Trang: 1 TRNG I HC LC HNG KHOA CNG NGH SINH HC MI TRNG GIO TRNH TH NGHIM HA I CNG Thng 10 2008 Trang: 2 MC LC Ni Quy V Cc Quy nh An Ton Trong Phng Th Nghim:........................... 3Bi 1: K thut phng th nghim:......................................................................... 4 Bi 2: Nhit phn ng:......................................................................................... 10 Bi 3: Phn tch th tch:...................................................................................... 13 Bi 4: Xc nh bc phn ng: .............................................................................. 15 Bi 5: Dung dch m: .......................................................................................... 17 Bi 6: iu ch v xc nh khi lng phn t kh Oxi: ...................................... 20 Bi 7: Xc nh ng lng ca Magie: .............................................................. 22 Bi 8: S bin i vt l v ho hc: ..................................................................... 24 Bi 9: Dung dch in ly: ...................................................................................... 27 Bi 10: Xc nh khi lng phn t bng phng php nghim ng: ................ 33 Ti Liu Tham Kho: ............................................................................................ 35 Trang: 3 NI QUI V CC QUI NH AN TON TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM A.NI QUI PHNG TH NGHIM: 1.i lm th nghim phi ng ngy, gi qui nh. 2.Chun b bi th nghim trc khi vo phng th nghim. 3. ti xch vo ng ni qui nh, ch tp ghi chp ti bn th nghim. 4.Kimtradngchachttrckhilmthnghim,nuchhnghay thiuth bo ngaychocn b hngdn(CBHD),saukhilmth nghim sinh vin (SV) phi chu trch nhim v ha cht, dng c. 5.Lm vic nghim tc, cn thn, khng a gin gy mt trt t. Nu lm h v dng c do cu th, khng ng k thut th phi bi thng. 6.Khng ht thuc, n ung trong phng th nghim. 7.Khng tip khch trong phng th nghim. 8.Khng c php t ri khi phng th nghim trong khi ang thc hnh m khng c php ca CBHD. 9.Khng t lm nhng th nghim khng c trong bi m khng c s ng v hng dn ca CBHD. 10.Khng di di cc chai ha cht t ch ny sang ch khc, trong trng hp tht s cn thit, sau khi s dng ha cht mn t ni khc phi tr v ng ch ban u. 11.Lmxongthnghim,trckhiravphiraschdngc,spxpli ha cht lm v sinh ch lm th nghim, kha in nc xong, bn giao cho t trc trc khi ra v. 12.Mi t lm xong th nghim phi trnh bng s liu ca cc th nghim cho CBHDkimtravktnxcnhnvobngsliu.Npphctrnhkm theo bng s liu . B. CC QUI NH V AN TON TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM: 1.Khng ht cc ha cht c, axit c, kim c bng ming. 2.Ly ha cht xong phi y ngay nt chai li v tr v v tr ban u. 3.Khng mi la n cn bng mt n cn ang chy khc. 4.Khng ha cht chm vo mt, da, qun o. 5.Khng cho nc vo axt c. 6.Phi mc o blouse khi vo phng th nghim. Trang: 4 7.Phi c th bo him, nu khng phi c giy cam oan (xin mu phng o to). Sinhvinctrchnhimckvtunthccquinhnutrn,nuvi phm s b nh ch th nghim. Phng th nghim s khng chu trch nhim v nhngtainnxyradosinhvinkhngtunthccquinhvantonnu trn. Trang: 5 Bi 1: K THUT PHNG TH NGHIM I/ Gii thiu: Kthutphngthnghim(PTN).Nichungsclnltgiithiu trong qu trnh thc tp lu di ca sinh vin cc nm hc. Trong bi m u ny chgiithiunhnggcbnnhtmsinhvincnnmtrckhilmbith nghim u tin ti phng TN. Cc loi dng c thng dng nht trong phng th nghim ho hc: 1.Cn:L dng c o lng dng xc nh khi lng ca mt vt, trong phng th nghim thng phn bit 2 loi cn: cn k thut v cn phn tch. -Cnkthutlcndngcncckhilngtngiln(vitrmgam), khi lng nh nht m cn k thut cn c khong 1g. Cc loi cn k thut thng dng l: cn Robeval, cn quang, cn bn, -Cnphntchlcndngcncckhilngnht100gtrxungn 0,1mg(0,0001g)dongitacngthnggicnphntchlcn4sl hoc cn 2 s l. C cc loi cn phn tch: cn phn tch thng, cn phn tch in, cn phn tch in t, Khng nn nhm ln rng cn phn tch lun lun chnh xc hn cn k thut, n ch chnh xc hn khi cn cc khi lng nh, v vy khng dng cn phn tch cn cc khi lng ln hn 200g. Trong trng hp cn 1 lng nh 10g, 20g, nu khng cn chnh xc cao, ta nn dng cn k thut nhanh hn. Nhng quy nh khi s dng cn: -Trc khi cn hay sau mt lot php cn lin tc cn kim tra li trng thi thng bng ca cn v a cn, lau bi trn a cn ri mi tp tc cn. -Khi s dng, thy cn khng bnh thng, bo ngay vi CBHD, khng t sa cha. -Khng c cn vt nng hn khi lng quy nh ca tng cn. -Khng ng mnh vo cn khi cn ang dao ng, ch t hoc ly qu cn, vt cn sau khi kho cn. M kho hay ng kho phi nh nhng, thn trng. -Khi cn ho cht khng trc tip ln a cn, phi trn mt knh ng h, chn s, l cn Cn cc cht d ht m, cht lng bc hi d lm hng cn Trang: 6 nhtthitphidnglrngmingcntnhmvilnglnhoclcnvi lng nh. -Khng cn vt qu nng hay qu lnh. Vt cn phi c nhit phng. Nu cn vt nng hay lnh phi t vo bnh ht m tr li nhit phng ri mi cn. -Khi cn ch c m hai ca bn, ca trc ch dng khi sa cha hoc tho lp cn. -Phi dng cp gp qu cn, khng c cm tay. Cc qu cn phi ng v tr. -Trong mt th nghim, nu cn cn nhiu ln, trnh sai s nn thc hin trn cng mt cn. Cc dng c thu tinh: Gm 3 loi chnh sau: a)Dng c ng ho cht: cc thu tinh (becher), bnh tam gic (erlen), bnh cu.b)Dng c ly ho cht -Loi c th tch chnh xc: ng ht (pipet bu 1ml, 5ml, 25ml...), bnh nh mc (fiol)100ml, 250ml, 1000ml...ccloinycsaisrt nh lyccthtch chnh xc. -Loicchia:Gmngnhgit(buret),nght(pipetckhcvch),ng ong cc loi cc thu tinh v bnh tam gic i khi cng chia . Ngoi buret l loi c chnh xc cao, cc loi dng c thu tinh c chia khc ni chung c chnh xc khng cao lm. (c hnh v km theo) S dng pipet: Pipetc2loi:loi pipetc dungtchc nhvloichia . Pipetthng c dung tch 10, 20, 25 v 50ml v nhng micro pipet dung tch 1, 2 v 5ml. Cch s dng pipet: mun ly cht lng vo pipet phi dng qu bp cao su (i vi ho cht, i vi nc chng ta c th dng bng ming) to ra s chnh lch p sut, tay