Index

AAbiotic, 160, 171, 179, 301, 370Abiotic characteristics, 278Abiotic factors, 294Abiotic features, 179Abiotic parameters, 171Abiotic variables, 296, 371Abralia siedleckyi, 397, 407Abralia veranyi, 399, 407Absolute dynamic topography, 123, 140Abundance

numerical abundance, 20, 26, 27, 53, 62,101, 155, 159–163, 165, 169–171,174–177, 179, 204, 206, 207, 209–212,215, 218–220, 224, 226–230, 232–234,241–245, 247, 261, 263, 265–269, 272,277, 280, 281, 283, 285, 287, 289,298–301, 305, 307–309, 317–319, 323,325, 329, 333, 337, 339–341, 355,357–359, 362, 367, 369, 371, 373, 375,377–379, 395–397, 401, 402, 404, 405,421, 424, 426, 433–435, 447, 450, 451,453, 459, 461, 463, 464, 466, 467, 470,472

Abundance indices, 171, 201, 256, 261, 300,317, 327, 450

Abundance matrix, 159, 167, 204, 366, 488,506

Abyssal, 337, 340, 379, 465, 469Abyssal demersal communities, 157Abyssal depth, 378, 469Abyssal plains, 308Abyssal waters, 394Abyssal zones, 446Acanthephyra pelagica, 286, 355, 365Acanthocarpus brevispinis, 332, 339, 573, 576Acanthogorgia armata, 501, 542, 652Acesta excavata, 481, 491, 501, 551, 646, 652Acoustic telemetry, 300, 320

Acropomatidae, 161, 177, 178, 637Actinians, 285, 290, 294, 634Actiniaria, 281, 294, 306, 323, 340, 596, 635Actynopterigii, 620ACUF. See Advisory Committee Undersea

FeaturesADT. See Absolute Dynamic TopographyAdvanced scatterometer, 120, 123Advisory Committee Undersea Features, 62Affinities, 27, 169, 179, 269, 376, 470, 471,

621AfReMaS. See African Register of Marine

SpeciesAfrican Atlantic coast, 156, 243African benthic biodiversity, 15African coast, 4, 8, 11, 144, 279, 304, 336,

340, 405, 406, 420, 432, 436, 464, 594African continent, 150African continental margin, 11African continental slope, 146African countries, 11, 156, 617African fisheries, 4, 405, 601African fisheries research program, 301African humid period, 54African marine ecosystems, 268African marine fauna, 603African mud shrimp, 371African region, 1, 2, 8, 150, 461, 465, 472, 513African Register of Marine Species, 464African resources, 267African slope, 143, 145, 469, 483African spider shrimp, 362, 363, 371, 375, 377,

637, 642African waters, 26, 243, 307, 319, 338, 357,

379, 405, 445, 446, 464, 595, 603Agadir, 432, 529Aglaophenia lophocarpa, 424Aglopheniidae, 419AHP.See African humid period

© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2017A. Ramos et al. (eds.), Deep-Sea Ecosystems Off Mauritania,DOI 10.1007/978-94-024-1023-5

661

Aichi biodiversity targets, 643AIW.See Antarctic Intermediate WaterAlcyonaria, 282, 324, 342, 518Alcyonids, 285, 307Alepocephalidae, 155, 160–162, 169, 171,

175–177Alepocephalus agassizii, 163, 170, 173, 187,

345Alpheus macrocheles, 638Alternance regions, 336America, 144, 405, 446, 464Amphi-Atlantic, 406, 431, 435, 437, 471, 472Amphiura (Amphiura) grandisquama, 573Amphiuridae, 459, 466AMW.See Arguin Mud WedgeAnalysis of similarity, 160, 323, 532Angola, 8, 156, 375, 464, 466, 508, 512, 516,

529Ankerite, 568, 571, 578Anomura, 360ANOSIM.See Analysis of SimilarityAntarctic, 119, 124, 146, 302, 404, 443, 595Antarctic Intermediate Water, 119, 124Antedon, 455, 456Antedon bifida moroccana, 455Antedonidae, 455, 473Antedon mediterranea, 455Antennella, 427, 432Antennella secundaria, 429, 432Antennella siliquosa, 342, 427, 432Anthoathecata, 419, 422Anthozoa, 620Antipatharia, 516, 537, 542, 551, 637,

640–642, 645Antipatharians, 516, 537, 637, 640, 642Aphrocallistes beatrix, 516Apristurus laurussoni, 207ArcGIS krigging, 280, 359, 421Arcopelta balaustina, 345, 573, 574Arctic, 337, 393, 435, 467Arguin, 7, 25, 27, 53, 62, 66, 67, 69, 73, 74,

85, 89, 93–97, 101, 103, 302, 363, 374,378, 530, 532, 533, 535, 538, 543, 617,635, 637, 640, 646, 649

Arguin Bank, 362Arguin Basin, 94Arguin canyon, 10, 69, 70, 73, 74, 85, 93, 95,

548, 640Arguin canyons system, 640Arguin Complex Canyon, 66, 67Arguin Landslide, 85Arguin Mud Wedge, 67

Arguin North Canyon, 73Arguin Province, 101, 527, 535, 553Arguin Slide, 85Arguin Spur, 64, 67, 85, 101Arguin Wave Field, 89, 101Aristeus varidens, 286, 292, 363, 365, 371, 375Artificial substrata, 428, 437ASCAT.See Advanced ScatterometerAscidiacea, 428, 437, 499, 507, 596Ascidians, 285, 307, 499, 501, 511, 538, 540,

622, 628, 640Aspidochirota, 541Assemblages, 23, 25–27, 155–157, 160,

167–172, 176–179, 201, 207, 211, 227,277, 281, 286, 289, 290, 292, 296, 300,306–309, 317, 329–334, 338–341,355–357, 359, 365–367, 369, 371, 372,375, 376, 378, 379, 393, 396, 400, 402,408, 409, 445–447, 461–463, 467, 468,472, 488, 505–507, 517, 532, 534, 535,543–549, 616, 618, 628, 630, 639, 640,645–649

Assessment, 203, 241, 244, 267, 529, 617Asteroidea, 27, 445–448, 451, 455, 465–467,

605Asteroids, 464, 465, 467Astropectinidae, 455, 466Atlantic, 11, 69, 100, 145, 146, 213, 227, 229,

230, 336, 337, 340, 355, 373, 374, 376,405–407, 409, 419, 420, 431–433, 435,436, 445, 459, 464, 465, 468, 469, 471,472, 482, 498, 507, 510, 514–516, 535,550, 553, 640, 643, 645, 647, 648

Atlantic Mediterranean, 27, 155, 177–179, 419,431, 435, 437, 460, 471, 621

Atlantic Ocean, 2, 9, 120, 121, 125, 145, 146,150, 227, 229, 233, 404, 405, 535

Atlantic waters, 156, 173, 174, 176, 177, 227,230, 232, 266, 340, 372, 374, 393, 399,404–406, 482

Atlantide, 8, 278, 420, 432Atmospheric forcing, 126Auto-epizoism, 433Azores, 229, 232, 420, 436, 461, 464Azores archipelagos, 470Azores Current, 435, 471

BBaie de l’Etoile, 617Banc d’Arguin, 1, 3, 4, 10, 11, 58, 62, 67, 101,

139, 165, 242, 279, 285, 305, 307, 308,337, 339, 397, 420, 422, 424, 426, 433,

662 Index

447, 453, 455, 465, 466, 470, 533, 617,622, 626, 634–636, 640, 644, 647–649

Banda, 507–509, 517, 645Barrier, 1, 11, 16, 24–26, 64, 89, 90, 92, 100,

119, 121, 357, 374, 466, 468, 471, 481,483, 484, 488, 490–492, 497, 500,506–509, 511, 514–517, 549, 630, 639,642, 645

Bathyal, 157, 203, 304, 337, 340, 375, 408,446, 464, 465, 468, 469, 472

Bathyal area, 468Bathyal assemblage, 468Bathyal ecosystems, 356Bathyal soft-bottoms, 277Bathyal species, 465Bathyal waters, 203Bathyal zone, 464, 472Bathymetric, 25–27, 54, 58, 67, 99, 100, 158,

160, 172, 173, 176, 177, 179, 202, 204,205, 207, 211–214, 218, 220, 224,226–229, 232, 241, 243, 246, 250, 251,256, 261, 265, 266, 268, 269, 285, 289,303, 305, 309, 318, 341, 357–359, 361,362, 365, 373–376, 378, 393, 400, 406,421, 429, 430, 433, 436, 445, 450, 464,466, 467, 469, 470, 472, 530, 626, 630,632, 642

Bathymetric area, 248Bathymetric assemblages, 204Bathymetric band, 635Bathymetric boundary, 175Bathymetric coverage, 53, 248, 263Bathymetric data, 58, 226Bathymetric distribution, 20, 26, 226, 234, 250,

277Bathymetric distribution patterns, 26, 201, 224,

226, 234Bathymetric diversity patterns, 337Bathymetric effect, 219Bathymetric gradient, 212Bathymetric groups, 421Bathymetric level, 26, 176Bathymetric limit, 165, 174, 244, 248Bathymetric obstacles, 178Bathymetric occurrence limit, 244Bathymetric overlapping, 266Bathymetric patterns, 201, 400, 450Bathymetric range, 160, 177, 178, 201, 226,

227, 251, 308, 362, 373, 400, 468, 629Bathymetric sampling scheme, 249Bathymetric segregation, 207Bathymetric shaded relief, 59, 60, 70, 77, 82Bathymetric species displacement, 175Bathymetric survey, 1

Bathymetric synthesis, 58, 62Bathymetric transects, 26, 317, 319Bathymetric trends, 451Bathymetric zonation, 466Bathymetric zones, 227Bathymetry, 20, 25, 58, 60, 95, 103, 214, 219,

337, 378Bathymetry maps, 9, 14, 70, 77, 82Bathymetry strata, 20, 23, 248, 317, 319Bathynectes piperitus, 331, 371Bathypelagic species, 179, 269Bathypolypus, 393Bathypolypus arcticus, 399Bathypolypus biardii, 399, 406Bathypolypus sp, 635, 650, 651Bathypolypus valdiviae, 399, 409, 406Bathysolea profundicola, 331Bay of Biscay, 337, 433, 435, 446, 465–467,

469, 515, 550, 551BCLME.See Benguela Current Large Marine

EcosystemBdA.See Banc d'ArguinBeam trawl, 26, 35, 421, 437, 447, 448, 550,

596, 603, 618, 619, 621, 622Beam trawl gear, 12, 16, 18, 19, 24Beam-trawl samples, 335, 341, 498Beam-trawl stations, 336Belgica Mound, 513–516Benguela Current Large Marine, 466Benguela hake, 243Benthesicymus bartletti, 294, 371Benthic, 1, 7, 11, 14, 15, 20, 23–25, 27, 157,

176–179, 230, 233, 277–280, 302, 305,307, 318, 319, 322, 337, 338, 340, 356,357, 374, 377–379, 393, 394, 405, 406,408, 409, 419–421, 431, 434–436, 446,465, 468, 484, 501, 512, 515, 528–530,532, 544, 548, 595, 601, 603, 620–622,626, 630, 634, 638, 640, 641, 646

Benthic assemblages, 15, 26, 317Benthic behaviour, 232Benthic biocenosis, 10Benthic biodiversity, 11, 319, 465, 547Benthic cephalopoda, 281Benthic cephalopod(s), 406Benthic characterization, 19Benthic communities, 279, 516, 616Benthic component, 318Benthic diversity, 325Benthic ecosystems, 11Benthic environment, 356Benthic fauna, 25Benthic fishes, 318Benthic fraction, 318

Index 663

Benthic groups, 503, 511Benthic habitats, 646Benthic incirrated octopod species, 399Benthic invertebrates, 21, 159, 309, 336, 488,

