40 TH THUT(NGUYN TC) SNG TO C BNNgun: GS-PTS Phan Dng - TRUNG TM SNG TO KHOA HC K THUT (TSK) thuc i Hc T nhin, 227 Nguyn Vn C, P4, Q5, TPHCM. Trc khi chng ta bn su v cc khi nim, cc l thuyt mang tnh hc thut, ti chn cch tip cn K NNG SNG TO qua khong 40 CC TH THUT(NGUYN TC) SNG TO C BN do gio s Alshuller - ngi Nga, k s, nh sng ch, nh vn vit truyn khoa hc vin tng..... Mi th thut s trnh by theo cc mc sau: Ni dung: vn bn pht biu th thut Gii thch: i vi cc th thut, cn lm r cc khi nim trong . Nhn xt: trong mc ny trnh by nhng nhn xt v th thut, mt s kh nng khi qut, tng t ho nhm gip ngi c m rng cch hiu v nm c tinh thn ca th thut. Cc v d: minh ho ni dung pht biu cc th thut ly t cc lnh vc khc nhau, nhng khng qu su v chuyn mn. Chuyn vui: minh ho th thut, gip bn nh v lin tng tt n th thut v lm cho topic th gin hn. Ngi ta tm c 40 th thut dng cho t duy sng to k thut. 40 TH THUT (NGUYN TC) SNG TO Nguyn tc phn nh Nguyn tc tch khi Nguyn tc phm cht cc b Nguyn tc phn i xng Nguyn tc kt hp Nguyn tc vn nng Nguyn tc cha trong Nguyn tc phn trng lng Nguyn tc gy ng sut s b Nguyn tc thc hin s b Nguyn tc d phng Nguyn tc ng th Nguyn tc o ngc Nguyn tc cu (trn) ha Nguyn tc linh ng Nguyn tc gii "thiu" hoc "tha" Nguyn tc chuyn sang chiu khc S dng cc dao ng c hc Nguyn tc tc ng theo chu k Nguyn tc lin tc tc ng c ch Nguyn tc "vt nhanh"

Nguyn tc bin hi thnh li Nguyn tc quan h phn hi Nguyn tc s dng trung gian Nguyn tc t phc v Nguyn tc sao chp (copy) Nguyn tc "r" thay cho "t" Nguyn tc thay th s c hc S dng cc kt cu kh v lng S dng v do v mng mng S dng vt liu nhiu l Nguyn tc thay i mu sc Nguyn tc ng nht Nguyn tc phn hy hoc ti sinh cc phn Thay i cc thng s ha l ca i tng S dng chuyn pha S dng s n nhit S dng cht oxy ha mnh Thay i tr S dng vt liu hp thnh composit

1. NGUYN TC PHN NHNi dung - Chia i tng thnh cc phn c lp. - Lm i tng tr nn tho lp c. - Tng mc phn nh ca i tng Nhn xt: 1- T "i tng" trong 40 nguyn tc, cn hiu theo nghi rng. c th bt k ci g c kh nng phn nh c, khng nht thit phi l i tng k thut. Tng t nh vy i vi cc th thut khc c t" i tng". 2- Th thut ny thng dng trong nhng trng hp kh lm "trn gi", "nguyn khi", "mt ln". Ni cch khc, phn nh ra cho va sc, cho d thc hin, cho ph hp vi nhng phng tin hin c.... 3- Phn nh c bit hay dng trong nhng trng hp cn c b mt tip xc ln nh trong cc phn ng ho hc, to s chy n, trao i nhit, trao i nhit 4- Tho lp lm cho i tng tr nn nh gn, thun tin cho vic chuyn ch, xp t v kh nng thay th tng b phn i tng, k c vic m rng chc nng ca tng b phn . 5- Cn tng tng: nh phn nh m i tng, ban u th rn, chuyn dn

sang do, lng kh, plasma....., ni chung, c th phn nh n vi m. 6- S thay i v lng dn n s thay i v cht, cho nn, phn nh c th lm i tu7ng c thm nhng tnh cht mi, thm tr, ngc vi tnh cht c. 7- Nguyn tc phn nh hay dng vi cc nguyn tc 2. Tch khi, 3. Phm cht cc b, 5. Kt hp, 6. Vn nng, 15 Linh ng... Cc v d: 1- Dy kim loi 1 si to, cng, kh cun trn... nu phn nh thnh dy kim loi nhiu si th khc phc c nhc im ca dy mt si to cng. 2- Thc mt phn nh thnh thc gp, phn nh na thnh thc dy mm, gn. 3- Bo kh rng in thnh nhng ct nh cho d c. 4- Ng cc nghin thnh bt, t lm bn, min, m, bnh cc loi... 5- Xe ch vt siu trng siu trng, thay v lm bnh xe t cho tht ln, ngi ta lm xe c rt nhiu dy bnh kch thc bnh thng. 6- Bng qung co ngoi tri mt mt c chia nh theo chiu dc (nh rm ca vn phng) qung co c nhiu thng tin hn. 7- Tu thu ln chia hm tu thnh cc ngn c lp, nu l b thng th d c lp ngn b thng, khng lm chm tu. .................................................. ... Minh ha vui: Du khch hi hng dn vin du lch: Nu ti lt h, ri gy chn, ng em ti ln c ch? Hng dn vin du lch: tt nhin ri. Ti tng vc mt con b b gy chn t h su ln mt cch d dng (ngp ngng) ch c iu ti phi x n ra lm t cho va mt ln mang.