tri cm pipet, ch ngn tr ca tay tri gn ming trn pipet c thsnsng btlikhilychtlng.t uhqubpcaosuvo mingpipet. Nhng pipet vo cht lng v th lng t t tay phi cht lng vo pipet cho ti qu ngn trn ca pipet mt cht. Dng ngn tr tay tri bt li. Nhc pipet ln khi Trang: 7 bmtchtlng,dnggiylaukhchtlngbnngoipipet.Saunngngn trn ca pipet ln ngang mt, h m ngn tr cho cht lng chy t t tng git cho ti khi vm khum khp vi ngn chia . a pipet qua bnh ng, m ngn tr cho cht lng chy vo bnh. Nu pipet c ngn pha di th dng ngn tr iu chnh cho khum cht lng cn li khp vi ngn di pipet. Nu pipet khng c ngn di cht lng chy ht, khng dng ming thi cht lng cn dnh li u cui pipet. Saukhihtchtlngxongphiraschbngncschrimictvochquy nh. Thc hnh nh sau: -Dng pipet 10ml ly 10ml nc t becher cho vo erlen (ht nc bng ming). -Lp li phn thc hnh trn nhng ht nc bng qu bp cao su. S dng Buret: Dng o mt lng nh dung dch, thng chnh xc ti 0.1ml, vch s 0 pha trn. Buret dng chun c dung tch 25ml v 50ml. C 2 loi buret: c kho v khng c kho, u cui ca buret khng c kho, c mt ng cao su ni vi ng thu tinh u vut nhn, gia on cao su c kp mo. Khi dng th m kp mo, cht lng s chy ra. Buret c kho thu tinh ng c cc cht lng tr kim v kim s lm kho gn cht li. Buret khng c kho khng c dng vi cc cht c tc dng vi cao su nh KMnO4, I2 chtlngvo buret phi dng phucungngnkhngchmti vch s khng. Sau m kho dung dch chy xung chim y b phn buret nm di khontnucngcangvut.Chkhngbtkhphnchyraca buret. Ch c a buret v im 0, khi trong ng vut khng cn bt kh. Dngxong phira sch buret bng nc,cpvogi,quayu hxung. Ly kho nhm ra, bc giy lc ri t li kho vo buret. c th tch trn buret chnh xc, thng sau buret mt mnh gy trng, na di bi en lm mn nh. Do phn x nh sng, mt khum s ho en v c c r. Thc hnh nh sau:-Dng becher 50ml cho nc vo buret. -Kim tra khng c bt kh cn st li trong buret. -Chnh buret n mc 0. -Dng tay tri iu chnh kho buret cho 10ml nc t buret vo becher. S dng Nhit k: Trang: 8 C nhiu loi dng c o nhit : nhit k lng, nhit k in tr, piromet nhit in, piromet quang hc, Nhitklnglnhitkcchachtlng.Chtlngchatrongnhitk thng l ru mu, thu ngn, toluen, pentan Nhit k cha pentan o nhit thp n -2200C. Nhit k thu ngn o n nhit cao nht l 5500C Khionhitmtchtlng,nhngngpbuthungncanhitkvo chtlng,khngbuthungnstvothnhbnh.Theodinkhictthu ngnkhngthayinamickt qu,khicktqumtngangvimc thu ngn. S dng nhit k phi cn thn, trnh va chm mnh, ri v, khng nhit k thay i nhit t ngt. Khng c o nhit cao qu nhit cho php ca nhit k, s lm nhit k nt v. Cn c bit lu thu ngn v hi thu ngn rt c, nu khng may nhit k v, dng mnh giy thu gom nhng ht thu ngn vo l, khng c nht bng tay, kh thu ngn cn st bng bt Lu Hunh, hoc to hn hng vi Km ng thi lm thay i khng kh trong phng: m ca, qut thng gi Xpgiy lc: Thc hnh lc nc bng giy lc v phu thu tinh. ng dng: tinh ch mui n bng phng php kt tinh. -Dng cn k thut cn 10g mui n cho vo becher c cha 50ml nc ct. -un nc, khuy cho mui tan ht, khng cn si. -Chun b phu lc nng, khi mui tan ht lc nng qua phu lc thu tinh. Hng nc vo mt bercher. -em dung dch mui qua lc c cho n khi c vng tinh th th dng li. - ngui, sau cho bercher vo chu nc lnh cho mui kt tinh hon ton. -Lc chn khng. Cn tnh hiu sut. S Dng Dng C Bng S: Dngcbngscngsdngrngritrongphngthnghim.Dngc bng s bn chc, t b n mn bi ho cht, chu c s thay i t ngt ca nhit , c bit chu c nhit cao hn dng c thu tinh (c th ti 12000C). Song c nhc im l nng, khng trong sut v t tin. Thng dng l cc, bt c, chn s, thuyn s, ci chy, tha bay, Trang: 9 Chn s: dng nung cc cht, t chy cc cht hu c khi xc nh tro C th un trc tip trn n kh, khng cn li amiang. nung t vo gi hnh tam gic cn, gi ny c ba ng bng s, chn loi gi c kch thc thch hp khi t chn nung vo gi phi ngp 1/3 chiu cao ca chn, sau t ln vng st v lp vo gi st.Trong a s trng hp, khi nung cn y np. Khi ly np ra phi dng km gp. Nung xong lm ngui trong bnh ht m. Chn s c th chu n nhit 12000C trong l nung. KhngdngchnsnungnngccchtkimnhNa2CO3,acidHFnng chy v lm s phn hu. Bts: dng c cc dung dch,trncc hochtrnvi nhau, un chy cc cht Cthunccbtsbngccngnlatrctipnhngnuunquali amiang vn tt hn.Chy,ci s:dng nghin hochtrn.Khi nghinlngcht rntrong ci khng qu 1/3 th tch ca ci. u tin dng chy cn thn gi nh nhng cc ln cho n khi kch thc bng ht u, sau dng tay t chy v xoy mnh chy vo ci cho cht rn nh dn. Trong khi nghin, thnh thong dng li, dng bay o trn v dn cht cn nghin ra gia ci. Khi t n kch thc cn thit dng bay co sch cht cn nghin dnh vo u chy v xung quanh thnh ci sau ra theo m ci. Khi nghin cc cht lm th nghim n, ci chy cn sch v nghin ring r. Khng c khuy hn hp n trong ci. Sau khi nghin xong ra sch chy ci ngay. Ra Dng C Ho Hc: Ra dng c ho hc cn bit tnh cht ca nhng cht lm bn dng c. T chn phng php ra cng nh dung mi ra. C 2 phng php ra: phng php c hc v phng php ho hc. Phng php c hc: Dngcralchilng.Nuchtbnkhngphilchtbo,chtkhng tan trong nc th dng nc nng hoc nc lnh. V d ra ng nghim cn ch : Trang: 10 -Mt tay cm chi, mt tay cm hi chch ng nghim. -Cho nc vo ng nghim, cm chi xoay nh cho lng chi c st vo y v thnh ng, ng thi ko chi ln xung, va ko va xoay ra thnh ng. -Khng thc mnh chi vo y ng nghim lm v, gy xt thng. -Cn chn chi thch hp vi tng loi ng nghim. Saukhiraschbngncmy,dngnccttrngli.kimtrang nghimschbngcchchoncctvoyngnghimpngcchongchy ht, nu ng sch trn thnh ng khng cn ht nc bm vo, nu ng cn bn phi ra li. i vi cht bn khng tan trong nc, c th ra bng cc dung mi hu c nh: ete, axeton, xng, ru etylic, Phng php ho hc: Thng dng hn hp sunfocromic, hn hp dung dch acid sunfuric vi kali pemanganat, kim c, ra. Cchphahnhpsunfocromic:nghinnh10gK2Cr2O7chovocc,tm t bng 3 5ml nc, vakhuyvathm 100mlH2SO4 98%.Saukhiraxong dngc, hn hpsunfocromic c trlibnh cha dnglnsau.Khi no hn hp chuyn sang mu xanh en mi b i. Hn