4 mgptpUj;jpAk; Rw;whly; xOf;f newpAk; - Educational ... G-9 T...,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F 115 Rw;whly; xOf;fk; gw;wp jw;NghJ vOe;Js;s Mu;tk; fle;j rpy jrhg;jq;fspy;Vw;gl;ljhftpUg;gpDk;

115,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F

Rw;whly; xOf;fk; gw;wp jw;NghJ vOe;Js;s Mu;tk; fle;j rpy

jrhg;jq;fspy;Vw;gl;ljhftpUg;gpDk; Rw;whliyg; Gupe;Jnfhz;L> mjid

mopa tplhJ nraw;gLj;JtJ kdpj tuyhw;wpy; Muk;g fhyk; Kjy;

Vw;gl;l xU ek;gpf;ifahFk;. vdpDk; Jupjkhd kf;fl; ngUf;fj;jpd;

tpisthf Vw;gl;l nghUl;fs;> NritfspdJ mjpfsthd Nfs;tpia

G+u;j;jp nra;a Ntfkhd mgptpUj;jpia Nehf;fpr; nrd;wjhy;

Rw;whlYf;F ghjfkhd gy jhf;fq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd.

Gjpa njhopy;El;gq;fs; ; fhuzkhf tp;trhak;> ifj;njhopy;

Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l Jhpj tsu;r;rpapdhy; Vw;gl;l gpur;rpidfshy;

Kd;dpUe;j #oy; rkepiy rPu;Fiye;jJld; kdpj tu;f;fj;jpdh; kPJk;

ngUksT mnrsfhpaq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. mjdhy; kdpj

,dj;jpw;F ghjfkhd gy;NtW tpisTfs;cUthfpd. cjhuzkhf

#oy;khriltjhy; kdpjdpd; Rfhjhu epiy ghjpg;giljy;> tsq;fs;

Fiwtiljy;> tho;f;ifj; ju mr;RWj;jy;> capu;g;gy;tifik mUFjy;>

%ypifj; jhtuq;fs; mopjy;> fhyepiy khw;wj;jpdhy; ,aw;if

mopTfs;; Vw;gly; Nghd;wtw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk;;. mjdhy; Kiwahd #oy;

rkepiyia NgZtJ njhlu;ghd nghWg;Gk; mf;fiwAk; Njrpa>

ru;tNjr kl;lq;fspy; ,d;W czug;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;jg; ghlj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; ngsjpf khdplj;Njhw;wg;ghl;Lf;

fl;likg;gpw;F cjtf;$ba kdg;ghq;;F tsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;

xOq;fhd #oy; rkepiyia epiyj;jpUf;fr; nra;tjhFk;. mNj Nghy

Rw;whly; XOf;f newpapidg; gpd;gw;Wk; Njitia cWjp nra;tJ

kl;Lky;yhJ ,t;thW Rw;whly; xOf;f newpapidg; Ngzhikapdhy;

vOe;Js;s ghjfkhd tpisTfisg; gw;wp tp;sf;FjYkhFk;. epiyahd

mgptpUj;jpia Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L #oy; rkepiyiag;Ngzpr;

nry;yf;$ba top Kiwfis Muha;tJk; gpwpnjhU tplakhFk;.

kdpjd; Rw;whliy gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw

kdpj tuyhw;wpd; Muk;gfhyk; Kjy; kdpjd; jdJ Njitia G+u;j;jp

nra;jy; njhlu;ghf #oiyg; gad;gLj;jp te;jik guk ,ufrpakd;W. vdpDk;

mtd; #oiy gad;gLj;jpa Kiw fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; NtWgl;Ls;;sJ.

mr;nrad; Kiwf;fhd re;ju;g;;gq;fs; %d;wpid ,q;F ,dq;fhz KbAk;.

Rw;whly; xOf;f newpAk;mgptpUj;jpAk;4

116 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F

mitahtd

m #oiy cs;sthNw gad;gLj;jy; (cU 4.1 )

M #oYld; ,ize;J nraw;gly;. (cU 4.2 )

, #oiy khw;wpaikj;Jg; gad;gLj;jy;. (cU 4.3)

M. #oYld; ,ize;J nraw;gly;

cU 4:2

,. #oiy khw;wpaikj;Jg; gad;gLj;jy;

cU 4:3

m. #oiy cs;sthNw gad;gLj;jy;

cU 4:1


kdpjd; Rw;whliyg; gad;gLj;Jk; gy;NtW Kiwfs;:

• kdpjd; epiyj;jpUg;gjw;F mtrpakhd ePu;> fhw;W> #upaxsp>

ntspr;rk; Kjyhdtw;iw ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;;

• czT> cil> ciwAs; njhlu;ghf #oy; tsq;fis cgNahfpj;jy;

• gy;NtWgl;l topghl;LKiwfs;> ek;gpf;iffs; mbg;gilapy;

,aw;ifr; nry;tj;ij gad;gLj;jy;.

• ePiuj;Njf;fp itj;J tptrhaj;jpw;Fj;Njitahd ePu;g;ghrdj;

njhFjpfis mikj;jy;.

• ifj;njhopy; %ytsq;fshf fdpatsq;fis cgNahfpj;jy;.

• jfdr;nraw;ghl;bw;fhf vupnghUisAk; tpwfpidAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;

• MWfisg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;NjitfSf;fhf gad;gLj;jy;.

• kz;> ,aw;ifj; jhtuk; Kjyhd ,aw;if tsq;fis Ma;tpw;-

fhfg; gad;gLj;jy;

• kiycr;rpfs;> MWfs; Nghd;wtw;iw Njr vy;iyfshfg; gad;;-

gLj;jy;.

