3D Printing

Mariana Manova

Mihail Dyulgerski

Denis Chorbadzhiyski

Definition

The process of making a physical object from a three dimensional digital model, typically by laying down many successive thin layers of a material.

History

1986 – The first patent was issued to Charles Hull for creating stereolithography

Hull designs the .STL file format

SLA – 250 was the first commerciallysuccessful SLA printer - $187 000

1987

Carl Deckard (University of Texas) filed a patent for Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)

DTM – The first commercially available SLS

machine.

Only 4 were build

Never sold

Price: $300 000

1989

Scott Crump filed a patent for Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)

Uses support material

Allows multiple colors

1999 – The first 3D printed organ was implanted at Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine. Synthetic scaffolds of a human bladder were printed and coated with human cells.

2005 – Dr. Adrian Bowyer launched Replicating Rapid Prototyper (RepRap) – printer that could build itself.

2008 – Darwin – the self replicating printer.

2010 – Urbee – prototype car with 3D printed body

2011 – World’s first 3D printer aircraft -

University of Southampton

2012 – The world’s first 3D printed lower jaw implant,

created by LayerWise and implanted in a

83 years old woman with a bone infection

2014 - 3D Systems developed “first ever

3D-printed hybrid exoskeleton robotic suit”

It was demonstrated by Amanda Boxtel, who was

paralyzed from the waist down

How does it work?

A 3D modeling program creates a virtual design of a new object

Or a 3D scanner creates a digital copy of an existing object and puts it into 3D modeling program

To prepare the digital file for

printing a software slices the

final model into hundred of

thousands of horizontal

layers

Printing When the file is uploaded in the 3D printer, the

printer creates the object layer by layer. The 3D printer reads every slice (or 2D image)

and proceeds to create the object blending each layer together, resulting in one three dimensional object.

Methods of 3D printing

Not all 3D printers use the same technology to create their objects. 

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a term to describe set of technologies that create 3D objects by adding layer-upon-layer of material.

Types of 3D printers

There are several 3D printing technologies or types of 3D printers: Stereolithography Fused Deposition Modeling Selective Laser Sintering Selective Laser Melting Electronic Beam Melting Laminated Object

Manufacturing

Applications

• The global 3D printing market will reach at least $7 billion by 2025, which includes a conservative estimate of $3 billion for bioprinting. 

As of 2010 3D printing technology was being studied by biotechnology firms and academia for possible use in tissue engineering applications where organs and body parts are built using inkjet techniques. 

Terms used to refer to this field of research are: organ printing, bio-printing, and computer-aided tissue engineering.

Industrial printing The 3D technology has been in use for decades. Manufacturers have long used these printers in their design process

to create prototypes for traditional manufacturing and research purposes.

Using 3D printers for these purposes is called rapid prototyping.

Rapid Prototyping

Fast 3D printers can be bought for tens of thousands of dollars and

end up saving the companies many times that amount of money in the

prototyping process.  Nike uses 3D printers to create multi-colored prototypes of shoes. They used to spend thousands of dollars on a prototype and wait weeks for

it. Using 3D printing, the cost is only in the

hundreds of dollars, and changes can be

made instantly on the computer and

the prototype reprinted on the

same day.

Rapid Manufacturing

Rapid manufacturing is a new method of manufacturing where companies are using 3D printers for short run custom manufacturing.

Using way of manufacturing the printed objects are not prototypes but the actual end user product.

Increases the availability of more personally customized products.

Personal printing

Mainly for hobbyists and enthusiasts

Started to grow in 2011

Printers are getting cheaper and cheaper

Prices typically vary between $250 – $2,500.

This makes 3D printing available for more and more people.

Example of personal 3D printing kit is RepRap

Future development

The CLIP (Continuous Liquid Interface Production) technique uses photochemistry. Designs come from liquid resin, and the media is solidified into the object using light and water.

Prosthesis

The Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine prints ear, nose and bone scaffolds that can be coated with cells to grow body parts.

Biology

A 3D printer can construct nose scaffolding – simultaneously embedding it with cells that will later grow into tissue.

Animation

Facial replicas at 3D Systems. Animators have begun using the technology to create faces with multiple expressions.

Fashion

Pret-a-printer? A dress made from 17 printed parts, designed by Michael Schmidt and Francis Bitoni.

Auto

Aston Martin DB4 recreation with the help of solely a 3D printer

Food-ini

3D food printer that can print a variety of dishes such as ravioli, pizza, burgers, crackers, cookies and elaborate chocolate vases.

Thank you for your attention!