500, 607, 629Benthic megafauna, 298Benthic octopod, 26Benthic productivity, 435Benthic realm, 419Benthic research, 23Benthic richness, 325Benthic size classes, 337Benthic species, 302, 409, 630Benthic suspension-feeder communities, 617Benthic system, 176Benthic taxa, 506Benthoctopus sp, 292Benthogone rosea, 328, 331, 459Benthopelagic, 176, 282, 621Bentho-pelagic coupling, 510Benthos, 10Benthothuria funebris, 282, 289, 307, 448,

456, 469, 650Beyond national jurisdiction areas, 643Bimeria vestita, 422Biocenosis, 10Biodiversity, 11, 15, 23, 25–27, 157, 175, 177,

179, 201, 202, 232, 234, 278, 279, 281,285, 296, 302, 304, 378, 421, 447, 453,464, 514, 529, 535, 547, 593–595, 601,607, 609, 610, 616–618, 620, 640–644,647

Biodiversity changes, 302Biodiversity conservation, 650Biodiversity data, 601, 607, 610Biodiversity descriptors, 234Biodiversity distribution, 325Biodiversity distribution patterns, 448, 623Biodiversity hot spot, 378Biodiversity indices, 453Biodiversity inventories, 617Biodiversity levels, 302Biodiversity networks, 594Biodiversity overview, 618Biodiversity patterns, 177, 278, 281, 483Biodiversity peaks, 179Biodiversity strategies, 643BIOENV, 281, 296, 301, 359, 372Biogeographical, 27, 156, 175, 279, 435,

470–472Biogeographical affinities, 470, 621Biogeographical analysis, 435Biogeographical barrier, 471

Biogeographical components, 419, 421, 431,436, 460

Biogeographical composition, 472Biogeographical history, 376Biogeographical provinces, 373Biogeographical studies, 431Biogeography, 10, 308, 459, 515Biological, 9, 10, 27, 60, 101Biological archives, 610Biological characteristics, 492, 552Biological collections, 594, 609Biological communities., 14Biological diversity, 617, 633, 644, 645Biological features, 616Biological information, 26Biological invasions, 605Biological libraries, 608Biological material, 599Biological parameters, 14Biological processes, 130Biological productivity, 529, 648Biological research, 9, 549Biological richness, 644Biological sampling, 1, 11, 21, 159Biological studies, 270, 617Biological variables, 208, 381Biological zonation, 202Biomass, 4, 6, 20, 155, 159–163, 165, 171,

176, 178, 201, 204–207, 215–217, 226,228, 229, 232, 234, 244, 247, 269, 277,280–283, 285, 287, 289, 296–298, 305,307, 309, 317–319, 323, 325–327, 329,333, 335, 337, 340, 341, 355, 358, 359,362–364, 377, 378, 381, 394, 396, 397,404, 405, 445, 447, 448, 450, 452, 453,457, 458, 461, 466–468, 472, 481, 484,488, 499, 500, 503, 506, 515, 529, 530,537, 538, 540, 541, 543, 544, 549, 618,620, 622, 623, 625–627, 629–631,635–637, 640, 642, 648, 649

Biomass concentrations, 472Biomass pattern, 326, 341Biotic, 160, 179, 278, 289, 294, 305, 432Biotic characteristics, 278Biotic factors, 179Biotic features, 179Biotic variables, 362Bivalves, 336, 491, 499, 527, 535, 540, 553,

640Bivalvia, 323, 516, 541Black˗corals, 550, 645Black hakes, 242–244, 256, 261, 263,

265–267, 269BNJA. See Beyond National Jurisdiction Areas

664 Index

Bonferroni, 204Bongo net, 16, 596Bony fishes, 19, 630Bootstrap index, 285, 292Boreal, 420Boreal-Lusitanian species, 459Boreal seas, 435Boreal species, 408Bottom, 10, 18–20, 23, 25–27, 58, 64, 67, 97,

102, 115, 128, 130–132, 136, 138, 156,158–160, 165, 176, 178, 179, 204, 205,212–215, 218–220, 224, 229, 230, 232,234, 241, 242, 244, 245, 247, 248, 257,258, 261–264, 266, 270, 279–281, 295,296, 298, 300, 302, 305–308, 317, 319,320, 337–340, 355, 356, 358, 359, 361,371, 374, 376, 377, 379, 393, 395, 399,400, 404, 408, 419, 424, 428, 431–433,436, 446, 455, 465, 466, 470, 471,510–514, 516, 517, 530, 535, 538, 540,548–551, 553, 596, 601, 603, 616–618,620–628, 630–632, 634–641, 643,646–649

Bottom characteristics, 179Bottom currents, 102, 176, 510, 644Bottom depth, 256, 259, 260, 398Bottom fishing, 617, 630, 643Bottom heterogeneity, 432Bottom homogeneity, 338Bottom morphology, 165Bottom temperature, 171, 214, 216, 245, 247,

371, 372, 601Bottom topography, 176, 242Bottom trawl, 408, 603Bottom trawling prospection, 19Bougainvilliidae, 422Boulders, 23, 538, 548, 641Boundary, 3, 4, 25, 26, 86, 89, 90, 102, 119,

121, 137, 139, 143, 145, 147, 150, 175,178, 227, 308, 338, 341, 377, 379, 468,472, 616, 621, 642, 644

Brachiopods, 514Brachyura, 362, 373, 374Brachyurans, 373Bray-Curtis index, 159, 298, 323, 330, 359,

366, 447, 503, 506Brittle-stars, 289, 459, 461, 462, 465, 468, 470,

472, 537, 540, 638, 649Bryozoa, 323, 428, 433, 499, 506, 507Bryozoans, 285, 307, 491, 499, 514, 537, 538,

550, 622, 640By catch, 175, 298

CCalcarea, 516Calcarenites, 90, 100, 535Calcite, 571, 578Calices, 492, 493, 551Callumbonella suturalis, 491Calocaris macandreae, 520, 554, 638Calveriosoma hystrix, 289, 346, 469Campanulariidae, 419, 422Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem, 5,

608Canary Islands, 8, 10, 16, 24, 143, 146, 156,

420, 446, 464, 465, 471, 593, 594, 601,603, 607

CANCAP, 10, 279, 420, 432Canoa08 cruise, 124, 127, 129–131, 137Cantabrian, 303, 336Canyon benthic communities, 640Canyon ecosystems, 640Canyon edges, 527, 549, 550, 553Canyon habitats, 19, 528, 582Canyon(s), 1, 10, 11, 14, 16, 19, 20, 23–25, 27,

53–55, 59, 66, 69, 70, 74, 76, 81, 95,176, 242, 267, 307, 374, 378, 424, 435,469, 489, 506, 508, 527, 530, 538, 548,551, 616, 634, 646

Canyon systems, 1, 53, 54, 60, 69, 79, 81, 94,102, 308, 378, 517, 528, 548, 615, 617,635, 640, 646, 649

Canyon walls, 64, 90, 548, 550Cape Blanc, 3, 4, 8, 10, 20, 55, 62, 64, 67, 69,

85, 97, 101, 103, 126, 141, 147, 155,176, 179, 206, 228, 242, 278, 304, 327,336, 337, 422, 431, 450, 464, 470, 584,622, 625, 628, 636, 644

Cape Blanc giant filament, 147, 622Cape Blanc Peninsula, 3Cape Blanc Slide Complex, 85Cape Roxo, 4, 340Cape Timiris, 3, 4, 62, 64, 66, 67, 69, 78, 95,

99, 100, 139, 148, 150, 155, 165, 178,206, 285, 328, 357, 377, 420, 426, 450,470, 481, 484, 489, 530, 625, 627, 634,636, 648

Cape Verde, 9, 25, 54, 76, 98, 103, 128, 156,420, 464, 470, 535, 579

Cape Verde Basin, 9Cape Verde Current, 129Cape Verde Front, 622Cape Verde Islands, 8, 120, 122, 147, 420,

467, 622Cape Verde promontory, 54, 69, 76, 98, 103,

535

Carbonate mounds, 1, 11, 19, 23, 25, 27, 91,338, 340, 357, 483, 507, 512, 517, 549,551, 578, 618, 632, 638, 649

Carbonate mounds barrier, 1, 11, 25, 630,636–638, 645, 649

Carbon flux, 305Caridea, 362, 381Carnivorous, 305, 307, 528, 537, 540, 541,

550, 641Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) calveri, 508Caryophyllia sarsiae, 508, 519Catalogue number, 601Catch quotas, 202CCSee Canary CurrentCCDE-IEOCDSeeCrustacean Collection at the

Oceanographic Centre of CádizCCLMESee Canary Current Large Marine

EcosystemCECAFSee Committee for the Eastern Central

Atlantic FisheriesCellaria salicornioides, 573, 574CenSeam, 562Census of Marine Life, 278, 304, 528Central East Atlantic, 336Central water, 124, 125, 498, 535Centres of endemisms, 641Centrophoridae, 161, 201, 206Centrophorus, 207, 212Centrophorus granulosus, 208, 212Centrophorus squamosus, 207, 212, 215Centroscyllium fabricii, 26, 165, 204, 211, 219,

224, 225, 233Centroscymnus, 26, 201, 204, 206, 211, 212,

219, 221, 233, 339, 635Centroscymnus coelolepis, 165Centroscymnus owstonii, 209, 212, 216Centroselachus crepidater, 26, 165, 201, 204,

211, 219, 223, 233, 339Centrostephanus longispinus, 285, 292, 456,

462, 470Cephalopoda, 232, 323, 620Cephalopod assemblages, 394, 408Cephalopod communities, 408Cephalopod fisheries, 404Cephalopod resources, 404Cephalopod(s), 4, 10, 11, 14, 19, 21, 24–26,

228, 230, 280, 292, 338, 393–397, 399,400, 402, 407–410, 603, 617, 621, 625,630, 634, 635, 637, 648, 650, 651

Cephalopods abundance, 401, 404, 405Cephalopods bathymetric distribution, 403,

409Cephalopods distribution, 10Cephalopods diversity, 26, 311, 404

Cetaceans, 529, 636CFM.See Marine Fauna CollectionChaetopteridae, 285, 307Challenger, 8, 278, 319, 420Challenger Mound, 510Changes, 9, 62, 74, 96, 99, 133, 142, 144, 150,

158, 176, 179, 203, 227, 247, 265, 268,302, 356, 374, 376, 379, 402, 601, 618,643, 646

Changes distribution, 25Changes faunistic composition, 178, 308Channels, 54, 62, 69, 76, 85, 88, 95, 99, 102,

103, 527, 533, 553, 640Charonia lampas, 573, 574, 576, 584Checklist, 26, 393, 395, 396, 410, 421, 422,

433, 515, 596Chimaera monstrosa, 215Chimney, 60, 93, 99, 637Chinguetti oilfield, 509Chlorophthalmus agassizi, 165, 339, 636Chlorophyll, 5, 126, 128, 146, 148–150, 634,

635Chondrichthyans, 19, 25, 234, 634Chondrichthyes, 160–162, 164, 165, 202, 203,

227, 228, 323, 620, 625, 631Cidaris cidaris, 573, 574Cidaroid spines, 491CINECA.See Cooperative Investigation of the

Northern Part of the Eastern CentralAtlantic

Circalittoral, 470Circumglobal, 431, 436, 437, 459Circumtropical, 431, 437Cirripedia, 427, 428, 437Climatic, 26, 241, 513, 645Climatic change, 54, 482Climatic oceanographic, 356Climatic oscillation, 242Climatic variability, 242Cline, 304, 432Cluster, 160, 289, 292, 300, 461, 500, 506,

507, 527, 540, 541, 546, 548, 553Clustering analysis, 281, 488, 532Clytia paulensis, 426Cnidaria, 328, 414, 596, 605, 620Coastal, 1–4, 9, 14, 20, 25, 67, 102, 119, 137,