• ,aw;if vopiy nghOJ Nghf;fpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jy;.

nghUshjhuk;> r%fk;> murpay;> fyhrhuk; Mfpa gy;NtW eltbf;-

iffSf;fhfTk; #oy; gad;;gLj;jg;gLjy; ,jd; %yk; njspthfpwJ.

nraw;ghL

1. NkNy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s glq;fs; 4:1> 4:2> 4:3 ,id ed;F mtjhdpf;Ff.

2. kdpjd; #oiy cs;sthW gad;gLj;jy;> #oYld; ,ize;J

nraw;gly;> #oiy khw;wpaikj;Jg; gad;gLj;jy; Nghd;w re;ju;g;gq;fs;

gw;wp RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

xOf;fnewp

rpy r%fq;fSf;Fk; fyhrhuq;fSf;FKupa> mq;fj;jtu;fspdhy;

gpd;gw;wg;gLk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l rl;ljpl;lq;fs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs; vd;gd

xOf;fnewp vd miof;fg;gLk; ,t;thW Nehf;Fk;NghJ


#oy; xOf;fnewp vd;gJ epyk;> ePu;> thA capu;f;Nfhsk; Kjyhdtw;-

iw rpwe;j Kiwapy; Kfhikj;Jtg;gLj;jp epiyj;jpUf;fr; nra;Ak;

gof;f tof;fq;fshFk;;. ey;y fUj;Js;s xOf;fnewpahdJ jdpg;gl;-

ltu;fspd; elj;ijAld; ,ize;Js;sJ. ,jw;Nfw;g xOf;fnewpapd;gb

xOFjy; vd;gJ mjNdhL ,ize;Js;s ek;gpf;if> kdg;ghq;F>

kjpg;gPL Mfpa gpupTfspilNa neUq;fpa njhlu;Gfs; ,Ug;gnjd;-

gijf; fhl;LfpwJ.

#oy; xOf;fnewpapd; mtrpak;

kdpjdpd; #oYld; njhlu;Gw;wfhyk; Kjy; #oy; gw;wp gy;NtW

tpjq;fspy; Muha;e;J mwpe;Jnfhz;lhd;. Guhjd kdpjd; jhd; tho;e;j

#oiyg; gw;wp ey;y mwptpidg; ngw;wpUe;jhd;. ,jd;%yk; ehk;

mwpe;Jnfhs;sf; $baJ ahNjdpy; #oy; mope;Jtplhjgb jkJ

Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;s mtu;fs; gof;fg;gl;bUe;j tpjkhFk;.

cU 4.4

vfpg;jpa kf;fshy; tzq;fg;gl;l ,aw;ifg; nghUs;fs;

(SEN) nrd; - #whtspf;flTs;

(Orisis) xuprp]; - kuq;fSf;F mjpgjpahd

flTs;

(Hator) N`l;lu; - Mfhaj;Njtij

(Artain) Mnld; #upaf; flTs;


mf;fhy kdpjd; #oy; gw;wpa mwpitAk; tpsf;fj;ijAk; rka

topghLfs;> ek;gpf;iffs; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;. rkaq;fs; %yk;

#oy; gw;wp ngUksT fw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;. kuq;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;J> ghJfhj;J

topghL nrYj;Jjy; fhl;bDs; gpuNtrpf;Fk; NghJ fhl;Lj;Njtijfsplk;

ghJfhg;G Ntz;b kuf;fpisfis ntl;bj;njhq;f tpLjy; Mfpa

gof;ftof;fq;fs; ,d;Wk; eilKiwapy; cs;sd. ek;gpf;if> topghLf-

Sf;F Vw;g rka tho;f;ifAk; r%f tho;f;ifAk; ,ize;J fhzg;gl;lik

,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;. cyfpd; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspYk; Njhd;wpa

rkaq;fs;> jj;Jtq;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs; Rw;whly; xOf;fk; njhlu;ghf

ntspapl;Ls;s tpsf;fq;fis ,dp Muha;Nthk;.

mT];jpNuypahtpd; “mnghwp[pd;];” NgU ehl;bd; “,d;`h”

,dj;jth;fs; tlmnkupf;fhtpd; nrt;tpe;jpau;fs; MfpNahh; ,aw;if

gw;wpf; nfhz;bUe;j ek;gpf;iffs; gy ,q;F fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd

kdpjdpd; ngsjpf Njitfs; midj;ijAk; ,aw;if toq;fpaJ.

,jdhy; ,aw;ifg; nghUs;fis ,iwtdhff; fUjp tzq;fpdhu;fs;.

#upa re;jpuu;> kuq;fs;> kpUfq;fs;> kdpj vYk;Gfs; Kjyhdtw;iw

topgl;ldu;. kiyfs;> kuq;fs;> fw;ghiwfs;> el;rj;jpuq;fs;> #upare;jpuu;

Kjyhd ,aw;ifg; nghUs;fis mtu;fSila %jhijau;fs; vd

mtu;fs; epidj;jhu;fs;. ,jdhy; mit tzf;;fj;jpw;Fupadthff;

fUjg;gl;ld.

ngsj;j rkak;

,aw;ifAld; njhlu;Gila nghUs;fs; gilf;fg;gl;litay;y

vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; rkakhd ngsj;jj;jpy; Nghjpf;fg;gLk; tplaq;-

fs; gy #oYld; rk;ge;jg;gl;ldthf cs;sd> kdpjid ,aw;ifAld;

,izj;J ,dq;fhZtNj ngsj;j ju;kkhFk;. ngsj;ju;fspd;

ek;gpf;ifahdJ kdpjidg;NghyNt ,aw;ifAk; mjDld; njhlu;Gila

Vida nghUs;fSk; xd;Wld; xd;W njhlu;Ggl;Lk; rhu;e;Jk;

,Ug;gdthFk;. Gj;ju; ngUkhd; capu;fSf;Fk; ,aw;iff;Fk; kupahij

mspf;fNtz;Lnkd;Nw Nghjpj;jhu;. ngsj;j ju;kk; Nghjpf;Fk;

ngUq;fUiz #oypy; cs;s vy;yh capupdq;fNshLk; ,zf;f-

g;ghl;Lld; thOk; jd;ikia vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.

rpq;fhy vd;w ngaUila ,isQDf;F $wg;gl;l mwpTiuapy;

gpd;tUkhW $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. “NjdP G+tpw;Fg; ghjpg;gpd;wp Njid

vLg;gJNghy jhdpaq;fisr; Nrfhpf;Fk; kdpjDila nry;tk;

mjpfupf;Fk;.”


“kuepoypy; epk;kjpahf epj;jpiu nra;j xUtd; epj;jpiu tpl;nlOe;J

mjd; fpisapid ntl;b vwpgtdhapd;; mtd; nra;ed;wp ,y;yhjtd;”

vdg; Gj;j ju;kk; Nghjpf;fpwJ. Gj;ju; ngUkhd; cUnty vd;w

,uhr;rpaj;jpYs;s nrdhdp fpuhkj;jpd; ,aw;if moF gw;wp tu;zpg;gjpy;

,Ue;J #oy; kjpg;gpw;Fupa xd;W vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.

