3 Maria Magdalena Jianu Diatezele

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Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Litere i tiine Sociale, Nr. 2/2010

Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Letters and Social Sciences Series, Issue 2/2010

69

OBSERVAII ASUPRA DIATEZELOR

VERBALE

Prof. univ. dr. Maria-Magdalena JIANU

Universitatea Constantin Brncui dinTrgu-Jiu

Rezumat:La nivelul general al enunului, categoria

diatezei organizeaz comunicarea, antrennd verbuln relaie cu subiectul-agent sau cu subiectul-

pacient i cu obiectul. n stabilirea diatezelor limbii

romne trebuie urmrite criteriile de identificare aacestei categorii gramaticale, respectiv forma iconinutul.

Cuvinte cheie: diateza activ, diateza pasiv,diateza reflexiv, diateza pronominal

La nivelul general al enunului,categoria diatezei organizeazcomunicarea, antrennd verbul n relaie cusubiectul-agent sau cu subiectul-pacient icu obiectul. n stabilirea diatezelor limbiiromne trebuie urmrite criteriile deidentificare a acestei categorii gramaticale,respectiv forma i coninutul; astfel, vomurmri efectele sintactice i pragmatice alediatezelor, tipurile de verbe la care se poatevorbi de aceast categorie (de exemplu, sesustrag diatezei verbele copulative,auxiliare, care, dei din punct de vedereformal se ncadreaz n structurilecanonice, nu intr ntr-un sistem de opoziii

necesare pentru descrierea tablouluicomplet al acestei categorii gramaticale).De asemenea, vom identifica modul n carese creeaz sistemul de morfemespecializate pentru fiecare diatez, iar, ncazuri de omonimii, vom aduce argumente

pentru validarea celor specifice. ndomeniul fiecrei diateze, vom evidenia,n raport cu diateza activ, deplasrilegenerate n organizarea structurii sintacticea enunului, respectiv deplasrile focusului

de la agentul-subiect (diateza activ) spre

OBSERVATIONS REGARDING THE

VERBAL VOICES

Prof. univ. dr. Maria-Magdalena JIANU

Constantin Brncui University of Trgu-Jiu

Abstract:At the general level of the enunciation, the voice

category organizes the communication, committing theverb in relation with the agent-subject or with the patient-subject and with the object. In establishing the voices of

the Romanian language, we must follow the identificationcriteria of these grammatical category, respectively thetype and the content

Key words: active voice, passive voice, reflexivevoice, pronominal voice).

At the general level of the enunciation, thevoice category organizes the communication,committing the verb in relation with the agent-subject or with the patient-subject and with theobject. In establishing the voices of theRomanian language, we must follow theidentification criteria of these grammaticalcategory, respectively the type and the content;thus, we will follow the syntactic and pragmaticeffects of the voices, the types of the verbs incase of which we can speak about this category(for example, we elude from the voice thecopulative verbs, the auxiliary ones which,even if, from the formal viewpoint, are framedin the canonical structures, do not enter in a

system of oppositions needed in order todescribe the complete picture of thisgrammatical category). Also, we will identifythe way it is created the system of morphemesspecialized for each voice and, in cases ofhomonymies, we will bring arguments in orderto validate the specific ones. In the field of eachvoice, we will spotlight, reporting to the activevoice, the changes of place generated in theorganization of the syntactic structure of theenunciation, respectively the changes of place

of the focus from the subject-agent (active


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pacientul-subiect (diateza pasiv), spreagent i pacient, concomitent( diatezareflexiv), spre agent i panpacient( diateza

pronominal). De aici se deduce c diateza

are o realizare , n general, sintactic,concretizat prin mrci extraverbale, darcare nu caracterizeaz toate verbele dinlimba romn. Excepie fac verbeleimpersonale, verbele copulative, verbele cusubiect neanimat, reflexivele semantic.

n literatura lingvistic romneasc, seadmite, aproape fr rezerve, existenaurmtoarelor diateze: activ, pasiv,reflexiv. Alte valori , considerate fiediateze independente, fie realizri

particulare ale diatezelor tradiionale, nu-igsesc, n stadiul actual al cercetrii, ostructur definitorie i care s satisfacopoziiile necesare. De asemenea, dat fiindfaptul c verbele considerate aparinnddiatezei reflexive nu genereaz reorganizrisintactice ale enunului( cliticul pronominalnu produce modificri ale structurii,indiferent de poziia pe care o ocup, ncazul reflexivelor propriu-zise saudinamice: El se sperie. El te sperie; poziia

sintactic att a reflexivului, ct i apersonalului este de obiect direct), s-aadmis ideea c nu este optim s distingem,ntre diatezele romneti, diateza reflexiv.n structurile cu un reflexiv obligatoriu,acesta apare ca element formant ( se pare,

s-ar fi prut, se prea, prndu-se etc.)Deoarece, n orice context posibil, verbul ladiateza reflexiv are calitatea de a modificastructurile nemarcate(cele de activ), esteoportun s admitem existena acesteidiateze n configuraia diatezelor verbaleromneti.

Diateza activ

Marea parte a verbelor din limbaromn sunt nemarcate morfematic(merg), constituindu-se n centre aleorganizrii sintactice a enunului, respectivfavoriznd, n principiu, rolurile tematice.

Not. Rezerva pe care o avem sentemeiaz pe faptul c, cuprinse n forma

i funcionalitatea diatezei active, verbele

voice) towards the patient-subject (passivevoice), towards the agent and patient,concomitantly (reflexive voice), towards theagent and pan-patient (pronominal voice). From

here we deduct that the voice has anaccomplishment, generally a syntactical one,materialized by extra-verbal marks that do notfeature all the verbs in the Romanian language.The exception is materialized by the impersonalverbs, the copulative ones, the ones having anon-animated subject, the ones that aresemantically reflexive.