hp sunfocromic l cht oxi ho mnh, tc dng ln da v qun o phi cn thn khi s dng. Dung dch KMnO4 4% axit ho bng H2SO4 c l dung dch ra tt. Thng pha 4 5ml H2SO4 c vo 100ml dung dch KMnO4 4%. Ngoi ra c th pha kim trong ru bng cch ho tan 5 10g NaOH trong 100ml ru etylic ra. Khi ra cc dng c cn ch : Dng c phi ra sch, trng bng nc ct ri vo ni quy nh. Khngdnggiylc,khnmtlauthnhbntrongccdngcvara xong, c th lm kh trong t sy (tr cc dng c chia ). Tit kim v dng cht ra r tin, thu hi dung dch, cht qu v ho cht rn cn dng c. Cc dung dch acid, kim c, cht c, mi thi khng c vo chu ra. II/ THC HNH: Pha long dung dch Trang: 11 Dng pipet buly10ml dung dchHCl 1M chovo bnh nh mc 100ml. Kthmncvognvchtrncbnhnhmcbng ng ong.Cuicng, dngbnhxtncchotnggitncchonkhinvch.yntbnhnh mc, lc u. Ta thu c 100ml dung dch HCl 0,1M. Kim tra nng dd acid pha long -Ly buret trng sch bng nc ct, sau trng bng dung dch NaOH 0,1M. -Cho dd NaOH 0,1M vo buret, sau chun n vch 0. -Dng pipet 10mlchovoerlen trng bngncct(khngtrngthm bng axitHCl)10mldungdchHCl0,1Mvaphaxong,thm1gitchth phenolphtalein. Cho t t dung dch NaOH trn buret vo erlen, va cho va lc u cho n khi dung dch chuyn sang mu hng nht th dng li. c th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1 M dng trn. -Tnh li nng dung dch acid va pha long. -Lp li 3 ln ly kt qu trung bnh. III/ NG V SAI S TRONG PHP O: a) ng: nglmtilngbiuthmclplicamtphpo.Chnhng php o c lp li cao mi ng tin cy. ng c xc nh nh sau:1.T mt lot cc gi tr o (3 hoc nhiu hn) xc nh gi tr trung bnh. 2.i vi mi gi tr o, xc nh lch so vi gi tr trung bnh. 3.Xc nh trung bnh ca cc lch (khng xt n du). l ng. V d: Khi o nng ca 1 acid bng phng php chun , ta thu c 4 gi tr l 0,1026M; 0,1018M; 0,1020M; 0,1024M. -Gi tr trung bnh l (0,1026 + 0,1018 + 0,1020 + 0,1024)/4 = 0,1022 M - lch gi tr ca mi php o l : 0,0004 ; 0,0004 ; 0,0002; 0,0002 -Trung bnh ca cc lch : (0,0004+ 0,0004 + 0,0002 + 0,0002)/4 =0,0003 Nh vy gi tr trung bnh o c khng chc l 0,1022M m nm trong khong 0,1019 n 0,1025 v kt qu phi c vit di dng 0,1022M 0,0003M. T tathyktqu o cskhngchnhxcslth 4vghis 4l, khngghil0,102200M0,003.Docnphnbitnghakhcnhaucacc con s 0,1M; 0,10M v 0,100M . C n s l c ghi ra c ngha l s nghi ng xy ra s l th n. Trang: 12 b)Sai s: Sai s l s khc nhau gia gi tr o c v gi tr tht. V d: gi tr o c ca nng acid va nu l 0,1022M. Gi tr thc ca nng acid c xc nh bng nhiu phng php hin i hn l 0,1014M. Sai s ca php o l 0,1022M 0,1014 = + 0,0008. Du ca sai s cho bit php o gia thu c gi tr ln hay nh tr thc. Tm li, ng lin quan n sai s ngu nhin cn sai s lin quan n sai s h thng. Ghi ch: Bi ny SV t tp tnh ton cho quen, khng np bo co. T bi 2 tr i mi SV np 1 bn bo co theo mu cui gio trnh th nghim ny. Trang: 13 Bi 2: NHIT PHN NG I/ GII THIU: Cc qu trnh ho hc xy ra u c km theo hiu ng nhit do s thay i enthalpycaphnng.NuqutrnhxyrakmtheosthunhitthH>0, ngc li qu trnh xy ra km theo s ta nhit th H < 0. Khi phn ng xy ra iu kin ng p th nhit to ra hay thu vo chnh l H ca phn ng. Bng cch o nhit ca phn ng ta xc nh c H. nh lut Hess: Hiu ng nhit ca qu trnh ho hc ng p hoc ng tch chphthucvobnchtvtrngthicaccchtu vsnphm chkhng ph thuc vo ng i ca qu trnh. Mc ch th nghim: Trong th nghim ny chng ta s o hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng khc nhau v kim tra li nh lut Hess. Phng php th nghim: Viconhitphnngscthchintrongnhitlngk,lmt bnhphnngccchnhitttivibnngoictrangbnhitkva khuy. Nhit ca phn ng Q c tnh bng cng thc: Q = m.c.t m (g): khi lng mt vt c un nng hay lm ngui (trong th nghim s l khi lng cc cht v mt phn nhit lng k). Nhitdungringc(cal/g.): Nhitlng nng 1g chtln1 C(mi cht c mt nhit dung ring khc nhau). t (oC): Bin thin nhit trc v sau phn ng. Q (cal): Nhit to ra (khi t > 0) hoc thu vo (t < 0). H phn ng s c tnh bng cch chia Q cho s mol phn ng. n v H l cal/mol (lu du ca H). Lu trc khi th nghim: Cnthnkhis dng nhitk,khng c dng nhitklm akhuyv buthungnrtdvvthungnkhiriralmtchtccthbayhn nhit thng. Trang: 14 Dng c Ho cht: Dng c : Ho cht : Nhit lng k.NaOH 1M Becher 100 ml (2 ci) HCl 1M a khy thu tinhCuSO4 khan Phu thu tinhNH4Cl (tinh th) Buret Gi buret Nhit k100oC II/ TIN HNH TH NGHIM: 1/ Xc nh nhit dung ca nhit lng k: Vcngthctnh nhitlnglQ= mcttrong mlkhilngttccc chtc nung nng hay lm lnh bao gm cc ho cht v c nhit lng k ng chng, do cng thc trong trng hp th nghim l: Q = (moco + mc).t(2.1) moco: nhit dung ca nhit lng k (cal/) mc: nhit dung ca dung dch trong nhit lng k (cal/) Trong : m: xc nh bng cch cn hoc o th tch. c: tra s tay. moco: phi xc nh bng thc nghim Cch xc nh moco: Ly 50ml nc nhit phng cho vo becher bn ngoi. o nhit t1. Ly50ml nckhong 60oCchovo nhitlngksaukhong 2 pht.o nhit t2. Dng phu nhanh 50ml nc nhit phng vo 50ml nc nng trong nhit lng k sau khong hai pht. o nhit t3. Khi : nhit nc nng v becher to ra bng nhit nc lnh hp th. (mc + moco).(t2-t3) = mc.