,jd;%yk; Rw;whliy ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w nra;jpia ngsj;j

rkak; kdpjDf;Ff; $wpAs;sJ. Gj;jh; ngUkhdpd; gpwg;;G>Qhdk;> gup

epu;thzk; Mfpa midj;Jk; ,aw;ifg; nghUshd kuepoypNyNa

,lk;ngw;wd. ,jd;%yk; ,aw;;iff;Fk; ngsj;jj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhlu;G

njspthfpwJ. Nkw;$wpatw;why; #oYf;Fk; kdpjDf;Fk; ,ilapy;

cs;s njhlu;ig tpsq;fpf;nfhs;syhk;.

,e;Jrkak;

gilg;Gf; nfhs;ifia Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;s Ntj> cgepljq;fs;rhu;

,e;J rkaj;jpYk; ,aw;iff;Fj; nja;tj;jd;ik nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,aw;ifapd; moF kl;Lkd;wp mr;rk; jUtd midj;Jk; $l ,iw-

tdpd; gilg;Gf;fs; vd ,e;Jf;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdu;;.

“G+Tyfpy; cs;s midj;Jk; ,iwtDilaNj” capUs;s> capuw;w

midj;jpYk; ,iwtDila rf;jp tpahgpj;Js;sJ. ,jdhy; xUtu; jdf;F

Njitahdij vLj;Jf;nfhz;L kpFjpia ,iwtDf;F tpl;L tpl Ntz;Lk;

vd ,e;J rkak; $WfpwJ. ,e;J rka

nfhs;ifg;gb kuq;fspdhy; epiwNtw;-

wg;gLk; fUiz epiwe;j nraw;-

ghLfs; rpy ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sd.

tPl;Lf;F vupnghUs; jUfpwJ@

kdpjDf;F epoiyj; jUfpwJ.

gwitfSf;F tPlhfpwJ@ kug;gl;ilfs;>

,iyfs;> Ntu;fs;; Kjyhdit kUe;-

Jg; nghUl;fs; Mfpd;wd.

Guhjd itjpf rkaq;fs; #oy;

tzf;fj;jpidf; nfhz;bUe;jd.

kj;jpahrpahtpypUe;J Gyk;ngau;e;j

Mupau; ,e;jpah> ghurPfk; Kjyhd

ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;W FbNawp gyjug;gl;l

fyhrhuq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;gpaJld;

,aw;ifg;nghUs;fSf;Fj; nja;tPfj;

jd;ikiaAk; toq;fpdu;. #upaDf;Fk; glk; 4:5

kuk;


G+kpf;Fk; mjpgjpahd nja;tq;fis tzq;FjYk; ,aw;iff;Fupa rf;jpia

tu;zid nra;tJk; itjpf rkaj;jpd; ,yl;rzkhFk;. itjpf rkaq;fspd;

ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; ,aw;ifg; nghUl;fis topglypd; Nehf;fk;

tptrhaj;jpd; %yk; mjpfgad; ngWtJk;> #oiyg;ghJfhg;gJk; MFk;.

itjpf rkaq;fs; tPl;L kpUfq;fis tsu;g;gJ gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ

mtw;iw ez;gu;fshff; fUj Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;wd. cgepljq;fSk;;

,aw;ifAld; njhlu;Gila nghUs;fspd; ,iltpidj;njhlu;Gfis

tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

,e;jpahtpd; gpurpj;jp ngw;w jj;JtQhdpahd kfhj;kh fhe;jp

mtu;fspd; $w;Wg;gb> midtupd; NjitfisAk; G+u;j;jp nra;Ak;

jd;ik ,aw;iff;F ,Uf;fpwJ. vdpDk; vy;NyhupdJ MirfisAk;

G+u;j;jp nra;aKbahJ. NjitahdJ vJ vd;w Nfs;tpia vOg;gp

mjd;%yk; mtrpakhdij kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. ,jdhy;

fUjg;gLtJ ahnjdpy; ,aw;ifNahL xd;wpize;J thoNtz;Lkhdhy;

mtw;iw Njitahd msTkl;Lk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.

fhe;jpapd; m`pk;ir ntspg;ghl;Lj;jj;JtKk; ,JNt.

fpwp];jt rkak;

gilg;Gthjj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;s fpwp;];jtj;jpYk; ,aw;iff;Fk;

kdpjDf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs;> ,aw;ifahy; kdpjd; ngWk;

ed;ikfs; gw;wp $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k;kjj;jpd;gb ,e;j cyfKk; kdpj-

Dk; ,iwtdhy; gilf;fg;gl;ld. cyfpYs;s midj;JNk ,iwtdpd;

gilg;GfshFk; ,jdhy; mtupd; tpUg;gg;gbNa mit midj;Jk; ,aq;-

Ftjhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ.

gupRj;j Ntjhfkj;jpYs;s gilg;Gf; fijfs;> Guhjd kdpjdplk;

epyTk; rka ek;gpf;iffs;> topghLfs;> mwpQu;fSila Nghjidfs;

vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; #oy; gw;wp tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vdf;

$wg;gLfpwJ. #oy; njhlu;ghf kdpjDf;F chpa nghWg;Gf;fs;>

epahaq;fs; vd;gd gw;wp fpwp];jt rkaj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. mjd;

gpufhuk; kdpjd; #oYf;F cupikAiltd; my;y. mtd; Mz;ltDf;-

fhf #oiyg; NgZgtdhthd;.

epyk; cs;stiu tpijj;jYk; mWtilAk;> FspUk; ntg;gKk;>NfhilAk; khupAk;> ,uTk; gfYk; njhlu;e;J epyTk;.

gupRj;j Ntjhfkk;

,f;$w;wpy; ,Ue;J #oiyg; ghJfhg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ntspg;-

gLfpwJ


,];yhkpa rkak;

gilg;G thjj;jpid Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; ,];yhk; cyfk; cl;gl

#oypy; cs;s midj;Jk; ru;t ty;yikgilj;j my;`htpd;

fl;lisg;gbNa epfo;fpwJ vdf; $WfpwJ. ru;t ty;yikgilj;j

my;`htpd; gilg;GfSf;F nfsutk; mspj;jy;> mtw;wpidg;

ghJfhj;jy;> tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhfg; gad;gLj;jy; Kjyhdit

,];yhkpaupd;; flikahFk;. mGgf;fu; (wyp) mtu;fs; (KfkJ egpapd;

,wg ;g pd ; gpd ;du ; ,];yhkpau ;fspd; jiytuhf tpsq;fpatu ;)

Aj;jj;jpw;Fr;nry;Yk; jdJ rpg;gha;fSf;F Qhgfg;gLj;jpait.

“jq;fSila czTf;fhf md;wp (gifth;fspd; ehl;by; cs;s)

kuq;fis ntl;l Ntz;lhk;. tpyq;Ffisf; nfhy;y Ntz;lhk;.”