139, 141, 144, 147, 150, 156, 173, 174,229, 234, 243, 270, 278, 279, 338, 394,399, 405, 407, 419, 429, 433, 616, 617,636, 637, 644

Coastal assemblages, 175Coastal biodiversity, 6Coastal realm, 421

666 Index

Coastal upwelling, 126, 133, 137, 140–142,144, 148, 156, 269, 529, 616

Cold-temperate, 177Cold–temperate affinity, 174Cold-temperate fauna, 156Cold-temperate species, 174, 179Cold-water, 103Cold-water coral communities, 510–512, 529Cold-water coral growth, 513Cold-water coral mounds, 103, 377Cold-water coral mounds barrier, 102, 103,

377, 379, 421, 472, 501Cold-water coral reef, 90, 100, 357, 482, 483,

485, 487, 498, 503, 507, 512–517, 528,615, 617, 618, 638, 641, 644–646

Cold-water coral(s), 14, 27, 53–55, 60, 64, 91,100, 377, 481–483, 489, 491, 494, 495,497, 501, 505, 506, 509–513, 515–517,549–551, 617, 636–640, 642–646, 652

Cold-water mound system, 483, 506Collections, 9, 10, 23, 25, 278, 301, 420, 421,

435, 594, 595, 601, 603, 605, 606, 608,610

faunistic collections, 11, 15, 24Collector, 23, 530, 596, 601, 610Colonial, 9, 420, 516, 630Colonies, 90, 100, 419, 422, 424, 428, 433,

434, 499, 509, 511, 517, 550, 551Colonization, 436, 499COMARGE, 278, 304, 528Commercial, 6, 10, 14, 19, 20, 24, 278, 304,

319, 338, 358, 404, 406, 433, 448, 529,618

Comercial bottom trawl, 18, 19, 168, 171, 231,244, 358, 393, 649

Commercial gear, 16, 18, 19, 24, 203Commercial otter trawl, 421, 437, 550, 618Commercial species, 4, 7, 10, 14Commercial trawl, 19, 20, 304, 319, 339, 341,

395, 433, 447, 530, 534, 538, 619Community, 26, 157, 201, 202, 204, 212–216,

224, 227, 228, 234, 269, 289, 292, 305,371, 375, 538, 540, 547, 549, 607, 617,630, 636, 637, 642, 643, 645, 647, 649

Community composition, 175, 318Community descriptors, 204Community structure, 207, 289, 528, 529Composition, 25, 26, 67, 155–157, 160, 162,

203, 206, 213, 277, 279, 281, 283, 295,302, 306, 317, 319, 323, 325, 329, 331,333, 335, 338, 356, 363, 375, 379, 394,447, 448, 451, 458, 461, 467, 470, 497,498, 504–507, 509, 515, 517, 527, 539,540, 545, 548, 559, 599, 620

Concentrations, 25, 119, 145, 146, 150, 155,165, 232, 307, 308, 341, 377, 405, 469,510, 551, 599, 622, 627, 635, 636, 639,641–643, 649

Conductivity-temperature-depth, 122, 280, 481Congo, 156, 375, 483, 529Conservation, 25, 146, 158, 595, 599, 605,

643, 644, 646, 647Conservation area systems, 615Conservation measures, 617Conservation strategies, 234Constrained Zero-Inflated Generalized

Additive Model (COZIGAM), 205, 218,219

Continental margin, 11, 86, 156, 176, 179, 211,278, 280, 296, 302, 330, 332, 333, 341,370, 456, 469, 482, 483, 485, 489, 529,548, 615, 616, 618, 648

Continental shelf, 3, 6, 9, 10, 14, 54, 58, 60,62, 67, 75, 76, 148, 149, 156, 157, 178,202, 212–215, 220, 228, 229, 279, 307,335, 356, 357, 379, 400, 404–406, 408,421, 431, 434, 446, 468, 548, 616, 622,637, 640, 641, 646, 648

Continental slope, 10, 25, 27, 54, 55, 57, 58,60, 62, 64, 68, 85, 100, 101, 119, 121,133, 143, 150, 158, 172, 174, 206, 218,228, 229, 233, 242, 278, 280, 289, 302,319, 360, 361, 376, 381, 399, 400, 405,406, 432, 433, 435, 445, 447, 450, 453,454, 461, 468, 471, 484, 490, 497, 511,513, 617, 625, 632, 648

Convergence Region, 648Co-occurrence, 266Cooperative Investigation of the Northern part

of the Eastern Central Atlantic, 9Coral(s), 1, 11, 19, 23, 53, 55, 90, 93, 309, 357,

367, 379, 433, 482, 489, 492, 496, 500,504, 505, 514, 520, 553, 615, 645

Coral carbonate mounds, 19, 23, 25, 338, 340,357, 618, 638, 641, 645, 648, 649

Coral framework, 491, 508, 514–517, 551,637, 638

Coralligenous, 495Coral mounds barrier, 55, 64, 88, 90, 93, 100,

178, 277, 302, 305, 308, 309, 374Coral mounds habitats, 638Coral reef, 90, 100, 357, 490, 492, 500, 504,

516, 584, 637, 638, 641, 644–646Coral rubble, 58, 90, 100, 495, 496, 508, 509,

514, 516, 517, 551(dead) corals, 90, 488, 496, 499, 508, 509, 532Coryphaenoides paramarshalli, 332

Index 667

Cosmopolitan, 25, 155, 169, 175, 178, 431,436, 622

Cosmopolitan species, 169Covariates, 205, 215, 217–219, 241, 247, 256,

257, 261COZIGAMSee Constrained Zero-Inflated

Generalized Additive ModelCrabs, 339, 373, 374, 618Crinoidea, 27, 340, 445, 448, 451, 453, 455,

465Crustacea, 428, 620Crustacean Collection at the Oceanographic

Centre of Cádiz, 24Crustaceans, 4, 11, 14, 24, 281, 339–341, 365,

379, 394, 511, 512, 516, 595, 603CTD. See conductivity-temperature-depthCumulative curve, 309Curator, 601CVB. See Cape Verde BasinCVC. See Cape Verde CurrentCVF.See Cape Verde FrontCVFS. See Cape Verde Frontal SystemCW. See Central WaterCycloteuthis akimushkin, 393

DDardanus arrosor, 343, 554, 573, 574Data processing, 58Datasets, 122, 150, 281, 289, 303, 309, 318,

341, 545, 562, 594Deania calcea, 26, 163, 165, 201, 204, 206,

219, 220, 232, 233, 339, 635, 651Deania profundorum, 163, 212Decapoda, 277, 281, 317, 323, 324, 329, 341,

500, 504, 541, 572, 593, 605, 620Decapod abundance, 358, 362, 378Decapod assemblages, 26, 339, 357, 359, 365,

371, 376, 379Decapod bathymetric distribution, 168, 215,

232, 234, 261, 277, 285, 317, 406, 436,445, 450, 464, 475

Decapod communities, 356, 357, 376–378Decapod diversity, 371–374, 377, 378Decapod(s), 10, 19, 24, 26, 238, 292, 303, 307,

308, 317, 318, 323–325, 338, 340, 355,365, 367, 381, 385, 527, 535, 550, 561,573, 593, 625, 629, 636, 645, 648, 649

Decapod typifying species, 307, 371, 375, 603Deep benthic realm, 419, 421, 429Deep continental shelf, 3, 6, 9, 14, 54, 58, 62,

67, 76, 178, 186, 227, 279, 335, 356,379, 393

Deep ecosystems, 11, 202

Deep hydroids, 433Deep sea benthos, 279, 302, 304, 377Deep sea ecosystem, 158, 609, 617Deep sea fauna, 374, 376, 469, 610Deep sea habitat, 157, 278, 301, 643, 647Deep sea megabenthos, 304Deep sea research, 303Deep sea trawling, 564Deep sharks, 173, 177, 202, 206, 228Deep shelf assemblage, 285, 292, 329, 337,

470Deep slope assemblage(s), 292, 307, 329, 376Deep water coral, 367, 509, 510, 515, 516, 630,

637Deep water fishes, 25, 187, 188Deep water hake, 267, 268, 637Deep water octopods, 402, 406, 408Deep water rose shrimp, 363, 375, 378, 636,

637Deep water(s), 1, 4, 11, 26, 175, 179, 241, 266,

277, 279, 283, 285, 296, 309, 363, 375,378, 393, 406, 409, 419, 446, 459, 464

Deep water species, 514, 594Demersal, 4, 6, 11, 14, 16, 20, 23–27, 155,

173, 226, 280, 309, 319, 332, 338, 404,408, 529, 616, 618, 631

Demersal assemblages, 168, 178, 332Demersal communities, 157, 173, 336, 339,

595, 648Demersal elasmobranches, 201, 227, 228, 636Demersal fauna, 173, 616Demersal fish assemblages, 156, 167, 176, 339Demersal fish communities, 175Demersal fishes, 25, 27, 160, 300, 309, 319,

326, 330, 335, 336, 618, 627Demersal resources, 4, 14, 23, 158, 242, 280,

301, 305, 395, 405, 581Demersal stocks, 617Demosponges, 537, 552, 574, 576, 646Demospongiae, 499, 500, 504, 515, 539, 545Dendrobranchiata, 381Dendrochirota, 638Dendrogram, 167, 289, 298, 323, 329, 366,

400, 503, 506, 540Dendrophyllia cornigera, 491, 538, 548, 550,

641Dense aggregations, 307, 308, 444, 466, 467,

639Density, 60, 122, 125, 173, 204, 205, 218, 220,

228, 230, 247, 256, 257, 285, 335, 337,340, 435, 450, 451, 467, 469, 472, 484,530, 550, 551, 627, 635, 637, 642

Deposit˗feeders, 584

668 Index

Depth boundary, 177, 379Depth˗dependant, 219, 355Depth interval, 220, 224, 632Depth ranges, 160, 172, 207, 227, 338, 373,

433Depth-related patterns, 304Desmacella inornata , 518, 573Deterioration, 482, 491, 601, 610Detritivorous, 282, 528, 553Development, 4, 54, 67, 94, 96, 98, 100–102,

307, 319, 337, 394, 435, 496, 509–513,549, 553, 610, 616, 628, 643, 644, 646

sustainable development, 4Dicrolene introniger, 169, 332Discards, 228, 229, 232, 234, 636Discriminating species, 339, 359, 367, 448,

542Dispersion, 160, 296, 435, 436, 471, 514, 622Dissimilarity, 167, 169, 292, 323, 330, 359,

367, 402, 448, 461, 463, 468, 488, 542,630

Dissolved oxygen, 122, 123, 137, 145–147,150, 357, 377, 497, 535, 642, 643

Distribution, 1, 4, 10, 24–26, 53, 60, 64,66–68, 96, 122, 124, 130, 131, 137,140, 145, 150, 155, 157, 160, 162, 166,169, 171, 176, 178, 201–203, 205–207,210, 215, 219, 221–227, 229, 230, 232,233, 241, 243–248, 256–258, 263, 265,266, 268, 269, 277, 279, 281, 289, 291,302, 304, 306, 308, 318, 337, 339, 341,357

Distribution maps, 279, 295Distribution patterns, 26, 157, 201, 226, 289,

304, 318, 325, 357, 408, 431, 440, 446,464, 623

Distribution range, 400, 408Diverse, 155, 157, 160, 161, 165, 177, 201,

206, 224, 229, 280, 286, 304, 307, 323,328, 336, 339, 372, 373, 377, 394, 396,404, 436, 445, 455, 459, 465, 469, 472,488, 514–516, 529, 535, 596, 620, 628,634, 646, 648