In the Romanian linguistic literature, weadmit almost with no reserves the existence ofthe following voices: the active one, the passive

one and the reflexive one. Other values,considered either as independent voices, or

particular accomplishments of the traditionalvoices, do not find, in the current stage of theresearch, a defining structure that could satisfythe needed oppositions. Also, being given thefact the verbs that are considered to belong tothe reflexive voice do not generate syntacticreorganizations of the enunciation (the

pronominal clytic does not produce changes forthe structure, no matter its position, in case of

the proper reflexive ones or of the dynamicones:He is scared. He scares you; the syntactic

position both of the reflexive one and of thepersonal one is a direct object), we admitted theidea that it is not most propitious to distinguish,

between the Romanian voices, the reflexivevoice. In the structures having a compulsoryreflexive verb, this one appears as a composingelement (it seems, it would have seemed, it hasbeen seeming, seeming etc.). Because, in any

possible context, the verb at the reflexive voicecan change the unmarked structure (the onesfor the active one), it is propitious to admit theexistence of this voice in the configuration ofthe Romanian verbal voices.The Active Voice

Most of the verbs in the Romanianlanguages are morphemically unmarked (Iwalk), being constituted in centres of thesyntactic organization of the enunciation,respectively giving an advantage mainly to the

thematic roles.


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auxiliare nu sunt, de regul, generatoare depoziii sintactice, acestea purtnd doarmorfemele predicative ale modurilor itimpurilor pe care le construiesc. n acest

caz, impun apariia rolurilor tematiceverbele de baz secvente (Eu am plecat lamare). Realitatea c auxiliarele conservinformaia de persoan i numr seevideniaz la unica funcie pe care acesteao dezvolt, cea de subiect( excepie facauxiliarele prefand verbele impersonale,care au restricii de combinare cu subiecte,datorit verbului secvent la care acesteamarcheaz categoriile gramaticale de

persoana 3 ). n privina verbelor

copulative, considerm c acestea dezvoltdou funcii sintactice de subiect i denume predicativ( Eu sunt frumos). Pentrucopulativele impersonale, locul subiectuluirmne neocupat, ns, n continuare, apareimpus numele predicativ, care funcioneazca o complinire semantic a copulativului.

La diateza activ, coninutul categorialpresupune obligatoriu doi termeni: verbulpredicat i subiectul( Eu citesc/ Tu pleci/Pdurea tace). n acest sens, admitem c

diateza activ invoc un aspect gramaticalactiv, n care numele- subiect realizeazaciunea. Uneori, raportul gramaticalgenerat de verbul la diateza activ poateimplica i al treilea termen, obiectul, carese realizeaz ca obiect direct/ intern( Citimcri. Viseaz un vis), ca beneficiar al

procesului sugerat de verb( Povestimcopiilor), ca un circumstanial( Ei vorbescmult. Pleac mine). n cazul verbelor cutrei valene, obiectul poate indica un animati un neanimat( I-am ntrebat pe copiilecia), sau poate aprea ca obiect direct ica beneficiar (I-am dat cri fetei). Deremarcat faptul c, dac poziiile de subiecti de obiect direct sau indirect sunt, ngeneral, manifeste, realizrilecircumstaniale ale activei sunt facultative,

putnd aprea n funcie de intenia decomunicare i de strategia de discurs.

Din punctul de vedere al coninutului

semantic, verbele la diateza activ exprim

Note. The reserve we have is based onthe fact that, being contained in the shape andthe functionality of the active voice, theauxiliary verbs usually do not generate

syntactic positions, carrying only thepredicative morphemes of the moods and of thetimes they built. In this case, the basic sequentverbs impose the appearance of the thematicroles (I left to the seaside). Actually, theauxiliary verbs keep the person and numberinformation, stand out at the unique functionthey develop, the subject one (excepting theauxiliary ones that introduce the impersonalones which have restrictions regarding thecombinations with subjects because of the

sequent verb for which they mark the thirdperson grammatical categories). Regarding thecopulative verbs, we consider that they developtwo syntactic functions subject and predicatenoun (I am beautiful). For the impersonalcopulative verbs, the place of the subjectremains untaken but, they continue to imposethe predicative noun that works as a semanticaccomplishment of the copulative verb.

At the active voice, the categorical contentsupposes in a compulsory manner two terms:

the predicate verb and the subject (I read/Yougo/The forest is silent). In this respect, we admitthat the active voice invokes an activegrammatical aspect where the name-subjectaccomplishes the action. Sometimes thegrammatical report generated by the verb at theactive voice may involve also a third term, theobject that is accomplished as a direct/internalobject (We read books. He has a dream), as a

beneficiary of the process suggested by the verb(We tell the children), as a circumstantial (Theytalk much. He leaves tomorrow). In case of theverbs having three valences, the object mayindicate also an animated one and a non-animated one (I asked the children about thelesson), or it may appear as a direct object andas a beneficiary (I gave books to the girl). Wemust notice the fact that, if the positions ofsubject and direct or indirect object aregenerally manifested, the circumstantialaccomplishments of the active voice are

facultative and they may appear depending on


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aciuni( a alerga, a se duce, a merge, azbura:n locs se duc lahotel, merselaSaferian, Clinescu, BI, p.151), stri( adormi, a visa, a medita:ngerul mieu

naintea ta va dormita, PO, p.257),transformri biologice/ eventive (ambtrni, a tri, a nflori, a rsri :iaa cum oamenii decad, i eu triesc maimeschin, Steinhardt, JF, p. 346)etc. Uneleverbe active pot avea perechi pasive( a ti/a fi tiut, a vedea/ a fi vzut, a cere/ a ficerut) sau reflexive( a gndi/ a se gndi, a

speria/ a se speria, a aminti/ a-i aminti)sau pronominale( a spla/ a se spla, a

promite/ a-i promite, a enerva/ a se

enerva). Diateza activ cuprinde verbepersonale( a merge, a sta, a cere, a vedeaetc.) i verbe impersonale( a fi, a nsemna,a trebui, a rmne, a prea, a-i veni, a-idisplcea, a bucura, a enerva, a scrbi,aninge, a ploua etc.). Pe bazacaracteristicilor morfematice, care seconstituie n claseme de diatez,considerm c se integreaz la activ toateunitile verbale la care nu exist unmorfem concret, chiar dac acestea se pot

combina natural sau nu cu subiecte: Elmerge la munte. Merge s investeti ncase. Plou. Plou ploaie de primvar.