,J njhlh;ghd ,d;ndhU $w;W: (mGgf;fu; wyp fp.gp. 7k; Ehw;whz;L)

kuq;fis vupf;f Ntz;lhk;. Njitaw;w tpjj;jpy; gpLq;fp vwpa

Ntz;lhk;. ngz;fs;> rpWtu;> tNahjpgh ; vjph ;g ;Gf; fhl;lhj

tzf;fj;Jf;Fhpa kjFUkhh; MfpNahUf;Fj; Jd;gk; tpistpf;f

Ntz;lhk;.(g];yk; fhypj; -1992)

rpd;Nuh rkak;

[g;ghdpy; gpurpj;jngw;w rkakhd rpd;Nuhrkak; fz;Zf;F

njupahj rf;jpfs; gw;wp ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,jdhy; ,J

#oYf;F kpfTk; ,irthd (Nerkhd) rkakhFk;. ,aw;ifg;

nghUs;fshd kiyfs;> MWfs;> jhtuq;fs; kdpjDf;F kpfTk;

neUf;fkhdit. vdNt mtw;iwAk; kdpjdhfNt fUjNtz;Lnkd;gJ

,r;rkaj;jpdupd; fUj;jhFk;. kdpjdpd; Kiwaw;w nraw;ghLfs;

fhuzkhf ,aw;if gy;NtW Jd;gq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjhf [g;ghdpau;

fUjpdu;.

nrt;tpe;jpau;fspd; #oy; xOf;f newp

nrt;tpe;jpaj; jiytdhd rpal;ly;> #oy; xOf;fk; gw;wp $wpa

$w;W kdpjDf;Fk; #oYf;Fk; cs;s gpupf;f Kbahj njhlu;gpid

vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

“,e;j G+kpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w xt;nthU mq;Fy epyKk; mjd;

gFjpAk; vq;fs; kf;fSf;F mu;g;gzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.#upa xspapdhy; rf;jp

ngWk; NjtjhUkuq;fs;> nts;is kzyhy; #og;gl;l flw;fiufs;>

jpwe;j ntspfs;> Ez;Zapu;fs; midj;Jk; vkJ nrhj;jhFk;.” “kuq;fspy;


,Ue;J nrhl;Lk; xt;nthU ePu;j; JspAk; nrt;tpe;jpaupd; epidTj;jlq;fis

kdf;fz;Kd; nfhz;L tUfpwJ.”

“,e;j epyk; vq;fspd; topghl;Lf;FhpaJ. MWfSk; gspq;F tbtpy;;

gha;e;J nry;Yk; ePUk; rhjhuz ePuy;y. vq;fs; %jhijahpd; ,uj;jkhFk;.

ePh; vOg;Gk; Xir vkJ %jhijaupd; Ngr;nrhypahFk;. thridAs;s

kyu;fs; vkJ rNfhjuh;fs;. khd;> Fjpiu> fOF vd;gd vkJ rNfhjuh;.

tdtpyq;Ffs; ,y;yhj cyfk; vJ? tdtpyq;Ffs; ,y;iynadpy; kdpjd;

jdpikapy; ,we;Jtpl NeupLk;. tdtpyq;FfSf;F epfo;tJ ahJ? mJ

kdpjDf;Fk; tpiutpy; epfOk;. midj;Jk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W gpizf;fg;gl;Nl

cs;sd.”

,t;tifapy; #oy; njhlu;ghd NtWgl;l ek;gpf;iffs;> rkaq;fs;

jj;Jtq;fs; vd;gd Guhjd fhyk; Kjy; kdpjd; Rw;whliy el;GwTld;

Ngzp te;Js;shd; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. rpwg;ghfr; #oiy

cs;sthNw gad;gLj;jpa NtisapYk; #oYld; ,ize;J tho;e;j

re;jh;g;gj;jpYk; ,it ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lij fhzyhk;.

nraw;ghL

1. #oYf;Fk; kdpjDf;Fk; cs;s njhlu;gpid cq;fspd;

rkaj;jpw;Nfw;g cjhuzq;fSld; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

2. mjpy; ,Ue;J ngwf;$ba jw;fhyj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kd;khjp-

upfs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

jw;NghJ kdpjd; #oiy mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;Jk;; Kaw;rpapdhy;

#oy;rhu; xOf;f newpapidg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba Njitfs; mjpf

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd. ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

• kf;fl; njhif tpiuthf mjpfupj;jYk; kdpj Njitfs;

tpuptile;jikAk;

• fdpa tsq;fs; mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLjy;.

• njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rp

• ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj; njhlu;Gfs; tpuptile;jik

nghJkf;fs;> jdpahu; Jiw> cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;fs; vd;gd

%yk; #oYf;F xt;thj fopTfs; ntspNaw;wg;gLtjhy; #oy; njhFjp

ghjpf;fg;gl;L #oy; tho; capupdq;fSf;Fk; ghjpg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

mgptpUj;jpapd; NghJ njhopw;rhiyfs; mikj;jy;> ePu;j;Njf;fq;fis

mikj;jy; tptrha epyq;fis tpupthf;fy; Nghd;wtw;why; ,aw;ifr;


#oy; khw;wkilfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; #oy; rkepiy rPu;FiyfpwJ. kdpjd;gy;NtWgl;l Jd;gq;fSf;F Kfq; nfhLf;f NeupLfpd;wJ. ,tw;iwj;jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhdhy; kdpjd; #oiyj; jdJ tho;f;ifapd;xU mq;fkhf fUj Ntz;Lk;. jd;idg; Nghy #oYk; xU capUs;snghUs; vdf; fUJtJld; mjDs; capu;g;Gs;s nraw;ghL ,lk;ngW-tjhfTk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. #oy; xOf;f newpapidg;NgZjy;; kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. Vnddpy; vjpu;fhyr; re;jjpapd-Uf;F ghJfhg;ghd xU #oiy tpl;Lr; nry;tjw;fhFk;;. mJkw;Wkd;wpVida capupdq;fSf;Ftho;tjw;F nghUj;jkhd #oiy Vw;gLj;jpnfhLg;gJ Kf;fpa flikahFk;.