Diversity, 1, 155, 157, 160, 161, 171–173,177–179, 201, 204, 227, 234, 280, 281,285, 287, 293–295, 300, 303–305,307–309, 317, 318, 323, 326, 327, 329,333, 336–338, 340, 341, 356, 358, 363,371–374, 377, 378, 404, 432

Diversity descriptors, 539Diversity distribution patterns, 157, 285, 304,

318, 325, 448, 623

Diversity index(eces), 171, 216, 217, 227, 372,396, 453, 462, 488, 499, 500, 515, 532,541

Diversity measures, 323Diversity patterns, 179, 304, 318, 337(total) diversity, 328, 465a diversity, 285, 506b diversity, 281c diversity, 283, 285, 307, 309, 506, 549Dolomite, 568, 571, 578Dominance, 176, 177, 263, 267, 269, 270, 277,

283, 305, 306, 317, 325, 340, 341, 373,375, 377, 378, 402, 433, 450, 459, 461,462, 469, 506, 509, 511, 515, 517, 528,538, 544, 553, 616, 628, 630

Dominance curves, 532Dyptaster mollis, 445

EEastern Atlantic, 100, 303, 340, 404, 406, 431,

435, 459, 460, 465, 468, 470, 471, 529,644

Eastern boundary current, 139, 143, 147Eastern boundary upwelling systems, 616EBSA. See Ecologically or BiologicallyEBSA criteria, 644ECCO2 circulation model, 122, 124, 130, 132,

134–136, 138Echinoderm assemblages, 462, 468Echinodermata, 323, 446, 447, 451, 464–466Echinoderm biodiversity, 464Echinoderm diversity, 446, 464, 467Echinoderm(s), 338, 445–448, 454, 459–462,

464–468, 472, 535Echinoidea, 27, 281, 445, 448, 451, 459, 465,

467Echinoids, 459, 465–467, 634, 635Echinothuriidae, 459, 469Echinothurioida, 445, 446, 459EcoAfrik, 11, 23, 24, 27, 103, 151, 301, 309,

341, 380, 409, 436, 465, 472, 517, 553,601, 610, 649

Ecologically or Biologically Significant MarineAreas, 7

Ecological role, 26, 202, 318, 356, 394, 462,547, 646

Economic exclusive zone, 1, 203, 464, 616Ecoregion, 175Ecosystem approach, 617Ecosystem engineers, 433Ecosystem modelling, 298Ecosystem(s), 7, 10, 11, 26, 27, 157–159, 179,

201–203, 229, 279, 298, 318, 377, 379,380, 462, 466, 595, 609, 617, 643, 644

Index 669

EEZ. See Economic Exclusive ZoneEfficient management, 234Egmundella superba, 429Ekman, 126, 133Ekman pumping, 126, 143Ekman transport, 143Elasmobranches, 26, 201–204, 206, 210, 211,

224, 226–229, 234, 599, 623, 626, 635,636, 648

Elasmobranchii, 603El Mhaïjral Gully, 93Endemic, 27, 419, 445, 460, 471, 516, 642Endemic species, 27, 516, 642Enoploteuthidae, 407, 416Environmental, 8, 26, 27, 157, 177, 179,

201–205, 212, 227, 234, 245, 247, 268,281, 300, 302, 305, 338, 357, 359, 374,376, 378, 379, 470, 482, 509–513, 517,549, 551, 553, 601, 610, 617, 618, 628,630, 639, 645, 648–652

Environmental conditions, 11Environmental factors, 294Environmental features, 8, 510, 617, 630, 650,

652Environmental variables, 296Enypniastes eximia, 445, 448, 456, 469, 650Epibenthic, 300, 301, 303, 317–319, 324, 325,

330–332, 336, 338–340, 446, 548, 621Epibenthic diversity, 336, 341Epibenthic communities, 339, 446Epibenthic fishes, 318Epibenthic invertebrates, 326Epibenthic species, 330Epibenthos, 25, 318, 319, 322, 326, 329, 337,

341, 629Epibionts, 419, 436Epifauna(1), 298, 306, 335, 446, 466Epizoic strategies, 436Epizoism, 27, 419, 428Equatorial, 121, 145, 146, 150, 374, 435, 467,

471, 515Equatorial counter˗current, 471Equatorial current system, 467Equipment, 244, 296Erosional features, 69Ethanol, 24, 280, 358, 421, 447, 488, 532, 596,

599, 601Etmopteridae, 161, 201, 206Etmopterus princeps, 213, 237Etoile Bay, 10Euchirograpsus liguricus, 343, 573, 584Eudendrium, 422Eudendrium album, 422Eudendrium ramosum, 422

EUMELI, 279, 305, 335, 336, 338, 467Eumunida bella, 516Eunice sp, 501, 516, 545Eunicidae, 641Europa, 8, 156, 202, 268, 357, 376, 405, 464,

470, 482, 509, 514European Argo Data Center, 122European continental slope, 512Eurybathy(ic), 27Eurythermal species, 265Eutrophic, 176Eutrophic conditions, 176, 305, 338, 340Eutrophic environments, 176Evenness, 160, 171, 280, 285, 289, 304,

326–328, 337, 396, 450, 453, 455, 461,462, 488, 514, 532, 541, 543, 549

Extractive activities, 616Ezaxius ferachevali, 374, 638

FFaculty of Marine Sciences, 322, 421Families, 25, 26, 155, 160–162, 164, 169, 171,

176, 177, 201, 206, 207, 269, 355, 360,362, 363, 376, 394, 396, 397, 404, 410,419, 422, 424, 425, 432, 448, 455, 457,459, 466, 469, 472, 603–605, 607

Faroe Islands, 514, 515Faunal discontinuity, 178, 379, 630FAUNAMARINA, 610Faunistic, 1, 8, 10, 19, 23, 173, 178, 277, 279,

281, 302, 303, 307, 309, 338, 341, 376,377, 396, 402, 408, 447, 462, 468, 470,471, 481–483, 488, 491, 497–499, 503,505–507, 515, 517, 528, 530, 532, 535,538–540, 543, 545, 548, 617, 630, 632,645, 647, 648

Faunistic boundary, 338, 377Faunistic characteristics, 27Faunistic collections, 11, 15, 24Faunistic composition, 178, 281, 283, 306,

329, 468, 470, 488, 497, 498, 505–507,515, 539, 540, 545, 575, 584

Faunistic discontinuity, 26, 277, 309, 632, 648Faunistic inventories, 8Faunistic list, 157, 160, 206, 325, 362, 406,

447, 514, 647Faunistic poverty, 482, 511, 517, 645Faunistic similarity, 159, 160, 281, 396Favourable conditions, 517Feeding strategies, 269, 527, 537Filament(s), 305, 636Fish abudances, 327Fish assemblages, 339Fish biomass, 178

670 Index

Fish communities,, 155, 165Fish diversity, 177, 625, 641Fisheries agreements, 4

artisanal fisheries, 7coastal fisheries, 4, 405national fisheries, 4

Fish(es), 25, 155–162, 162, 164, 165, 167,171–179, 202, 220, 228, 232, 242

Fisheries management, 643Fishery research, 3, 10, 15, 301Fishery resources, 55, 165, 643Fishery(ries), 26, 27, 228, 232, 267, 268, 404,

529, 616African fisheries, 4, 301, 405, 601

Fishes richness, 329Fishing, 4, 7, 9, 14, 16, 19, 23, 48, 55, 155,

159, 202, 227–229, 232, 234, 243, 250,268, 278, 300, 305, 318, 319, 379, 409,428, 435, 511, 512, 630, 636, 640, 647

Fishing exploitation, 26, 155, 175, 177, 307Fishing fleets, 11, 302, 616Fishing gears, 19, 229, 230, 232Fishing grounds, 7, 266, 356, 394, 434, 512,

617, 636Fishing impact, 26, 201, 356, 436Fishing pressure, 156, 179, 228, 234, 268, 305,

356, 379Fish species, 317, 326, 330, 339Fish stocks, 617, 641, 643Fleets, 7, 228, 242, 305, 405, 434, 529

(artisanal) fleets, 4, 616, 636, 647national fleets, 4, 156

Fluid, 54, 100, 103Fluorescence, 123, 137, 141, 148, 484, 495,

497, 530, 535, 536Food, 15, 100, 228, 229, 305Food availability, 308, 373, 376, 377, 433, 510Food chain, 202, 229, 529Food input, 203, 305, 338, 432, 467, 472, 636Food sources, 510Food web, 177, 179, 228, 269, 356Framework, 8, 10, 11, 24, 28, 86, 90, 151, 204,

278, 301, 309, 409, 436, 446, 472, 507,551, 553, 610, 617, 644

Framework composition, 491, 508Fridjof Nansen, 304Front, 1, 25, 62, 66, 67, 81, 96, 98, 102, 119,

533, 622, 626, 628, 647, 648Frontal system, 119, 173, 340, 468Furrows, 64, 85, 88, 93, 99, 490, 511Fusinus sp1, 546

GGabon, 156, 308, 375, 470Galatheid, 516Galeus polli, 169, 212Galgos Bay, 10, 16, 17Galician bank, 509GAM.SeeGeneral additive modellingGambia river, 147Garveia nutans, 422Gastropoda, 323, 331, 428Gastropods, 304, 331, 336, 339, 339, 511GBIF.SeeGlobal Biodiversity International

FacilityGCV.Seegeneralized cross validationGEBCO.SeeGeneral Bathymetric Chart of the

OceansGeneral additive modelling, 204Generalized cross validation, 205Genus, 169, 243, 290, 376, 406, 422, 448, 455,

459, 470, 516, 603, 642Geodia, 642Geodia barretti, 642Geodia megastrella, 642, 647Geodidae, 638, 647, 649, 652Geographic(al), 2, 3, 19, 20, 26, 121, 178, 202,

205, 214–216, 219, 220, 266, 280, 291,303, 304, 341, 364, 393, 421, 431, 452,512, 550, 601, 621, 622, 624, 627, 629

Geographical distribution, 304, 374, 626, 628Geographic gradient, 220Geographic pattern, 214, 218, 227, 228Geographic sectors, 20Geological period, 496, 511, 553Geology, 577Geomorphological, 1, 9, 14, 16, 25, 53–55, 60,

63, 67, 80, 86, 87, 102, 103, 178, 278,305, 374, 507, 616, 632, 636, 646, 648

Geomorphological divisions, 101Geomorphological features, 14Geomorphology, 1, 25, 53, 58, 99, 103, 179,

227, 357, 378, 528, 529, 547, 548, 634Geophysical, 16, 19, 25, 55, 530, 617Gephyroberyx darwini, 161Geophysical exploration, 18, 484German surveys, 551Giant barrier, 508, 637, 649Giant filament, 4, 144, 147, 622, 635Gibraltar, 4, 432Gigantism, 308Glacial period, 513Global, 4, 6, 19, 25, 122, 150, 155, 162, 179,

211, 241, 242, 268, 278, 283, 285, 319,

Index 671

325, 326, 334, 357, 363, 373, 374, 446,451, 465, 497, 498, 506, 539, 544, 605,609, 610, 620, 643

Global biodiversity, 609, 610Global Biodiversity International Facility, 595Global diversity, 446, 549Global Positioning System, 19Global R, 462Global richness, 540Global warming, 643Glyphus marsupialis, 286, 292, 355, 363, 370,

371, 375, 376Goethite, 568, 571Goneplax rhomboides, 343, 361, 573Gorgonaria, 282, 324, 342, 504, 505, 518, 546Gorgonians, 501, 507, 516, 537, 542, 550, 551,

636, 637, 645, 652GPS.SeeGlobal Positioning SystemGrain size, 58, 280, 359Graneledone verrucosa, 393, 399Gravitational features, 85Guidelines, 617, 643, 647Guinea Bissau, 340, 420, 432Guinea Current, 133, 648Guinea Dome, 119, 122, 126, 467Guinea(n), 8, 9, 143Guinean affinity, 157, 173Guinean Gulf, 173, 243Guinean species, 174, 471Gulf of cadiz, 508, 509Gulf stream, 435, 471Gullies, 25, 53, 55, 62, 69, 75, 76, 79, 81, 85,