Not. n lingvistica romneasc s-aexprimat opinia individualizrii uneidiateze la care subiectul se suspend, dinraiuni naturale i extralingvistice,neputndu-se identifica ntre unitileenunului; aceast caracteristic a favorizatadmiterea diatezei impersonale, cu trsturisemantice distincte. Invocnd principiileideale n identificarea tuturor categoriilorgramaticale, cel al coninutului i al formei,considerm c validarea diatezeiimpersonale se bazeaz pe supralicitareaconinutului semantic al verbului i, de aici,

pe imposibilitatea combinrii sale cu unsubiect. n acest caz, se consider la diatezaimpersonal verbe care poart toateindiciile morfematice ale altor diateze(trebuie activ, e dat-pasiv, se tie-

reflexiv), ignorndu-se elementele

the communication intention and on the speechstrategy.

From the viewpoint of the semanticcontent, the verbs at the active voice express

actions (to run, to go, to walk, to fly: Insteadof going to the hotel, they went to Saferian,Clinescu, BI, p.151), moods (to sleep, todream, to meditate: My angel will fall asleepbefore you, PO, p.257), biological/eventuativechanges (to grow old, to live, to blossom, to riseup: And as people go down, I live moremenially, Steinhardt, JF, p. 346) etc. Someactive verbs may have passive pairs (to know/tohave known, to see/to have seen, to ask/to haveasked) or reflexive ones (to think/to be thinking,

to scare/to be scared, to remind/to remember)or pronominal ones (to wash/to wash oneself, to

promise/to promise oneself, to get mad/to getone mad). The active voice contains personalverbs (to walk, to stand, to ask, to see etc.) andimpersonal ones (to be, to mean, to have to, to

stay, to seem, to want to, to dislike, to enjoy, toget mad, to disgust, to snow, to rain etc.).Basing on the morphematic features that areconstituted in voice classes, we consider thatwe may integrate at the active voice all the

verbal unities where there is no concretemorpheme, even if they could or could notnaturally combine with the subjects:He goes tothe mountains. Go to invest in houses. It israining. It is raining a spring rain.

Note. In the Romanian linguistics, therewas expressed the opinion of individualizing avoice where the subject is suspended becauseof natural and extra-linguistic reasons, but itcannot be identified between the enunciationunities; this feature offered an advantage for theadmission of the impersonal voice, havingdifferent semantic features. By invoking theideal principles in identifying all thegrammatical categories, the one of the contentand of the shape, we consider that thevalidation of the impersonal voice is based onthe overtaxing of the verb semantic contentand, from this point, on the impossibility to becombined with a subject. In this case, weconsider as being at the impersonal voice, the

verbs that show all the morphematic indexes of


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definitorii i prevalente n stabilireadiatezelor, respectiv morfemele categoriale.Dac anumite verbe se combin sau nu cusubiecte este un aspect care ine de intenia

de discurs, de psihologia actorilor. nlimba romn exist suficiente realizrisintactice, care sunt descrise lund nconsiderare, soldar, criteriul coninutului ial formei lor de concretizare. Admind(apelm la un exemplu aleatoriu) c, nstabilirea apartenenei prilor de vorbire lao clas a categoriilor gramaticale este

primordial i absolut criteriul informaieisemantice, atunci toate pronumele ndativul posesiv trebuie considerate

aparinnd cazului genitiv, datoritinformaiei posesive care caracterizeazacest caz( cartea mamei/ lui/ -i/i-a vndutcartea).i totui, pentru validarea funciei

pronumelui n dativul posesiv, se apeleazi la criteriul formei termenilor: ncontextul i-am splat tricoul, pronumelei- aduce referine asupra persoanei inumrului posesorului natural al numelui,fa de care se afl, n subsidiar, n relaiede dependen de tip atributiv, specific

genitivului( tricou-i/ tricoul tu); nspersonalul nu are forme pentru persoana 2la cazul genitiv, cliticul i- fiind specificdativului. n acest caz, corobornd criteriulconinutului semantic( ideea de posesie) cucel al formei (clitic n dativ, subordonatsunbstantivului, dar generat de verb),obinem o funcie de complement (specificdativului) cu valoare posesiv. Mutatismutandis, dei suntem adepii tradiionali aianalizei fr rest a enunurilor din limbaromn, considerm c identificarea uneidiateze aparte, la care numai raportarea laun subiect natural sau posibil n ordinenatural este reper de consolidarecategorial, nu genereaz dect ocomplicare a datelor analizei morfologice.n completare, aducem argumentul camalgamul de morfeme care ar descriediateza impersonal interfereaz cumorfemele de la diatezele activ, pasiv i

reflexiv( a se vedea exemplele supra).

the other voices (it has to active voice, it isgiven - passive voice, it is known reflexivevoice), ignoring the defining elements that are

prevalent in establishing the voices,

respectively the categorical morphemes. Ifcertain verbs are combined or not with subjects,this is an aspect related to the speech intention,to the actors psychology. In the Romanianlanguage, there are enough syntacticaccomplishments that are described consideringthe criterion of the content and of thematerialization shape. Admitting (we are usingan aleatory example) that, in establishing themembership of the linguistic categories to acertain class of the grammatical categories, the

criterion of the semantic information isprimordial and absolute, then all the pronounsin the possessive dative must be considered as

belonging to the genitive case because of thepossessive information that features this case(his mothers book/he sold his/her book).Although, in order to validate the function ofthe pronoun in the possessive dative, we alsouse the criterion of the terms shape: in thefollowing context I washed your T-shirt, the

pronoun your refers to the person and the

number of the names natural owner withwhich it is subsidiarily in a relation ofattributive dependence specific to the genitivecase (your T-shirt); but the personal verb doesnot have forms for the 2nd person at genitivecase, the clyticyourbeing specific tot he dativeone. In this case, corroborating the criterion ofthe semantic content (the possession idea) tothe one of the form (clytic in the dative case,subordinated to the noun, but generated by theverb), we obtain a function of complement(specific to the dative case) having a possessivevalue. Mutatis mutandis, even if we are theadepts of the analysis with no rest of theenunciations in the Romanian language, weconsider that the identification of a specialvoice, where only the report to a natural subjector to a subject that is possible in a natural orderis a reference point for a categoricalreinforcement generates only a complication ofthe data of the morphological analysis. For

completing this, we bring the argument that the


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Verbele active au calitatea de a seconstitui n centre sintactice, favorizndapariia celor mai diverse poziii: desubiect( Lumea crede multe), de relatum(

Problema rmne de studiat), de obiectdirect( Citim romane), de circumstanial(Mergem la munte. Vorbim mine. nvmpentru examen), de complement predicatival obiectului( Te-am vzut suprat).