Rw;whly; rkepiy rPu;Fiytjhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;

cyfpy; Fiwthd rdj;njhif ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; #oYld; ,ize;J

thof;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; #oy; rkepiyapidg; ghjpf;fhjthW

mtu;fshy; tho Kbe;jJ. vdpDk; rdj;njhif Jupjkhf ngUfpajhy;

mtu;fsJ Njitfshd ciwtplk;> NtW Efu;Tfs; vd;gdtw;iw

epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;s ngUksT Nfs;tp Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; #oy; vkf;F

,aw;ifahf toq;fpaij tpl Nkyjpfkhf #oypy; ,Ue;J ngw

Kad;wjhy; #oy; rkepiy rPu;Fiye;jJ. #oy; tsq;fis mjpfsT

gad;gLj;Jtjhy; jw;NghJ kpf rpf;fyhd #oy; gpur;rpidfs; gy

vOe;Js;sd. mtw;Ws; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

#oy; gpur;rpidfs;

gtsg;ghiwfs; mopjy;>

tspkz;lyk; ntg;gkiljy>;

gdpkiyfs; cUFjy;>

#whtspfs; cUthjy;>

XNrhd; gil Nja;TWjy;>

tspkhriljy;> ePh;khriljy;>

ePh;g; gw;whf;Fiw> nts;sg;ngUf;F>

#oy; njhFjp mopTf;Fs;shjy;>

tay; epyq;fs; moptiljy;>

kz;zhpg;G> tpyq;Ffspd; thoplk;

mopTf;Fl;gly;> fhl;Lj;jP Vw;gLjy;>

ghiytdk; cUthFjy;>

kz;rhpT>

fiuNahu mhpg;G>

fly; ePh;kl;lk; cah;jy;.

cU 4.6


cU 4.7

nraw;ghL

1. ePq;fs; fw;wit> NtWGj;jfq;fspy; Njbg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lit>

ngupNahu;fsplk; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf; nfhz;lit vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;L

%d;W #oy; xOf;fnewpfis vOJf.

2. #oy; xOf;f newpiag; gpd;gw;w Ntz;bajpd; mtrpak; gw;wpr;

RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

jw;NghJ 6 gpy;ypaDf;F Nkw;gl;l cyf rdj;njhifahdJ Gtpapy;

cs;s tsq;fis kpf Ntfkhfg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ. kf;fs; jkJ

nghUshjhu Njitfis ,aw;if tsq;fspD}lhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;-

wdu;. ,jdhy; tsq;fs; Fiwe;J nry;fpd;wd. mj;Jld; #oYf;F

ghjfkhd kdpj nraw;ghLfspdhy; fhyepiy khw;wq;fSk; ,lk; ngw;W

tUfpd;wd.

NkNy $wg;gl;l #oy; gpur;rpidfs; ngUksTVw;gl mbg;gilf;

fhuzk; Gtp ntg;gkiljyhFk;. ,jdhy; vt;tpj NtWghLfSkpd;wp vy;yh

ehl;L kf;fSk; xd;wpize;J jPu;T fhz;gJ mtrpakhFk;. Vnddpy; #oy;

ntg;gepiy mjpfupj ;jy; kdpjDila Neubg ; gq;fspg ;g pid

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. tYr;rf;jpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf> epyf;fPo;

tsq;fs; mfo;jy;> gr;ir tPl;L tpisT> efukakhjy;> Fg;ig$oq;fis

Kiwaw;w tpjj;jpy; mfw;Wjy;> tptrhaj;jpw;F ,urhadq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jy;> Aj;jk; Kjyhd tplaq;fNsntg;g mjpfupg;gpw;fhd

fhuzq;fshFk;.

nraw;ghLghiytdkhjy;> kpd;dy;> #whtsp> kz;rupT


nraw;ghL

1. cU 4.7 ,id ed;F mtjhdpf;Ff.

2. ,it Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisj; jUf

3. ,t;thwhd ,lu;g;ghLis jtpu;g;gjw;Fk; ,optsthf;Ftjw;Fk;

Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;batw;iw tpsf;Ff.

4. ghlrhiy khztu; vd;w tifapy; #ow; rkepiyiag;

NgZtjd; mtrpak; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

Rw;whly; rkepiyAk; mgptpUj;jpAk;

mgptpUj;jp JupjkiljYld; mjDhlhf #oYf;F Vw;gLk; jhf;fk;

Ntfkhf ,lk;ngWfpwJ. ,jd; Muk;gk; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpAld;

Vw;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa ghjpg;Gfs; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s nrad;Kiwfspdhy;

cUthdJ vdyhk;.

• Jupjkhf fdpa tsq;fis mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gad;gLj;jy;

• tPjp mikg;GfSk; Nghf;Ftuj;J KiwfSk; tsu;r;rpailjy;.

• ngUkstpyhd tptrha ,urhadg;gad;ghL.

• ghupa ePu;g;ghrd nraw;wpl;lq;fis Vw;gLj;jy;.

• kpfg;ghupa mstpyhd tptrha epyq;fs; tpupthf;fk; ngwy;.

• MWfSf;F FWf;Nf mizfl;ly;.

• kiyg;gFjpfspYk; rupTfspYk; gapuply;.

cU 4:8

gy;NtW mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;wpl;lq;fs;


ehl;bdJ mgptpUj;jpia Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L ,t;thW nra;ag;gLk;nraw;ghLfspdhy; #oy; rkepiyf;F ghjpg;G Vw;gLfpwJ vd;gJ njspT.mgptpUj;jp mtrpak; vd;whYk; mJ #oy; rkepiyiag; ghjpf;fhjthW#oiyg; NgZk; tpjj;jpy; mika Ntz;Lk;.

mgptpUj;jp cj;jpfs; ePz;lfhy ed;ikfis Vw;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy;#oiyg; ghjpf;fhj tifapy; mikAkhapd; mit gpur;rpidfisVw;gLj;jkhl;lh. mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghLfs; ghjfkhd tpisTfisVw;gLj;Jkhapd; mij ntw;wpfukhd tpUj;jpahff; fUj KbahJ.Vnddpy; mit #oy; gpur;rpidfis Vw;gLj;JtjhyhFk;.

mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;wpl;lq;fs; gytw;wpd; glq;fisg; glk; 4.8,y;fhzyhk;. ,t;tif mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;ghLfspdhy; NeubahfNthkiwKfkhfNth Vw;gLk; gy Rw;whly; gpur;rpidfs; fPNo jug;gl;-Ls;sd.

• Nfhs ntg;gk; mjpfupj;jy; • nts;sg;ngUf;F

• tul;rp • fly; ePu; kl;lk; mjpfupj;jy;

• kz;zupg;G • fLk; Gay;

• kl;rupT • ePu; khriljy;

• tspkhriljy; • mkpykio(Kf;fpa ,lk;ngWfpwJ)

“kdpjd; ,aw;ifapd; cupikahsd; my;yd;@ mjd; gq;fhsd;Mthd;”. ,jdhy; mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;ghL epiyj;jpUf;Fk; tifapy;kdpjd; jd; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; mtrpakhFk;.

nraw;ghL

1. #oy; rkepiy rPu; nfLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; kdpjeltbf;iffis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; tpjj;jpy;; ePq;fs; tpUk;gpa Mf;fk;xd;iw jahupf;Ff.