102, 646

HHabitat, 25, 233, 247, 269, 278, 302, 303, 308,

318, 341, 356, 357, 362, 381, 408, 433,435, 529, 609, 636, 642–645

Habitat complexity, 433Habitat formers, 433Habitat heterogeneity, 278, 302, 341, 435, 529Hake(s), 26, 242–248, 250–252, 254, 255, 263,

265–270, 637Hakes abundance, 263Hake stocks, 241Hake trawlers, 356, 630Haleciidae, 419, 422Halecium, 428, 429Halecium halecinum, 426Halecium sibogae marocanum, 429Halopterididae, 419, 422Halosauridae, 160, 161, 177Halosaurus guentheri, 169

Hard bottom habitats, 1, 19, 25, 27, 302, 528,618, 638, 652

Hard bottoms, 18, 23, 470Hard substrata, 23, 432, 583, 638Harmattan, 637Harriotta raleighana, 212Hatton Bank, 482, 515, 516Haul, 23, 158–160, 244–246, 248, 251, 358,

512, 530, 601Haul duration, 23, 158Helicolenus dactylopterus, 155, 161, 162, 165,

339, 635, 636, 651Hexactinellids, 516Hierarchical clustering, 281, 488Highly vulnerable, 229, 234High-range taxa, 20, 277, 280, 281, 323, 481,

488, 499, 527, 542, 605, 618High resolution seismic profile, 561Historical expeditions, 394, 446, 464Holocene, 102, 513, 639Holocephali, 226, 603Holothurians, 283, 305, 307, 308, 328, 333,

340, 341, 459, 461, 465, 469, 542, 620,634, 635, 648

Holothurids, 282, 289, 292, 307, 308, 331, 446,462, 464, 465, 467–469, 638, 640, 651

Holothuroidea, 27, 277, 325, 341, 428, 445,447, 448, 451, 459, 465–467, 541, 605

Homola barbata, 367Hoplostethus, 348, 564, 635, 651Hoplostethus atlanticus, 564Hoplostethus cadenati, 161Hoplostethus mediterraneus, 161, 339, 635,

651Horizontal opening, 23, 158, 319, 421Hot spot, 227Human activities, 7, 615, 617, 641, 643Hydractinia multitentaculata, 419, 429Hydroid diversity, 419, 421, 432Hydroids, 326, 419–422, 428, 431–433, 435,

436, 527, 553, 646Hydrolagus, 207, 226Hydrolagus affinis, 207Hydrolagus mirabilis, 212Hydrological changes, 179Hydrological features, 242, 432Hydrological phenomenon, 228Hydrological profiles, 340Hydrological season, 265, 266Hydrological terms, 156Hydrology, 176Hydrorhizae, 428, 433, 436Hydrorhizal modifications, 419Hydrorhiza modifiers, 432

672 Index

Hydrozoa, 277, 281, 323, 423, 424, 426–428,430, 431, 437, 499, 506, 507, 541, 605,620

Hydrozoans, 19, 25, 26, 307, 340, 341, 436,511, 517, 535–538, 540, 550, 553, 621,627, 636, 637, 640, 648

Hymenaster roseus, 289, 445, 456, 457, 650Hymenopenaeus chacei, 365, 371, 375Hypoxia, 340, 618, 643Hypoxic conditions, 642Hypoxic habitat, 642, 645, 649

IIbero-Moroccan Bay, 432, 435Ichthyoplankton, 16Idmidronea flexuosa, 573IEO. See Spanish Institute of OceanographyIllex coindetii, 399, 403, 404IMROP. See Mauritanian Institute of

Oceanographic and Fisheries ResearchInachidae, 362Inchiri Canyon, 76, 101, 165, 490, 507Incirrate octopods, 406Industrial fleets, 4, 229, 232, 234, 616, 647Inorganic nutrient, 122, 145, 146, 150Instability zones, 60, 85, 89Inter-canyon sites, 641, 647Integrated overview, 27, 616Interglacial periods, 514Intergovernmental Oceanographic

Commission, 9, 62International conventions, 27, 616International Hydrographic Office, 62International Union for Conservation of

Nature, 528, 638Interquartile range, 160, 172, 203, 206, 361,

400Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone, 143Invertebrates, 8, 11, 14, 22–25, 27, 277, 278,

308, 318, 319, 322, 323, 326, 329, 333,336, 338, 339, 341, 357, 377, 379, 428,431, 433, 434, 445, 471, 488, 494, 500,511, 514, 515, 532, 548, 594–596, 599,601, 603, 617, 618, 620, 622, 637, 638

IOC. See Intergovernmental OceanographicCommission

Isobath, 71, 78, 83, 95, 129, 131, 433, 632Isolated habitats, 583Isolated populations, 582Isopods, 318, 336, 337Isopycnal, 125, 145ITCZ. See Inter-Tropical Convergence ZoneIUCN. See International Union for

Conservation of Nature

IUCN Red List, 643

JJavania cailleti, 508Jreida North Canyon, 89Jreida South Canyon, 67Juveniles, 178, 230, 232, 233, 251, 263, 265,

266, 459

KKangaroo shrimp, 363Keur Massene, 66, 69, 79, 81, 85, 88, 89Keur Massene Canyon System, 82Keur Massene Slide Complex, 88King crab, 363, 371, 636K-selected species, 202

LLaboratory(ies), 22, 58, 158, 203, 322, 358,

421, 447, 532, 593, 599Laboratory of Marine Zoology, 447, 593, 607Laetmogone violacea, 328, 456Lafoeidae, 419, 422Lampanyctus sp, 164, 170, 172, 185Landings, 4, 175, 244, 246, 266, 267, 376Landslides, 53–55, 60, 62, 85, 88, 94, 96–102,

112, 508, 535, 618, 635Larvae, 14, 464, 629, 646Larval settlement, 307Larval transport, 406, 514, 622Latitudinal cline, 304, 305Latitudinal distribution, 254Latitudinal diversity pattern, 304Latitudinal pattern, 214, 304, 309, 317, 328,

336, 341, 453, 467Latitudinal species displacement, 317Latrunculia cratera, 518, 573, 574LCW. See lower central waterLength frequency, 230, 245, 246, 251, 252,

254, 255Leptometra celtica, 307, 455Leptothecata, 419, 422Leuckartiara octona, 422Lists of species, 483Lithodidae, 362, 376Live polyps, 509Living cold-water corals, 509, 641Living coral colony, 509Living corals, 499, 501, 506, 509, 511, 517,

528, 538, 551, 553Living fauna composition, 499Lofoten, 16, 21, 158, 244, 358, 448, 596Loliginidae, 393, 396, 404Loligo vulgaris, 405, 637, 651

Index 673

Long-lived suspension-feeder communities,307, 628

Lophelia habitats, 516Lophelia pertusa, 90, 100, 481–483, 501, 522,

538, 550, 637, 638, 640, 641, 643, 645Lophelia reefs, 510, 512, 515, 516, 545, 641Louik, 64, 69, 75, 85, 89, 95, 507, 530, 533,

535, 538, 539, 551, 640Louik Canyon System, 75, 93, 95Louik Instability Zone, 89Lower central water, 150, 640Lower slope, 58, 61, 96, 167–170, 176, 212,

227, 277, 289, 309, 405, 625, 630, 635Lusitanian, 303, 460, 471Lusitanian province, 431Lusitanian region, 470Lytocarpia myriophyllum, 428

MMacaronesian, 279, 435, 445, 460Macrobenthic assemblages, 323Macrobenthic taxa, 282, 337, 504, 516Macrobenthos(ic), 16, 228, 303, 304, 308, 318,

337, 356, 506, 514, 548, 620Macrohabitats, 483, 517Macropipus rugosus, 292, 367Macrouridae, 155, 160, 161, 169, 171,

175–177Madeira, 229, 308, 420, 469Madrepora oculata, 100, 481, 491, 501, 550,

638, 640, 641, 652MAPs. See Marine Protected AreasMarine biodiversity, 7, 278, 609, 610Marine biology, 643Marine communities, 156, 323Marine ecosystem, 4, 5, 14, 156, 157, 202, 318,

356, 394, 404, 431, 464, 529, 549, 550,609, 615, 643, 644

Marine fauna, 8, 24, 158, 421, 593, 602–606,622

Marine fauna collection, 594Marine geology, 573Marine protected areas, 617, 644Marine research, 1, 9, 10, 617Marine resources, 156, 616Mastigoteuthis flammea, 393, 399, 407Mauritania EEZ, 305Mauritanian assemblages, 307, 468Mauritanian continental margin, 9, 25, 26, 54,

103, 157, 285, 301, 304, 308, 336, 341,454

Mauritanian current, 435Mauritanian Institute of Oceanographic and

Fisheries Research, 279

Mauritanian margin, 54, 67, 69, 99, 104, 112,507, 513, 618, 622

Mauritanian mound complex, 507, 510, 513,515

Mauritanian province, 481, 507Mauritanian-Senegalese, 173, 175, 268, 302,

336, 405, 464, 465, 470Mauritania Slide Complex, 53, 85, 634Mauritanian slope, 1, 11, 25, 26, 35, 53, 59, 60,

69, 88, 89, 92, 97–99, 101, 176, 179,208, 211, 286, 301–303, 305–309, 329,336–338, 341, 374, 377, 433, 435, 453,455, 466–469, 472, 481, 483, 509–511,513, 529, 531, 535, 551, 553, 617, 618,620–623, 625–633, 637–639, 642,644–649

Mauritanian upwelling system, 338Mauritania slope, 25, 90, 93, 119Maurit canyon system, 79Maurit cruises, 55, 103, 124, 126, 137, 148,

151, 396, 403, 406, 407, 410, 623, 640,647

Maurit instability zone, 89Maurit lower wave field, 89, 102Maurit surveys, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21,

23–25, 27, 35, 55–58, 67, 86, 90, 123,159–164, 168, 201, 206, 213, 244, 248,251, 255, 268, 277, 279, 297, 301, 303,319, 340, 357, 362, 363, 365, 374, 375,397, 406, 419–423, 428, 432–435, 440,448–450, 461, 465, 466, 469, 470, 484,512, 527, 530, 550, 593, 595, 596, 601,603–605, 607–610, 616–618, 631, 632,638, 640, 642, 647, 649

Maurit upper wave field, 89, 102MC. See Mauritanian CurrentMDS. See Multidimensional ScalingMean length, 204, 205, 218–220Mediterranean, 156, 176, 177, 227–229, 357,

373, 374, 376–379, 405, 420, 431, 433,460, 470, 471, 482, 510, 513–515, 528,529, 548, 550, 594, 642, 646

Megabenthic, 14, 23, 26, 27, 176, 277, 303,618

Megabenthic assemblages, 299, 307, 309, 517,527, 553

Megabenthic biodiversity, 547Megabenthic communities, 277, 341, 357, 462,

527, 553, 627Megabenthic species, 285, 303, 516, 548, 635Megabenthic taxa, 303, 356, 625, 626, 631,

642Megabenthos, 19, 20, 23–27, 277, 279–282,

285, 297, 298, 301, 302, 307–309, 311,

674 Index

319, 338, 340, 341, 467, 497, 515, 527,529, 530, 535, 540, 544, 548, 549, 553,618, 620, 622–624, 626, 627, 629, 630,635, 640, 641, 648

Megabenthos diversity, 304, 548Megafauna, 23, 279, 297, 300, 301, 304, 378,

514, 516, 625Megafauna diversity, 304Megafauna richness, 625Merluccius, 26, 155, 161, 241, 243, 244, 266,