2. Nguyn tc tch khi i tng

Ni dung: Tch phn gy "phin phc" (tnh cht "phin phc") hay ngc li, tch phn duy nht "cn thit" (tnh cht "cn thit") ra khi i tng. Nhn xt: 1 - i tng, thng thng, c nhiu thnh phn (tnh cht, kha cnh, chc nng), trong khi , ngi ta ch thc s cn 1 trong nhng s . Vy khng nn dng c i tng v s tn thm chi ph hoc vn chuyn khng thun tin. Phi ngh cch tch ci cn thit ra s dng ring. Tng t nh vy i vi phn gy phin phc, khc phc nhc im c trong i tng.

2 - Do tch khi i tng m phn tch ra (hoc phn gi li) c thm nhng tnh cht, nhng kh nng mi (nhiu khi, ngc vi ci c). Do , cn tn dng chng. Nhng tnh cht, nhng kh nng mi c th l gn hn, linh ng hn, d thay th, tng tnh iu khin 3 - Khi ni "tch khi" mi ch ra nh hng suy ngh, nh hng vic lm. tr li cu hi "Lm th no tch khi?" cn tham kho cch lm nhng lnh vc chuyn v cng vic nh luyn kim, lc, trch ly, chn ging, gii phu, tuyn la 4 - Nguyn tc tch khi hay dng vi cc nguyn tc: 1. Phn nh, 3. Phm cht cc b, 5. Kt hp, 6. Vn nng, 15. Linh ng Cc th d: 1. Trc y, ting ht l mt phn ca ca s. Mun nghe ht, ngi ta phi mi ca s n, trong ci thc s "cn thit" cho nhiu trng hp ch l ting ht. Sau ny, ting ht c tch ra thnh a ht, bng ghi m. 2. C ph ha tan, mm c, m n lin, hng ph, bt ngt, ng. 3. Trong cc b phn ca ci bn, mt bn ng vai tr quan trng. Do yu cu ca cng vic, i sng, cn c nhng mt bn khc nhau v trang tr. Khn tri bn, xt theo ngha ny, chnh l kt qu ca vic "tch khi". 4. o gi, v chn bngtch khi gi v chn, nn khi b bn khng cn thit phi git nguyn c chn hay gi. 5. Cc th vin ln c nhiu sch, vic tm sch trc tip gp nhiu kh khn. Ngi ta tch nhng thng tin chnh v quyn sch thnh th mc, thun tin cho bn c. 6. S lng cc bi bo khoa hc, k thut ngy cng nhiu, nhm gip cc nh chuyn mn theo di v quyt nh cc bi bo cn thit c. Ngi ta a ra cc loi tp ch, tm tt ni dung chnh cc bi bo. 7. Cc loi km khc nhau phn gng km v y mi l phn chc nng chnh ca km. Trn c s tch gng ra khi tay cm, ngi ta ch to ra loi km, ch trong 2 3 pht thay gng l c c chic km loi khc. Trc kia, ch cn phn lm vic ca gng km b mn qu hoc h, ngi ta phi b nguyn c ci km. Km loi mi bn hn m gi thnh khng cao, v vic tch khi m ra kh nng lm gng v tay cm t cc loi thp khc nhau: gng lm bng thp tt, cht lng cao, cn tay cm - gang cha cacbon, r tin. 8. Vin s qu c P.L. Kapitsa, ngi c gii Nobel v vt l, lc cn sng rt thch tng truyn nng lng i xa bng dng bc x in t tn s cao. Ngy nay,

tng c kh nng bin thnh hin thc. Hng "Lockheed Georgia" ang thc hin n do NASA t hng, nhm ch to loi my bay khng ngi li, c tip nng lng bng ngten t trn mt t. Theo tnh ton, my bay nh vy c th trn khng lin tc 2 - 3 thng do c "nui" bng chm tia cao tn 2MHz pht t ngten magnetron. Tn s ni trn c chn, khng lm ion ha khng kh v ln dng nng lng khong b phn tn, do vy, tit kim c nng lng truyn. ngten thu, t di cnh my bay, bin sng in t thnh dng in mt chiu, cng sut khong 30KW. ng c 25 - 40 m lc lm quay cnh qut v cung cp in cho cc my mc th nghim trn my bay. My bay khng ngi li loi ny s s dng theo di lin tc thnh phn ha hc ca kh quyn, c bit l nng CO2. My bay thc hin cc vng bay hnh s 8 xung quanh ngten cao 20km, cho php khng ch theo di thnh phn kh quyn m cn chp nhng bc nh c phn gii cao hn nhiu v tnh hnh nng nghip v giao thng vn ti. 9. Loi sn do cc nh ha hc t cng ty Nht Bn "Chugoku Marine Paints" ch to, bin cng vic sn trong nc tr nn d dng nh trong khng kh. Sn loi mi gm hai thnh phn, khi s dng trn ln li vi nhau. Thnh phn th nht l mt loi men mu trn c s nha epoxy, thnh phn th hai l cht lm do, phn ng c o khi gp nc. Hn hp c a n cc chi tit cn sn, cc phn t ca cht do y cc phn t nc ra khi b mt chi tit v chim ch ca chng: tng phn t nc dn dn b y khi lp sn cho n ht. Sn dnh tt vi nhiu loi vt liu, khng lm u c v nhim nc. Thi gian kh hon ton t 4 n 8 ting, ty theo nhit . Truyn vui: Sau khi ngi ta cng b pht minh ra tia Rnghen, mt ln nh bc hc Rnghen nhn c mt bc th k l. Ngi gi th yu cu gi cho anh ta vi tia Rnghen km theo bn hng dn s dng chng. Th ra, trong lng ngc trong lng ngc ca anh ta c mc mt vin n sng lc nhng anh ta "khng c thi gi" n ch Rnghen. Nh bc hc c tnh hi hc tr li nh sau: "Tic rng by gi ti khng c tia X. V li gi i cng phin toi lm. Ta lm th ny cho tin vy: Anh hy gi lng ngc n cho ti".

