn ct vao mong
+ 0.00
l neo
Bulon
- 0.80- 1.00
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II. CT
Ct thep gm chn ct vathn ctChn ct labphn phc tap nht cua ct thng
chim khoang 15% trong lng toan ct va20% cng chtaoChn ct nhn vatruyn tai trong tct xungmong, lin kt vi mong bng cac bulong neo
Tuy theo tai trong, ln cua chn ct conhiu loai
1. Ct2. Ban
3. Lbulong
1. Ban 2. Sn tam giac3. Llk bulong ct vi mong
4. Ct
1. Ban 2. Sn tam giac gia c
3. Llin kt bulongmong vi ct4. Ct5. Ban sn6. Dm thep U
4
1
2
3
2
3
4
6
4
52
1
6
4 13
1 1
32
2
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Thn ct gm 2 phn: phn di cu truc, phn trncu truc, tit din ct cothlathep hnh nguyn hoc laghepbi cac loai thep hnh (U, I, L)
Tuy theo sc truc maco:+ Sc truc Q < 20T tit din thng khng i+ Sc truc Q > 20T tit din ct thay i
Ct ghep dung trong cac phn xng loai nng ,sc truc Q > 100T
Theo cu tao co: ct c - ct rng
III. KT CU MANG LC MAI
Kt cu mang lc mai bng thep c sdung kharng rai trong xy dng cng nghip v vt c khu
ln, cu tao theo hnh dang bt kyphuhp yu cu thm mycua kin truc, chu c tai trong ln, n gian trong cu taodng lp.
1
1
2332
3 - 3
2 - 2
1
1
1 - 1
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- Hnh dang dan thep thng dung* Dan 2 canh song song (h.a)
* Dan hnh thang dc be (h.b)* Dan tam giac dc ln (h.c)
(h.a)
(h.b) (h.c)
* Chi tit cu tao dan thep :
AB
C
B
A
C
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IV. DM CU TRUC
Dm cu truc cothc hoc rng, thng dung dmc. Dm c cothlathep hnh I hoc thp cac thep banbng cac lin kt han hoc inh tan, cosn gia ctngn nh. Tuy theo cu truc ln nhomachiu cao dm t1
5
1
12 nhp. Sc truc nholam dm rng tit kim .
La chon ray vacach lin kt ray vao dm tuy thucvao ap lc cua banh xe, chlam vic, loai banh xe, kiulin kt .
V. HTHNG GING
Slam vic cua hging trong khung thep gingkhung b tng ct thep
Hging bin
~ 60m
Hging canh thng , canh hakcmlm
6,0 m
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Kt cu mang lc mai bng thep cocng va
n nh kem hn kt cu mang lc mai bng b tng ct thepdo ohthng ging cn phai c tng cngnhng v trsau :
* mt phng canh di hthng kt cu mang lcmai phai c ging theo chu vi cua oan khe nhit
* Tng cng hthng ging ng lin tuc hay gianoan v tr cac thanh ng cua dan .
* Khi nhadai > 60 m phai btr 2 hthng gingng cach nhau 50m
L 30 m, chiu dai nhocothboging chu vi.
L> 30m
L< 30m
~ 50m
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3. KHUNG HN HP
I. KT CU HN HP
tn dung khanng lam vic cua vt liu trong cacbphn cua kt cu, nh cac bphn chu nen dung b tngct thep, bphn chu lc keo dung vt liu chu keo tt nhthep lam khung nhanh : kt cu b tng ct thep- thep ;g- thep .
II. KHUNG HN HPDung khung hn hp xut phat tsphn tch tnh chtchu lc cua cac bphn cua khung nha, chng han nh ktcu mang lc mai chuyu chu keo dung thep, g; ct chunen dung b tng, gach....
4. KT CU KHNG GIAN
I. U, NHC IM CUA KT CU KHNG GIAN
1. u im:va lakt cu chu lc va lakt cu baoche - kt cu khng gian vt c khng gian ln, cho phepmrng mang li ct phuhp yu cu san xut , btr dy
chuyn san xut linh hoat , dsp xp may moc .2. Nhc im :- Chtao phc tap- oi hoi kythut thi cng trnh cao .- Tnh toan vacu tao kt cu khng gian phc tap
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II. TRIN VONG KT CU KHNG GIAN
Ngay nay kt cu khng gian ac sdung tngi rng rai.