2. #oy; rkepiy ghJfhg ;ig typAWj ;jg ; nghUj ;jkhdkFlthrfq;fisj; (RNyhfq;fs;) jahupj;J ghlrhiyapy;fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

epiyj;jpUf;Fk; mgptpUj;jp

epfo;fhy mtrpaj; Njitfis epiwNtw;wp vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdh;

mtu;fspd; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; chpikia cWjpg;gLj;Jk;

#oiy cUthf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpNa epiyj;jpUf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpahFk;.


ehl;bd; nghUshjhu> r%f tpUj;jpAld; #oiyAk; fUj;jpy;

nfhz;L Ngzj;jf;f tpjj;jpyhd mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tJ

epiyj;jpUf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpahFk;. gz;ila ,yq;ifau; tptrha

eltbf;iffis #oYf;F Vw;wjhff; nfhz;L nrd;wdu;. gpuNjrj;jpw;F

nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; ePu;g;ghrd Kiwfis Vw;gLj;jy;> Fsq;fisf;

fl;Ljy; Nghd;wit mt;tifapNyNa epfo;e;jd.

,tw;wpdhy; Rw;whlYf;F ngUksT jPq;FVw;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.

Nridg;gapu;r ; nra;iff;fhf nghUj;jkhd tptrha epyq;fis

gad;gLj;jy;> gpd;du; mtw;iw tpl;Ltpl;L gpwpnjhU epyj;jpid Nehf;fpr;

nry;Yjy; Kd;dh; gaphplg;gl;l epyk; ,aw;ifapd; nraw;ghl;bw;F kPs;

cl;gLj;jg;gLjy;@ Mfpa nraw;ghLfspdhy; #oy; rkepiy ghjpg;G

ngUksT ,lk; ngWtjpy;iy. Nridg; gaph;r;nra;iff;fhf tptrha

epyq;fisj; jahu;gLj;Jk; NghJk;> ,iy Fiofis ntl;b kuq;fis

vupf;Fk; NghJk; tpyq;Ffs; tpul;lg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; tpyq;FfSf;Fk;

ghjpg;G Vw;gltpy;iy vd;gijf; fPNo jug;gLk; ghlyb %yk; njupe;J

nfhs;syhk;.

“fhy;fs; ,y;yhjdTk; ,uz;L fhy; kpUfq;fSk;> gwitfSk;>

Cu;tdTk; ,e;j fhl;il tpl;L XLf. vq;fSf;Fg; ghtkpy;iy.

mf;fpdp Njtd; Rl Kd;dh; XbtpLq;fs;. vq;fSf;Fg; ghtk; ,y;iy.”

Fsk;> ePu;g;ghrdf; fhy;tha;>ePu;g;ghrdf; fhy;tha; mikf;Fk; FOtpdu;>

cU 4:9


,JNghyNt gapu; epyj;jpy; xU gFjp gwitfSf;fhf xJf;fg;-gl;lJ. me;jg;gFjp gwit xJf;fplk; vdg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW xJf;fg;gl;-ljhy; tptrha epyj;jpw;F ghjpg;G cz;;lhf;Fk; G+r;rp GOf;fs;mope;jJld; gwitfspdhy; tptrhaj;jpw;F Vw;gl;l ghjpg;Gk; kl;Lg;-gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Fsq;fspYk; ePu;Njf;fq;fspYk ePu; kl;lj;Jf;F NkYs;sePNue;J gFjpfspy; gapuplg;gLtjpy;iy. ,J tptrha eltbf;iffspy;cjTk; tpyq;FfSf;F ,isg;ghWk; ,lq;fshf tpsq;fpd.

Fsj;jpypUe;J tptrha epyq;fSf;F ePiu vLj;Jr; nry;y fhy;-

tha;fs;> tbfhy; njhFjpfs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. mtw;wpd;

,Ugf;fq;fspYk; kUj kuk; Nghd;w jhtuq;fs; ehl;lg;gl;ld. ,jdhy;

tay; epyq;fis Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; ePupYs;s fdpAg;Gjd;ik

jhtuq;fspd; Ntupdhy; cwpQ;rpf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,J ,aw;ifahfNt

ePu; J}a;ikailtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l topahFk;.

gapu;r; nra;ifapd; NghJ G+r;rpfspd; njhy;iyia ePf;fTk;>

jPq;fpid ,optsthf;fTk;> fyg;Gg;gapu;r;; nra;ifKiw ,lk;ngw;wJ.

kz; tsj;ijg; ghJfhf;f Roy; Kiw gapu;r; nra;ifiag; gpd;gw;Wjy;>

G+r;rpj; njhy;iyfis jLf;f Ntg;gpiy Gifgpbj;jy;> Ntg;ngz;nza;

Gy ;nyz;nza; gad;gLj ;jy ; > ,aw ;ifg ;gris (itf;Nfhy ;)

gad;gLj;jy;> gy;NtW khe;jpuPf Kiwfis Nkw;nfhs;sy; vd;gd

,lk;ngw;wd. fle;j fhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,t;tptrha Kiwfs;

#oYf;F ve;j tpjkhd jPq;fpidAk; Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy vd tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;syhk;. ,itahTk; vkJ Kd;Ndhh; #oy; epiyj;jpUg;gjw;fhfr;

#oYf;F ,irthf ,Ue;jikf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf cs;sd.

nraw;ghL

1. #oy; rkepiyiag; ghJfhj;jy; njhlu;ghf vLf;ff; $ba

eltbf;iffs; rpytw;iw Fwpg;gpLf

2. cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; tptrhaj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; khe;jphPf Kiwfs;

rpytw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

jw;NghJ gue;jstpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; mgptpUj;jp;r; nraw;wpl;lq;fs;

#oiyf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;shJ nraw;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; #oy; rkepiy

rPh;FiyAk; mr;RWj;jiy vjpu;Nehf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,jdhy; #oy;

rkepiyiag; ghJfhf;f ngUq;ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,jdhy;

Njrpa> ru;tNjr kl;lq;fspy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;L gy;NtW eltbf;-

iffs; Nkw;n;fhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.


