creo

-

.. , .. , ..

2015

2

621.01 34.5 -67

.. / .. , .. // . . 2015. 220 .

Additive Manufacturing (-

) , - ( CAD-) - (add, . , ) .

, -, -, - .

, -, , .

: 125438, . , . , . 2. .: +7 495 456-30-81 : +7 495 456-31-32 E-mail: aolmin@nami.ru : www.nami.ru

ISSN 0135-3152

3

6

1. -

12

2. 17 2.1 18 2.1.1 Bed Deposition 18 2.1.2 Direct Deposition 23 2.2 ASTM: 24 Material Extrusion 25

Material Jetting 26 Binder Jetting 29 Sheet Lamination 30 Vat Photopolymerization 31 Powder Bed Fusion 32 Directed energy deposition 32

3. AM- 34 3.1 34 3.2 44

4.

47

5.

63

5.1 68 5.1.1 Bed Deposition: 68

Concept Laser 69 EOS 71 3D Systems 73 SLM Solutions 74 Realizer 75 Renishaw 78 Arcam 79 ExOne 81 Matsuura Machinery 85

4

Fabrisonic 89 5.1.2 Direct Deposition: 92

POM Group 93

Optomec 94 Irepa Laser 96 InssTek 96 Sciaky 96

Ion Fusion Formation 98 6. 103 6.1 -

- 106

6.1.1 - : 107 SLS- 107

InkJet- 111 6.1.2 - : 116

SLA - 117 DLP- 126 MJM - 130

6.1.3 133 6.1.3.1 133 6.1.3.2 139 6.2 -

142

6.3

148

7.

157

7.1 AM- 157 7.1.1 157 7.2. 160 7.2.1 162 7.2.2 167 7.2.3 167

5

7.3 Spray forming 171 7.4 -

AM- 182

196

203

-. -

207

209

6

80- . .

3D Systems, - SLA Stereolithography Apparatus (1986 .). 90- . - - - , -. (SLA-), (SLS-) , . - (CAD), - (CAE) (CAM) 3D-, , 3D-.

- ( Rapid Prototyping), RP- - . - , , -, , -, .

() () (-, . add) , - , (subtraction ) .

Additive Manufacturing (AM) ( 1): CAD- AM- .

7

(: www.optomec.com)

CAD- AM- 1. Additive Manufacturing (LENS Optomec)

( - Additive Manufacturing, Additive Fabrication, AM-, AF-technologies) ( ) - , - , - CAD/CAM/CAE-. - , .

- . , , , , -, , - 3D- - . ( 2) - - Diegel (Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand). . -

8

3D- ( 3).

(:http://3druck.com/objects/elektrische-gitarren-aus-dem-3d-drucker)

2. ,

(: www.iflscience.com/tags/3d-printing)

3. , .

Shanghai WinSun Decoration Design Engineer-ing - -. ( 4).

(Biozoon, Fab@Home, Dovetailed, Structur3D, Choc Edge, SMRC, f3d, Natural Machines .) 3D- , , (-

9

5). - , 3D- ( 6).

(: www.3dprinterplans.info/tag/china/)

4. ,

(: http://3dprintingindustry.com/2014/11/09/11-food-3d-printers)

5.

, , ,

10

, , , --.

(: http://news.discovery.com/tech/gear-and-gadgets/open-wide-3d-printed-

food-made-to-eat-photos-140130.htm) 6. , 3D- DMF Direct

Metal Fabrication ( 7), , .

( Euromold 2014)

7. DMF Direct Metal Fabrication

buy-to-fly ratio, , , , , ..

11

. , 15:1 20:1 - . 1,5 2,0:1. , . -, , , , , , , .. AM- AM- .

12

1.

AM- [1], XIX . 1890 . Josef E. Blanther . , 1.1, - : - , , .

1.1. Blanther J.E. 473901, 03.05.1892 .

. -

- , .

LOM- Lamination Object Manufacturing, - ,

13

0,051-0,25 . 1979 . Nakagawa -, , .

(Photosculpture) - Franois Willme 1890 . ( 1.2). - : (Willme 24 15 ) - . - , - . -, , .

1.2. Franois Willme [2] Willme Carlo

Baese 1904 . , -

14

. (. 774549, Photographic process for the repro-duction of plastic objects, 08.11.1904).

1935 . Isao Morioka , - ( 1.3). - ( ) . , .

1.3.

2015457

, Franois Willme, - .

- Otto Munz (1956 .), - () . () . , , , -

15

. (. . ) , , . -: , , , . . , ,

: - , , - ( 1.4). Otto Munz, , - .

1.4. : Otto John Munz, Photo-Glyph recording, 2775758, 25.12.1956

1977 . Wyn Kelly Swainson (. 4041476)

- . (P.A. Ciraud, 1972).

1981 . R.F. Housholder (. 4247508) - . - . Hideo Kodama -

16

() . 1982 . A.J. Herbert - X-Y-, - - ( 1.5).

1.5. , Housholder,

Kodama Herbert [2]

AF- . 1986 . Charles W. Hull - , -. . Charles W. Hull 3D Systems , .

-

.

17

2. -

ASTM International (American Society for Testing and Materials), - , , . ASTM F2792.1549323-1 process of join-ing materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing technologies ( - 3D-, -, , -).

- () . - , (subtractive) , (additive) , . . - . , , 3D- CAD-, . . . CAD. - . , - usually (), -, , , .

Additive Manufacturing (AM), Additive Fabrication (AF), Addi-tive Processes, Additive Techniques, Additive Layer Manufacturing, Layer Manufacturing Freeform Fabrication. , - .

-, - - :

18

, 3D-, 3D- 3D-. - ASTM, .

Rapid Prototyping, , , .

, , - . :

- , 2.1; - , 2.2; - () (,

, , . .), 2.3; - (, ), 2.4; - ( -

, , . .).

, , , - : Bed Deposition Di-rect Deposition.

2.1. 2.1.1. Bed Deposition

( 2.1 ) , , - , . () - , - ( ) - CAD-.

19

:

X-Y

Z

Bed Deposition Direct Deposition (:www.ipmd.net)

- () 3D Systems (SLS, SLA) EOS (DMLS) Envisiontec (DLP) SLM Solutions (SLM) Realizer (SLM)

ExOne (Ink-Jet) Renishow (SLM) Voxeljet (Ink-Jet) Concept Laser (Laser CUSING)

Optomec (LENS) POM Group (DMD) Trumpf (DLF) Objet (Poly-Jet) Stratasys (FDM, DoD) 3D Systems (MultiJet)

2.1.