Diateza pasiv

n raport cu diateza activ, pasiva secaracterizeaz prin cteva elemente deconstrucie intern( structur) i extern(reorganizrile pe care le realizeaz lanivelul enunului propoziie) i prin faptul

c, din punct de vedere pragmatic, interesulparticipanilor la procesul comunicrii seorienteaz spre altceva, respectiv spretermenul secvent verbului, agentul. Intern,diateza pasiv are structura: operatorulauxiliar a fi participiul verbului deconjugat; aceast structur primete sau

poate primi un complement de agent(A fostauzit de ctre vecini). Extern, subiectul dela activ se repoziioneaz, devenindcomplement de agent prepoziional i

admind substituia cu zero: Casa a fostconstruit de ctre prini. Casa a fostconstruit. Subiectul pasiv( casa) provinedintr-un complement direct din structura deorganizare sintactic a activei: Prinii auconstruit casa. Structurile verbale ladiateza pasiv impun o abordare cu

precdere logic: subiectul aparent(unitatea care, n mod curent, se identific

prin ntrebrile cine/ce) este , de fapt, unsubiect doar gramatical, deoarece, n ordinenatural, nu poate favoriza aciuneaexprimat prin verb; subiectul gramaticalal pasivei descinde din obiectul direct alactivei( Prinii au construit casa).Adevratul subiect, apt s realizezeaciunea, este termenul secvent verbului,respectiv complementul de agent( subiectlogic). Acesta provine din subiectul activei(

Prinii au construit casa). Acest fapt aredrept consecin anularea calitii tranzitive

la verbele de la diateza pasiv; uneori, n

morpheme mix that would describe theimpersonal voice interferes with themorphemes at the active, passive and reflexivevoices (see the above examples).

The verbs may be constituted in syntacticcentres, encouraging the appearance of themost different positions: subject (People think alot of things), relatum (The problem remains tobe studied), direct object (We read novels),circumstantial (We go to the mountains. We willtalk tomorrow. We are studying for the exam),

predicative complement of the object (I sawyou mad).The Passive Voice

Reported to the active voice, the passive

one is featured by some internal constructionelements (structure) and some external ones(the reorganizations it accomplishes at the levelof the sentence enunciation) and by the factthat, from the pragmatic viewpoint, the

participants interest for the communicationprocess is oriented towards something else,respectively towards the term that is sequent tothe verb, namely the agent. Internally, the

passive voice has the following structure: theauxiliary operator to be the participle of the

verb that has to be conjugated; this structurereceives or can receive a complement of agent(It was heard by the neighbours). Externally,the subject from the active voice isrepositioned, becoming a prepositionalcomplement of agent and admitting thesubstitution by zero: The house was built by the

parents. The house was built. The passivesubject (the house) comes from a directcomplement from the structure of syntacticorganization of the active voice: The parentsbuilt the house. The verbal structures at the

passive voice impose a rather logical approach:the apparent subject (the unity that is currentlyidentified by the question who/what is actuallyonly a grammatical subject because, in naturalorder, it cannot offer an advantage to the actionexpressed by the verb; the grammatical subjectof the passive voice comes from the directobject of the active voice (The parents built thehouse). The real subject, able to accomplish the

action, is the term that is sequent to the verb,


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cazul verbelor declarandi sau al verbelordidactice, este posibil ocurena obiectuluidirect: Cnd a ieit de la examen, a fostntrebat nota. Spre deosebire de activ, la

care absena subiectului este posibil prinfaptul c acesta este recuperabil contextual,n cazul pasivei, subiectul poate lipsi nsituaiile de includere sau subnelegere(Sunt ascultat de ctre prieteni. El citete ieste controlat de ctre prini), de deduciea acestuia din coninutul subiectului unuialt predicat, coocurent, ori alcomplementului(Ei ncepeau a fi controlaide ctre efi. l tiam fiind exclus dintrecandidai).

Omisiunea complementului de agenteste posibil dac structura pasiv esteimpersonal, dar cu subiect predictibil, deregul metafizic: e dat/sortit/menit/scris s

plec din ar., ori impersonal, de tipgeneric: E tiut/ cunoscut/. De asemenea,subiectul poate fi neexprimat, dac nuintereseaz actorii procesului decomunicare( Au fost luate msuri imediat)sau dac este uor de identificat(

Diagnosticul a fost stabilit cu greu).

Primul element component al pasivei,verbul a fi, este purttorul morfemelor detip verbal( mod, timp) iar participiul dinstructura pasivei este variabil, marcnd prindesinene categoriile de gen i numr( estealungat/ alungat, sunt alungai/alungate); acest comportament favorizeazi admiterea morfemelor specifice gradelorde comparaie ale adjectivului( este foartecertat, este mai ludat, este cel maicertat etc.). Verbul a fi ofer ntreguluigrup autonomie n enunare iar participiuleste purttorul informaiei semantice,atribuind roluri tematice. Datorit acesteifuncii de conservare semantic, structurile

pasive n care operatorul verbal este a fialctuiesc un predicat verbal complex. nstructurile n care , dup schema verbul a

fi( la un mod personal)-participiu pasiv,urmeaz alte participii cu valoare pasiv, seconsider tot attea verbe , toate la diateza

pasiv, cte participii secvente sunt: El este

respectively the complement of agent (logicalsubject). This one comes from the subject of theactive voice (The parents built the house). Thisfact has as a consequence the annulment of the

transitive quality of the verbs from the passivevoice; sometimes in case of declarandi ordidactic verbs, the occurrence of the directobject is possible: When he came out from theexam, the mark was questioned. Unlike theactive voice, where the absence of the subject is

possible by the fact that it is contextuallyrecoverable, in case of the passive voice, thesubject may be missing in the situations ofincluding or implication ( I am listened by my

friends. He reads and is controlled by his

parents), of its deduction from the content ofthe subject of another co-occurring predicate orof the complement (They started to becontrolled by the bosses. I knew him as beingexcluded from the candidates).