3. Nguyn tc phm cht cc bNi dung a) Chuyn i tng (hay mi trng bn ngoi, tc ng bn ngoi) c cu trc ng nht thnh khng ng nht. b) Cc phn khc nhau ca i tng phi c cc chc nng khc nhau c) Mi phn ca i tng phi trong nhng iu kin thch hp nht ca cng vic Nhn xt:

1- Cc i tng u tin thng c tnh ng nht cao v vt liu, cu hnh, chc nng, thi gian, khng gian i vi cc phn trong i tng. Khuynh hng pht trin tip theo l : cc phn c cc phm cht, chc nng ring ca mnh nhm phc v tt nht chc nng chnh hoc m rng chc nng chnh . 2- Cc i tng ng nht u tin cn pht trin theo khuynh hng chuyn dng ha, a dng ha so vi nhau, ph hp nht vi mi trng, iu kin lm vic, s thun tin i vi ngi s dng, th hiu ca ngi tiu dng c th 3- Vi thi gian, mi trng, tc ng bn ngai cng b bin i theo khuynh hng thch hp vi nhng iu kin, hon cnh c th ca i tng v ca con ngi s dng i tng . Xut hin cc loi vi mi trng, vi kh hu, vi tc ng 4- Ni chung, nguyn tc phm cht cc b phn nh khuynh hng pht trin: t n gin sang phc tp, t n iu sang a dng. 5- Tinh thn phm cht cc b c ngha ln i vi vic nhn thc v x l thng tin: khng phi tin tc no cng c gi tr nh tin tc no. Khng th c mt cch tip cn, dng chung cho mi loi i tng chn l l c th. Cc th d: 1- Cc t lch dng ch ngy, th trong tun, nhng cc ngy khng ging nhau: c ngy lm vic, ch nht v ngy l ngh. phn bit iu y , cc ngy ngh c in mc . 2- 37oC l thn nhit ca ngi khe mnh. Thn nhit thp hoc cao hn nhit ny l c vn . nhn mnh iu ny, trn cc cp nhit , 37oC c ghi bng mu . 3- bo v sch tt, ba thng c lm dy hn nhiu so vi trang sch. Cn thn hn na, b mt ca ba cn c ph mt lp nha trong sut bo v. 4- Qun o mc thng rch trc ti nhng ch nh u gi, khuu tay, vai, nch, cc ng ch may. Do vy, c bit vi qun o bo h lao ng nhng ch ni trn thng c lm dy hn v may thnh gn nhng ch ghp cc mnh vi. 5- Mi nh thng lp bng tn trng km nhng ti nhng ch cn ly nh sng, ngi ta dng tn nha trong sut. 6- Cc vt a dng ha nh bt c nhiu loi bt, bn c nhiu loi bn, xe c nhiu loi xe 7- Cch sp xp cc phm ch ci trn bn my ch qu quen thuc vi mi ngi. iu ny d hiu v n c tui th mt trm nm. Trong khi cc nh to mu, xut pht t cc qui lut t chc lao ng vn phng v cc thnh tu hin i

ca k thut, t lu ngh cch sp xp khc, thun li cho tay tri v tay phi hn. iu ny c th tng tc nh my ch ln ba ln. Tuy vy, cha thy nh sn xut no vi v p dng c. C l, nh my Optikoelektron Bungari l nh my sm nht chu u sn xut loi my ch ny. 8- Ti cc nh my thuc t cng nghip Erikson (Thy in), ngi ta thc hin cuc th nghim lin quan n vic t chc li cch chiu sng. Kt qu, chiu sng chung gim i hai ln nhng chiu sng ti ni lm vic li tng ln ng k, tit kim c 55% nng lng in v nng sut ng my ca cng nhn tng thm 20%. Cc chuyn gia gii thch kt qu t c bng cc nguyn nhn tm l: tng tin nghi i vi ngi lm vic. 9- Trong sut mt thi gian di, ngi s dng Si siu sch lm pin mt tri l ch yu. Sau cc nh bc hc quyt nh thayn bng hp cht bn dn GaAs, l loi vt liu c hiu sut cao hn. S thay th ny chng t qu vi v. Cc k s M v Php a ra loi pin mt tri t hp hai loi trn. Trong Si hp th mt phn ph nng lng mt tri, GaAs th hp thu phn khc. Hiu sut ca loi pin mi ny t ti 27%. Hiu sut cn tng ln hn na, nu s dng thm cc cht bn dn Ge v AlAs. 10- Mt s cng ty t bn, tuy lm c nhng sng ch quan trng nhng khng ng k nhn patent. H cho rng gi b mt cng ngh c quyn c li hn. V d, cng ty Portland-Cement (an Mch) a ra bn loi bnh rng ca kch thc ln, hu nh lm ton bng b tng: ch lp trn cng ca bnh rng l kim loi. Bnh rng b tng nh, c tui th cao hn bnh rng kim loi, chu n mn tt hn. 11- Trc y c n 30% cc v tai nn tri cc cng ca Phn Lan l do cc bao ti polyetilen: ma, tuyt, sng sm lm cc bao ti tr nn trn trt v c ni cc bao ng c ng lnh, ximng, phn bn, cc ht nha polimer p xung. Cng ty Vyyk an Heglund nghin cu v sn xut loi bao ti polyetilen c b mt nhm vi h s ma st rt ln. 12- Xoong, ni ch to ti Thy in, c cc nh chuyn gia cho rng c th dng bn 100 nm. Trong khong thi gian ny, chng khng b chy, r st hay nt rn. B quyt l ch xoong, ni c ba lp kim loi, sn xut theo cch p ng, dn nhit tt. Lp gia dy nht, lm bng nhm, c tch dng phn phi nhit u. Lp tip xc vi thc n lm bng thp khng r, d c ra v hp v sinh. Truyn vui: Mt chng nghin ru ngi Scotland bc vo qun. Gi ru y t n ni anh pht khng - Ti sao t nh vy? Anh hi ngi ch qun Ch qun tr li: - Tin ru bng na ch , na ch kia dnh cho vic khch ngm cnh tr trng by trong qun.