(t3-t1) moco =mct tt t t t.) () ( ) (3 23 2 1 3 (2.2) Trong m: khi lng 50ml nc (g) c: nhit lng ring ca nc (1cal/g ) Trang: 15 2/ Xc nh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng trung ho HCl v NaOH HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O Dngburetly25mldungdchNaOH1Mchovobecher100mlbn ngoi. o nhit t1. Dng buret ly 25ml dung dch HCl1M cho vo becher trong nhit lng k. o nhit t2. DngphunhanhbecherchadungdchNaOHvobecherchaHCl trong nhit lng k. Khuy u dung dch trong nhit lng k. o nhit t3. Xc nh Q phn ng theo cng thc (2.1) t xc nh H. Chonhitdungringcadungdchmui0.5Ml1cal/g,khilngringl 1,02g/ml. 3/ Xc nh nhit ho tan CuSO4 khan kim tra nh lut Hess: Chng ta s xc nh hiu ng nhit ho tan ca CuSO4 khan (H3) bng thc nghim. Ly vo nhit lng k 50ml nc. o nhit t1. Cn chnh xckhong 4g CuSO4 khan. Cho nhanh 4g CuSO4 va cn nhit lng k, khuy u cho CuSO4, tan ht. o nhit t2. Xc nh Q theo cng thc (2.1) trong : m: khi lng dd CuSO4 khan. c: nhit dung ring dd CuSO4 (ly gn ng bng 1 cal/). T Q suy ra Hht. 4/ Xc nh nhit ho tan ca NH4Cl: LmtngtTN3nhngthayCuSO4khanbngNH4Cl.Chonhitlng ring ca dd NH4Cl gn ng l 1cal/mol . Cch xc nh nhit sau khi phn ng xy ra: Do cc qu trnh trung ho hay ho tan cn phi c thi gian xy ra hon ton, cnphicthigiandungdchphnngtruynnhitchobechervdonhit CuSO4 khan + 5H2O + H2O H3 = H1 + H2 CuSO4.5H2O + H2O H2= +2,8 Kcal /mol dd CuSOH1= -18,7 Kcal/mol Trang: 16 lngkkhngcchnhithonton,nhitsauphnng(hoctngdn)theo thi gian, nn mun c gi tr t chnh xc ta phi lm nh sau: -o nhit trc phn ng trong nhit lng k. - cht phn ng vo. o nhit sau mi 30 giy. -V th nhit theo thi gian. -Xc nh t bng th nh hnh v. Tuy nhin trong th nghim, ta i khong 2 pht cho gi tr nhit n nh th ghi nhn gi tr (hoc ch cn i nhit khng cn thay i na th gi tr c c). Trang: 17 BI 3:PHN TCH TH TCH I/ CHUN B L THUYT: -Khi nim v cc loi nng . -ng cong chun axit baz. -Cht ch th mu. -Cch tnh kt qu th nghim, sai s v ng. II/ NGUYN TC: Chun axit baz l qu trnh thc hin phn ng gia axit v baz. Khi haichttcdngva,taniphnngktthc.imktthcgilim tngng. Khi s ng lng H+ s bng s ng lng OH-. Hay: C1.V1 = C2.V2 Vi: C1 l nng dung dch axit, (M) hoc (N). C2 l nng dung dch baz, (M) hoc (N). V1 l th tch dung dch axit, ml. V2 l th tch dung dch baz, ml. Ti im kt thc, dung dch thu c chnh l dung dch mui ca phn ng trung ho MA. HA + MOH = H2O + MA Tutheotnhchtca muiMAm pHti imktthcsc gi tr khc nhau ch khng nht thit phi bng 7. iviaxithaybazabc.VdnhH3PO4,dochng phnlytheocc bc khc nhau nn tu thuc tng bc s c nhiu im kt thc khc nhau. H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- K1 = 7,6.10-3. H2PO4- H+ + H2PO42- K2 = 6,2.10-8. HPO42- H+ + HPO43- K1 = 4,4.10-13. la chn cht ch th mu thchhp cho phnng ta phixc nh ng cong chun bng cch o pH ca dung dch axit (hay baz) tng ngvi tng th tch ca dung dch baz (hayaxit) thmvo. Khi biu din trn th (hnhv) ta sthu c gin ng cong chun axit baz. Trang: 18 iviaxitabcscccbc nhy tng ng vi cc bc. Trnhnhv,ta thygnimkt thc phn ng gi tr pH thay i rt t ngt khi thmvo mt lngnh dung dch baz. DavobcnhygitrpHtacthla chn ch th mu c khong pH i mu trong bc nhy pH ca ng cong chun . III/ DNG C V HO CHT: Dng c:Ho cht: - Buret 25ml- HCl nh chun - Pipet khc vch 10ml- H3PO4 nh chun - Erlen 125ml- NaOH 0,1M - Bercher 50ml- Metyl da cam - My o pH- Phenol phtalein - Gi buret v pipet IV/ THC HNH: 1/ Thit lp ng cong chun : TN1: Dngpipetly10mldungdchHClnhchunchovobercher.Lydung dchNaOH0,1Mchovo buret.Dng myo pHca dungdch HClsau miln cho thm NaOH 0,1M t buret vo dung dch HCl theo bng sau: VNaOH ml0246899,29,49,8101112 pH 2/ Chun b axit HCl bng NaOH: a)Dng thuc th phenol phtalein: TN2:Dngpipetly10mldungdchnhchunchovoerlen,thmvo2git thuc th phenol phtalein. Dng buret nh t t dung dch NaOH 0,1M xung erlen cha dung dch HCl v thuc th trn (va nh va lc erlen). Khi dung dch trong erlen chuyn sang mu hng nht, ngng thm dung dch NaOH. c th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1M dng trn buret. o gi tr pH ca dung dch sau khi i mu. Lp li th nghim 2 - 3 ln. Trang: 19 b)Dng thuc th metyl da cam: TN3:Lp li th nghim phn a, nhng thay phenol phtalein bng thuc th metyl dacam.Phnngchunktthckhidungdchtrongerlenchuyntmu sang mu da cam (lp li 2 3 ln). 3/ Chun dung dch H3PO4 bng NaOH: TN4:Dngpipetly10mldungdchH3PO4nhchunchovoerlen.Thmvo thuc th metyl da cam v 2 git phenol phtalein (c th cho phenol phtalein sau khi dung dch trong erlen chuyn sang mu cam). Chun b buret cha trong dung dch NaOH 0,1M ging nh cc phn th nghim trn. Nh t t dung dch NaOH 0,1M xung erlen (lc nh) cho ti khi mu ca dungdchtrongerlenchuyntsangcam.cthtchNaOH0,1Mdng (V1).ogitrpH1bng pHk.Tiptc nh dung dchNaOH0,1Mxungerlen trn cho ti khi mu ca dung dch chuyn t cam sang mu hng cam (mu hng + mu cam). c th tch NaOH 0,1 M dng (V2). o gi tr pH2 bng pH k. Lu:phnngchunchdnglikhimudungdchtrongerlenkhngbin mt khi lc. chnh xc cn ly bnh tia nc trng dung dch bm trn thnh erlen xung. Lp li th nghim 2 3 ln. Trang: 20 Bi 4:XC NH BC PHN NG I/ L THUYT: Vi mt phn ng ho hc A + B C + D vn tc phn ng c nh ngha l: i lng c trng cho din bin nhanh hay chm ca mt phn ng ho hc. Du(-) nuClbinthinnngsnphm.Biuthctnhvntc phn ng l: V = tCAATrong k l hng s mt nhit nht nh. n bc phn ng theo A, m bc phn ng theo B: V=tCAA = kCA.nCBm n + m: bc tng qut ca phn ng. m v n l ca cc s c xc nh bng thc nghim ch khng th rt ra trc tip t phng trnh phn ng. II/ MC CH: -Nghin cu nh hng ca nng n vn tc phn ng -Xc nh bc ca phn ng phn hu Na2S2O3 trong mi trng acid bng thc nghim. III/ PHNG PHP TH NGHIM: Phn ng phn hu Na2S2O3 trong mi trng acid din ra nh sau: H2SO4 + Na2S2O3 Na2SO4 + H2SO3 + S ovntcphnngtaphixcnhtsC/t,trongClbin thin nng sn phm (ta chn lu hunh) trong khong thi gian t, thng trong thc nghim ngi ta c nh C v o t. Gi tr C phi nh coi nh nng ccchtchathayingkvvntcxcnhclvntctcthi.Tuy nhin nu qu nh th t cng rt nh, kh o. Trong th nghim ny ta c nh C bng cch ghi nhn thi gian t lc u phn ng n khi dung dch bt u chuyn sang c. Nh vy khi vn tc phn ng tng chctgimcnnngluhunhsinhratrongkhongthigiantlcno cng nh nhau ( c nh nhau). Trang: 21 a)xcnhbcphnngtheoNa2S2O3tacnhnngH2SO4,tngdn nng Na2S2O3. V d th nghim 1, nng Na2S2O3 l x, nng H2SO4 l y, thi gian t l t1, th nghim 2, nng Na2S2O3 l 2x, nng H2SO4 l y, thi gian l t2, ta c: V1 = 1tC A = kxmyn V1 = 2tC A = k(2x)myn 21tt= 2m lgt1/t2 = mlg2 m = 2 lg/ lg2 1t t b) xc nh bc phn ng theo H2SO4, ta c nh nng Na2S2O3 v tng dn nng acidH2SO4.Kt qutnh ncng cthc hintng t nhkhi tnh m. IV/THC HNH: a)Xc nh bc phn ng Na2S2O3. 