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Teorema Bayes Probabilitas Terapan Onggo Wr

3. Teorema Bayes + Cond Prob Problems

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Page 1: 3. Teorema Bayes + Cond Prob Problems

Teorema Bayes

Probabilitas Terapan

Onggo Wr

Page 2: 3. Teorema Bayes + Cond Prob Problems

Tugas

• Sebuah survey pada suatu daerah tertentu menunjukkan

bahwa 10% pasien tidak puas dengan pelayanan pada

suatu RS. Setengah dari mereka bermasalah dengan

dokter A. Jika dokter A melayani 40% dari pasien pada

daerah tersebut, tentukan probabilitas bahwa:

a) Seorang pasien tidak puas dengan suatu pelayanan,

jika diketahui ternyata ia dilayani oleh dokter A

b) Seorang pasien puas dengan suatu pelayanan, jika

diketahui ternyata ia dilayani oleh dokter A

Bayes Theorem - Onggo Wr

Page 3: 3. Teorema Bayes + Cond Prob Problems

Tugas

• Di suatu wilayah terdapat 120 anak balita, 50%

diantaranya adalah laki-laki. Dari 50% anak laki-laki

tersebut diambil sampel sebanyak 10%, sedangkan

dari anak perempuan diambil sampel sebanyak 15%.

Dari sampel anak laki-laki tersebut 50% menderita

gizi kurang, sedangkan dari sampel anak perempuan

terdapat 11% gizi kurang. Bila dari semua sampel

anak balita diambil seorang dengan acak sederhana

dan diperoleh anak perempuan. Berapa peluang

anak tersebut menderita gizi kurang?

Bayes Theorem - Onggo Wr

Page 4: 3. Teorema Bayes + Cond Prob Problems

Tugas

• The New York State Health Department reports a

10% rate of the HIV virus for the “at-risk” population.

Under certain conditions, a preliminary screening

test for the HIV virus is correct 95% of the time.

(Subjects are not told that they are HIV infected until

additional tests verify the results.) If someone is

randomly selected from the at-risk population, what

is the probability that they have the HIV virus if it is

known that they have tested positive in the initial

screening?

Bayes Theorem - Onggo Wr

Page 5: 3. Teorema Bayes + Cond Prob Problems

Pendahuluan

• Setelah mempelajari probabilitas bersyarat, ada

beberapa kondisi yang mempertanyakan

bagaimana cara menghitung probabilitas dari

kejadian awal jika justru diketahui probabilitas

dari kejadian-kejadian berikutnya.

Bayes Theorem - Onggo Wr

Page 6: 3. Teorema Bayes + Cond Prob Problems

Contoh 1

• Di dalam kotak pertama terdapat 3 bola Biru dan 2 bola

Putih. Di dalam kotak kedua terdapat 1 bola Biru dan 3

bola Putih. Sebuah dadu dilempar secara acak satu kali.

• Jika pada dadu muncul angka 1 atau 2, maka sebuah

bola akan diambil secara acak dari kotak pertama, jika

muncul angka lain sebuah bola akan secara acak diambil

dari kotak kedua.

• Seandainya yang terambil adalah bola warna Biru, maka

berapa probabilitas bahwa

– Bola tersebut diambil dari kotak pertama?

– Bola tersebut diambil dari kotak kedua?

Bayes Theorem - Onggo Wr

Page 7: 3. Teorema Bayes + Cond Prob Problems

Contoh 1

Bayes Theorem - Onggo Wr

1 2

1 atau 2 3, 4, 5, 6

Page 8: 3. Teorema Bayes + Cond Prob Problems

Contoh 1 (jawab)

Jawab

• Misal 𝐾1 = bola diambil dari kotak 1

𝐾2 = bola diambil dari kotak 2

𝐵 = terambil bola Biru

𝑃 = terambil bola Putih

• 𝑃 𝐾1 =1

3 = probabilitas terambil bola dari kotak 1

𝑃 𝐵 𝐾1 =3

5 =probabilitas terambil bola Biru, jika diketahui bola

tersebut dari kotak 1

• Diagram pohon:

Start

K1

K2

B

P

B

P

1/3

2/3

3/5

2/5

1/4

3/4

Bayes Theorem - Onggo Wr

Page 9: 3. Teorema Bayes + Cond Prob Problems

Contoh 1 (jawab)

• Akan dicari nilai 𝑃(𝐾1|𝐵)

• Dari rumus kejadian ber-

syarat

𝑃 𝐾1 𝐵 =𝑃 𝐾1 ∩ 𝐵

𝑃 𝐵

Karena B merupakan ujung dari

dua cabang K1 dan K2, maka

𝑃 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐾1 ∩ 𝐵 + 𝑃 𝐾2 ∩ 𝐵

Start

K1

K2

B

P

B

P

1/3

2/3

3/5

2/5

1/4

3/4

Bayes Theorem - Onggo Wr

Page 10: 3. Teorema Bayes + Cond Prob Problems

Contoh 1 (jawab)

• Sehingga,

𝑃 𝐾1 𝐵 =𝑃 𝐾1 ∩ 𝐵

𝑃 𝐾1 ∩ 𝐵 + 𝑃 𝐾2 ∩ 𝐵

𝑃 𝐾1 𝐵 =𝑃 𝐵|𝐾1 𝑃(𝐾1)

𝑃 𝐵|𝐾1 𝑃(𝐾1) + 𝑃 𝐵|𝐾2 𝑃(𝐾2)

Cukup ingat bahwa,

𝑃 𝐵|𝐾1 𝑃(𝐾1) = perkalian dari cabang probabilitas menuju B melalui K1.