Ngy hm sau, anh chang Scotland tr li qun, bt mt bng vi nha en. Anh ta l d i li quy, gi mt ly ru, nc cn ri tr na tin, tr ra m khng ni mt li.

4. 4. Nguyn tc phn i xngNi dung: Chuyn i tng c hnh dng i xng thnh khng i xng (ni chung lm gim bc i xng) Nhn xt: 1. T "hnh dng", pht biu trong th thut ny cn hiu rng, khng ch thun tu theo ngha hnh hc. 2. Gim bc i xng, v d chuyn t hnh trn thnh hnh van, hnh vung sang hnh ch nht,... 3. Th thut ny rt c tc dng tng vic khc phc tnh tm l, cho rng cc i tng phi c hnh dng i xng. 4. Khi i tng chuyn sang dng t i xng hn, c th lm xut hin nhng tnh cht mi li hn. V d tn dng c nhng ngun d tr v khng gian (ni chung l cc kh nng tim n), lm i tng n nh hn, bn vng hn,... 5. Nguyn tc phn i xng, c th ni l trng hp ring ca 3. Nguyn tc phm cht cc b, c mc ch lm tng tnh tng hp (tng ng v ph hp) gia cc phn ca h vi nhau v vi mi trng bn ngoi, nhm thc hin chuc nng mt cch tt nht. Cc th d: 1. Cc xe t du lch loi nh c ca m c hai pha nhng cc xe ln ( t but chng hn), ch m pha tay phi st vi l ng. 2. Theo di s tin ho ca ci ko, ta thy ci ko ban u c dng i xng cao, sau hai l x cc ngn tay c kch thc khc nhau: l ln, l b.Tip theo c phn tay cm nm lch hn mt bn so vi trc ca ci ko: ko dng ca th may. 3. Chn chng xe p t di trc gia, c hnh dng i xng, nhng xe myL mt chn c hnh thc th. T ch chn chng xe t chnh gia chuyn sang loi chn chng t pha tri xe, gi xe khng phi trong t th thng m hi nghing. 4. Ch ngi ca li xe trong t khng phi chnh gia m bn tri hoc bn phi, tu theo lut giao thng cho php pha phi hay pha tri. 5. xe gn my, v xe bnh trc v bnh sau c cc vt kha khc nhau, khng

nh xe p. 6. Cc trang sc, trang tr, mt qun o, kin trc cng c khuynh hng chuyn t i xng sang phn i xng. 7. tng tin cy v lm cng vic ng, m cng c d dng, ch cn mt ngi cng lm c. Np y cng lm hnh van thay v c hnh trn. 8. T rt lu ngi ta bit dng conpa v ng trn. iu ny c chng minh qua cc bc tranh v ci compa, c t thi trung c ti nhiu nc chu u. X nghip Kovopol ca Tip Khc sn xut loi compa mi, ch c chiu di 120mm nhng c th v c ng trn c ng knh ti 600 mm v mt chn ca compa c ghp ni, di thm ra bang mt ci chn ph. Compa loi ny c nhn huy chng vng ti Hi ch quc t, t chc ti Brno. 9. Cc thng k cho thy, 50% cc tai nn t thng xy ra vo ban m, trong , 60% c ngi cht, mc d tc ca cc xe i ngc chiu lc trnh nhau, nhiu khi ch bng 25 - 30 km/h. Trong m ti, ngay c nh n chiu gn (n ct) lm ngi li xe pha ngc chiu b lo mt, n ni mt nh hng v li xe p st l hoc ng vo xe pha ngc chiu. Trong cc iu kin nh vy, nhn r h (thm ch h c che chn bng nhng hng ro bo hiu) hoc cc vt l nm trn ng cng rt kh khn. Cc chuyn gia cho rng, tt nhm khng nn chiu vo xe i ngc li bng bt k anhs ng no, tr nhng n nh, thc s khng lm chi mt v ch nn chiu sng pha bn phi ng. Cng ty Thu in "Remark AV" ngh gn n pha tm chn bn bn phi, pha trc n chiu sng ng i m khng lm lo mt li xe phi ngc li. 10. Khi ni n nhng chic khoan, ngi ta thng ngh ngay ti vic to ra cc l trn. Trong khi dm yu cu k thut, nhiu khi, i hi phi c nhng l vung hoc hnh ch nht. Cc chuyn gia ca mt cng ty M ch to ra loi khoan p ng yu cu trn. l chic khoan cm tay, dng pin hoc c quy ( dng cho 3 gi), c tc khoan 84mm.pht i vi cc tm b tng. Khoa s dng nguyn tc ct xc to l vung nh b rung cao tn. Truyn vui Anh A khoe vi anh B: - Hm qua t va thng hai nh v ch, mt v ch v c, mt v ch v bng bn. Anh B: - Cu gii tht! Chi vi cu lu m mnh cha bit ti nng ca cu. Anh A p: - C g u, i vi nh v ch bng bn t thng v c, cn nh v ch v c th t thng v bng bn.