20

:

"bed"

- ()

2.2. ()

3D Systems (SLS) Envisiontec (DLP) Stratasys (Objet, Poly-Jet)

3D Systems (SLM) EOS (DMLS) SLM Solutions (SLM) Optomec (DMD) POM Group (DMD) Trumpf (DMD) Stratasys (FDM) Arcam (EBM)

ExOne (Ink-Jet) 3D Systems (Ink-Jet) Voxeljet (Ink-Jet)

21

:

,

,

(-)

, PMMA (polymethyl methacry-late) , Al, Cu, Ti-Al, Ti, Ag, Au Co-Cr, Inconel, Ni-Fe

ABS- PU- (feedstock )

-

2.3. ()

22

:

("", "")

("", "",)

Bed Deposition Direct Deposition Bed Deposition Direct Deposition (SLA-) (SLS-) (LOM-)

(LENS-, DMD-) (. ); (Laser based wire-feed process)

(DLP-) (Ink-Jet-) (LOM-)

(Poly-Jet-, Ink-Jet-) (FDM-)

2.4.

23

, Bed Deposi-tion, (bed), - , (-) . , - ( ) . - (SLS Selective Laser Sintering), , , (SLA-), , - . -bed - , - .

SLS- SLA-, Bed Deposition - , : SLM Selective Laser Melting ( SLM Solutions, ); DMLS Direct Metal Laser Sintering ( EOS, ); EBM Electron Beam Melting ( Arcam, ); Laser Cusing ( Concept Laser, ); SPLS Solid Phase Laser Sintering ( Phenix Systems, , 3D Systems); Ink-Jet Binder Jetting ( ExOne, 3D Systems, ) . 2.1.2. Direct Deposition

- (), . . (. 2.2 , 2.4).

, , (bed) , - , -

24

. , , .

Direct Deposition, : DMD Direct Metal Deposition ( POM, ); LENS Laser Engineered Net Shape ( Optomec, ); DM Direct Manufacturing ( Sciaky, ); MJS Multiphase Jet Solidification ( Fraunhofer IFAM, -; FDM, ) . 2.2. ASTM

ASTM 2012 . - 7 :

1. Material Extrusion ;

2. Material Jetting () ;

3. Binder Jetting ;

4. Sheet Lamination -;

5. Vat Photopolymerization ;

6. Powder Bed Fusion - - () - ;

7. Directed energy deposition - .

25

Material Extrusion, , , MJS (Multiphase Jet Solidification), - - : - . - (green , , ) [3], MIM- (Metal Injection Molding).

- FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling), Stratasys . , CAD-, 2.5.

(: www.additive3d.com, www.custompartnet.com/wu/additive-fabrication)

2.5. FDM

, FDM-, , , , . - $1,5-2,0 . , Stratasys 3DP Unlimited, -

26

, , AM- $10 000 $500 000, 2.6.

(: www.stratasys.com) (: www.3dpunlimited.com)

Fortus 900 mc (Stratasys, ): 3DP1000 (3DP Unlimited, ): : XYZ=914x610x914 ; 0,178-0,33

: XYZ=10001000500 ; 0,07

2.6. AM-, FDM Material Jetting

Poly-Jet, , . Multi Jet-ting Material.

Objet (), - 2.7. Objet Geometry 2012 . Stratasys. , . . - , .

27

2.7. MJM

Objet500 Connex3, 2.8,

, - , .

(: http://www.stratasys.com)

2.8. Objet500 Connex3: XYZ=490 390 200 ; 0,016-0,030 Material Jetting -

DoD (Drop-on-Demand), Sol-idscape (), 2011 . Stratasys, 2.9. , Objet, : - , ;

28

. , - , - , -. , WDM (Wax Deposition Modeling), () , , 2.10.

- .

(: http://www.additive3d.com/fdm_int.htm)

2.9. DoD- (Solidscape)

(: www.sculptcad.com/index.php/news/information/51)

2.10. CrownWorx: XYZ=152,4x152,4x50,8 ; 50 . WDM

29

Binder Jetting Ink-Jet-, , Material Jetting, , -, 2.11. - ExOne, ZCorporation ( 3D Systems), VoxelJet, , - - (. 2.12).

(: http://www.additive3d.com/fdm_int.htm)

2.11. Binder Jetting

( ExOne Corp.)

2.12. CAD- -

30

Sheet Lamination , , , . . - UAM (Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing, Fabrisonic), , - - ( 2.13). .

(: www.fabrisonic.com)

2.13. UAM-: ;

; LOM - (Laminated Object Manufacturing), 2.14,

, .

(: www.additive3d.com/fdm_int.htm)

2.14. LOM-

31

. - , (-) . - CAD- , . , - .

Mcor () Kira () - , . Mcor Iris, - 2.15, , 3D- . $50 . ( Matrix 300+ $35 .).

(: www.3d-p.info/3d-printer-mcor-iris)

2.15. Sheet Lamination. Mcor Iris: - XYZ=256x169x150 ; 0,1

Vat Photopolymerization , -

-, , SLA- (3D Systems), 2.16, DLP- (Digital Light Procession, Envisiontec).

32

(: http://www.additive3d.com/fdm_int.htm)

2.16. SLA Powder Bed Fusion

SLS-, - (. 2.1 ). -, Arcam-, , - SHS (Selective Heat Sintering [Blueprinter], - .

Directed energy deposition , - (. - 2.1 ). , - () (Optomec, POM) (Sciaky). - , 2.17.

AM- :

SLA, Steriolithography Apparatus ;

33

SLS, Selective Laser Sintering - , ;

DMF, Direct Metal Fabrication SLS-, - ; DMLS, Direct Metal Laser Sintering;

SLM, Selective Laser Melting SLS-, - ;

DLP, Digital Light Procession ;

Poly-Jet ;

FDM, Fused Deposition Modeling ;

Ink-Jet ( 3D-).

(: http://www.tu.no/industri/2012/08/21/)

2.17. Directed Energy Deposition , -

SLA SLS ( ), , .

34

3. AM-

3.1.

. Wohlers Report (2013) Terry Wohlers -- , , AM-* 2012 . 28,6% - $2,2 . 2013 . 34,9%, $3,07 . , 2018 . 4 .