268Merluccius merluccius, 267Merluccius polli, 637Merluccius senegalensis, 26, 241, 242Merluccius spp, 26, 267Mesh size, 19, 158, 319, 322, 358, 530Meso-predators, 229Methane, 99Methodological approach, 26, 341Methodology, 19, 20, 58, 98, 133, 205, 227,

280, 302, 309, 358, 421, 447, 464, 484,517, 530, 548

Microchirus boscanion, 331Microwave radiometer, 123, 139Mid Atlantic Ridge, 616Middle slope, 53, 63, 65–67, 70–72, 77–80,

82–84, 96, 99, 103, 123, 167–169, 173,174, 177, 178, 212, 227, 285, 292, 307,317, 327, 329, 333, 337, 355, 397, 429,533, 648

Middle slope assemblage, 292Middle slope community, 212Migrations, 265Mingulay, 515Misidentification, 241, 268Moats, 64, 67, 90, 489, 511Mobile fauna, 540, 642Modal size, 230, 232Modeeria rotunda, 426Moderate Resolution Imaging

Spectroradiometer, 120MODIS. See Moderate Resolution Imaging

SpectroradiometerMollusks, 551Monitoring, 7, 179, 300–302Monodaeus couchii , 520, 584Morocco, 242, 306, 307, 420, 435, 464, 469,

470, 513, 516, 637Morphospecies, 20, 24, 280, 322, 447, 484,

506, 545Mounds barrier, 27, 67, 69, 90, 98–102, 551,

553, 616, 632, 633, 636, 645, 648, 649,652

Mounds chain, 89, 90, 98, 100, 101MS. See Mauritania SlopeMSC. See Mauritania Slide ComplexMud(dy), 60, 67, 86, 90, 100, 160, 171, 178,

245, 261, 266, 294, 300, 481, 495, 618Muddy bottoms, 173, 432Muddy matrix, 90, 495, 497Mud-slides, 511Mud volcanoes, 511, 516Multibeam, 483, 484Multibeam echosounder, 53, 55, 58, 103, 481,

484, 527, 529, 530, 632, 640Multidimensional scaling, 160, 168, 297, 323,

330, 359, 365, 447, 461, 488, 503, 544,631

Multidisciplinary, 11, 53, 58, 395, 484, 515,529, 530

Multidisciplinary expedition, 1Multidisciplinary programme, 9, 11Multivariate analysis, 155, 167, 169, 207, 277,

289, 298, 300, 308, 323, 329, 330, 341,365, 366, 372, 396, 400, 401, 445, 462,467, 481, 505, 506, 527, 532, 544, 545,549, 553, 630, 631

Munida, 339Munida intermedia, 638Munida speciosa, 285, 292, 331, 363, 367,

370, 371, 375Munidopsis vaillantii, 520, 555, 638Muritania (Islamic Republic of), 1, 2Muusoctopus, 399, 406Muusoctopus fuscus, 393Muusoctopus janarii, 345, 406, 414Myctophidae, 160, 161, 177Myxinidae, 160

NNACW. See North Atlantic Central WaterNADW. See North Atlantic Deep WaterNamibia, 156, 268, 307, 375, 379, 432, 435,

446, 466Nassarius wolffi, 331, 491, 501, 546National biodiversity strategies, 644National Oceanographic Data Center, 122Natural archive, 27, 593, 603Natural collections, 593, 595, 605, 607–610Natural refuges, 547Nature of the seabed, 60, 64NBD. See National Biodiversity StrategiesNECC. See North Equatorial Counter CurrentNematocarcinidae, 355, 362Nematocarcinus africanus, 286, 292, 355, 362,

363, 371, 375, 378, 637, 642, 651

Index 675

Nemertea, 322Nemertesia perrieri, 426–428Nemichthys scolopaceus, 169Neolithodes asperrimus, 294, 363, 371, 636Neonates, 230Neopycnodonte zibrowii, 539, 551, 641, 649,

652Neritic, 26, 393, 405, 408Net sensor, 16, 28, 280, 359New genus, 374, 621, 638New species, 8, 281, 355, 374, 409, 603, 605,

610, 621Nezumia, 169Nezumia duodecim, 163, 183, 331, 349Nezumia micronychodon, 169, 174, 183, 349NMDS. See non˗metric multidimensional

scalingNODC. See National Oceanographic Data

CenterNon-classifiable, 431, 437, 459Non˗linear regressions, 204Non˗metric multi˗dimensional scaling, 204,

212, 214–216, 532Non-motile invertebrates, 634North Atlantic, 8, 120, 121, 124, 125, 143, 144,

146, 148, 150, 156, 157, 176–178, 229,230, 232, 233, 242, 303, 304, 307, 309,336, 340, 341, 357, 378, 406, 446, 462,465, 467, 469, 510, 621

North Atlantic Central Water, 125North Atlantic Deep Water, 120, 124, 465North Atlantic Ridges, 444Northeast Atlantic, 482, 515North Equatorial Counter Current, 120Northwest Africa, 4, 5, 8, 9, 26, 86, 157, 202,

203, 227, 242–244, 278, 336, 340, 394,408, 431, 446, 471, 485, 648, 649

Norway, 509, 512, 514, 515Norwegian, 99, 337, 405, 482, 511, 514Nouadhibou, 3, 7, 10, 16, 644Nouakchott, 7, 11, 16, 25, 53, 60, 62, 69, 76,

101Nouakchott Canyon, 76, 490Nouakchott Canyon System, 77, 98, 99Nouakchott province, 101, 103Nouamghar Canyon, 76Nucula sulcata, 491Numerical, 20, 25, 119, 122, 124, 130, 133,

135, 137, 148Numerical abundance, 20, 23, 159, 161, 162,

166, 169, 203, 206, 217, 277, 280, 282,283, 285, 291, 306, 325, 326, 328, 329,331, 358, 363–365, 372, 381, 395, 396,

398, 425, 445, 447, 448, 451, 458, 459,462, 484, 497, 499, 500, 505–507, 514,532, 538, 539, 541, 543, 545, 620, 628

Numerical model, 150Nursery area, 232Nutrient supply, 510

OObelia dichotoma, 429OBIS. See Ocean Biogeographic Information

SystemOcc. See Oceanographic Centre of CadizOccurrence, 26, 27, 99, 161, 164, 165, 176,

204, 209, 211, 212, 241, 248, 261, 281,323, 324, 358, 359, 365, 367, 369, 371,379, 394, 397, 399, 422, 425, 426, 428,437, 450, 459, 495, 509, 510, 524, 535,538, 628

Ocean acidification, 618, 643Ocean Biogeographic Information System, 462Oceanographic Centre of Cadiz, 24, 604Oceanographic Centre of Malaga, 24, 158, 604,

605Oceanographic conditions, 379, 509, 513Oceanographic environment, 497Oceanography, 1, 119, 378, 406, 408, 409, 472Ocean productivity, 3, 513OCM. See Oceanographic Centre of MalagaOctocorallia, 306, 340Octocorals, 433, 517, 550Octopus vulgaris, 285, 292, 394, 403, 405, 408Offshore, 4, 7, 10, 27, 100, 119, 123, 126, 130,

131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 142–144, 148,150, 228, 266, 305, 340, 483, 508, 549,622, 635, 636, 644, 648

Offshore upwelling, 25, 142, 147, 616, 622Offshore waters, 616Oil and gas exploitation, 302, 617Oil and gas exploration, 1, 6, 10Oligotrophic, 176, 179, 308Oligotrophic conditions, 308Oligotrophy, 176, 340Ommastrephidae, 393, 396, 404Omnivorous, 537Omoscleromorpha, 518OMZ. See oxygen minimum zoneOphiacantha abyssicola, 583Ophiacanthidae, 459, 466Ophiactis balli, 573, 584Ophidiidae, 160, 161Ophiernus alepidotus, 289, 445, 456, 459Ophiolepididae, 459Ophiomusium lymani, 289, 459

676 Index

Ophiothrichidae, 638Ophiothrix, 470Ophiothrix fragilis, 456, 462Ophiothrix luetkeni, 461Ophiothrix maculata, 445, 461, 642, 647, 652Ophiotreta valenciennesi, 573Ophiura flagellata, 289, 445, 456, 459Ophiuridae, 459, 466Ophiuroidea, 27, 281, 445, 446, 448, 451, 459,

465–467, 541, 605Ophiuroids, 465, 467, 527, 535, 550, 640, 647Opisthoteuthis agassizii, 635Oplophoridae, 362, 373, 376Opportunistic, 394Opportunistic life style, 469Opportunistic scavenger, 228, 229Opportunistic species, 179Organic matter, 60, 64, 66, 160, 171, 176, 280,

294, 297, 301, 304, 305, 355, 371, 372,376, 378, 634, 635, 648

Organic matter content, 66, 295, 376Ostreids, 551, 641Overexploitation, 4, 6, 241, 269Overfishing, 179, 228, 234, 402Overlapping distribution, 266Oxygen content, 126, 130, 142, 340, 510, 632,

643Oxygen minimum zone, 119, 145, 146, 150,

178, 337, 377, 466, 472, 497, 510, 635,648, 649

PPachastrella monilifera, 573Pacific, 229, 230, 340, 406, 446, 459, 465, 482,

559Paelopatides grisea, 282, 292, 307, 448, 456,

635, 651Pandalidae, 362Paradigm, 304, 432, 641Parametric sub-bottom profiler, 564Paramuricea sp, 501, 652Parapenaeus longirostris, 285, 292, 355, 363,

367, 370, 375, 378, 379, 636, 637, 651Parastichopus regalis, 285, 456, 462, 470,

637, 651Pasiphaea, 371, 375Pasiphaea semispinosa, 286, 292Pasiphaea tarda, 292, 371Pasiphaeidae, 362

Patterns, 26, 27, 137, 145, 151, 157, 179, 212,214, 226, 265, 269, 277, 278, 281, 283,285, 289, 304, 308, 318, 319, 326, 327,337, 358, 359, 378, 379, 407, 408, 421,422, 431, 435, 446, 450, 467, 517, 528,529, 618, 622, 626

Pelagic, 4, 226, 227, 230, 232, 399, 402, 409,529, 636, 643, 646

Pelagic ecosystem, 646Pelagic fishes, 7, 146, 177Pelagic fleets, 175, 242Pelagic industrial fleets, 4Pelagic species, 159, 407, 408Pelagothuriidae, 448, 459, 469Penaeidae, 362Pennatulacea, 620Peruvian, 464Phelliactis sp, 294Phormosoma placenta, 289, 292, 331, 445,

456, 459, 468, 650Phormosomatidae, 459Photic layer, 146Photographic catalog, 608Photographic inventory, 15Photography(ic), 15Phytodetritus, 308Phytodetritus input, 635Phytoplankton, 510Pielou index, 277, 281, 285, 300, 309, 323,

372, 541Pinkish corallites, 497Pisces, 317, 323, 331, 341Plesionika, 292, 331, 367, 371, 375Plesionika acanthonotus, 371Plesionika heterocarpus, 375Plumulariidae, 414, 419, 422Plymouth Routines In Multivariate Ecological

Research, 281, 323, 488Pockmarks, 69, 93, 99Pockmarks fields, 93, 99, 100, 103Poleward Undercurrent, 119, 121, 127, 305,

622, 634Polychaeta, 277, 281, 317, 323, 499, 500, 507,

516, 541, 596, 620Polychaeta tubes, 427, 428Polychaetes, 283, 290, 307, 318, 328, 333, 337,

499, 511, 535, 553, 620, 621, 628, 641,648

Polyplacophora, 520Pontinus kuhlii, 331, 339

Index 677

Porcupine, 446, 465–468, 507, 509, 514, 515Porcupine Abyssal Plain, 446, 468Porcupine Bank, 465, 509Porcupine Seabight, 446, 466–468, 507, 514,