3 bnh y bng ng Na2S2O3 v H2O theo bng sau: TN ng nghim V(ml) H2SO4 0,4M Bnh cu V(ml) Na2S2O3 0,1MV(ml) H2O 1 2 3 8 8 8 4 8 16 28 24 16 -Dng pipet khc vch ly acid cho vo ng nghim. -Dng buret cho H2O vo 3 bnh cu trc, sau trng buret bng Na2S2O3 0,1M ri tip tc dng buret cho Na2S2O3 vo cc bnh cu. -Chun b ng h bm giy. -Ln lt cho phn ng tng cp ng nghim v bnh cu nh sau: - nhanh acid trong ng nghim vo bnh cu. -Bm ng h. -Lcnh bnhcuchonkhivathydungdchchuynsangcthbm ng h ln na. -c At. Trang: 22 -Lp li mi th nghim 1 ln na ly gi tr trung bnh. b)Xc nh bc phn ng theo H2SO4 Lm tng t phn a vi lng acid v Na2S2O3 theo bng sau: TN ng nghim V(ml) H2SO4 0,4M Bnh cu V(ml) Na2S2O3 0,1MV(ml) H2O 1 2 3 4 8 16 8 8 8 28 24 16 Trang: 23 Bi 5: DUNG DCH M I/ CHUN B L THUYT: Sinh vin cn nm vng nh ngha, cch pha ch v tc dng ca dung dch m. Cch tnh pH ca hai loi dung dch m v baz vi cc mui tng ng. II/ NGUYN TC: 1/ H m axit: cphachtaxitaxeticvmuiNatriaxetat.Sosnhmucadungdch m trn vi dung dch axit axetic (c cng nng trong dung dch m) vi thuc th l metyl da cam. Trong dung dch axit axetic in ly theo phng trnh: CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ (5-1) Khi cho thm mui natri axetat vo dung dch cng tn ti phng trnh in ly: CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+ (5-2) Donngionaxetattrongdungdchtnglmcnbngphnng(5-1) chuyn dch v pha nghch dn ti nng ion H+ trong dung dch gim i. Khi thm cc dung dch baz (hay axit) mnh vo dung dch m vi mt lng xc nh, ta thy pH ca dung dch m hu nh khng thay i. 2/ H m baz: Tng ng nh h m axit, khi iu ch h m baz t mt baz v mui ca n, trong dung dch cng xy ra qu trnh in ly theo cc phng trnh. V d : NH4OH NH4+ + OH- (5-3) NH4Cl NH4++ Cl-(5-4) Khisosnhmuca dung dch m bazvidung dch bazccng nng (vi cht ch th l phenol phtalein) ta cng thy c s khc bit. Khi thm vo dung dch m baz cc dung dch axit (hoc baz) mnh vi mt lng xc nh ta cng thy pH ca dung dch m hu nh t thay i. III/ DNG C V HA CHT Dng c: -ng nghim: 10 ci -Pipet 10ml: 2 ci Trang: 24 Ha cht: -HCl 0,1M -NH4Cl 0,1M -NH4OH 0,1M -NaOH 0,1M -CH3COOH 0,1M -CH3COONa 0,1M -Thuc th metyl da cam -Thuc th phenol phtalein IV/ THC HNH 1/Chunbccdungdchchunvmucaccchtchthtrongccmi trng:TN1: ng A: 2ml dung dch HCl 0,1M + 1 git metyl da cam. ng B: 2ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M + 1 git metyl da cam. ng C: 2ml dung dch HCl 0,1M + 1 git phenol phtalein. ng D: 2ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M + 1 git phenol phtalein. Ghi nhn mu sc ca 4 ng nghim trn. 2/ Dung dch m axit yu v mui ca n: a)iu ch dung dch m: TN2:ng 1: Cho vo ng nghim 2ml dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M v 1 git mtyl da cam, lc u, ghi nhn mu M1. Dng pH k o gi tr pH1. Thmvongnghimtrn(tnggit)2mldungdchmui CH3COONa 0,1M, lc u, ghi nhn mu M2. Dng pH k o gi tr pH2. ng 2: Cho vo ng nghim 4ml nc ct v 1 git mtyl da cam. ng 3: Cho vo ng nghim 2ml dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M v 1 git phenol phtalein, lc u, ghi nhn mu M1. Dng pH k o gi tr pH1. Thmvongnghimtrn(tnggit)2mldungdchmui CH3COONa 0,1M, lc u, ghi nhn mu M2. Dng pH k o gi tr pH2. ng 4: Cho vo ng nghim 4ml nc ct v 1 git phenol phtalein, lc u, ghi nhn mu. Trang: 25 b)Th tnh m: TN3:Thm t t tng git dung dch HCl 0,1 M vo cc ng nghim 1, 2 phn a. Lcuchotikhiccdungdchtrongngnghim1v2isangmu,ghi nhn lng HCl 0,1 M dng v o cc gi tr pH ca dung dch sau khi i mu. Thm t t tng git dung dch NaOH 0,1 M vo cc ng nghim 3, 4 phn a.Lcucho tikhicc dung dchtrong ng nghim 3 v 4 i sang muhng, ghi nhn lng NaOH 0,1 M dng v o cc gi tr pH ca dung dch sau khi i mu. 3/ Dung dch m baz v 2 mui ca n: a) iu ch dung dch m: TN4:ng 5: Cho vo ng nghim 2ml NH4OH 0.1M v 1 git phenol phtalein lc u, ghi nhn mu M3. o gi tr pH3. Thmvongnghimtrn(tnggit)2mldungdchmuiNH4Cl 0,1M, lc u, ghi nhn mu M4. o gi tr pH4. ng 6: Cho vo ng nghim 4ml nc ct v mt git phenol phtalein. ng 7: Cho vo ng nghim 2ml dung dch NH4OH 0,1M v 1 git metyl da cam, lc u, ghi nhn mu M3. o gi tr pH3. Thmvongnghimtrn(tnggit)2mldungdchmuiNH4Cl 0,1M, lc u, ghi nhn mu M4. o gi tr pH4. ng 8: Cho vo ng nghim 4ml nc ct v mt git metyl da cam, lc u, ghi nhn mu. c)Th tnh m: TN5:ThmtttnggitdungdchNaOH0,1Mvoccngnghim5v6 phnb.Lcuchotikhiccdungdchtrongngnghim5v6imu,ghi nhn lng NaOH 0,1 M dng. o pH dung dch sau khi i mu. Thm t t tng git dung dch HCl 0,1 M vo cc ng nghim 7 v 8 phn b.Lcuchotikhiccdungdchtrongngnghim7v8imu,ghinhn lng HCl 0,1 M dng. o pH dung dch sau khi i mu. Trang: 26 Bi 6: IU CH V XC NH KHI LNG PHN TKH OXI I/ MC CH: -iu ch kh oxi. -Da vo phng trnh Clapeyron Mendeleyev xc nh khi lng phn t kh oxi. II/ TM TT NI DUNG: Kh oxi c iu ch nh phn ng nhit phn kali clorat c xc tc mangan dioxit: 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2| Da vo phng trnh Clapeyron Mendeleyev, ta xc nh khi lng phn t M ca kh oxi: Trong : m: khi lng kh oxi. P: p sut kh oxi. V: th tch kh oxi. T: nhit tuyt i. R: hng s kh l tng. III/ DNG C V HA CHT Dng c: ng o, chu thu tinh, ng nghim chu nhit, nhit k, n cn, gia st, ng thu tinh, cn phn tch. Ha cht: kali clorat KClO3, mangan dioxit MnO2, dung dch colodion. IV/ THC HNH: a)Lp b dng c nh hnh 6.1. b)Dng cn k thut cn mt lng KClO3 khong 2g v 0,4g MnO2, trn k vi nhau,sau chovo ng nghimchu nhit(csykhtrc) ri cn ng nghim trn cn phn tch, c gi tr m1. Lp ng nghim vo gi c lt bng. Cho nc vo y ng o, p ngc ng o c nc vo chu thu tinh ng nc v ch khng c bt kh trong ng o. MnO2 PVmRTM =Trang: 27 Lmknhthngbngcchbidungdchcolodionvonhngchtip xc. Bt u un nh ton ng nghim, sau tp trung ngn la vo ch c ho cht rn. Phn ng xong, tho ng dn kh ra ngoi ri mi tt n. yn ng nghim trn gi n khi