The omission of the complement of agent ispossible if the passive structure is impersonal,but with a predictable, usually metaphysicalsubject: it is given/meant/written to go abroad.,or impersonal, generic: It is known. Also, thesubject may be unexpressed, if we are not

interested in the actors of the communicationprocess (There have been taken measuresimmediately) or if it is easy to identify (Thediagnosis was hardly established).

The first composing element of thepassive voice, the verb to be, is the bearer of theverbal morphemes (mood, time) and the

participle in the passive voice structure isvariable, marking by inflexions the gender andnumber categories (he is banished/she isbanished, they are banished); this behaviouralso offers an advantage to the admission of themorphemes specific to the comparison degreesof the adjective (she is very reproved, she ismore praised, he is the most reprovedetc.). Theverb to be offers to the entire group autonomyin enunciation and the participle is the bearer ofthe semantic information, attributing thematicroles. Because of this semantic conservationfunction, the passive structures, where theverbal operator is to be, accomplish a complex

verbal predicate. In the structures where,


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evideniat, ludat, premiat pentrurezultate( n acest enun, exist o structurverbal pasiv complet este evideniat -i dou structuri verbale pasive incomplete,

la care este predictibil auxiliarul a fi;calitatea pasiv a participiilor se verificprin testul anexrii unui complement deagent la fiecare: ludat de ctre cineva,

premiat de ctre cineva). Fiecare din acestestructuri pasive alctuiesc predicate de tipverbal complex. Structura pasiv se poaterecupera i n enunurile n care, deasemenea, unul din elementele componenteale structurii canonice lipsete: de exemplu,

Eu sunt ludat iar tu nu eti( ludat). Eu

sunt ludat iar tu (eti)criticat. De remarcatc, la nivelul enunurilor limbii romne,sensul pasiv se poate exprima i prin altestructuri atipice:-prin alte verbe dect operatorul a fi, lacare se anexeaz participii cu valoare

pasiv: pare ludat, ajunge criticat,rmne btutetc.;-prin verbul a fi, la care se anexeazadjective i adverbe, derivate de la baze

pasive, cu sufixul bil: este ldabil/

criticabil/ bubiletc.;-prin alte verbe dect a fi, la care seanexeaz adjective i adverbe, derivate dela baze pasive, cu sufixul bil: rmnecriticabil.

Dac elementul verbal din acestestructuri este la un mod personal, acesteaalctuiesc predicate de tip nominal,deoarece nu se mai n cadreaz n aspectultipic al predicatului verbal complex,exprimat prin verb la diateza pasiv; nacest sens, verbele din structur au calitatecopulativ; n schimb, termenul secvent,

prin legtura pe care o menine cuparticipiul pasiv, poate deveni regent alunui complement de agent: ajung criticatde ctre colegi, sunt criticabil de ctrecolegi, rmn criticabil de ctre colegi.

Diateza reflexiv beneficiaz de unmorfem gramatical specific, din clasa

pronumelui, mai precis acel pronume care

exprim identitatea cu sine a subiectului

depending on the scheme of the verb to be (at apersonal mood) passive participle, therecome next other participles having a passivevalue, we consider the same number of verbs,

all of them at the passive voice, as the numberof the sequent participles: He is spotlighted,praised, prized for his results (in thisenunciation, there is a complete passive verbalstructure he is spotlighted and twoincomplete passive verbal structure to which itis predictable the auxiliary to be; the passivequality of the participles is checked by the testof annexing a complement of agent to each ofthem: praised by somebody, prized by

somebody). Each of these passive structures

accomplishes complex verbal predicates. Thepassive structure may also be recovered in theenunciation where one of the composingelements of the canonical structures is alsomissing: for example,I am praised and you arenot (praised). I am praised and you arecriticized. We must notice that, at the level ofthe enunciations in the Romanian language, the

passive meaning may also be expressed byother atypical structures:-by other verbs different from the operator to

be, we annex participles having a passive value:he seems praised, he becomes criticized, heremains beaten etc.;-by the verb to be, to which we annexadjectives and adverbs derived from passive

bases, having the suffix able: he iscommendable/criticisable/drinkable etc.;-by other verbs different from to be, to whichwe annex adjectives and adverbs derive from

passive bases, having the suffix able: heremains criticisable.

If the verbal element in these structure is ata personal mood, these accomplish nominal

predicates because they are not anymore in thetypical aspect of the complex verbal predicateexpressed by verb at the passive voice; in thissense, the verbs in the structure have acopulative quality; in exchange, the sequentterm, by its connection maintained with the

passive participle, may become the regent of acomplement of agent: I become criticized by

the mates, I am criticisable by the mates, I


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verbal: el se gndete la vacan. Verbuldin structur are comportamentul specificverbelor active, cunoscnd opoziiilecategoriale. Din cele dou elemente care

compun diateza reflexiv, verbul asigurflexiunea de tip verbal iar pronumelefunconeaz ca morfem de diatez i,concomitent, favorizeaz recuperareasubiectului: se gndea, s-ar fi gndit,

gndindu-se. Din punctul de vedere alposibilitii de combinare cu un subiect,verbele la reflexiv au urmtoarele valori:reflexive propriu-zise, atunci cnd este

posibil referina la orice participant laprocesul de comunicare( eu m gndesc, tu

te gndeti, el se gndete, noi ne gndim,voi v gndii, ei se gndesc), reflexiveimpersonale, pentru care nu se poateidentifica, n lumea real, un subiectoportun s realizeze aciunea exprimat;din punct de vedere formal, impersonalulreflexiv nu are o flexiune propriu-zis,realizndu-se numai prin persoana 3singular(se merge, se cade, se pare).