5. Nguyn tc kt hpNi dung a) Kt hp cac i tng ng nht hoc cac i tng dung cho cac hoat ng k cn. b) Kt hp v mt thi gian cac hoat ng ng nht hoc k cn. Nhn xt 1- "K cn", khng nn ch hiu gn nhau v mt v tr hay chc nng, m nn hiu l c quan h vi nhau, b xung cho nhau....do vy, c th c nhng kt hp cc i tng " ngc nhau" (v d bt ch kt hp vi ty) . 2- "Kt hp" cn hiu theo nghi rng, khng n thun cng thm (kiu s hc) hay gn thm (kiu c hc), m cn c hiu chuyn giao, a vo nhng tng, tnh cht, chc nng....t nhng lnh vc hoc nhng i tng khc. 3- i tng mi, to nn do s kt hp, ,thng c nhng tnh cht, kh nng m tng i tng ring r trc y cha c. iu ny c nguyn nhn su xa l lng i th cht i v do to c s thng nht mi ca cc mt i lp. 4-Trong thc t, cc hin tng, qu trnh, s vic....thng hay an xen nhau nn kh nng kt hp lun lun c. do vy, cn ch khai thc ngun d tr ny. 5- Nguyn tc kt hp thng hay s dng vi 1. Nguyn tc phn nh, 3. Nguyn tc phm cht cc b... iu ny phn nh mt khuynh hng pht trin bin chng: s lin kt, hp tc ho thng i km vi s phn cng lao ng v chuyn mn ho. V d: Nhiu chi kho kt hp li thnh chm chi kho, trnh tht lc. Sng nhiu nng. My may nhiu kim Bt k khung nhc gm 5 u ngi, k mt ln 5 dng song song Bm mng tay c phn gia mng tay. Bn i c b phn phun nc Bu c u ng inh, u nh inh n organ in t c th thay th cho mt ban nhc.

Chuyn vui Bnh nhn ni vi bc s: - Tha bc s, ti b au tim, c mt ng bc s khuyn ti nn i b, ng khc khuyn ti nn an dng vng bin. Vy theo ng ti phi lm g by gi? Bc s ni: - Ti ngh rng, ng nn i b n vng bin m an dng.

6. Nguyn tc vn nngNi dung: i tng thc hin mt s chc nng khc nhau, do khng cn s tham gia ca i tng khc. Nhn xt: - Nguyn tc vn nng l trng hp ring ca nguyn tc kt hp: kt hp v mt chc nng trn cng mt i tng. - Nguyn tc vn nng, trc tin v hay c dng trong cc lnh vc, ti c nhng s hn ch vic pht trin theo chiu rng nh kh c th tng thm v trng lng, th tch, din tch Cc lnh vc l qun s, hng khng, v tr, thm him, du lch, cc trang thit b dng ti nhng ni cht chi - Nguyn tc vn nng cn c dng vi mc ch tng mc tn dng cc ngun d tr c trong i tng, do vy, tit kim c vt liu, khng gian, thi gian, nng lng -Nguyn tc vn nng thng hay dng vi nguyn tc 20. Nguyn tc lin tc tc ng c ch. - Nguyn tc vn nng ng vai tr quan trng trong thit k, ch to, d bo, v n phn nh khuynh hng pht trin, tng s chc nng m i tng c th thc hin c Cc th d 1. Xe li nc va i c trn b, va i c di nc 2. Thu phi c 3. Xng cng binh dng trong qun i va c th dng trong qun i va c th dng nh xng, va c th dng nh cuc 4. Cnh ca m ca mt s my bay ng thi l trhang ln, xung cho hnh khch. 5. Loi t m m cnh ra th bin thnh bn hc 6. Loi cm cho php s dng c vi c hai loi phch cm dt v phch cm trn. 7. My may, thu, vt s, nh cc.

8. Bt th in ng thi l tuc-n-vt. 9. Theo li khuyn ca cc k s, mt s vng nng thn c, ngi ta tin hnh th nghim mt cch c hiu qu cc b phn thu nhit t nh nng mt tri lm nng nc. Cc b phn thu nhit ny ng thi thc hin chc nng lm hng ro cc chung tri chn nui. Trong cc ng polietylen mu en, vo ma h, nc c hm nng n 54 C, cn vo ma thu v ma xun n 38 C, cung cp nc m khng ch cho chung tri m cn thm mt ngi nh . Ma ng, cc ng ny dng lm ng si. Chuyn vui: Mt din vin trung bnh n nh nh vn Bernard Shaw vit th gii thiu anh ta cho ban gim c mt nh ht ni ting. Nh vn ng v vit: Ti khn thit gii thiu vi cc bn ngi cm th ny. Anh ta ng Hamlet, Romeo, chi pian, thi so v chi bida. Chi hay nht l bida.

7. Nguyn tc cha trongNi dung a) Mt i tng c t bn trong i tng khc v bn thn n li cha i tng th ba ... b) Mt i tng chuyn ng xuyn sut bn trong i tng khc. Nhn xt 1- "Cha trong" cn hiu theo nghi rng, khng ch n thun theo nghi khng gian. V d, khi nim ny nm trong khi nim khc, l thuyt ny nm trong l thuyt khc, chung hn... 2- Nguyn tc "cha trong" l trng hp ring, c th ho 3. nguyn tc phm cht cc b. iu ny th hin ch, nu trc kia khng phn bit "trong" v "ngoi" th nay "trong" v "ngoi" c cc phm cht, chc nng ring. ....Tng t nh vy, gia "b mt" v "th tch". 3- "Cha trong" ch ra hng tn dng nhng ngun d tr c sn trong i tng, c th l phn th tch bn trong i tng. Nu quan st ta s thy rt nhiu i tng vn cn cha c khia thc "tim nng" ny. 4- "Cha trong" lm cho i tng c thm nhng tnh cht mi m trc y cha c nh : gn hn, tng an ton, bn vng, tit kim nng lng, linh ng hn.....