tht ngui ri em cn trn cn phn tch, c khi lng m2. nhit ca kh trong ng o h xung n nhit phng; c th tch ca kh oxi; c chiu cao ct nc so vi mt nc trong chu. V. TNH KT QU: Ghi cc kt qu vo bng: i lngKt qun v Khi lng kh oxim = m1 m2g Th tch kh oxiV =ml p sut kh quyn o bng p k H =mmHg psuthincboho nhit phng f = mmHg Chiucaoctncsovi mt nc trong chu h =mm p sut kh oxi = =6 , 13hf H PmmHg Nhit phng khi lm th nghim t = T = t + 273 oC oK Hng s kh l tngR = 62360mmHg.mol-1.K-1 Tnh khi lng phn t kh oxi: Khi lng phn t chnh xc ca oxi l 32, nh th sai s tng i ca kt qu l: PVmRTM =% 1003232xM Trang: 28 Hnh 6.1 B dng c iu ch v xc nh khi lng phn t kh oxi ng nghim KCl O3 + MnO2 ng dn kh ng ong Oxi Nc Gi st Trang: 29 Bi 7: XC NH NG LNG CA MAGIE I. MC CH: Xcnh nglngcanguyntMagie,tcthsuyrakhilng nguyn t ca Magie. II. TM TT NI DUNG: nglngca mtnguyntls phn khilngca nguyntc ththayth(haykthp)vi1,008phnkhilngcahidrohoc8phnkhi lng ca oxi trong cc phn ng ho hc. ng lng ca nguyn t A c lin h n gin vi khi lng ca nguyn t ca A v s oxi ho Z ca n khi to thnh hp cht nh sau: A = xcnhng lngcanguyn tMgtacnmtlngchnhxcm1 gam kim loi Mg ri cho tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl. Mg + 2H+Mg2++H2| othtchkhH2 thotratimtnhitvpsutxcnh,pdng phng trnh Clapeyron Mendeleyev ta tnh c khi lng m2 ca lng kh H2 b Mg y ra. C m1 g Mg y c m2 g kh H2. Vy Mg g Mg y c 1,008 g kh H2. Mg = III. DNG C HO CHT: a) Ho cht: - Mg kim loi c co sch lp oxit. - Dung dch H2SO4 20%. b) Dng c: -ng nghim kh Khil ng nguyen t A S oxihoa Z 1,008 x m1 m2 ng nghi m (1) HCl+ Mg ng dn kh ( 4) Phu (6)ng thu ti nh ( 3) ng cao su (5) ng thu ti nh khc vch (2) Hnh 7.1B dng c d xc nh ng lng magie Trang: 30 -Dng c o v thu kh H2 -Cn phn tch -p k -Nhit k IV. TIN HNH: a)Lp b dng c nh hnh 7.1 b)Cnchnhxckhong0,15gMgtrncnphntch.ong5mldungdch H2SO420%chovongnghimkh.Lpngnghimnmnghingnhhnh 7.1. Cho Mg va cn vo bn trong, pha trn thnh ng nghim v khng cho tip xc vi dung dch axit. Kim tra mc kn ca h thng bng cch nng cao v h thp ng (3) khong 15 n 20cm. Nu mc nc trong ng (2) ch thay i khng ng kthcnghangkn.Trnghpkhngkncnxitchtchtipxc,bi dung dch colodion. Ch khi no h thng kn mi bt u th nghim. Thng bng mc nc ng (2) v ng (3) ri ghi mc nc ng (2), c gi tr V1ml. Nghing ng nghim cho Mg tip xc vi axit, ri t li ng nghim nh c. KhH2thotrasymcnctrongng(2)xungthpdn.KhiMgphnng ht, mc nc trong ng (2) thi khng h xung na; 5 n 10 pht cho nhit ngnghim trli nhit phng,thng bngmc nctrong ng(2)vng(3), ghi mc nc trong ng (2) c V2ml. V. TNH KT QU: i lngKt qu n v Khi lng Mgm1 =g Ap sut kh quynH =mmHg p sut hi nc bo hof =mmHg Ap sut kh H2P = H f =mmHg Nhit phngT = t + 273 oK Th tch kh H2V = V1 V2 =ml Trang: 31 Khi lng kh hidro sinh ra:

TPVRTMPVm6236022= = ng lng nguyn t Mg: Mg = Khi lng nguyn t ca Mg thu c t th nghim: AMg = 2 x Mg KhilngnguyntchnhxccaMgl24,305;nhthsaistngi ca kt qu l: % 100305 , 24305 , 24xAMg 1,008 x m1 m2 Trang: 32 Bi 8: S BIN I VT L V HO HC I/ MC CH: -Bng nhiu phng php khc nhau to ra nhng bin i ca vt cht. -Trc nghim v quan st vt cht trc v sau khi bin i chng. -Gii thch kt qu trc nghim v xc nh thnh phn trong vt cht ban u c b bin i hay khng? -Phn loi cc bin i vt l v ho hc. II/ L THUYT: -Phnlnccbinixyratrongvtchtcxploilsbinivtl hochohc.Sbinivtlxyrakhikhngcbtcsbinithnh phnnoitheo.Binihohcdnnktqucsbinithnhphn, ngha l mt cht b bin i thnh mt hay nhiu cht mi. -Dung dch l kt qu to thnh ca mt hay nhiu cht c gi l cht tan c ho tan trong mt cht khc gi l dung mi. Trong dung dch lng cht tan c th l kh, lng, hoc rn; dung dch l cht lng. Mt s cht ho tan rn c th thu li t dung dch lng nh vo vic lm bay hi dung mi. III/ DNG C HO CHT: 1. Dng c: -ng nghim chu nhit -Kp ng nghim -a khuy-n cn -Becher250ml -Bt s (a lm bay hi) -Kp (dng kp chn nung). 2. Ho cht: -Dng rn gm: NH4Cl; CuCO3; FeCl3.6H2O; NaCl; dy Mg; NaHCO3. -Dnglnggm:HCl6M;KaliFerrocyanurK4Fe(CN)60,1M;Ca(NO3)20,1M; Amoni Thiocyatnat NH4SCN 0,1M. Trang: 33 III/ THC HNH:1. Th nghim 1: 1. Chun b hai ng nghim sch, cho vo mi ng 0,5g NaCl rn. 2. Lm t u a khuy bng nc ct ri nhng u a t vo trong mu sao cho c vi tinh th rn NaCl bm dnh vo . a u a c dnh tinh th NaCl t trn ngn la n cn. 3. Quan st mu ngn la, ghi kt qu vo bng. 4. Thm 5ml nc ct vo mi ng nghim, lc u cho mui tan ht 5. Thm 10 git dung dch AgNO3 0,1M vo mt trong hai ng nghim, lc k v ghi nhn xt. 6. ng nghim cn li (ng khng cho AgNO3 vo) em c cn v thu ly cht rn cn li trong ng (lu va un va lc nh, v hng ming ng v ni khng c ngi, tuyt i khng dung dch nng bn ra ngoi khi ming ng). 7. Tin hnh lm li t bc 2 n bc 5 i vi cht rn va thu c bc 6. Ghi li cc nhn xt (kt qu). 2. Th nghim 2: 1.Chunb haingnghimnhvkh,chokhong0,1gCuCO3rnvoming nghim. Ghi li mu ca cht rn. 2.Gnhvongnghimchochtrncnbmtrnthnh ngnghimrixung y ng nghim ht. 3. Cho tng git HCl 6M vo mt trong hai ng nghim cho n khi phn ng hon ton. Ghi kt qu vo bng. 4. ng nghim cn li em un mnh di ngn la n cn (ti thiu l 5 pht). Ghi nhn li mu sc ca mu ny sau khi un. 5. ng nghim ny ngui trong 10 pht, sau thm tng git HCl 6M cho n khi cht rn tan ra. v ghi cc tc ng ca cht rn i vi HCl. 3. Th nghim 3: 1. Chun b hai ng nghim, cho vo mi ng khong 0,1g FeCl3.6H2O. 2. Thm 6ml nc ct vo mt trong hai ng, lc cho n khi cht rn tan hon ton. Ghi mu ca dung dch vo bng. 3.Lythmhaingnghimschkhc,1/3lngdungdchtrongngnghim trn vo mi ng, ta c ba ng u cha dung dch st III vi lng nh nhau. Trang: 34 4.Thm 5 git dung dch AgNO3 0,1M vo mt trong ba ng, lc k v ghi kt qu. 5. Thm 5 git NH4SCN 0,1M vo mt trong hai ng cn li, lc k v ghi kt qu. 6. Thm 5 git K4Fe(CN)6 0,1M vo ng cn li, lc k v ghi kt qu. 7. un ng nghim cha cht rn cn li bc 1 vi ngn la tht nh cho n khi n va tan chy, khng