O alt categorie de reflexive este cea lacare este posibil asocierea cu un

complement de agent, locul subiectuluifiind neocupat, datorit informaieisemantice nedefinite, impersonale pe care o

poart verbul: se zice, se bnuiete, seconsider, se zvonete de ctre cineva etc.n aceste structuri, reflexivul se admitesubstituia prin auxiliarul pasiv a fi, cumeninerea valorii pasive: se zice/ este zis,

se bnuiete/ este bnuit, se consider/ esteconsiderat. De remarcat c valoareaimpersonal nu se conserv n formele

pasive: Textul este zis pe dinafar/ textelesunt zise pe dinafar, eu sunt bnuit/ tu etibnuit/ el e bnuit. Deosebirea dintreformele se merge- reflexiv impersonal- i

se zice- reflexiv-pasiv- const n faptul cse zice admite inserarea unui subiect(se ziceceva), n timp ce se merge nu admiteaceast combinaie (se merge mine); deasemenea, verbul se zice poate aprea i cuform de plural( se zic multe). Aceste

deosebiri i gsesc suportul interpretativ n

remain criticisable by the mates.The reflexive voice benefits from a

specific grammatical morpheme of thepronouns class, more specifically that pronoun

that expresses the self identity of the verbalsubject: he thinks of the holiday. The verbin thestructure has the behaviour specific to theactive verbs, knowing the categoricaloppositions. Between the two elements thatcompose the reflexive voice, the verb providethe verbal flexion and the pronoun works as avoice morpheme and, in the same time, it easesthe recovery of the subject: he was thinking, hewould have thought, thinking. From theviewpoint of the possibility to be combined

with a subject, the verbs at the reflexive voicehave the following values: proper reflexive,when it is possible the reference to any

participant at the communication process (Ithink, you think, he thinks, we think, you think,they think), impersonal reflexive, for which wecannot identify in the real world a subject thatcould accomplish the expressed action; fromthe formal viewpoint, the impersonal reflexiveone has no proper flexion, being accomplishedonly by the third person, singular (itis going, it

is normal, it seems).Another category of reflexive ones is the

one where it is possible the association with acomplement of agent and the subject place isuntaken because of the undefined, impersonalsemantic information hold by the verb: it is

said, it is supposed, it is considered, it isrumoured by somebody etc. In these structures,the reflexive itaccepts the substitution by the

passive auxiliary to be, maintaining the passivevalue: it is said, it is supposed, it is considered.We must notice that the impersonal value is notkept in the passive forms: The text is told byheart/ the texts are told by heart, I am

suspected/you are suspected/he is suspected.The difference between the forms it is goingimpersonal reflexive and it is said passivereflexive consists in the fact that it is saidaccepts the insertion of a subject (something issaid), while it is going does not accept thiscombination (it is going tomorrow); also, the

verb it is said it is said it is said it is said it is


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structurile de adncime: se zice provinedintr-o structur tranzitiv (zice ceva), semerge nu are un suport tranzitiv, citotdeauna intranzitiv( merge mine).

Not. n varianta popular ifamilial a limbii romne, se identificrealizri tranzitive ale verbelor dinamice,care apar ca paralelisme ale aceloraiverbe, intranzitive n enunuri din variantaliterar. De exemplu: Merge drumurile-nrnd/Podinile numrnd. Colind totoraul dup cri. Trece strada. Alearg

stadionul jumtate( popular)/ Merge pedrumuri. Colind prin ora. Trece pe

strad. Alearg pe stadion. n acest caz,

fie considerm c verbele dinamice pot fi itranzitive, fr s validm ca etalon absolutrealizrile literare intranzitive, fie admitemexistena, la nivelul variantei populare, aunei alte norme, pe cale de generalizare.Aceast ultim soluie, pe care ombrim, se motiveaz prin omisiunea

prepoziiei acuzativale care, n modnormal, nsoete circumstanialul de loc.

De asemenea, deosebirile continu in privina rolului reflexivului se n fiecare

structur verbal: n se zice, cliticul estemorfem al reflexiv-pasivei, n se mergeeste morfem al reflexivei. n ambelestructuri, ns, cliticul nu admite dublarea.La reflexiv-pasiv, este posibil, aa cum s-avzut supra, o form flexionar de persoana6( se zic/ se bnuiesc/ se scriu multe). Rar,se pot identifica forme cu flexiuni i la

persoane ale locutorilor sauinterlocutorilor: Te vezi cnd copiezi. Mobserv dintr-o mie cnd mint.

Avnd n vedere diferenele iasemnrile dintre cele dou tipuri dereflexive impersonale, le vom denumi nfuncie de informaia semantic dedus nurma verificrii posibilitilor combinatoriicu uniti subordonate: verbe reflexiveimpersonale propriu-zisei verbe reflexive-impersonale pasive. Pentru ambele valoriale reflexivei impersonale, se constat nouacalitate intranzitiv i , n general,

zerovalent la subiect: Se merge repede. Se

saidmay also appear as a plural form (it is saida lot of things). These differences find theirinterpretative support in the deepnessstructures: it is said comes from a transitive

structure (he sayssomething), it is goingdoesnot have a transitive support, but also anintransitive one (he goes tomorrow).

Note. In the popular and familiarvariant of the Romanian language, we identifytransitive accomplishments of the dynamicverbs that appear as parallelisms of the sameverbs, intransitive in enunciations in the literaryvariant. For example:He goes on all the roadsat their turn/ By counting the bridges. He goesthrough the entire city for books. He crosses the

street. He runs half a stadium (popular) / Hegoes on the roads. He goes through the city. Hepasses on the street. He runs on the stadium. Inthis case, we either consider that the dynamicverbs can also be transitive, without validatingas an absolute reference point the intransitiveliterary accomplishments, or we accept theexistence, at the level of the popular variant, ofanother norm that is to be generalized. This lastsolution that we choose is motivated by theomission of the accusative preposition that

normally accompanies the place circumstantial.Also, the differences continue also in the

respect of the role of the reflexive it in everyverbal structure: in it is said, the clytic is amorpheme of the reflexive-passive voice, in itis goingit is a morpheme of the reflexive voice.In both of the structure, the clytic does notaccept doubling. At the reflexive-passive one, itis possible, as you have seen above, a flexionform of the sixth person (it is

said/supposed/written a lot of things). Rarely,we may identify forms with flexions also at the

persons of the locators or of the interlocutors:You can be seen when you copy. I can benoticed from a thousand persons when I lie.

Considering the differences and thesimilarities between the two types ofimpersonal reflexive verbs, we will name themdepending on the semantic informationdeducted after checking the possibility tocombine them with subordinated unities:

proper impersonal reflexive verbs andpassive


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consider c e periculos s pleci. Pentruinserarea optim n enun a verbuluireflexiv-pasiv impersonal, acesta aparesuccedat de subordonate (spre deosebire de

reflexivul-impersonal propriu-zis, careimpune roluri circumstaniale, de exemplu,modalul repede): Se consider de ctrecine se pricepe c va crete inflaia.