𝑃 𝐵|𝐾2 𝑃(𝐾2) = perkalian dari cabang probabilitas menuju B melalui K2.

Start

K1

K2

B

P

B

P

1/3

2/3

3/5

2/5

1/4

3/4

Bayes Theorem - Onggo Wr

Page 11: 3. Teorema Bayes + Cond Prob Problems

Contoh 1 (jawab)

• Sehingga,

𝑃 𝐾1 𝐵 =𝑃 𝐵|𝐾1 𝑃(𝐾1)

𝑃 𝐵|𝐾1 𝑃(𝐾1) + 𝑃 𝐵|𝐾2 𝑃(𝐾2)

𝑃 𝐾1 𝐵 =

35

13

35

13

+14

23

Start

K1

K2

B

P

B

P

1/3

2/3

3/5

2/5

1/4

3/4

Bayes Theorem - Onggo Wr

Page 12: 3. Teorema Bayes + Cond Prob Problems

Tugas

• Dari 1000 orang di Depok, diketahui melalui tes

konvensional, 8% menderita TBC. Dengan menggunakan

tes modern, melalui uji jaringan kulit didapat data

sebagai berikut: hasil tes positif didapat pada 96%

penderita TBC, dan hasil tes positif tersebut didapat juga

pada 2% non penderita.

– Berapa besar tingkat false positive result dari tes

modern ini?

– Seseorang dipilih secara acak, berapa prob bahwa org

tersebut menderita TBC jika hasil tes modern

menunjukkan hasil positif?

Bayes Theorem - Onggo Wr

Page 13: 3. Teorema Bayes + Cond Prob Problems

Tugas

• In a random sample of 200 women who suspect that

they are pregnant, 100 turn out to be pregnant. A

new pregnancy test given to these women indicated

pregnancy in 92 of the 100 pregnant women and in

12 of the non pregnant women.

– If a women suspects she is pregnant and this test

indicates that she is pregnant, what is the

probability that she is pregnant?

– If the test indicates that she is not pregnant, what

is the probability that she is not pregnant?

Bayes Theorem - Onggo Wr

Page 14: 3. Teorema Bayes + Cond Prob Problems

Tugas

• In a random sample of 1000 people, it is found that

7% have a liver ailment. Of those who have a liver

ailment, 40% are heavy drinkers, 50% are moderate

drinkers, and 10% are nondrinkers. Of those who do

not have a liver ailment, 10% are heavy drinkers, 70%

are moderate drinkers, and 20% are nondrinkers.

– If a person is chosen at random and it is found

that he/she is a heavy drinker, what is the

probability of that person having a liver ailment?

What is the probability for nondrinkers?

Bayes Theorem - Onggo Wr

Page 15: 3. Teorema Bayes + Cond Prob Problems

Tugas

• Sebuah riset psikologi menunjukkan bahwa pria dan wanita memiliki kecenderungan berbeda dalam merespon suatu keadaan. 70% wanita merespon positif sedangkan pada pria hanya 40% yang merespon secara positif. Pada suatu kelas terdapat 36 wanita dan 12 pria lalu mereka dihadapkan pada keadaan tersebut, lalu respon mereka diamati.

• Jika seseorang dipilih secara acak dan ia merespon negatif, berapa probabilitas bahwa ternyata ia seorang pria?

Bayes Theorem - Onggo Wr

Page 16: 3. Teorema Bayes + Cond Prob Problems

Review (1)

• There are 3 bakers who all make brownies. Aunt Jemima

makes 25% of the brownies, while Betty Crocker makes 45%

and Timothy Leary makes 30%. Everyone makes mistakes

though: Aunt Jemima burns 2% of her brownies, while Betty

and Timothy burn 4% and 5% of theirs, respectively.

a) What is the probability that a certain brownie is burned?

b) Given that a brownie has been burned, what is the

probability that it was baked by Betty Crocker?

c) Given that a brownie is not burned, what is the

probability that it was baked by Timothy Leary?

Bayes Theorem - Onggo Wr

Page 17: 3. Teorema Bayes + Cond Prob Problems

Review (2)

• The table shows the percentages of various groups of the U.S. population in 2004 based on age and sex.

a) If a person is chosen at random, what is the probability that the person is male?

b) A randomly chosen person is male. What is the probability that he is over 64 years old?

Bayes Theorem - Onggo Wr

Page 18: 3. Teorema Bayes + Cond Prob Problems

Review (3)

• The victims of a certain disease being treated at Wake Medical

Center are classified annually as follows: cured, in temporary

remission, sick, or dead from the disease. Once a victim is

cured, he is permanently immune. Each year, those in

remission get sick again with probability 1/4, are cured with

probability 1/2, and stay in remission with probability 1/4.

Those who are sick are cured, go into remission, or die from

the disease with probability 1/3 each.

a) Find the transition matrix.

b) If a victim is now in remission, find the probability he is

still alive in two years.

Bayes Theorem - Onggo Wr