#oy; rkepiyiag; ghJfhf;f Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba nghJthdnraw;ghLfs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

• ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jpapdhy; Vw;gLk; #oy; khriljiyj;

jtpu;g;gjw;fhd cj;jpfis gpd;gw;Wjy;.

• ifj;njhopypdhy; #oypy; NrUk; fopTfis rPuhd Kiwapy;

ntspNaw;Wjy;.

• fpuhk> efu mgptpUj;jpapd; NghJ Kiwahd jpl;lq;fSf;F

mika ,lu;fs; Vw;glhjthW mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

• mjpf rhpTs;s (Fj;J) gpuNjrq;fspy; gapu;r;nra;if eltbf;if-

fspd; NghJ tpNrl ghJfhg;G Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;.

• nts;sg;ngUf;if fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> Mw;Nwhuq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;.

flw;fiuNahuq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;.

• rJg;Gepyq;fis epug;GjiyAk; jpwe;jntspahf;FjiyAk;

jtpu;j;jy;.

• Fwpj;j gpuNjrq;fSf;F Vw;w tpjj;jpy; fhyepiy> jiuaikg;G>

kz; vd;gtw;iwf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fis

Vw;gLj;jy;.

• Fwpj;j #oYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW ePu; toq;fy;> gapu;r;nra;if

Kiwfs;> gapu; tiffs; Nghd;wtw;iw mwpKfk; nra;jy;.

• gpuNjr> efu mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffis jpl;lkpLk;NghJ

mjDld; njhlu;Gila midj;J epWtdq;fspdJk; cjtpiag;

ngwy;.

• mgptpUj;jp eltbf;ifapd; NghJ nghUj;jkhd njhopy;El;gj;jpidg;

gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; #oy; rkepiyiag; ghJfhf;f gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;jy;.

• mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffis Kfhikg;gLj;Jk; NghJ ,lu;

Kfhikj;Jtk; njhlu;ghf rKfj;jpw;F tpopg;Gzu;T Vw;gLj;jYk;;

,lh; Kfhikj;Jt nraw;wpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLjjYk;;.

• midj;J mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffSk; epiyahd mgptpUj;jpia

Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L nraw;gl cWjpaspj;jy;.

• tptrha mgptpUj;jpapd; NghJ tptrha ,urhadg; nghUl;fs;>

,urhadg; grisfs; vd;gtw;iw ,optsthfg; gad;gLj;jy;.

• ,aw;ifg; gris cw;gj;jpiaAk; gad;gLj;jiyAk; Cf;Ftpj;jy;.


ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; XOq;fikf;fg;gl;l #oy; ghJfhg;Gf;nfhs;iffs;

kdpj tu;f;fj;jpd; epiyj;jpUg;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; epiyj;-

jpUf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Nfhs #oiy ghJfhf;Fk;

Nehf;FlDk; jahupf;fg;gl;l ru;tNjr cld;gbf;iffs; epajpf;fl;lis-

fs; xg;ge;jk; vd;gd gw;wpa tplaq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

mikg;G/xg;ge;jk; - wk;]h xg;ge;jk;

Muk;gk; - 1971 wk;]h efuk;

mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; - 158 (2008 tiu)

Nehf;fk;- • <u epyq;fspd; mgptpUj;jp

• <u epyq;fspd; Kfhikj;Jtk;

• ru;tNjruPjpapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;tha;e;j xU

<u epyj;ij mt;tikg;gpDs; cs;slf;Fjy;.

wk;]h xg;ge;jg;gb <uepyq;fs; vdg;gLgit:- miy ngUf;F-

kl;lj;jpy; 6 kPw;wu; tiu ePupy; %o;Fk; fiuNahug; gFjp kw;Wk;

,aw;ifahfNth> nraw;ifahfNth epue;jukhfNth> jw;fhypfkhfNth

Njq;fp epw;Fk; my;yJ tbe;NjhLk; ed;dPu;> ctu;ePu; my;yJ ,UePUk;

fye;j Nrw;W epyq;fs;> Fsq;fs; ePu;j;Njf;fq;fs;> ePupy; %o;Fk; ,lq;fs;

fhy;tha;fs;> vd;git MFk;. Kj;Juh[nty> Ge;jy> fynkl;bah

vd;gd ,yq;ifapYs;s <uepyq;fshFk;.

Mz;L NjhWk; <uepyq;fs; njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr jpdk;tpNrl fUg;nghUspd; fPo; nfhz;lhlg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

capu;g; gy;tifikj;jd;ikiag; ghJfhf;f cjTfpd;w ,e;j

<uepyq;fisg; ghJfhg;gJ vq;fsJ flikahFk;.


mopit vjpu;Nehf;Fk; #oy; njhFjpfs;

cU 4:10

ahidfs; ruzhyak; JUtf;fub

KUiff;fw;fs; fz;ly;fs;

mikg;G /xg;ge;jk; - nkhd;wpay; xg;ge;jk;

Muk;gk; - 1987 fdlhtp;y; cs;s nkhd;wpay; efuk;

mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; - 194 (2008 Mk; Mz;L tiu)

Nehf;fk; - • XNrhd; gilapy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;

FNshNuh GNshNuh fhgd; thAitAk;

`PNyhd; thAitAk; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;>

gad;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.

• 2000 Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;du; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l

thAf;fspd; cw;gj;jp> gad;ghL Kjyhdtw;iw

Kw;whf epWj;Jjy;.

ru;tNjr uPjpahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ,k; khehLfspd; gadhf

XNrhd; gilapy; Vw;gl;l Nja;T kPz;Lk; rPuhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wjhf

tpQ;Qhdpfs; $Wfp;d;wdu;.


XNrhd; gilia ghJfhg;gjw;fhf tPl;L kl;lj;jpNyDk; jPq;F gaf;Fk;

nghUl;fis vupf;fhJk; ntspNaw;whJk; ,Uj;jy; vq;fs; midtuJk;

nghWg;ghFk;.

XNrhd;gil Nja;tiljy;

cU 4:11

mikg;G / xg;ge;jk; - wpNah xg;ge;jk;

Muk;gk; - 1992 [{iy 3> wpNahbn[dpNuh efuk; (gpNurpy;)

mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; - 172 (1992 Mk; Mz;L tiu)

Nehf;fk; - • FNshNuh GNshNuh fhgd;> ̀ PNyhd; thAf;fs;

tspkz;lyj;jpy; Nru;tij jLj;jy;.

• capu;g; gy;tifikj; jd;ikia ghJfhj;jy;.