Terry Wohlers : AM- - - , - -. 5 10% , 90 95% . . - , -. AM- , -, . , AM- . , AM- . 2011 . - (Wohlers Report, 2012).

AM- - . -

*AM- 3D-, (-) , ( ), - , ,

35

AM-. 40% ( 3.1), : 10% ( ); 9,4% (); 8,7%; 4,2%. 12- .

3.1. AM-

? 3.2

AM- 2012 . ( 2013 .). , AM-, 3.3.

- , AM-, () direct manufacturing. ( ) AM- 34,7%, 3.4. AM- 2013 64,5% 2012 $1,0 ($1065 .).

36

- 10,4% (16,8% 2004 .); - 9,5% ( 2004 .); - 17,5% (11,4% 2004 .); - 19,2% (8,2% 2004 .); - -

11,3% (10,6% 2004 .); - - 10,8% (8,1% 2004 .); - 4,8% (6,9% 2004 .); - 28,1% (16,4% 2004 .); - 6,4%; - 1,3%.

3.2. AM- Christine Furstoss, -

General Electric, 10 - AM-.

- AM-, .

37

2013 . 75,8% (. 3.5) 348 ( 2012 198 ).

(: Wohlers Report 2012)

- 19,5% (19,4% 2004 .); - 12,1% (8,3% 2004 .; 9,9% 2010 .); - 10,8 (6,8% 2004 .); - 20,3% (27,7% 2004 .); - ( , ) 15,1% (13,0% 2004 .); - 8,0% (10,4% 2004 .); - 6,0% ( 2004 .); - 3,0%; - 5,2%.

3.3. AM-

- , AM-. Boeing - , AM-. 22 300 10 , Dreamliner.

38

(: Wohlers Report, 2014)

3.4. Direct manufacturing (

)

3.5.

Boeing, - AM-. 2014 .

39

(University of Sheffield) , FDM, 3.6.

(: www.tctmagazine.com/additive-manufacturing/university-of-sheffield-

trials-3d-printed-unmanned-aircraft/)

3.6. , AM-

AM- .

Envisiontec ZCorporation - Ultra . ( ZCorporation 3D Systems). 2012 . - Stratasys () Objet (-). Hewlett-Packard Stratasys. - MTT Technologies (-) Renishaw, - Renishaw .

3D Systems 20 , 3D-, - , . 2012 . ZCorporation $135 .

40

, - . , , .

, 3D-, 3D- , - , - . , - $1500, - , , - , - - . , Buildatron Systems 2011 . 3D- kit- $1200. $2000. Solidoodle 2011 . - RepRap $699, - $499. - MOD-t New Matter (),

XYZ=150x100x125 $149, 3.7.

2009 . Stratasys FDM, - -, - -, . . 3D- .

, 3D Systems, Stratasys, ,

( . crowdfunding) ,

41

- , 3.8.

(: www.newmatter.com)

3.7. MOD-t

3D- . , . RepRap - Replicating Rapid-prototype: , (- 3.9) , , , - - .

-. AM-, 3D-, : . -, : - ( ), ; , .

( , , . .), -, , ( !), , -

42

.

MakerBot (Stratasys, ) 2500 XYZ=127x 127x127 ; 0,178

Da Vinci 1.0 Ai03D+3D-, (XYZprinting, ) $799 XYZ=200x190x200 ; 0,1

Cube (3D Systems) 1099 XYZ=152x152x152 ; 0,07

Mojo (Stratasys) $6540 XYZ=127x 127x127 ; 0,178

3.8.

AM-, . ( ), , -

43

, , , - . , , - . , .

3.9. RepRap

3D- : 3D-printing -, , ; Additive Manufacturing, , , -.

, AM- , . - , , - AM-.

44

AM- , 3.1. - , , . - AM-, - . , -, , AM- -. 3.2.

AM- ( , - ), 30. -, - , : - 3D Systems, (SLA, SLS . ); - EOS, (SLS DMLS); - SLM Solutions, (SLM); - Stratasys, (FDM); - Objet Geometries, (Poli-Jet), 2012 . Stra-tasys; - Envisiontec, (DLP); - ExOne, (Ink-Jet); - Voxeljet, (Ink-Jet).

AM- 200 --, , , - - . , - .

AM- , - :

45

- ; - ; - ; - ( ); - ; - -; - ; - () ; - ( ) ; - ; - ; - ; - ( - ); - ; - ; - , , -

, .

-

. , , -, - . , , - 3DP1000, . 1.6, , --: , 3.10, FDM-, .

46

- AM- - , - -.

(: www.3dpunlimited.com)

3.10. AM-

47

4.

, . . , - AM-. - . - -. , - , . - . , , - (, - ) (, - , , ). , , - . .

SOP (Start of Production) , , , . - () , , - , . - , , , . -, - , , - , . AM- - ,

48

( ), . , , - , - , - . - , - . - , .

AM- - . - , - , - . . (. 3.2): 2004 . 16,4 %, 2013 28,1%.

3D-. - , - - .

- , : Stratasys Mojo 3D, Print SE, Dimension,

FDM, , - Poly-Jet MJM Objet24, Objet30, Objet Eden, Objet Connex, Objet260;

49

3D Systems ProJet 360,ProJet 4500, ProJet 460Plus, ProJet 660Pro, ProJet 860Pro, Binder Jet-ting ;

Envisiontec, Ultra . , 20 -100

. , , , , , .

- AM- (SLA, SLS) 150-900 . .

AM-, - , FDM, SLA, SLS Poly-Jet - , . . , . , - : , , , , , , 4.1.

. , , - ; .

50

4.1.

, , -

CAD-. 3D- -. - , 4.2. , - , , - - , - 4.3.

4.2. : ,

51

( )

CAD- SLA- , 4.3. CAD-

- AM- . - . -, , , 4.4, 4.5. -. - (, , , ).

- () . , - , AM-.

SLS, DLP, Poly-Jet ., - , , - ( 4.6). - . - ( Poly-Jet Objet) ( SLA). -

52

(SLA) ( Poly-Jet), - , . -: , - , 3D-.