515Porifera, 277, 281, 306, 323, 340, 428, 437,

506, 620Portugal, 229, 234, 309, 509Predation, 266, 378, 464Predator˗prey, 202, 229Preservation, 158, 179, 459, 596, 599, 601, 607Preservative solutions, 599Prey, 176, 228, 232, 233, 266, 269, 356, 394,

636Prey spectra, 269Primary production, 25, 119, 122, 130, 141,

144, 146–148, 150, 304, 616, 628PRIMER. See Plymouth Routines In

Multivariate Ecological ResearchPrince Albert Ier de Monaco, 446Productivity, 4, 5, 156, 176, 177, 228, 279,

303–305, 307, 336–338, 356, 357, 378,394, 464, 467, 468, 511, 513, 528, 529,616, 622, 628, 634–636, 639, 643, 648,649

Prosobranchia, 500, 507, 541, 605, 620Prosobranchs, 491, 499, 527, 535, 536, 540,

550, 553Protection, 615, 616, 618, 644–646Pseudarchaster gracilis gracilis, 289, 294,

331, 445, 456, 457Pseudarchasteridae, 455, 457Psilaster cassiope, 289, 445, 456, 457, 635,

651Pterasteridae, 455, 457, 466Pterothrissus belloci, 168PUC. See Poleward Undercurrent

QQualitative studies, 565Quantitative studies, 483, 548

RRacemoramus panicula, 426Raja, 211Raja brachyura, 207Raja straeleni, 211Rajella, 331Rajella barnardi, 207Rajella bigelowi, 207Rajella leopardus, 207, 331Rajidae, 201, 206Random stratified sampling, 26, 280

Ranella olearium, 346, 556, 573Recolonization, 374, 435, 436, 645Recruitment, 232, 263, 415, 435, 529, 551Reef, 11, 26, 51, 60, 100, 338, 340, 355, 365,

367, 375, 377, 378, 466, 468, 481, 482,484, 486, 490, 495, 497, 499, 500, 509,510, 513–515, 630, 638, 639, 645

Reef complex, 481, 505, 515, 516Reef evolution, 513Reef framework, 481, 495, 514Reference collections, 27, 593–595, 601, 610Refugia, 514, 551Regional, 10, 122, 124, 127, 157, 302, 304,

336, 340, 341, 464, 488, 513, 644Regional biodiversity, 278, 303Regional Fisheries Management Organizations,

617Regional scale, 304, 336Regression coefficient, 287, 289, 293, 296,

327, 328Remotely operated vehicle, 528Reproductive strategy, 269Research, 1, 7, 9–11, 16, 19, 21, 58, 151, 157,

159, 179, 234, 245, 270, 278, 280, 296,303, 309, 318, 319, 357, 380, 406, 408,409, 420, 465, 471, 482, 484, 511, 512,528–530, 548, 549, 610, 649

Research vessel, 9, 15, 23, 51, 300, 303Residence time, 126, 145Resilience, 234, 379, 514Resources, 1, 4, 6, 7, 11, 16, 20, 23, 156, 158,

179, 234, 242, 244, 266, 301, 305, 307,308, 379, 395, 404, 405, 415, 529, 594,605, 610, 615–617, 643, 644

RFMOs. See Regional Fisheries ManagementOrganizations

Rhinochimaera atlantica, 212Richness, 155, 160, 165, 171–173, 176, 177,

201, 206, 226, 227, 281, 285, 289, 292,302–304, 317, 326–328, 336, 337, 358,360–362, 373, 374, 396, 397, 419, 422,424–426, 433, 434, 436, 451, 454, 455,459, 462, 466, 467, 472, 488, 498, 506,514, 529, 536, 538, 541, 547, 549, 616,623, 625, 627, 634, 635, 637, 647

Richness pattern, 328Richness values, 325, 336, 373, 399, 448, 461,

506, 642River, 67, 94Rivers inputs, 308Rockall Bank, 509Rockall Trough, 446, 465, 468, 509

678 Index

Rock dredge, 16, 19, 23, 27, 35, 53, 64, 67, 90,374, 421, 437, 481, 484, 486, 488, 491,492, 494, 509, 512, 527, 530, 552, 596,603

Rock dredging, 12, 35, 55, 56, 60, 90, 93, 100,503, 534

Rock(s), 23, 24, 60, 67, 102, 538, 550, 641,647

Rocky bottoms, 60Rocky outcrops, 64, 535ROV. See Remotely Operated Vehicle

SSACW. SeeSouth Atlantic Central WaterSahara Desert, 3Sahara(n), 2, 3, 156, 157, 337, 432, 461, 469,

470, 628Saharan affinity, 173Saint Louis, 66, 81, 634Saint Louis Canyon Network, 85Saint Louis River, 94Saint Louis Slide, 85, 89Saint Louis Wave Field, 90, 103Salinity, 130, 137, 142, 145, 160, 171, 173,

295, 300, 320, 374, 484, 495, 510, 530,535, 536, 553, 639

Salt diapir, 94, 641Sample analysis, 58Sampling, 9, 12, 14, 16, 19, 20, 23, 26, 156,

201, 226, 248, 254, 268, 278, 296, 298,300–304, 309, 318, 319, 321, 335, 336,341, 358, 361, 374, 380, 395, 399, 407,432, 433, 465, 467, 472, 481, 483, 488,494, 509, 512, 514, 515, 530, 548, 550,596, 610, 619, 620, 640

Sand, 64, 67, 100, 245, 261, 266, 281, 295,635, 636

Sandstones, 550, 551, 637, 647Satellite data, 148SCANMAR, 20, 23, 158, 245, 320Scaphander punctostriatus, 332Scaphopods, 491Scavenger, 306, 307, 500, 506, 509, 511, 516,

538–540, 545, 550, 551, 641Scleractinia, 428, 437, 499, 507, 541Scleractinians, 433, 498, 500, 506, 509, 511,

538–540, 545, 550, 551, 641SCUFN. See Sub-Committee on Undersea

Feature NamesScyliorhinidae, 201, 206Scyliorhinus canicula, 207Scyphozoa, 499, 507Seabirds, 394, 636Sea cucumber, 469, 470

Sea level , 54, 513Seamount biodiversity, 562Seamount ecosystem, 561, 564, 567, 573–581Seamount(s), 1, 11, 16, 23–25, 27, 53, 55, 60,

64, 69, 93, 102, 103, 307, 357, 637Sea pens, 536Sea stars, 445, 455, 461Sea surface chlorophyll, 123Sea surface temperature, 123Sea urchins, 445, 446, 459, 535Sebkhas, 3, 67, 95, 102Sedimentary dynamic, 511, 517Sedimentation, 54, 228, 308, 433, 512, 549,

553, 618Sedimentation rate, 511, 549, 551Sediment grain, 281, 359Sediment(s), 11, 20, 27, 55, 57, 58, 60, 64, 67,

100–103, 245, 247, 256, 266, 280, 295,305, 308, 359, 419, 489, 511, 551, 601,615, 616, 618, 648

Sediment slides, 305, 308, 489, 615, 616, 648Sediment slumps, 551Seepage, 99, 100Segregation, 220, 266, 269, 270, 506Seismic profiles, 55, 56, 58, 93, 98, 103, 486Selvagens, 420Semi˗quantitative data, 530Senegal, 2, 3, 9, 10, 20, 54, 55, 62, 64, 88, 90,

156, 242, 243, 266Senegalese border, 69, 103, 285, 307, 308, 357,

362, 377, 424, 450, 481, 484, 489, 490,500, 508, 625, 627, 633, 638, 648

Senegalese hake, 242, 243Senegal river, 3, 10, 25, 53, 62, 64, 66, 67, 81,

90, 94, 102, 103, 156, 279, 305, 308,484, 508, 634, 640, 644

Senegal River Canyon Network, 81Senegal River Province, 102, 103Sepia elegans, 285, 292, 406, 408, 635, 651Sepiidae, 393, 396, 404Serpulids, 569Serrivomer beanii, 171Sertularella gayi gayi, 285, 292, 307, 424, 426,

429Sertulariidae, 419, 422Sessile, 27, 429, 506, 514, 540, 548–550, 621,

622, 640, 641Sessile epibenthos, 307, 431, 550, 628, 638,

646Sessile epifauna, 499, 512, 621Sessile fauna, 481, 506, 549, 637Settlement, 512, 551, 630Sex˗ratio, 220–225, 233Shallowest assemblages, 171, 177, 317

Index 679

Shallow waters, 178, 214, 243, 251, 263, 268,296, 373, 420, 433, 470, 636

Shannon-Wiener index, 204, 434, 450, 455Sharks, 161, 165, 169, 176, 202, 228–230, 339Shelf break, 62, 377, 434, 468, 481, 513, 627Shelf edge, 66, 93, 242, 337, 405, 466, 489Shift, 126, 175, 241, 265, 268Shrimps, 371–373, 651Shrimp trawlers, 356, 630Side-scan sonar, 54, 511, 512Similarity, 167, 170, 204, 207, 211–213, 243,

281, 292, 299, 323, 331, 332, 339, 359,365, 367, 368, 371, 401, 402, 419, 447,448, 461–463, 488, 504, 506, 532,540–542, 545, 546, 630

Similarity analysis, 204SIMPER, 160, 167, 204, 211, 213, 281, 292,

298, 323, 330–332, 359, 367, 402, 448,461, 468, 488, 504, 507, 532, 541, 546,547

Sipuncula, 322, 546Sizes, 26, 90, 201, 220, 226, 229, 230, 246,

250, 251, 254, 269, 495, 551, 596, 601Slide complex, 25, 60, 85, 86, 88Slope, 1, 10, 20, 26, 27, 53, 54, 60, 62, 64, 67,

69, 81, 85, 86, 88–90, 93, 94, 96, 98,101–103, 121, 123, 130, 135, 143, 144,156, 157, 171, 173, 177–179, 201, 202,206, 212, 213, 227, 229, 242, 269, 279,281, 282, 285, 286, 292, 301, 304, 305,307, 308, 327, 328, 330, 331, 338,355–357, 363, 367, 371, 373, 377, 378,450, 623, 635, 640, 648

Slope ecosystem, 617, 646Slope habitats, 1, 513Slope waters, 9, 404, 405, 407, 535, 622Slow sedimentation, 510Small˗sized, 229, 230Soft bottom communities, 511Soft bottom megabenthos, 305, 340Soft bottoms, 19, 35, 307, 341, 407Software, 203, 204, 248, 281, 358, 359, 448,

532, 601Solenocera africana, 286, 292, 371, 375Solenosmilia variabilis, 100Solitary corals, 508, 537Somniosidae, 161, 201, 206Source populations, 435, 436, 629, 646Source-sink hypothesis, 435South Africa, 156, 432, 436South America, 465, 482South Atlantic, 124, 125, 143, 146, 304, 338,

527South Atlantic Central Water, 242, 553

Spanish Geological and Mining Institute, 565Spanish Institute of Oceanography, 11, 23, 24,

55, 158, 243, 263, 267, 268, 279, 301,308, 309, 322, 356, 373, 375, 376, 378,483, 512, 516, 593, 594, 630, 649

Spanish-Mauritanian surveys, 158, 244,393–395, 483, 596

Sparidae, 160, 175, 179Spatial pattern, 204, 227, 228, 232Spatial variables, 126, 130Spawning season, 265–267Spearman rank correlation, 204, 212, 216, 301,

372Species accumulation plot, 303, 532Species composition, 162, 175, 204, 212, 375,

529, 544, 551Species turnover, 338, 379Specific richness, 27, 161, 166, 206, 210,

216–218, 277, 280, 282, 285, 287, 291,304, 309, 324, 327–329, 331, 333, 336,337, 341, 362, 364, 398, 404, 434,450–453, 499, 500, 515, 539, 541, 543,553, 621, 623, 624, 629