c gy s qu nhit i vi mu. 8. cht tan chy ngui trong khong 5 pht. Lu mu vn dng lng ngay c khi ngui dn. 9. Thm khong 6ml nc ct vo mu ngui v lc cho n khi mu ho tan. v ghi mu ca dung dch. 10.Chiadung dchny(bc 9)thnh ba phnbng nhaunh lm bc 3, lm li cc th nghim i vi cc mu ny nh m t bc 4, 5 v 6. Ghi li cc kt qu. 4. Th nghim 4: 1. Chun b hai ng nghim sch v kh. Cho vo mi ng khong 0,2g NaHCO3 rn. nh du ng 1, ng 2. Ghi li mu ca cht rn. 2. Thm khong 5ml nc ct vo ng 1 v lc cho n khi tan hon ton. 3. Thm tip 15 git dung dch Ca(NO3)2 vo ng, lc k v ghi kt qu. 4. Thm t t mt cch cn thn vo ng 2 khong 1ml HCl 6M. 5. Lm bay hi dung dch bc 4 v thu hi cht rn, ghi li mu cht rn. 6. cho ng nghim ngui dn, ri thm 5ml nc ct vo cht rn thu hi v lc cho n khi tan. Sau cho thm 15 git dung dch calci nitrat 0,1M vo lc kv ghi nhn xt. 5. Th nghim 5: 1. Cho khong 0,1g NH4Cl vo mt ng nghim nh (ng nghim phi kh v sch), v 1,5g NH4Cl vo becher 250ml. Ghi dng v bn ngoi ca cht ny. 2. Thm 2 3ml nc vo mu trong ng nghim v lc cho cht rn tan ht. 3. Thm 5 git dung dch AgNO3 0,1M vo dung dch cha trong ng nghim, lc k v ghi kt qu vo bng. 4. t becher c cha NH4Cl ln v un. t a bay hi sch, kh ln ming becher. 5. un becher cho n khi thy mt lp cht rn bm vo y ca a lm bay hi, hoc l cho n khi phn ln cht rn di y becher thng hoa ht. Trang: 35 6.Ngngunbecher,nguikhongvipht,vcnthnlyalmbayhi xung trn t giy lc. 7. Co cht rn bm vo a lm bay hi, cho cht rn ln t giy lc. Ghi nhn hnh dng cht rn thu c. 8. Cho khong 0,1g cht rn thu c vo ng nghim nh, sch, ri thm 2 3 ml nc ct. 9.Saukhichtrntanht,tinhnhthvidungdchAgNO30,1Mnhtin hnh bc 3. Ghi li kt qu. 6. Th nghim 6: 1.ChunbhaiondyMgdikhong5cm.Ghinhnhnhdngmuscbn ngoi ca kim loi ny vo bng. 2. t mt on dy vo mt ng nghim v tht cn thn thm 10 git HCl 6M vo. Ghi kt qu quan st c khi phn ng xy ra. 3.ondycnli,kpmtubngdngckpchnnung,vukiavo ngn la n cn cho n khi Mg bt chy. Lu:Khng cnhntrctipvo kimloi angchy, phieo knh phng TN vo. 4. Thu ly sn phm chy (tr phn kim loi khng chy) v ghi li dng v ca n. 5. Cho sn phm ny vo ng nghim nh v x l vi HCl 6M nh lm bc 2. Ghi li kt qu ny. Trang: 36 Bi 9:DUNG DCH IN LY I/ MC CH: -Tm hiu kh nng dn in ca dung dch in ly. -Cn bng acid baz. pH ca dung dch. Cht ch th acid baz. -Cn bng to kt ta. Tch s tan. -iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch. II/ TM TT NI DUNG: 1. L thuyt in ly: Khi ho tan acid, baz v mui vo nc, phn t cc cht ny phn ly thnh cc phn t nh hn mang in tch gi l ion: ion dng (cation) v ion m (anion). Qu trnh phn t phn ly thnh ion c gi l s in ly, cn cht phn ly thnh ion trong dung dch (hoc khi un nng chy) c gi l cht in ly. Do s in ly m s tiu phn c trong dung dch tng ln so vi s phn t ho tan, do lm gim p sut hi bo ho nhiu hn, lm tng im si v lm h im ng c nhiu hn.Cng dosc mtcacciontri du mkhi t dung dchvointrngthccionchuyndichngvccincc,vvym dung dch in ly c kh nng dn in. in ly l i lng c trng cho mc in ly ca mt cht. in ly l t s gia s mol cht in ly (n) vi tng s mol cht ho tan (n0). 0nn= Ho tan mt cht in ly yu AmBn vo nc ta c cn bng: AmBn mAn+ +nBm- p dng nh lut khi lng ta c:| | | || |n mnmmnB AB AK += I on hoa Phan thoa Trang: 37 Hng s cn bng K c gi l hng s in ly. Gi tr ca n ch ph thuc vo bnchtchtinly,dungmivnhit.ivicngmtdungmiv nhit xc nh, cht in ly c hng s K cng nh th n cng km in ly. Vi nhng cht phn t in ly ra hai ion ta c: =12Cx K chnh l biu thc ton hc ca nh lut pha long (Ostwald). Nu o [OH-] [H3O+] > 10-7, [OH-] < 10-7 Dung dch kim [H3O+] < [OH-] [H3O+] < 10-7, [OH-] > 10-7 NhvytacthdavonngionH3O+hayionOH-bittnhchtmi trng ca mt dung dch.Tuynhin biu thmitrng mtcchtinli hn, ngi ta s dng i lng ch s hidro pH (hoc ch s hidroxyl pOH) vi quy c: Ch s hidro pH = - lg [H3O+] Ch s hidroxyl pOH = - lg [OH-] pH + pOH = 14 (250C) Dung dch trung tnh: pH = pOH = 7 Dung dch acid: pH < 7, pOH > 7 Dung dch baz: pH > 7, pOH < 7. Thuphnmuilphnngtraoigiaccioncamuiviccioncanc. TheoBronstedLowry,phnngthuphnthcchtlphnngchuynproton nh mi phn ng acid baz. C ba loi mui b thu phn l: mui acid yu baz mnh; mui acid mnh baz yu; mui acid yu baz yu. 3. Cht in ly t tan: Ti nhit xc nh, trong dung dch bo ho cht in ly t tan tch s hot cc ion vi s m tng ng l mt hng s, hng s ny c tn l tch s tan. V d: AmBn (r)mAn++nBm- Trang: 39 p dng nh lut tc dng khi lng vo cn bng d th ta c: const a a TnBmAm n= = +V dung dch bo ho cht in ly kh tan c nng rt nh, nn a s trng hp c th coi hot bng nng , khi biu thc tch s tan c dng n gin hn: | | | |nmmnB AB A Tn m += Tch s tan l hng s cn bng, ln ca n ch ph thuc bn cht cht tan, nhit . GiatchstanTcachtinlyttanAmBnvitanScan(biuthbng nng mol) lin h vi nhau qua biu thc: n m n mB AS n m Tn m+=

Theo quy tc tch s tan, cht in ly t tan s kt ta khi tch s nng cc ion (vi s m thch hp) cht ch hn phi l cc hot ca ion vt qu gi tr tch s tan nhit cho. Ngc li, kt ta cht in ly t tan s ho tan khi gim nng cc ion ca chng sao cho tch s nng cc ion nh hn gi tr tch s tan ti nhit . 