(: www.3d-format.ru, www.ajax-mach.co.uk/3D_printers.htm)

4.4. , Eden 250 ProJet 660

(Objet Eden 250) (ProJet 660)

53

( Euromold 2014)

4.5. ( FDM)

( )

4.6. SLA-

4.1 - , . ( ) ( ) . - - , , , , - , ,

54

, . 4.1. - , - AM-

AF-

Mahr MarSurf PS1 Zeiss O-inspect 01-422

Ra Rz Ra Rz A B A B A B A B

SLA

Viper Pro 8000

AccuraXtreme 0,08 3,18 0,31 18,5 0,03 3,8 0,54 7,02

Accura 60 0,13 2,82 0,66 13,9 0,19 2,4 0,5 4,42

Accura 55 0,1 1,35 0,63 13 0,15 0,4 0,42 4,14 Accura SI10 1,32 5,17 9,7 7,9 1,93 4,4 7,4 23,2

SLS Sinterstation HiQ

Dura form PA 10 12,47 50,6 61,7 4,24 7,55 17,1 41,1

Duraform GF 10,39 9,46 67 51,6 6,36 6,51 30,3 22,7 SLM SLM 280 AlSi10 Mg 8,12 8,63 43,3 39,1 10,76 3,55 39,2 14,2

DLP Ultra SI500 0,53 0,55 3,87 2,26 1,44 1,36 5,4 6,6

Poly Jet

Eden 250

Durus White 0,89 3,98 3,68 17,8 2,41 6,18 8,5 29,3

Tango Gray 0,22 1,3 1,08 7,9 1 1,02 16,6 11,7 Full Cure 720 1,39 2 6,76 11,3 2,01 3,06 6,2 13,4 Vero Blue 1,82 1,94 6,61 9,42 2,2 2,39 12,9 13,3 Tango Plus* 2,18 2,81 15 18,3 2,36 6,61 9,4 23,9

Vero Black 1,17 2,64 5,02 14,1 1,8 4,91 8,2 20,8 Vero Gray 0,9 2,36 4,03 10,9 2,28 5,26 16,8 18,1 Tango Black 1,18 3,14 7,79 18,1 2,55 8,62 6,8 36,4 Vero White 1,39 4,33 7,75 23,3 0,62 8,46 5,2 43

Tango Black* 1,54 2,11 1,34 12,1 0,69 6,93 0,9 45,5

Ink-Jet Invision XT

Visi Jet EX200

2,55 9,38 11,9 46,1 0,91 6,12 3,7 19,5

LOM SD300 PVC 0,06 5,25 0,52 24,9 0,06 5,25 0,41 4,14

, , -

, - ( , , !). , ,

55

(SLA, DLP, Poly-Jet), SLS- FDM-.

: , 3D-. AM- - . , , , layers thickness , .

, , , . , , 0,08 SLS- 3D Systems , 250250250 0,08 . , (0,30,8 ). - (, -) , - : , - , - . . , SLS , - , 150. -, .

, - . - , , - layers thickness, : .

, , : X-Y , Z . 3D-

56

AM-, , - -. , , SLA-. - , SLA- . . SLA-, -, , -, - , - 0,025 . SLA- 0,0250,05 . , 250 , - 0,250,5 . - , , , .

rapid tooling. , . 10-100 . 4.7. ( ) 3D-, , -- .

57

(: www.stratasys.com)

4.7. () - ( Objet500 Connex)

AM-

, , - . , ( 4.8).

(: www.icing.ae.illinois.edu/3D_wing.html)

4.8. LUXeXceL ()

(, . .).

58

, Printoptical, ( 4.9): (1) (3) (2), - (4). . - , , 2D- . - , 1440 dpi . - , - , - , - -.

(: www.lucept.com/2012/09/25/luxexcel)

. 4.9. Printoptical 1 ; 2- ; 3

; 4 -; 5, 6

59

( 4.10, 4.11). -, (- , ). - (. 4.11), - . , .

( Euromold 2014, 3D Systems)

4.10.

( )

4.11. ,

60

() , . 4.12, - , - .

( ) ( Euromold 2014)

4.12. :

;

- . 3D- - , 4.13. - - AKF ARBURG Kunststoff-Freeformen ( ARBURG), - 4.14. , - , 3D- , . , - - , : -, , , - . . , -

61

- .

( Euromold 2014)

4.13. :

; .

AKF . ABS, PC (), PA (), TPE (), - -. , FDM- -, , SLS-, . AM- Freeformer -. ( 4.14 ) - , . 205. - - . -, - 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 . , (-

62

) ( ).

( Euromold 2014)

(: www.arburg.com)

4.14. - Freeformer (ARBURG): ;

, , ; 230x130x250; 0,15

, -

, -, ( ) .

63

5.

, ,

, . , . , , - , , . AM-, - , - - , , 5.1. - , , -. , -.

( ) ( )

, Ti64

5.1.

64

- , .

AM- , -, - . - 5-6 , - . . AM- - . , - - (), 5.2.

( )

5.2. ABS-

, , , - , , , - -. , - . - - .

65

- . , - -, , 5.3.

( 3D Systems)

5.3. -

AM- 3D Systems, POM, Omtomec Fabrisonic - - -, , . , , , , . - 30%. AM- - -, - .

- , , - . ., - - .

66

- . . , : AM-, , , -, , - ?

Direct Manufacturing - AM-. , , . -, , , - . , - CL 100NB, 5.4. -, 17%. AM- , , - , ( 5.5) . ., - ( DMD, LENS) [4]). , , - - . AM- . , ( !) , , .

67

( )

5.4.

-, , . , . , - ( ), , , -.

(: www.optomec.com, www.ipmd.net)

5.5.

.

68

: , , .

5.1.

, , Bed Deposition Direct Deposition. , . ( 5.1, 5.2). 5.1.1. Bed Deposition

, SLS-, - ( 5.1). - - . : Concept Laser, EOS, SLM Solutions, Realizer ( ); 3D Systems (); Phenix Systems (, 3D Sys-tems); Renishaw ().

Arcam () - EBM-.

, , - , SLM- (Selective Laser Melting), SLM Solutions.

AM- - , AM- , -

69

, , , - , , .

, -, - , - . : , . - , - . AM- , - , - . , - . , -, . - . -, . -, - -.

Concept Laser Hofmann AM- 2002 . LaserCUSING ( Fusing , Concept). - (Yb-). (N2, Ar).

. M1 cusing, XYZ=250x250x250 , 200 400 , ,

70

, 25 , ( 5.6).