5- Nguyn tc "cha trong" hay dng vi cc nguyn tc 1. nguyn tc phn nh, 2. nguyn tc "tch khi", 5. nguyn tc kt hp, 6. Nguyn tc vn nng, 12. nguyn tc ng th, 20.nguyn tc lin tc tc ng c ch.... Cc v d: 1- Loi ngten dng cho my thu thanh, thu hnh, khi cn c th ko di hoc thu ngn li nh nhng ng kim loi t bn trong nhau. 2-Loi tay cm dng cho tuc-n-vt, khoan tay...bn trong rng, c np vn, ng vai tr ci hp ng u tuc-n-vt, mi khoan. 3- T t trong tng nh. 4- Loi ca ng , m chy t trong tng ra. 5-Vn chuyn vt liu trong cc ng ng ................ Chuyn vui V mt ngi th sn nhn c tin chng mnh b cp v chu Phi. Ngi ta ch quan ti v, lc m ra, ch thy con cp cht nm trong. B v vi nh in hi: Nhm ln khng khip. Con cp cht, sao ni chng ti cht? Sau b nhn c in tr li: Khng nhm ln. Con cp trong quan ti, cn chng b trong con cp.

8. Nguyn tc phn trng lngNi dung a) B tr trng lng ca i tng bng cch gn n vi cc i tng khc, c lc nng. b) B tr trng lng ca i tng bng tng tc vi mi trng nh s dng cc lc thy ng, kh ng... Nhn xt 1- Nu hiu theo nghi en, nguyn tc phn trng lng l c th ho 5. nguyn tc kt hp: kt hp i tng cho trc vi i tng khc hoc vi mi trng bn ngoi, c lc nng, b tr vi ci "c hi" l trng lng ca i tng cho trc. 2- V mt ngn t pht biu, nguyn tc phn trng lng c th ring cho k thut. Tuy nhin ta c th nm c tinh thn th thut ny bng cch khi qut ho nh sau: i tng cho trc c nhc im, cn kt hp i tng cho trc vi i tng khc, c u im, m u im c th b tr cho nhc im. ( tng ny c gi cho bn v cch dng ngi khng?) 3- Th thut ny i hi s mm do trong cch tip cn gii quyt vn : nu

khc phc trc tip nhc im l iu kh lm th nn ngh cch b tr n bng s kt hp vi u im no . 4- "B tr" mt cch tit kim nht, trc ht, cn ngh n vic khai thc cc ngun d tr c sn trong h thng, c bit nhng ngun d tr ti cho khng mt tin, c sn trong t nhin. 5- Nhiu khi, s b tr li cho nhng tnh cht, kh nng mi. Cn ch tn dng chng. V d 1- Cc loi phao, cu phao. 2- i trng trong cc barie, cn cu, gu mc nc ging, thang my, ng h o in...... 3- Cnh my bay c hnh dng thch hp (hnh kh ng hc ) to lc nng khi chuyn ng. 4- Lt vn 5- Nhy d, hm my bay bng d. 6- M neo gi tu khi tri. 7- Bp b "lt t" khng bao gi 8- Tu thy c cnh di nc - hn ch chng chnh. 9 - V t ngi thch xem qung co, nn ngi ta chiu xen qung co vo gia cc chng trnh yu thch khc. 10- Hng ho bao b hnh thc p....b tr cho cht lng hng khng cao. 11- Ca s nhy ma v o p, m thanh nh sng si ng......b tr cho cho vic ht d. 12- Ngi thua km...dng qun o, trang sc t tin bn ngoi.... to s knh trng ni ngui khc. ............ Chuyn vui A v B ni chuyn vi nhau: A- Ny anh bn ti c cu hi. B- th ni i. A- Anh c tng tng, anh ang i ngoi ph..... B- Ri sao? A- Bng anh thy hai ci ti nm trn l ng. B- Ch, hai ti tin ch g? A- Mt ti ng tin, mt ti ng tr khn. Anh ly ti no? B- Anh tng ti tham tin phi khng? Khng, ti ly ti tr khn. A- Ti ngh m. Ai khng c th g th hay ly th .

9. Nguyn tc gy ng sut s b

Ni dung Gy ng sut trc vi i tng chng li ng sut khng cho php hoc khng mong mun khi i tng lm vic (hoc gy ng sut trc khi lm vic s dng ng sut ngc li ). Nhn xt 1- T "ng sut" cn phi hiu theo nghi rng, khng ch n thun l s nn, s ko cng c hc....m l bt k loi nh hng, tc ng no. 2- Thng thng, sau tc ng s c phn tc ng. Cn ch lm sao cho phn tc ng mang li ch li nht. 3- Tinh thn chung ca nguyn tc ny l mun gt th phi gieo trng, chm bn, u t t trc . 4- Nguyn tc gy ng sut s b cng vi 10. Nguyn tc thc hin s b, 11. Nguyn tc d phng, phn nh s thng nht gia qu kh, hin ti v tng lai. 5- Ba nguyn tc ni trn i hi phi c s nhn trc, d bo, tng tng, ngh trc, chun b gii php trc. 6- Chng gip khc phc thi quen xu " nc n chn mi nhy". 7- Chng i hi xem xt kh nng tn dng cc ngun d tr v thi gian, do , s tit kim c thi gian trn thc t. 8- Vic s dng ba nguyn tc ni trn c th lm i tng c nhng tnh cht mi m trc y i tng cha c v to s thng nht mi ca cc mt i lp. V d: 1- Dn p. 2- c p lc, c ly tm. 3- Loi chi phi ln dy ct trc. 4- Sng phi ln quy-lt trc khi bn. Ni chung, cc loi l xo cn phi nn hoc ko cng trc khi lm vic dng ng sut ngc li. 5-Cc xoong, ni, sau mt thi gian nu n, y b vng xung di. trnh tnh trng ny, ngi ta sn xut chng c y hi li ln trn sau ny, y vng xung di v tr nn phng l va. 6- Bm trc nc ln cc b cha, t trn tng thng, dng nc chy xung. 7- Mun dng c-quy phi np in trc. 8- Trc khi phu thut phi gy t, gy m nn nhn, gy t cc b..... 9- bt v chuyn ch th d, ngi ta gy m chng hay cho chng ung thuc ng. 10- Hc v o to trc khi lm vic. 11- un cc ng kim loi cho p, u......m khng lm mp, nt, gy. Ngi ta nung nng ch cn un n nhit thch hp trc khi thc hin un. 12- Kh, gas c nn trong cc bnh cha v m ra dng dn nh p sut cao trong bnh. Chuyn vui