4. Chiu hng ca phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch: Phnngtraoi(ion)trongdungdchxyratheochiuhngtothnh sn phm l cht t tan (hoc t tan hn), cht in ly (hoc cht t in ly hn), cht d bay hi. V d: -HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O H+ + OH- H2O(cht t in ly) -AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl+ + NaNO3 Ag+ + Cl- AgCl+(cht t tan) -Na2S + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2S| S2- + 2H+ H2S|(cht bay hi) Trong bi th nghim ny ta tm hiu: 1. Kh nng dn in ca nc, mt vi dung dch acid, baz, mui 2. o pH mt vi dung dch acid, baz, mui bng giy o pH. 3. S thay i mu theo mi trng ca mt s ch th acid baz. Trang: 40 4. Cn bng acid baz trong dung dch. 5. Cn bng to kt ta cht in ly t tan. III/ DNG C HO CHT: 1. Dng c: -in cc than ch -Bng n 6V, ampe k, c quy 6V. -Cc ng nghim kh v sch. 2. Ho cht: -CcdungdchC2H5OH0,1M;HCl0,1M;NaOH0,1M;Na2SO40,1M; CH3COOH 0,1M; NH4OH 0,1M. -DungdchSrCl20,004M;d2CaCl20,004M;d2CaCl2boho;d2Na2SO4 0,005M; d2 NaCH3COO0,1M. -CH3COOH c, NaCH3COO tinh th, NH4Cl tinh th, KCl tinh th. -Ch th phenoltalein, metyl da cam, giy qu. IV/ THC HNH: Th nghim 1: dn in ca nc v ca dung dch Lp b dng c o dn in ca dung dch nh hnh 9.1 Khoa Ngun i n mt chiu in cc Ampe k Bong en Hnh 9.1 S xc dng c nh dn in Trang: 41 Nhng hai in cc vo cc nc ct. ng mch in. Quan st xem n c sng khng v c cng dng in trn ampe k, ri ngt mch. Thayccncctlnltbngccd2C2H5OH0,1M;HCl0,1M;NaOH 0,1M; Na2SO4 0,1M; CH3COOH 0,1M; NH4OH 0,1M. c cng dng in ng vi mi dung dch. Lu:ivimi phpo,ccchalngdung dchphinh nhausao cho mc dung dch ng nvchghisntrn incc.Trc milnth nghim cn ra sch in cc bng nc ct v lau kh. Hy so snh dn in ca cc dung dch ni trn v gii thch kt qu nhn c. Ring ivi dung dch CH3COOHvNH4OH,saukhi oxong dn in th hai th tch bng nhau ca hai dung dch vo vi nhau, lc u ri tin hnho dnincadung dchhn hp nhnctheo phngphp trn. dn incadungdchmickhcvidnincadungdchCH3COOHv NH4OH ban u khng? Gii thch? Dung dchCng Dung dchCng H2ONa2SO4 C2H5OHCH3COOH HClNH4OH NaOH CH3COOH vi NH4OH Th nghim 2: nh hng ca s pha long n in ly TinhnhxcnhdnincadungdchCH3COOHcnhth nghim1.SauodnincaccdungdchCH3COOHccpha long 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 v 128 ln. So snh kt qu thu c. V th s ph thuc ca cng dng in ca dung dch vo pha long v gii thch hnh dng ca th nhn c. Th nghim 3:o pH bng giy o pH. Dng a thu tinh sch chm mt git nc ct ln mt mu giy th pH. c gi tr ca pH bng cch so mu trn thang mu. Trang: 42 Lm th nghim tng t vi cc dung dch HCl 0,1M; NaOH 0,1M; Na2SO4 0,1M; CH3COOH 0,1M; NH4OH 0,1M; NaCH3COO 0,1M; NH4Cl 0,1M. Ghi kt qu thnh bng. Th nghim 4:Ch th acid baz. Ly ba ng nghim, cho vo ng (1) mt git phenoltalein, ng (2) mt git metyl da cam, ng (3) mt mu qu tm. Thm vo mi ng 2 git dung dch HCl 0,1M. Quan st mu tng ng nghim. Chun b ba ng nghim khc vi cc cht ch th mu nh trn. Thm vo mi ng 2 git dung dch NaCl 0,1M. Quan st mu tng ng. Cng chun b ba ng nghim vi cc cht ch th mu nh trn. Thm vo mi ng 2 git dung dch NaOH 0,1M. Kt qu th nghim ghi vo bng sau: Cht ch th mu Mu cht ch th trong mi trng AxitTrung tnhBaz PhenoltaleinMetyl da cam Qu Th nghim 5:Cn bng trong dung dch acid yu. Ly 2 ng nghim, cho vo mi ng 2 git dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M vi mt git chthmetyldacam.Mtngsosnh,cnmtngthmvovitinhth NaCH3COO, lc mnh. So snh mu trong hai dung dch, gii thch. Th nghim 6:Cn bng trong dung dch baz yu. Ly 2 ng nghim, cho vo mi ng 2 git dung dch NH4OH 0,1M vi mt git ch th phenoltalein. Mt ng so snh, cn mt ng thm vo vi tinh th NH4Cl, lc mnh. So snh mu trong hai dung dch, gii thch. Th nghim 7:S to thnh v ho tan kt ta. Cho 10 git dung dchNa2CO3vomt ng nghim.Thm 2git dung dchCaCl2 bo ho, lc ng nghim. Quan st. ThmtipvongnghimtnggitdungdchHClchotid.Quanstvgii thch. Trang: 43 Bi 10:XC NH KHI LNG PHN T BNGPHNG PHP NGHIM NG I/ MC CH: Xc nh khi lng phn t mt cht tan khng in ly bng cch o h nhit ng c ca dung dch. II/ TM TT NI DUNG: Vi dung dch long, cht tan khng in ly, theo nh lut Raoult, h nhit ng c t l thun nng Molan cht tan: AT = T0 T1 = K x Cm trong : -T0: Nhit ng c ca dung mi nguyn cht. -T1: Nhit ng c ca dung dch. -K:Hngsnghimng,phthucvobnchtcadungmi. Hng s nghim ng ca Benzen l 5,120C. -Cm: Nng Molan cht tan. Nu g l s g cht tan (c khi lng molphntlM)trongGgamdungmithnngMolanca cht tan l:

GxMgCm1000= Khi : GxMgKx T1000= ATa rt ra:GxTgKx M1000A=III/ DNG C HO CHT: 1.Nhit lng k, nhit k Beckmann 2.Dung mi benzen, nc 3.Cht cn xc nh KLPT Trang: 44 IV/ THC HNH: 1.Cnbenzen:DngcncnkhilngngnghimthutinhF,cm1. benzen vo ng nghim vi lng va ngp bu thu ngn nhit k (khong 5g). Cn li ng c m2.Vy khi lng benzen c trong ng nghim F l: m2 m1. 2. Chun b cht lm, lnh: Chu nc vn. 3. nh nhit ng c bezen: CmnhitkBeckmannquantycangF,nhngngFtrctipvo chunc,khuychotikhibtukt tinh,lcnynhitsdngli,ghi nhit kt tinh gn ng T0. Sau ly ng F ra, t vo cc nc my cho benzen tan ra. Cho ng F vo trong mt ng nghim khc ln hn gi l bao D, nhng D vo chu nc vn, khuy u cho ti khi nhit k ch (T0 + 0,10). Ngng khuy v yn cho ti khi nhit xung thp hn T0 th benzen kt tinh v to nhit nn nhit li tng, khi nhit ngngli,dngknhlpcnhitT0,lnhitkttinhcabenzentathu ctronglnthnghimu.Lyng FrakhibaoDvlmtanbenzen,rili tip tc cho ng F vo bao D v lp li th nghim lm ng c benzen hai ln na. Gitrtrungbnhcngcabalnxcnhcxemlnhitngcca benzen thu c bng thc nghim. 4. nh nhit ng c ca dung dch: Cnmtlngchnhxc0,3gchtX(chtcnxcnhKLPT,phngth nghim pht)lchttankhnginly,cn xcnhkhilngmolphnt.Cho vo ng F, khuy cho tan. Sau tin hnh xc nh nhit kt tinh ca dung dch 3 ln v ly gi tr trung bnh T1. V/ KT QU: BNG NHIT NG C: Gn ngChnh xcTrung bnh Dung mi T0 =1/ 2/ 3/ T0 = Dung dch 1/ 2/ 3/ T1 = Trang: 45 T cc gi tr thu c trn, ta tm gi tr AT = T0 T1, v tm c gi tr khi lng mol phn t cht tan X:

GxTgKx MX1000A= Trang: 46 TI LIU THAM KHO 1.HThNgcLoanThchnhHoHciCngNhxutbnGio Dc. 2.PGS. V ng - C s l thuyt cc qu trnh h hc Nh xut bn Gio dc 1994. 3.Thc tp ho hc i cng B V Duy Thanh V Vn B t sch Trng i Hc Khoa Hc T Nhin. 4.Th nghim ho i cng Trng i Hc Bch Khoa TP. H Ch Minh. 5.Thc hnh ho hc i cng Nguyn c Chung Nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia TP. H Ch Minh. 6.Ho hc icng NguyncChung Nhxut bniHc QucGia TP. H Ch Minh. 7.Ho i cng Nguyn nh Soa Nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia TP. H Ch Minh. Trang: 47 PH LC n cn Buret Trang: 48