( Euromold 2014)

(:www.romanoff-rp.com/concept-laser-mlab-laser-sintering-machine)

5.6. M1 cusing M2 cusing Concept Laser

M2 cusing 280 . X line 1000R 630x400x500 , 1,0 (FILT) Daimler AG, 2013 . Daimler AG -. - ( Alu generative research and development project) - .

71

X line 1000R - , . . .

EOS AM-. EOS 100 , .

EOS , . Morris Technology, GE Aviation, AM- EOS. EOS PRECIOUS M 080, EOSINT M 280, EOS M 290 M 400, ( 5.7).

PRECIOUS M 080 EOSINT M 280 EOS M 290

EOS M 400 ( Euromold 2014)

5.7. EOS DMLS Direct Metal Laser

Sintering, ,

72

[5, 6], , (melting), (sintering), - 5.8.

( )

d 5.8. 1.2709, DMLS: a, b S.L. Campanelli [5];

c, d . .. [6]

EOS , ; , .

PRECIOUS M 080 2014 - .

EOS MLS- (Micro Laser Sintering) , , ( ), -

73

. 50 30 1-5 - Ra 2 .

3D Systems (). - -, 20 . ProX 100, ProX 200, ProX 300, ProX 400, 5.9. ProX 100, ProX 200 - Dental, - , , . - d50= 6-9 . - , - . , - .

ProX 100 ProX 200 ProX 300 ProX400

5.9. Phenix (3D Systems) 50 Phenix Dental -

Co-Cr. - -- SLM- - .

74

SLM Solutions () . FILT SLM 500HL ( 5.10). - 400 1000 . 400 , - .

SLM 125 HL SLM 280 HL SLM 500 HL

5.10. SLM Solutions

, . , , . , , - : , , - . , - . - - , . , -

75

. SLM 500 HL . - 0,3 ( 5.11). : -, - 5 , , , -, (Ra 5-10).

( )

5.11. . 0,35 . Realizer () 2010 .

, - SLM Solutions, Realizer. Realizer - , - , . -: SLM 50, SLM 100, SLM 250, SLM 300, 5.12.

SLM- 5.13. - (1) : , , ( ), , (6).

76

(: www.realizer.com)

5.12. Realizer: SLM 50, SLM 100, SLM 250, SLM 300 Realizer SLM 50

Desktop, - , ( 5.14). . .

SLM 100 . - 125125100 , -

77

20 , 60 .

(: www.realizer.com)

1 ; 2 , ; 3 ; 4

; 5 ; 6 , bed; 7

5.13. Realizer

(: www.realizer.com)

5.14. , SLM 50

78

SLM 250 , 40 20 , 4 .

Renishaw - , 2010 . - , MTT Technology. MTT Technology SLM Solutions, - SLM-. 2012 . 3D Systems. Renishaw AM- - , - .

Renishaw AM 250, SLM So-lutions: XYZ= 250250300 , 20-100 , 200/400 , 70 (135 400 ), 5.15.

5.15. AM 250

79

AM 250, , , ( - ) 50 ppm - .

Arcam , EBM-. - (Electron Beam Melting) [7].

, 2500, , , 0,5 . - , - . - . , 5.16.

(: www.arcam.com)

5.16. Arcam

80

EBM , - ,

81

Arcam SLS-. , - Arcam , , - . EBM- 55-80 3/ (2-20 3/ ) ( , .). Arcam 120 .

, : ( H13), - ( 18% Ni Maraging 300), (AlSi10Mg, AlSi12), ( Ti6Al4V Ti6Al4V ELI), Co-Cr, (Inconel .).

ExOne 3D Systems [8] , , AM- -.

- . 3D Systems - , , . - . - . - (- 5.18, . 5.3). 3D Systems 2000- , (SLM).

82

ExOne () - Ink-Jet ( ASTM Binder Jet): - . - - , ( N2), 1000-1100 - .

+

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.18.

5.19 - -

. - , . -. , - 60% 40%. - Ra 5-10, 1 . : - 610 , HRC= 10-20.

83

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( )

5.19. - , 3D Systems

Ink-Jet- fcubic, Hgans AB (). , ( ExOne) - , . - -, , -, , . ExOne 3D Systems: - , -

84

, . - , - . - 10-20 . -, - . .

5.20. ExOne: X1-Lab; M-Flex; M-Print; - [8]

85

, fcubic SIS- (Selective Inhibition Sintering [9]), - . ( fcubic) , -, . - - , -.

Matsuura Machinery - SLM- [10]. - LUMEX Avance-25 ( 5.21) - , AM-. 10 ( 43000 -1). () 250250100 .

- - 5.21. ( - , 5.21), , , 68 21 36 ; 29 08 53 30 . . LUMEX Avance-25 - , , . - , - . $850 .

. , , , , . .

SLM- - , -

86

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5.21. LUMEX Avance-25 - - [10]

- AM- . -

87

- . , - . , , , ( ) X-Y, , ( ), . , - , 5.23 [11]. . 5.23 - 120-130 /.

( )

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, - , 5.24.

Yasa E. Kruth J. (- , . ). , - , . .

88

. (- 5.25), [12, 13].

5.23. - () () , SLM- [11]:

Al 6061; 50 ; 0,15

5.24.

[11]

89

5.25. 316L: ; [12]

Sheet Lamination

Bed Deposition, , SLS-, bed () , , - , , .

AM- Sheet Lamination Fabrisonic (). , 90- . . Solidica UAM (Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing), : - , (. 2.13). - . , -, - . -. , . -

90

, - --.

, , - , - . .

SonicLayer R200 508x305x524 - . SonicLayer 4000 SonicLayer 7200 ( 5.26) , -, 1016x1016x610 1829x 1829x914 - . - . SonicLayer 7200 60 3/ (983 3/).

(: Wohlers Report, 2012)

5.26. . SonicLayer 7200

- - . 2012 . Beijing Long Yuan Automated Fabrication Systems Trump Pre-cision Machinery.

91

5.1. ( Bed deposition) ,

-,

-, 3/

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630x400x500 30-200 1000 10-100

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EOS M 290 250x250x300 20-60 400 10-20 EOS M 400 400x400x400 20-60 400/1000 10-20 Precious M 080

80x80x95 20-60 400 10-20

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SLM 50 70x80 20-50 20-120 5-10 . . 316L, Ti, . . H13; Ti6Al4V, Al, Inconel, Co-Cr, Au.

SLM 100 125125100 20-100 50-200 10-15 LM 250 250x250x300 20-100 400 10-15 SLM 300 300x300x300 20-100 200/400/

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Arc

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Inconel.