Lund n considerare faptul creflexivul se este actualizat ca morfem dediateza reflexiv atunci cnd nu admitedublarea, n structuri de genul el se spal

pe fa, el i face temele, ei se salut,pronumele rspunde testului dublrii i alsubstituiei prin alt pronume n acelai caz:

El te spal pe tine pe fa. El i face ietemele. Ei te salut pe tine(spre deosebirede enunurile cu reflexiv propriu-zis, undenu este posibil nici substituia prin alt

pronume, nici dublarea acestora: El senfricoeaz/ el te nfricoeaz pe tine).Supralicitnd ocurena pronumelui reflexiv,

precum i importana testului substituieisale cu alt pronume, admitem c, ncategoria diatezei, se poate identifica o altrealizare, diateza pronominal, la care

reflexivul are utilitate sintactic eterogen,datorit faptului c admite substituia cu unalt pronume sau cu un substantiv. Deremarcat c aceast caracteristic a

pronumelui reflexiv, de la verbele care seconstruiesc obligatoriu cu acestea, face dinreflexiv un pronume de tip special, pe carel-am taxonomizat panpronume.Caracteristicile diatezei pronominale sestabilesc prin raportare la activ ireflexiv, astfel:

verbele pronominale au perechiactive, deosebirea constnd n faptul c, la

primele, pronumele reflexiv apare constantn structura verbal: el spal/ el se spal, elmbrac/ el se mbrac, el enerveaz/ el seenerveaz etc.;

locul pronumelui reflexiv poate fiocupat de un alt pronume, de regul

personal( uneori i de un nume): el sespal/ el te spal/ell spal pe copil;

aceast posibilitate de substituie genereaz

impersonal reflexive verbs. For both of thevalues of the impersonal reflexive voice, wefind the new intransitive and generally zero-valent to the subject quality:It is going fast. It

is consider that is dangerous to leave. In orderto propitiously insert in the enunciation theimpersonal reflexive-passive verb, it appearsfollowed by subordinated ones (unlike the

proper reflexive-impersonal that imposescircumstantial roles, for example, the modalonefast:It is considered by who knows that theinflation will grow.

Considering the fact that the reflexive hisis actualized as a morpheme of the reflexivevoice when it does not accept doubling, in

structures such as he washes his face, he doeshis homework, they say hello to each other, the

pronoun answers to the doubling andsubstitution test by another pronoun in the samecase: He washes your face. He does yourhomework. They say hello to you (unlike theenunciations having a proper reflexive one,where it is possible neither the substitution byanother pronoun, nor their doubling: He is

scared/he scares you). Overtaxing theoccurrence of the reflexive pronoun and also

the importance of the test of its substitution toanother pronoun, we accept that, in the voicecategory, we may identify anotheraccomplishment, the pronominal voice, wherethe reflexive one has a heterogeneous syntacticutility because of the fact that it accepts thesubstitution with another pronoun or with anoun. We must notice that this feature of thereflexive pronoun, from the verbs that arenecessarily built with them, makes the reflexiveone a special type of pronoun that we havetaxonomizedpan-pronoun. The features of the

pronominal voice are established by reporting itto the active and reflexive voice, so:- The pronominal verbs have active pairs, and

the difference consists in the fact that, for thefirst ones, the reflexive pronoun appearsconstantly in the verbal structure: hewashes/he washes himself, he getsdressed/he dresses somebody, he gets

somebody mad/ he gets madetc.;

-The place of the reflexive pronoun may be


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concretizarea unei funcii att la reflexiv,ct i la personalul sau nominalul ocurente,respectiv, n cazul de fa, aceea de obiectdirect;

decurge de aici faptul c, spredeosebire de reflexivele propriu-zise, lacare aceste substituii nu sunt posibile icare nu pot genera funcii sintactice lareflexiv, acesta fiind numai morfem dediatez, formele verbale cu pronumeinstabile sunt baza unor relaii sintactice,impunnd, direct sau mediat, termenisubordonai la nivelul enunului;

n raport cu aceste funcii, care apar,direct sau mediat prin verbul la diateza

pronominal, se configureaz i valorileacesteia; astfel, dac rolul dictat ca urmarea posibilitii de substituie a reflexivuluicu un pronume sau cu un nominal este deobiect direct la reflexiv( el se spal), careadmite dublarea( el se spal pe sine, nu

spal pe altul), diateza este pronominaldirect; cnd rolul generat este de obiectindirect( el i promite multe realizzi

pentru anul viitor), acesta adminddublarea( el i promite siei, nu altuia),

diateza este pronominal indirect; ncazul altor verbe construite cu pronumereflexive, la rolul sintactic generat seimpune asocierea semanticii interne aacestora, care presupune o reciprocitate: se

salut, se mbrieaz, se srut, sentlnesc, i spun adio/ bun ziua/ larevedere. Pentru acestea, denumirea optima diatezei este de reciprocitate, la carereflexivul este obiect direct (ei se salut)sau indirect( ei i spun adio). De fapt,aceste realizri reciproce provin dinstructuri de adncime, n care relaiasintactic este de coordonare, ntre dou

predicate exprimate prin verbe la diatezaactiv. n acest fel, enunul Ei se salut

provine din hipertextualitatea Ion l salutpe Vasile, Vasile l salut pe Ion/ Ei, Ion iVasile, se salut. n funcie de situaia dediscurs i de realitatea extralingvistic,aceste verbe se pot actualiza numai ca

active nereciproce: Ion l salut pe Vasile(

taken by another pronoun, usually a personone (sometimes, also by a name): he washeshimself/he washes you/ he washes the child;this possibility of substitution generates the

materialization of a function both at thereflexive and at the occurring personal ornominal, respectively, here, the one of directobject;

- It results from this point the fact that, unlikethe proper reflexive ones, where thesesubstitutions are not possible and cannotgenerate syntactic functions at the reflexiveone, because it is only a voice morpheme,the verbal forms having unstable pronounsare the basis of certain syntactic relations,

imposing directly or intermediary the termssubordinated to the enunciation level;