Dung kt cu khng gian vi bin phap thi cng tai ch, van khun trt di ng , hoan toan lp ghep hoclp ghep toan khi
Dung vt liu coR chu lc cao.
*Votru:- Mt bc song
-Nhiu bc song
-Voxp
L2L1 L2
L1 L2L1 L2
L1
LL LLL
L2L1
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* Mai tron xoay
* Vocong 2 chiu, vothoai
L1L2
L1
L1L2L2
L1
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CHNG 3
KHUNG NHACNG NGHIP NHIU TNG
1. PHAM VI SDUNG
Nhacng nghip nhiu tng c sdung khi :- t ai han ch, cn tit kim t xy dng .- Dy chuyn san xut oi hoi btr theo chiu cao(nhamay hoa cht, nhamay xay...)
Trong nhacng nghip nhiu tng thng btr cacloai san xut sau :
- Xng chtao dung cuchnh xac vamay moc loainhenh nhamay hp, xe ap, dung cuo lng.
- Xng chtao vt phm thng dung nh phnxng banh keo, ong giay, phn xng si dt...
- Phn xng trong nhamay thc phm, dc phm- Nhamay dung cuv tuyn
- Nhanhiu tng con labphn cua cac nhamay costng hn hpnh hoa cht, lin hp cao su ...
hshd
hthtths
hdhtt ht
L1 L1L2
+ 7.20
+ 3.60
+ 0.00
L
1
3
2
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2. CAC LOAI KHUNG
Khung nhacng nghip co2 loai:
I. PHNG AN SAN CODMGm cac bphn chu lc chnh : ct, dm, sanTheo bin phap thi cng co02 phng an san :
1. Phng an toan khiSdung cho nhng x nghip cotai trong ln, tai
trong ng hoc quatrnh san xut phat sinh cac cht nmon, hoc san cn cha nhiu l.
2. Phng an lp ghep
Ct
Ct
L
L Dm phu
Dm phu
Dm chnh
Ban san
Ban sanDm chnh
DmTm san Ct
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a. Ct :Ct thng cotit din hnh vung hoc chnht,
nn gitit din ct khng i theo chiu cao .
Lin kt ct cn at 3 yu cu : cng , thuntin cho vic lp ghep, giam cng lao ng n min .Mi ni ct tng di vi ct tng trn t cach
mt san 0,5 0,7 m. Coli vchu lc vatin cho thi cng
1. Thep chu lc ct2. Thep lin kt 2 thep 1
3. Ban thep lin kt phu4. Thep goc t u ct5. Ban thep m
b. Dm :Ta trn vai ct conhim vusan trung gian ga
cac tng. Dm cotit din chT, chnht hoc dm cotai
aa
a- a
1
2
3
41
34
5
1 550
1
2 - 21 - 1
2
2 5400
600 630
250 250
~ 900
400
400
11
1 - 1
11
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c. Tm san :San trong nhacng nghip nhiu tng co3 loai :
*Tm san cosn doc vasn ngang
*Tm san cosn xung quanh
* Tm san conhiu lrng
60
5600 300
1190
60
1190
3505970
3 - 3
3
3
Dm T
Ct
Thep lin kt
1190
5740 250
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II. PHNG AN SAN KHNG DM
1. Phng an san toan khiSdung han chdo phc tap trong cng tac thi cng ,
cng nghip hoa .2. Phng an san khng dm lp ghep :
Gm cac bphn sau :* Ct coai bao xung quanh lam chta
cho muct* Muct lam chta cho tm san
Li ct loai nay thng 6 x 6 ma. Ct :coai bao quanh lam chta cho muct
b. Muct : codang hnh thap cut bn mt, giacolt u ct tng di vachn ct tng trn
700
700400
400
700
400250
150
ai ct
2000
700
1000 1000
700
700
700
Tm san
BT chen
Muct
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