Arcam Q20 350x380 50-200 3000 55-80 ArcamA2X 200x200x380; 50-200 3000 55-80

3D

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ProX 100 100x100x80 20 50 1-5 . .; . .; Inconel; -

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92

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* .. ; .. ; . . - ; Inconel 625 718; /

5.1.2. Direct Deposition Direct Deposition POM

Group (), Optomec (), Irepa Laser (), InssTek ( ), Sciaky (), 5.2.

POM (Precision Optical Manufacturing), 2012 . DM3D, DMD-, ( , ), .

DMD - . ( : , , 5.26 ) , , , ( 5.26 ).

93

(: www.dm3dtech.com)

5.26. DMD: ;

POM Group, Trumpf (-), AM-. - (, , . .), , , - . , .

- - . 44R, 66R IC106 ( 5.27) .

DMD 105D 505D [14] . - ( 1 5 ) - 24-160 3/. :

94

, , -.

5.27. DMD IC106 [15]

DMD 105D IC106 -

, IC106 - - -. , -, . - $500 ., , .

Optomec Direct Deposition. 3-4 . LENS 450, LENS MR-7, -

95

, LENS 850-R ( 5.28). . .

(: www.optomec.com)

5.28. Optomec LENS 450, LENS MR-7; LENS 850-R

Optomec . ,

1000/, . LENS 450, LENS MR-7 , , . 0,25 ,

96

100 /. LENS 850-R 14 . 36-150 .

Irepa Laser () EasyCLAD (CLAD Construction Laser Additive Directe). BeAM (Be Additive Manufacturing), , - - . - 0,6 5,0 . O2

97

(7-18 /) EBDM , , AM-. , EBDM- .

(: www.irepa-laser.com/en/laser-processes)

5.29. MAGIC LF6000

(: www.insstek.com/system)

5.30 MX-3

98

(: www.sciaky.com)

5.31. EBDM Sciaky

, , : , , Co-Cr , , .

Sciakys DM 570012001200 . 10 . $2,0 .

IFF (Ion Fusion Formation) 2004 . Honeywell Aerospace [16]. -

99

Direct Deposition Sciaky, - , - ( 5.33). 5000-30000K. - , - , , . 120012001800 . - .

CAD-

(: www.sciaky.com) 5.32. Sciaky

, ,

100

, (, . .).

102 ; 104 ; 110 ;

150 ; 152 ; 154 ; 160 ; 170 ; 172 ; 174

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101

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. ,

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1950x2140x 330

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VI LF4000- -MesoCLAD -MacroCLAD

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/ /

102

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. (4-10 ) - ( ) 9-15 / [17].

(: www.optomec.com, www.ilt.fraunhofer.de)

Optomec - Fraunhofer ILT 5.34. Optomec Fraunhofer ILT

( www.ilt.fraunhofer.de)

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103

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105

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106

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108

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112

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113

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VX1000 10624 , 600 dpi. 100 450 , 30 .

VX 2000 VX 4000 . - .

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SLS-, , -, , - . - . - ,

114

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, , -, - . -, -: , .

117

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-, . - . , -

30, . , , , - ( 6.11).

118

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119

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, :

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120

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121

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124

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125

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(: www.3dsystems.com)

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, 1,0-2,0 -/3. -

126

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127

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6.23. DMD Digital Micromirror Device

CAD-, - DMD- () -

128

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129

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.

(: www.envisiontec.com)

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130

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131

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(: www.3dsystems.com)

ProJet 3510 HD (HDPlus) ProJet 5000 ProJet 5000X 6.26. MJM- 3D Systems

( 3D Systems)

6.27.

MJM , , , - -. -

132

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133

ProJet 5000X , - , , - , 6.29.

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( 3D Systems)

6.29.

- 400 /. - (, - ).

6.1.3. 6.1.3.1.

- . - AM- - ( EOS)

134

, Ink-Jet- (ExOne).

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135

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136

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140

PMMA, . Voxeljet , ExOne.

( ) ( Euromold 2014)

(: www.3ders.org/articles/20140521-legendary-ferrari)

6.34. S-Max: -

; - ; -

Ferrari ExOne Voxeljet -

( 6.35). EOS S750 ( 6.36) SLS-. - 1 . 720x380x380 , 0,2 , 0,3 ( 720

141

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( Euromold 2012)

6.35. (ExOne) ,

, - . - .

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142

( EOS GmbH)

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,

,

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6.2. - - - - AM-. - -

143

() , () - , , . - - . - ( 6.37).

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, ; -; ; .

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, . - , 3D- ProJet (3D Systems) Objet Eden (Stratasys).

144

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147

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148

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149

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150

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151

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152

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153

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154

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- . 1 , 10 . - . , - -

156

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157

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158

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159

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160

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161

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162

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163

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164

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165

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166

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7.4. Plasma Atomization: - ; Raymor [21]

167

1-5 . . - . - , , - . ( 7.5 [22]) , - , - ( 7.6). 7.2.2. Soluble gas atomization [23, 24], . . - . . ( 7.7) . (, , ), - . , , . - - , . 7.2.3.

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168

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c Powder Plasma gas , [22]

169

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d50 =50 ; SiO2 ; SiO2

7.7. Soluble gas atomization [23]

170

7.8. REP [23]

. REP PREP . Ti-6Al-4V ( 7.9),

7.9. Ti-6Al-4V, -: ;

(PREP) [25, 26]

171

(PREP) [25, 26], , -, PREP, , -. 7.3. Spray forming

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172

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(:http://www.lagermetall.com/high_tensile/spray.aspx?i=2)

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173

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b Spray forming (400)

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174

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7.14. Spay forming

Spay forming

( - ), - ( ) .

175

7.15. ,

Spray forming - - Spray forming - (), 7.16.

7.16.

[27]

176

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. 7.17. RSP- RSP Tooling [27]

177

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7.18. RSP- [27]

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180180100 . - 3-4 , 2-4 .

178

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7.19. [27]

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, . , - Spray forming , : , . 4% , 2,4 /3 30% , . - Al-Cu-Mg-X , , - .

179

spray forming , - . (MMC, Metal Matrix omposite), 15% . - Spray forming.

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7.20. ,

Spray forming

Spray forming - Sandvik Osprey (), - -

180

( 7.21), ALD, - , -.