- Reported to these functions that appeardirectly or intermediary by means of the verbat the pronominal voice, we also configureits values; thus, if the role dictated as aconsequence of the substitution possibility ofthe reflexive one with a pronoun or with anominal is of a direct object at the reflexiveone (he washes himself), that accepts thedoubling (he washes himself, he does not

wash another person), the voice is directpronominal; when the role generated is anindirect object (he promises himself lots ofaccomplishments for the next year),accepting the doubling (he promises himself,not to another person), the voice is indirect

pronominal; in case of other verbs built withreflexive pronouns, at the generated syntacticrole we impose the association of theirinternal semantics that supposes a mutuality:they say hello to each other, they hug eachother, they kiss each other, they meet eachother, the say good-bye/hello to each other.For these reasons, the propitious name of thevoice is mutuality where the reflexive one isa direct object (they say hello to each other)or indirect object (they say good-bye to eachother). Actually, these mutualaccomplishments come from deepnessstructures where the syntactic relation iscoordination between two predicates

expressed by verbs at the active voice. Thus,


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neexistnd obligativitatea ca i Vasile s lsalute pe Ion). Uneori, pentru dublareasensului de reciprocitate, se utilizeazconstrucii cvasipronominale: Ei se salut

unul pe altul. Ei se folosesc unul de altul.Ei se bat unul cu altul. Ei se ceart unul cualtul. Aceste pronume cvasilocuionaleconstituie ancrajul, care dezambiguizeazverbul pronominal. Rar, se identific verbela care este posibil combinareaconcomitent cu obiect direct i indirect: el

se destinuie pe sine siei.Alte verbe pronominale nu reprezint

elementele primordiale de generare a uneifuncii sintactice, situndu-se pe a doua

poziie n ierarhia generatorilor; deexemplu, n enunul El i scrie temele,unde reflexivul n dativ i admitesubstituia cu un alt pronume( el i scrietemele), funcia acestuia se stabilete nraport cu substantivul temele,concretizndu-se ca atribut cu valoare

posesiv( temele sale); ns, n absenaverbului mediator, aceast funcie nu s-arvirtualiza, fiind considerat nereperat ostructur de genul temele i/ i temele. n

acest caz, verbul pronominal estemediatorul realizrii dependenei de tip

posesiv. Pentru denumirea acestei valori adiatezei pronominale, admitem termenul

pronominal posesiv, cu meniunea cprevaleaz, n nomenclaturizare, informaiasemantic posesiv, ca urmare adependenei reflexivului nti fa desubstantiv i apoi fa de verb. Implicareaverbului n aceast relaie de posesieimpune revizuirea funciei obinute, care numai poate fi de atribut( acesta seconfigureaz numai n dependen absolutfa de un nominal); pentru aceast realitatesintactic, admitem metatermenul decomplement posesiv( vezi GLR, II,p.151.u.). Aceast funcie se dezvolt nu doar

prin reflexive n dativ, ci i n acuzativ,acolo unde verbul i contextul generat prinsituarea acestuia n centru fac referire la

posesor:M operez la stomac. M lovesc la

mn. Te umfli n gt (posesorul este

the enunciation They say hello to each othercomes from the hyper-textuality Ion sayshello to Vasile, Vasile says hello to Ion/They, Ion and Vasile, say hello to each other.

Depending on the speech situation and onthe extra-linguistic reality, these verbs maybe upgraded only as non-mutual active ones:Ion says hello to Vasile (there is no need forVasile to say hello to Ion). Sometimes, inorder to double the mutual sense, we usequasi-pronominal constructions: They sayhello one to the other. They use one theother. They fight one with the other. Theyargue one with the other. These quasi-locutional pronouns compose the anchorage

that makes the pronominal verb not to beambiguous anymore. Rarely, we identifyverbs where it is possible to combine them atthe same time with a direct and indirectobject: he confesses himself to himself.Other pronominal verbs do not represent

primordial elements to generate a syntacticfunction, being placed on the second position inthe generators hierarchy; for example, in theenunciationHe writes his homework, where thereflexive one in dative accepts its substitution

with another pronoun (he writes yourhomework), its function is establisheddepending on the noun homework, beingmaterialized as an attribute having a possessivevalue (his homework); but, in the absence of themediating verb, this function would not bevirtualized, being considered as non-seen astructure such as his homework. In this case, the

pronominal verb is the mediator ofaccomplishing the passive dependence. In orderto name this value of the pronominal voice, weaccept the term ofpossessive pronominal voice,adding that it prevails in nomenclature the

possessive semantic information, as aconsequence of the reflexive one dependence tothe noun and then to the verb. Involving theverb in this possession relation imposes toreview the obtained function that cannot be anattribute anymore (this is configured only inabsolute dependence to a nominal one); for thissyntactic reality, we accept the meta-term of

possessive complement(see GLR, II,p.151 .u.).


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sugerat prin reflexivele m i te). Relaiasintactic de tip completiv posesiv,generat de subordonarea pronumelui fade un nume prin medierea unui verb, este

de tip semicluster sau cluster la distan;numele este transferendul iar verbul estetranslativul acestei relaii; valoarea

posesiv este ns decidabil numai prinraportarea la un regent nume, fa de carese sugereaz posesorul. n aceast relaie,informaia semantic a verbului are unefect de amorsare, facilitnd viteza deacces la funcia pronumelui.Complementele directe, directe reciproce,indirecte, posesive, concretizate prin

reflexive n dativ sau acuzativ, constituiemrcile sintactice principale ale diatezei

pronominale.

This function is developed not only by reflexiveones in dative, but also in accusative, where theverb and the context generated by placing it inthe centre refer to the owner:Ihave a stomach

surgery. I hurt my hand You have a sore throat(the owner is suggested by the reflexivepronouns my and your). The possessivecompletive syntactic relation generated by thesubordination of the pronoun to a name bymediating a verb is semi-cluster or distancecluster; the name is the transfer and the verb isthe translative of this relation; the possessivevalue can be still decided only by reporting to acertain regent for which we suggest the owner.In this relation, the semantic information of the

verb has a detonation effect, easing the accessspeed to the pronouns function. The direct,mutual direct, indirect, possessivecomplements, materialized by means of thereflexive ones in dative or accusative, representmain syntactic marks of the pronominal voice .

Documents

3 Maria Magdalena Jianu Diatezele