Specimen measurements, 596Sperosoma grimaldi, 469Sponge grounds, 582Sponges, 27, 279, 285, 306, 307, 433, 435,

499, 511, 514, 516, 527, 535, 537–542,548–550, 553, 622, 628, 637, 638, 640,642, 647, 649

Squat lobster, 318, 339, 363, 367, 375SST. See Sea Surface TemperatureStability–time paradigm, 318Starfish, 535Stations, 618Statistical significance, 160, 323, 332, 488Stegopoma plicatile, 427, 429Stellaria testigera, 346, 556, 573, 574Stenobathic, 429, 433Stereomastis talismani, 286, 292, 365, 370,

371, 375Sternoptychidae, 160Stocks, 26, 241, 244, 266, 267, 617Stomatopoda, 593, 594Stomatopods, 24, 595Stomias boa, 169, 171, 650Strait of Gibraltar, 8, 9, 122, 374Strata, 22, 125, 133, 137, 145, 150, 158, 160,

227, 246, 248, 250–255, 281, 289, 295,326–329, 358, 421, 433, 451, 461, 622

Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, 643Stratified sampling, 20, 158, 301, 358, 421Streptocaulus dollfussi, 426Striped red shrimp, 363, 371, 376

680 Index

Structure, 1, 7, 14, 26, 58, 64, 86, 88–90, 98,100, 103, 142, 179, 201–204, 228, 234,244, 277, 279, 289, 317, 319, 323, 338,356, 357, 359, 375–379, 447, 448, 468,481–484, 488–490, 507, 509, 512, 517,529, 532, 541, 548, 553, 617, 618, 630,636, 638, 639, 641, 642, 645, 647

Stylopathes, 501, 516Subadults, 230Sub-Committee on Undersea Feature, 62Submarine canyons, 55, 69, 101, 103, 176,

374, 424, 436, 469, 528, 529, 547, 549,640, 646, 648

Submarine landslides, 86, 90Submarine mineral resources, 641Substrata, 307, 421, 428, 432, 433, 551Substrate generalists, 429Subtropical, 9, 25, 119–121, 129, 135, 145,

147, 150, 155, 169, 173, 174, 177, 374,404, 407, 408, 471, 616, 621, 622, 642

Subtropical cell, 144, 145Subtropical gyre, 141, 142, 144, 150Subtropical species, 169Survivor, 512, 517, 630, 649Suspension-feeders, 282, 283, 306, 307, 317,

325, 333, 340, 470, 481, 498, 500, 507,510, 515–517, 527, 528, 534–543, 549,550, 553, 616, 621, 622, 627–629, 633,636–638, 640–642, 645–647, 649, 652

Suspension-feeding taxa, 500Sustainable management, 234, 615, 617Swept area, 23, 158, 166, 207, 210, 280, 298,

300, 301, 303, 319, 323, 330, 358, 447,452, 620, 628

Swiftia dubia, 501, 542Sympatric species, 26, 241Synagrops microlepis, 165, 174, 339, 637, 651Synallactidae, 448, 450, 459, 469Synaphobranchus kaupii, 155, 171, 175, 650Systellaspis debilis, 292, 365, 371, 375, 376Systematic, 9, 319, 387, 594, 605, 610Systematic research, 608

TTAC. See Total Allowable CatchesTamanrasett, 94, 95Target species, 242, 356, 375, 380Taxa richness, 506Taxonomic, 26, 158, 203, 279, 281, 303, 322,

395, 408, 433, 436, 447, 464, 466, 483,535, 594–596, 601, 603–605, 607–610,620, 621

Taxonomic identification, 15, 21–23, 159, 409,447, 506, 515, 516, 535, 595, 596

Taxonomic level, 158, 335, 596Taxonomic list, 160, 206, 208, 325, 336, 358,

362, 381, 437, 491, 506Taxonomic study, 23, 24, 280, 301, 322, 323,

488, 532Taxonomy, 296, 303, 446, 605Taxonomy expertise, 303Teleosts, 160, 161, 625, 635–637, 648Temperate, 4, 156, 173, 174, 177, 179, 303,

355, 373, 374, 404, 409, 471, 648Temperate affinities, 179Temperate and cold regions, 404Temperature-salinity diagram, 498Terraces, 69, 74–76, 81, 94, 103Terrigenous inputs, 305, 308Tervia irregularis, 573, 574Thalassa, 9, 10, 157, 279, 339, 466, 470, 548Thermal front, 4, 302, 336Thermal tolerance, 261, 265, 269Thermocline, 119, 125, 126, 129, 144–146,

379, 468Thesea talismani, 542Threats, 1, 7, 278, 302Three-dimensional communities, 638Tiarannidae, 422Tidra, 76, 89, 95, 101, 539Tidra Canyon, 76, 640Tidra Wave Field, 89, 101Time-stability hypothesis, 278Timiris, 3, 4, 62, 64, 66, 67Timiris Canyon, 62, 64, 67, 75, 76, 85, 509,

530, 532, 538, 540, 543, 550, 644, 646Timiris Landslide, 85, 89, 101Timiris Mud Wedge, 67Tioulit, 69, 79, 85, 93, 96, 99, 102Tioulit Canyon, 76, 99, 285, 490, 636Tioulit Canyon System, 76Tioulit Gully, 76Tioulit Instability Zone, 89Tissue collection, 599TMW. See Timiris Mud WedgeTodarodes sagittatus, 399, 405Todaropsis eblanae, 399, 403, 404, 415Tongue off the Banc d’Arguin, 635TOPAS. See Topographic Parametric SounderTopographic features, 529, 640Topography, 176, 242, 490, 516, 547Total allowable catches, 202Towing speed, 23, 158Trachurus trecae, 165, 339Trachyrincus scabrus, 169Transects, 16, 328, 329, 341, 421, 469, 527,

530

Index 681

Transitional, 25, 155, 156, 173, 175, 177–179,303, 409, 470, 621, 648

Transitional assemblages, 175Transitional bathymetric range, 26, 160, 201,

226, 243, 250, 303, 373, 466, 468, 626,642

Transitional faunistic region, 408Transitional region, 373Transition zone, 121, 212, 227, 338Trarza, 69, 81, 85Trarza Canyon, 81, 96, 490, 506, 508Trarza Canyon System, 79, 82, 86Trarza Instability Zone, 89Travailleur and Talisman, 8, 278, 446Trawling fisheries, 7, 617, 642Trawling fleets, 175, 305, 307, 356, 617Trawling impact, 7, 512Trawling time, 20Trawl (trawling) (trawler), 6, 8, 11, 16, 18, 19,

19–23, 26, 58, 60, 67, 158, 159, 175,178, 202, 226, 228–230, 232, 233,241–244, 247, 248, 256, 267, 270, 279,280, 298, 300–303, 318–320, 322, 339,355, 358, 359, 363, 374, 393, 405, 408,434, 466, 486, 488, 511, 512, 548, 550,641

Tridimensional habitat, 642Trophic, 6, 333, 336, 356, 373, 379, 394, 529,

541, 636Trophic diversity, 584Trophic groups, 537Trophic habits, 176Trophic heterogeneity, 584Trophic relationships, 202Trophic spectrum, 176Trophic strategy(ies), 176, 498, 527, 540, 553,

622, 627, 629Trophic structure, 6, 176, 333Trophic web, 176Tropical, 4, 8, 9, 25, 119–121, 125Tropical affinity, 168, 178Tropical and subtropical affinities, 169Tropical and subtropical fauna, 174Tropical and subtropical gyres, 174Tropical and subtropical species, 25, 174Tropical demersal communities, 173Tropical distribution, 171Tropical Eastern Atlantic Province, 431Tropical gyre, 150Tropical or subtropical fishes, 173Tropical or subtropical taxa, 169Tropical species, 175, 179, 373, 436, 471, 621,

648Tropical waters, 122, 156, 460, 616, 621

Tropical West Africa, 302, 431, 432T-S. SeeTemperature-Salinity diagramTubeworm polychaetes, 628Turbicellepora avicularis, 573Turbiditic currents, 634Turbidity(ic), 55, 94, 305, 308, 376, 377, 469,

512, 549, 551, 618Turnover, 338, 379, 431, 488, 506Turritopsis dorhnii, 422TYRO-Mauritania-II, 10, 50, 279, 307, 420

UuCW. See upper Central WaterUniversity of Vigo, 1, 11, 15, 24, 27, 301, 322,

421, 432, 593, 594, 601, 603, 607Unstable conditions, 469, 551Upper slope, 25, 96, 137, 141, 144, 157, 161,

167–171, 175, 177, 178, 212, 277, 285,289, 292, 298, 300, 307, 309, 317, 326,328, 333, 356, 363, 365, 397, 401, 404,405, 429, 434, 445, 451, 461, 466, 468,470, 472, 512, 618, 625, 627, 629, 630,640–642

Upper-slope assemblage, 292, 329, 331,338–340

Upwelling, 67, 101, 119, 121, 126, 130,139–142, 150, 156, 228, 234, 242, 397,467, 622, 636, 649

Upwelling areas, 232, 278, 306, 336, 464, 470Upwelling conditions, 303, 304Upwelling permanent, 1, 148, 156, 176, 179,

431, 467, 644, 648Upwelling phenomena, 1, 242, 302, 336, 469,

472Upwelling region, 9, 123, 137, 635Upwelling system, 1, 4, 141, 158, 228, 279,

304, 338, 616, 628U˗shaped canyons, 535

VVagile, 550Vagile fauna, 499, 548Valdivia Bank, 466Vertical profiles, 484, 495, 497, 530, 536Video, 15, 508, 509, 511, 512, 548Video surveys, 511, 548Vizconde de Eza, 1, 11, 15–17, 23, 28, 55, 123,

151, 158, 179, 234, 270, 280, 301, 319,341, 380, 472, 484, 610, 639, 649

VMAs. See Vulnerable Marine AreasVMEs. See Vulnerable Marine EcosystemsVolcanoes, 94, 483V˗shaped canyons, 535Vulnerability, 175, 229, 379, 645, 646

682 Index

Vulnerable, 14, 27, 202, 229, 232, 269, 302,529, 549, 550, 615–617, 633, 638,643–646, 649

Vulnerable areas, 25, 633, 652Vulnerable ecosystems, 302, 529, 640Vulnerable marine ecosystems, 529Vulnerable species, 7

WWadi, 94, 95Walvis Ridge, 483Warm-temperate, 431Water mass(es), 27, 122, 124, 125, 127, 145,

146, 150, 179, 338, 408, 409, 468, 481,484, 497, 527, 529, 530, 535

Water mass structure, 1Wave fields, 69, 89, 102Weighting coefficient, 20, 203, 280, 395West Africa, 3, 156, 435, 436, 446, 464, 471,

482, 529, 622Western Sahara, 2, 4, 304, 306, 550, 553, 637Wet weigh, 20, 203, 277, 280, 323, 488Wet weight, 280Wide distribution, 356, 404, 419, 431, 435,

436, 445, 459, 460Wind-induced upwelling, 637WOA13. See World Ocean Atlas 2013

Wolof’s Canyon, 79World Ocean Atlas 2013, 92, 93, 617, 637,

642, 647, 649World register of marine species, 330WoRMS. See World Register of Marine

Species

XX-ray diffraction, 565

YYarrella blackfordi, 169Yields, 14, 243, 244, 246, 247, 250–252,

254–256, 263, 265

ZZameus squamulosus, 169, 207Zoantharia, 596Zonal jets, 133, 145, 146Zonation, 202, 226, 308, 318, 338, 376, 378,

379, 446, 466, 467, 625, 648Zonation patterns, 308, 648Zoobenthos, 278Zoogeographic provinces, 409, 468Zooplankton, 19, 228Zoorbar ver.2.0, 601

Index 683