7.21. Spray forming: 80 Al.

General Elec-tric, Teledyne Allvac, Sprayform Technologies Interna-tional Pratt & Whitney Howmet, - - () 1400 .

Spray forming -: U.S. Navy Labs, Pennsylvania State University, University of California at Irvine (), Applied Research Labs, Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (. ), National Cheng Kung University (), IPEN (), Oxford University Centre for Advanced Materials and Compo-sites (), Inner Mongolia Metals Institute (), Bremen University (), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ().

181

Spray Steel 4000 , , BHLER-UDDEHOLM AG (), .

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(: www.vniief.ru)

7.22.

182

, , , . , -, , . - .

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183

-, - .

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( ALD)

7.23. VIGA 2

ALD VIGA 1-B, VIGA 2 - , , , . -

184

(VIM), - , . , . - , , . , -. , - . -.

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ALD EIGA - . EIGA 50 (- 7.24) EIGA 100 , , 50 100 .

Spray forming - 50 500 . Spray forming , ( -) .

VIGA ( ) d50 = 30 . EIGA ( -

185

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( ALD)

7.24. EIGA 50: ;

7.25. , - : a VIGA, - EIGA ( ALD)

186

, VIGA EIGA, - , PIM-. PIM Powder Injection Molding - ( - ) .

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7.26. PSI: Hermiga 75/3; Hermiga 100/10 VI

- . . Wirecasting ( - ) -

187

- 0,1 . 210032002400 , 2500 .

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Atomising Systems Ltd. - :

- ; - ; - ; - . Atomising Systems ,

, , - . - , -

188

1-5 , 5 ( 7.27).

7.27. Atomising Systems

Atomising Systems Ltd - (). - ( 10 1000 ), ( ) ( 103 107 K/) , [28]. - AM- - . - , - , - . AM- - . 7.1 , -

189

AM-. , - , , , EOS, SLM Solutions Realizer. 7.1. , AM-

Con

cept

Las

er

. CL 20ES 1.4404 316L . (Cr>12%)

CL 90RW 1.2083

. CL 91RW -

CL 50/60WS DIN 1.2803 1.2709

18% Ni Maraging 300, AISI H13

Al- AlSi12 CL 30AL ISO AlSi12 AA 4047 ASTM A04130

AlSi10Mg CL 31AL ISO 3522 A03600 Ti6Al4V ELI CL 40TI ELI ASTM F136 Ti6Al4V CL 40TI ISO 5832-3 ASTM F1472, AMS

4928, AMS 4967 Inconel 718

CL 100NB ISO 6208 UNS N07718

UNS N07718, AMS 5662, AMS 5664

Co-CR (remanium star)

CL 111 CoCr DIN EN ISO 9693/DIN EN ISO 22674

ASTM F75

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S

AlSi10Mg AlSi10Mg ISO 3522 A03600 CoCrMo,

CobaltChrome MP1

ISO 5832-4, ISO 5832-12, UNS R 31538

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Co-Cr CobaltChrome SP1

ISO 5832-4, ISO 5832-12, UNS R 31538

ASTM F75 ASTM F1537

-

MaragingSteel MS1

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7.1

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625 NickelAlloy IN625

UNS N06625, DIN NiCr22Mo9Nb

UNS N06625, AMS 5666F,

190

AMS 5599G 718 NickelAlloy

IN718 ISO 6208, UNS N07718, DIN NiCr19Fe19NbMo3

UNS N07718, AMS 5662, AMS 5664

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TiAl6Nb7 TiAl6Nb7 ISO 5832-11 ASTM F1295 -

1.2709 1.2709 18% Ni Maraging 300, AISI H13

. 1.4404 1.4404

1.2344 1.2344 AISI 13 1.4542 1.4542

AlSi12 ISO AlSi12 ASTM AA 4047, ASTM A04130

AlSi10Mg ISO AlSi10Mg A03600 AlSi7Mg ISO AlSi7Mg ASTM Al3560 AlSi9Cu3 ISO AlSi9Cu3

AlMg4,5Mn0,4 ISO 5182 Co-Cr Co212-f ASTM F75 625 Inconel 625 UNS N06625, DIN

NiCr22Mo9Nb UNS N06625, AMS 5666F, AMS 5599G

718 Inconel 718 ISO 6208, UNS N07718, DIN NiCr19Fe19NbMo3

AMS 5662, AMS 5664

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R ea

-

Tool steel H13

DIN 1.2803, 1.2709

18% Ni Maraging 300, AISI H13

191

-

CP Titanium ISO 5832-2, UNS R50400

ASTM Grade 2

Titanium V4 ISO 5832-3 ASTM F136, ASTM F1472

Al- / / / Co-Cr Cobalt

chrome ISO 5832-4, ISO 5832-12, UNS R 31538

ASTM F75, ASTM F1537

. 316L 1.4404 316L Inconel 718

Inconel 718 ISO 6208, UNS N07718, DIN NiCr19Fe19NbMo3

UNS N07718, AMS 5662, AMS 5664

, -, -

/ / /

. -

-, AM-, , . , : , , -.

, , . - , Sandwik Osprey, - . -, , - . 7.2 , - - LPW Technology (). , .

192

Raymor Industries Inc. () - Ti, Co-Cr, Mo Nb, . : 0-25, 0-45, 45-106, 45-150, 0-250 . - , AM-, : - TLS Technik GmbH & Co. Spezialpulver KG (): - ( Titanium Grade 1 ASTM, Titanium Grade 2 ASTM, Titanium Grade 5 ASTM (Ti 6Al 4V), , - , , , , , - , , . - Wiretec Handels und Beratungsgesellschaft GmbH () - d50=2-10 .

- . - , , - . - : 230-400/; Ti-6Al-4V 200-400/; Co-Cr 150/; Al 70-90/; Inconel 625 75/ ( EXW, . . , , ). , . 10 50 .

193

7.2. LPW Technology AM-

Ni Co UNS ASTM ISO AMS DIN

LPW CoCr-1LC

+ LPW CoCr-2LC

Co-CrMo C 0.16 max, Mn 1.0 max, Si 1.0 max, Cr 27.0-30.0, Ni 0.50 max, Mo 5.0-7.0, Fe 0.75 max, S 0.010 max, P 0.020 max, Al 0.10 max, Ti 0.10 max, W 0.20 max, B 0.010 max, Co Bal

31537 F1527, F75

5832-4 5832-12

MP1

LPW 718-2 718 Al 0.30-0.70, B 0.006 max, Ca 0.01 max, C 0.02-0.08, Cr 17.0-21.0, Co 1.0 max, Na+Ta 4.75-5.50, Cu 0.30 max, Fe 15.0-21.0, Mg 0.01 max, Mn 0.35 max, Mo 2.80-3.30, Ni 50.0-55.0, P 0.015 max, Se 0.005 max, Si 0.35 max, Ti 0.75-1.15, S 0.015 max.