Nh vn Victor Hugo cn thi gian vit cho xong mt cun tiu thuyt. S mnh thiu kin nhn v giam mnh nh mt cch c hiu qu, ng lin ct tc mt na u, co mt na b ru, ri vt c dao ko qua ca s. ng khng ra khi nh, ngi vit mt mch cho n khi tc v ru mc li. Th l mt tc phm mi ra i.

10.

Nguyn tc thc hin s b

Ni dung a) Thc hin trc s thay i cn c, hon ton hoc tng phn, i vi i tng. b) Cn sp xp i tng trc, sao cho chng c th hot ng t v tr thun li nht, khng mt thi gian dch chuyn. Nhn xt 1- T "thay i" cn phi hiu theo nghi rng 2- C nhng vic, d th no, cng cn phi thc hin. Th thut ny i hi phi tnh n kh nng thc hin trc i mt phn hoc ton b v s c li hn nhiu so vi thc hin th hin ti (hiu theo nghi tng i). 3- Tinh thn chung ca th thut ny l trc khi lm bt c vic g, cn c s chun b trc mt cch ton din, chu o v thc hin trc nhng g c th thc hin c - "chun b trc l mt na ca thnh cng" Xem thm phn nhn xt ca 9. Nguyn tc gy ng sut s b. Cc v d: 1- Cc loi giy t in sn trc nhng phn chung cho tt c mi ngi tit kim thi gian, ch cn in vo ch trng. c bit trong cc giy thm d kin, cc cu tr li cng c in sn, ngi c hi kin ch vic nh du l xong. 2-Tem, nhn bi keo trc, khi dng ch vic dn. 3- Tem, bin lai to l trc, ki cn x ra d dng, nhanh chng. 4- Loi bao b (bao thuc l chng hn) c dn sn bng dy bng, gip bc ra nhanh chng 5- Trong cc hp sa bt c tha mc bt, ng thi lm chc nng nh mc. 6- Ca t cng vi cc ng tim trong hp. Cao hn na, ngi ta to vt ca trc trn ng tim, khi cn ch vic b ng. 7-Thc phm lm sn, mua v l c th nu ngay c. 8-Chun b, sp t cc dng c cn thit trc cuc gii phu. 9- Cc chi tit, kt cu c ch to trc lm nh tin ch, lp ghp. B tng c sn. 10- Hm Th Thim vt sng Si Gn c lm trc trn cn gm bn t hm, sau dm xung nc, ghp ni thnh ng hm.

Chuyn vui Hai ngi cu c hay gp nhau. Mt ngi c thi quen rc g xung nc trc khi cu. Ngi kia thy lm l bn hi: Anh rc ci g trc khi cu c vy? - Mnh rc mui xung h p c trc, git ln l mnh c th em chin c ngay. - ngi bn tr li.

11.

Nguyn tc d phng.

Ni dung B p tin cy khng ln ca i tng bng cch chun b trc cc phng tin bo ng, ng cu, an ton. Nhn xt 1- t c cng vic no, c th thc hin vi tin cy tuyt i. y cha k, iu kin, mi trng, hon cnh vi thi gian cng thay i. Do vy cn tin liu trc nhng mo him, ri ro, tai nn, m au, bnh tt, thin tai c th xy ra m c nhng bin php d phng t trc. 2- Ngoi ra , cn ch n cc hu qu xu c th c do kt qu cng vic mang li: mi ci u c phm vi p dng ca n, nu i ra ngoi phm vi p dng ny, li c th bin thnh hi; trong ci li c th c ci hi; c th li v mt ny nhng hi v mt khc. 3-C th ni, chi ph cho d phng l chi ph thm, khng mong mun. Khuynh hng pht trin l tng tin cy ca i tng, cng vic. lm iu cn s dng cc vt liu mi, cc hiu ng mi, cch t chc mi..... 4-Tinh thn chung ca nguyn tc ny l cnh gic v chun b bin php i ph t trc. Xem thm phn NHN XT ca th thut 9. nguyn tc gy ng sut s b. V d : 1-Cc phng tin bo chy, phng chy, cha chy. 2- Cc phao, xung cp cu trn cc tu thy. 3- Phi cng mang d. 4- cc loi cu ch, van cht an ton. 5-Cc loi chung n bo s nguy him. 6- Cc loi knh khi b v thnh nhng mnh trn thay v nhng mnh st nhn 7- Cc loi qu lng thc, hng ho, tin...d phng 8- Cc bin php phng trnh bnh (chng nga, ra tay, khm nh k......). 9- cc bin php phng ti phm 10- Cc ng hm c ng cu nn hai bn phng b nc trn vo hay chy

n...th c ni n np. 11- Cc c ch, kch bn...ng ph vi thin tai, khng b, bo ng...ca chnh ph. Chuyn vui: Nh khoa hc A. Giliaropski thng bc mnh v nhiu ngi mn sch ca ng m khng tr li. ng ngh ra mt cch bo v sch. Trn mi trang u ca cun sch, ng u ghi sn dng ch: Quyn sch ny ly cp t th vin ca A. Giliaropski T tr i, sch c tr li nhanh chng.