• capu;g; gy;tifikj; jd;ikia mopf;Fk;

nraw;ghLfisj; jtpu;j;jy;.

wpNah xg;ge;jj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fshd ehKk;

me;j ,zf;fg;ghl;Lf;fika eltbf;iffis xOq;fikg;gJ

vkJ flikahFk;.


ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;ggl;l ,e;j #oy; ghJfhg;G

fl;lis tpjpfs;> xg;ge;jq;fspy; ,yq;ifAk; gpujhd mq;fj;Jt

ehlhFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; gy;NtW tpjkhd kdpj nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf

,yq;ifapd; ru;tNjr ngWkjptha;e;jJk; ,aw;if mk;rq;fs;

nfhz;lJkhd epyq;fs; mr;RWj;jYf;F cs;shfp #oy; gpur;rpidfis

vjpu; nfhs;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,yq;ifapy; ,J njhlu;ghf ftdk;

nrYj;jg;gl;L tpNrl #oy; xOq;Ftpjpfs; rl;lq;fs; vd;gd

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

mitahtd>

1. fiuNahug;ghJfhg;Gf;fl;lisr;rl;lk;

2. rKj;jpuk; khriljiy jLf;Fk; rl;lk;

3. tdtpyq;Ffs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;

4. Njrpa kuGupik tdr;rl;lk;

mupg;Gf;Fs;shd fiuNahug;gpuNjrk;

cU 4.12

xOq;F / xg;ge;jk; - fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;

Muk;gk; - 1981

Nehf;fk; - • fiuNahu tyaj;jpid mstply;

• fiuNahu tsq;fis fz;lwpjy;

• fiuNahu tyaq;fis Kfhikg;gLj;jy;

• fiuNahu tayj;jpDs; mgptpUj;jp

eltbf ;iffis xOq;FgLj ;jYk ; >

fl;Lg;gLj;jYk;.

• fiuNahu tyaj;jpidg; ghJfhj;jy;


fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;l xOq;F tpjpfis

mtjhdpg;gjd; %yk; fiuNahu tyaj;jpy; Vw;glf;$ba

ghjpg;Gf;fis Fiwf;fTk; ghJfhf;fTk; KbAk;

fiuNahu tyaj;jpd; fhl;rpfiuNahu tyaj;jpw;F

mz;ikapYs;s efuf;FbapUg;G

cU 4.13 cU 4.14

mikg;G - Njrpa kuGupik tdr;rl;lk;

Muk;gk; - 1988

Nehf;fk; - • Njrpa kuGupik tdq;fis gpufldg;gLj;jy;.

• Njrpa kuGupik tdq;fisg; ghJfhj;jYk; mgptpUj;jp

nra;jYk;.

jdpj;Jtkhd ,aw;ifg; gz;Gfs; nfhz;l#oy; njhFjp

ghuk;ghpa Gtp tsq;fs; my;yJ capupay;

ngWkjpkpf;f ,lq;fs;

mopTWk;> mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shFk; jhtuq;-

fSk; tpyq;fpdq;fSk; thOk; ,lk;

Njrpa kuGupiktdq;fs;

Njrpa kuGupik td ghJfhg;Gr;rl;lkhdJ jhtuq;fisAk; kuq;-

fisAk; ntl;Ljy;> mupjy;> mfw;Wjy;> td rk;ge;jkhd nghUl;fis

Nrfupj;jy;> tpw;gid nra;jy;> tpyq;Ffs; my;yJ gwitfis Fwpg;gpl;l

tyaj;jpDs; RLjy; Kjyhd nraw;ghLfisj; jilnra;Js;sJ.


,e;j rl;ltpjpfSf;;Fk; xOq;FfSf;Fk; ,zq;fNjrpa kuGupik tdq;fis ghJfhg;gJ

vq;fsJ flikahFk;.

nraw;ghL

1. #oy; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l ru;tNjr mikg;-

Gfs; Ie;jpd; ngah; Fwpg;gpLf.

2. ,yq;ifapd; jho;epyq;fisg; ghJfhf;f Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba

nraw;ghLfs; %d;wpid Kd;itf;Ff.

3. i. jug;gl;Ls;s glq;fis ed;F mtjhdpf;Ff.

ii. ,jw;Nfw;g ,yq;ifapy; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; ,t;thwhd

epiyikf;Fs;shfpAs;s epyq;fs; gw;wp ePq;fs; mwpe;j

tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

iii. MrpupaUld; fye;Jiuahb me;epyq;fs; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shdjd;

fhuzq;fisf; fz;lwpf. xU gpuNjrj;ijj; njupT nra;J

me;epyj;ij Gduikf;ff;$ba Kiwfs; njhlh;ghd MNyhr-

idfis Kd;itf;Ff.

cU 4:15

,aw;if mofpid urpf;Fk; rpWkp


%yk;

• fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk; 1998 khdplg;Gtpapay; gFjp xd;W

(rpq;fsk;)

• ,yq;ifapd; Rw;whly; vOj;jhsu; rq;fk; 2008 Sri Lanka Environmental

Journalists Association 2008 Environment and Media Vol. 1 July 2008

• ,yq;if tdghJfhg;G jpizf;fsk; 2008 fhl;Lnraw;wpl;lq;fs;

njhlu;ghd nrayku;Tf;F cjTk; Kfkhf jahupf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;Gfs;.

• Rw;whly; mikr;R 2006 kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhu rig

• Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; 1993 fiuNahug;ghJfhg;Gr;rl;lk; Mrpupau;

ifEhy;. (rpq;fsk;)

• <uepyq;fs; (kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhu rig) Vol. 2

• ,yq;if Nrhrypr [dehaf FbauR 1988 Njrpa kuGupik

tdg;gpuNjrr; rl;lk; ,y 3 National Heritage Wilderness Area Act 1988 No. 3

• tdts Rw;whly; ghJfhg;G mikr;R 1999 xf;Nlhgu;. ,yq;ifapd;

capu; gy;tifj; jd;ikfisg; ghJfhj;jy; nrad;Kiwr; nraw;wpl;lk;.

• Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (ND) Global Warming - a

Warning to all.

Gduikg;gpd; gpd; #ow;njhFjp

Kd;gpUe;j epiyf;Fj; jpUk;Gk;

Gduikf;fg;gLk; epyk;Ruq;fj;njhopypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l epyk;

cU 4:16

Documents

4 mgptpUj;jpAk; Rw;whly; xOf;f newpAk; - Educational ... G-9 T...,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;F 115 Rw;whly; xOf;fk; gw;wp jw;NghJ vOe;Js;s Mu;tk; fle;j rpy jrhg;jq;fspy;Vw;gl;ljhftpUg;gpDk;