7718 B537 B670

5832, 5596

2.4668 IN718

LPW 625-2 625 Mo 8.0-10.0, Co 1.0 max, Nb+Ta3.15-4.15,Al 0.40 max, Ti 0.40, max C 0.10, max, Fe 3.0-5.0, Si 0.50 max, Mg 0.50 max, P 0.015 max, Mn 0.50 Max Cr 20.0-23.0, S 0.015 max, Cu 0.50 max, Ni Bal.

6625 446 Gr1, 443 Gr1

5599, 5666

2.4856 IN625

194

7.2 Fe LPW M300-1 18Ni300 C 0.03 max, Mn 0.15,

Si 0.10 max, Ni 17.0-19.0, Mo 4.50-5.20, Co 8.50-10.0, Ti 0.80-1.20, P 0.010 max, S 0.010, Fe Bal.

1.2709 MS1

LPW 174-1 17-4ph Cr 15.0-17.0, Ni 3.0-5.0, Cu 3.0-5.0 Mn 1.0 max, Si 1.0 max, Mo 1.0 max, Nb+Ta 0.15-0.45,C 0.10 max, Fe Bal.

17400 A708 15156-3 5604 5643

1.4548 GP1

LPW 155-1 15-5ph Cr 14.0-15.0, Ni 3.5-5.5, Cu 2.5-4.5, Mn 1.0 max, Si 1.0 max, Mo 0.5 max, Nb 0.15-0.45, C 0.07 max, Fe Bal.

S15500 A564 A693

5659, 5862

PH1

LPW 316-1 SS 316L C 0.03 max, Si 0.75 max, Mn 2.0 max, P 0.025 max, S 0.01 max, Cr 17.5-18.0, Ni 12.5-13, Mo 2.25-2.50, Cu 0.50 max, Fe Bal.

S31673 F138 F745

5832-1 1.4404 1.4401

Ti LPW Ti6-4 -2 Ti6-4 Al 5.5-6.5, V 3.5-4.5,

N 0.03 max, C 0.08 max, H2 0.0125 max, Fe 0.25 max, O 0.20 max, Res Each 0.1, Res Total 0.4, Ti Bal.

R56400 F1472, B348gr 5

5832-3 4954, 4911, 4928

3.7164 Ti64

195

7.2 LPW Ti6-4ELI-2

Ti6-4 ELI Al 5.5-6.5, V 3.5-4.5, N 0.03 max, C 0.08 max, H2 0.0125 max, Fe 0.25 max, O 0.13 max, Res Each 0.1, Res Total 0.4, Ti Bal.

R56401 F136, B348 gr 23

5832-3 4956

LPW CpTi1-2 CpTi gr 1 N 0.03 max, C 0.08 max, H2 0.015 max, Fe 0.20 max, O 0.18 max, Res Each 0.1,Res Total 0.4, Ti Bal.

R50250 F67, B348gr 1

5832-2

LPW CpTi2-2 CpTi gr 2 N 0.03 max, C 0.08 max, H2 0.015 max, Fe 0.30 max, O 0.25 max, Res Each 0.1, Res Total 0.4, Ti Bal.

R50400 F67, B348gr 2

5832-2 4921 4902

Al LPW AlSi10Mg-1

AlSi10Mg

Si 9.0-11.0, Mg 0.2-0.45,Fe 0.55 max Ni 0.05 max,Cu 0.05 max, Zn 0.10 max, Mn 0.45 max Pb 0.05, Sn 0.05 max, Ti 0.15 max, Al Bal

A13600 A03600 3.2381.01

LPW AlSi12-1 AlSi12 Si 11.0-13.0 Mg

196

2010 . EWI AMC (AM-Consortium), . 33 , -. Boeing, General Electric, General Dynamics, Goodrich, Honeywell, Lockheed Martin, Morris Technologies, Northrop Grumman, Rolls-Royce Sciaky, , - , NASA, NAVAIR NIST [30].

2011 . 3D Systems - .

2012 . 7 . - [31]. , - () - [32].

22- , GARPA Global Alliance of Rapid Prototyping Associations.

2012 . . $1 . 15 . - $45 . National Additive Manufacturing Innovation Institute NAMII - , -. NAMII : America Makes ( 1), . . , , - , , .

2013 . Arcam - Arcam Q10 [33].

197

(: https://americamakes.us/)

1. 2010 . -- Made in Space, NASA $824597 - . 2013 . NASA - 3D-, 2014 . Zero-G ( ) , 2).

(: http://www.space.com)

2.

2013 . NASA SMRC (Systems and Materials

Research Corporation) $125000 3D- .

2014 . 10- Roset-ta () - 67P-- , 3D- (- 3).

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3.

67P-- [34] 1995 . - (Northwestern Polytechnical University, NPU) - , , . . 2012 . NPU 5- Comac C919, 4 [35]. 2013 . Nanfang Ventilator Co., Ltd 3D- : 28 , 23 , 9,5

. 6 , 10 . : , , . - , . A4. Comac C919[35]

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2013 . (Da-lian University of Technology) Unit Science and Technology Development Co. Ltd. - 1,8 , 5.

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: Rapid Prototyping Journal, TCT Magazine, Wohlers Report, RTejournal (Rapid Technology Electronic Jour-nal), International Journal of CAD/CAM.

- , : www.wohlersassociates.com, www.additive3d.com.; Additive Manufacturing Users Group ().

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, , . - . , - ( ) - - . , - . , . -, ( - , ), . , , - - , -, - , - . .. - [38]. , AM- -. , , - A-, - . - , - - - . -, - , () , .

- -

201

, . . , AF-, , - , , . . - . : , . - , .

. - -, , - [39, 40].

6 (45ACP), , , 3D-

DMLS ( Solid Concept, [40]) * * * -

-, - -: , , -, .

202

, . . - , , , . - , , , , . - .

, , , .

AM-

XXI . , , - , , , - .

- .

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