12.

Nguyn tc ng th

Ni dung Thay i iu kin lm vic khng phi nng ln hay h xung cc i tng Gii thch: Qu tch ca nhng im c cng mt th nng, gi l mt ng th. Trong vt l ngi ta chng minh c rng, mt vt chuyn ng trn mt ng th th khng sinh cng. Nhn xt: 1-Ngha en ca nguyn tc ny l trong iu kin lm vic c lc trng trng ca tri t, cn lm nh th no mi th xy ra trn cng mt cao (mt ng th l cc mt cu, ng tm vi tri t), trnh nng ln, h xung, thay i cao trong qu trnh lm vic. V nh vy s mt thm nng lng. 2-Tinh thn chung ca nguyn tc ny l phi t c kt qu cn thit vi nng lng, chi ph t nht. Gp phn bo v mi trng v s dng ti nguyn nng lng hiu qu. 3-Tuy th gii xung quanh cc k a dng nhng gia chng c nhng ci chung, nhng ci t b thay i theo thi gian. V mt nhn thc, cn ch c bit n nhng ci , v d, cc nh lut bo ton. 4-V cch nhn, cch tip cn, nh gi, xy dng cc cu trc, cn xut pht t nhng quy lut c phm vi p dng ln: d bt bin ng vn bin. Cc th d: - Cc loi dng, vt dng c gn bnh xe nh: ti vali, bn, gh, t,.

- Dng bng ti thay cho cn cu v t. - Dng cc ng dn, t cng mt cao - Ti cc nh ga, ngi ta lm sn ga bng vi chiu cao ca sn tu, hnh khch d dng ra, vo cc toa tu. - ng ln ni lm theo kiu xoy trn c ng dc thoai thoi, d leo. - Cng tc in xe my t tay li thay v t di thp gn b in, ngi s dng khng phi ci xung khi thao tc. - Cc bng in, bng ng h iu khin, bng thng bo, t ng vi tm nhn. - Ngi an len khi phi an cng mt lc vi cun len thng phi chnh cc cun len cho ng ln i xa hoc phi g ri. Ngi ta lp 1 ci hp ng cc cun len vo , mi cun l 1 ngn, trn np hp c l, mi si len ca 1 cun len i qua 1 l . - Cc ng cp nc nng cho cc nh my v khu dn c thng phi chn su di t, do vy tn nhiu cng sc ca ngi v nng lng dng cho my. Cc k su thuc tp on LOKHYA (Phn Lan) ch to mt loi ng mi, ch cn t cch mt t 40cm l , khng b mt nhit ngay c khi tri lnh. ng mi t hai ng ghp li, lm bng st trng km, cch nhit bng bng thu tinh v bao bc bi vt liu xp ( xp 94%), cng. Ngoi cng l lp v chu nc c dy 5mm. Kt cu c tui th v bn cao, nh v r. Chuyn vui: Khi A.Einstein di c sang M sng NewYork, tnh c ng gp mt ngi quen. Ngi y khuyn ng: Ngi Einstein, ngy nn mua ngay chic o mi i. o ngi c lm ri. Einstein tr li: lm g? C NewYork ny c ai bit ti u. Mt thi gian sau, cng chnh ngi gp li Einstein NewYork v Einstein vn mc chic o khoc c trc y. Ngi y li khuyn ng mua chic o mi. Einstein tr li: lm g? C NewYork ny ai cng bit ti c.

13.

Nguyn tc o ngc

a/ Ni dung: - Thay v hnh ng nh yu cu bi ton, hy hnh ng ngc li (v d: khng lm nng m lm lnh i tng). - Lm phn chuyn ng ca i tng (hay mi trng bn ngoi) thnh ng yn v ngc li, phn ng yn thnh chuyn ng.

- Lt ngc i tng b/ Nhn xt: - Hin thc khch quan gm cc mt i lp. Trong mt s hon cnh nht nh, xt theo mi quan h i vi mnh, con ngi ch s dng mt mt i lp v n em li ch li, lu dn, hnh thnh tnh tm l, khng cho php ngi ta thy v s dng mt i lp kia cng c ch li ca n. - Vic xem xt kh nng lt ngc vn , trn thc t, l xem xt na kia ca hin thc khch quan nhm mc ch tng tnh bao qut, ton din, y v khc phc tnh tm l. - V mt suy ngh, khi gii bi ton cho trc (bi ton thun) ngi gii nn xem xt thm kh nng gii bi ton ngc v kh nng em li li tch ca li gii bi ton ngc trong nhng iu kin, hon cnh c th no, tn dung n. - Lm ngc li c th cho i tng c thm nhng chc nng, tnh cht, kh nng mi. c/ Cc th d: - Cha cm sng bng cch lt ngc ni trn bp la hoc gp than trn np vung ni. - Loi bng chuyn chy v mt pha, ngi trn chy v pha ngc li dng tp chy trong nh. - Tng t nh vy i vi vic th nghim xe: cc bnh xe t trn nhng trc ln. - Nhiu cng vic, chuyn t th cng sang c kh ho, ngi ta lm ngc li. V d: nu ca g bng tay th g ng yn nhng khi ca bng my th g chuyn ng, tng t nh vy i vi cc my ct, my mi. - Trong vic un nu, thng thng ngi ta cung cp nhit t bn ngoi vo, nhng nh m un nc ngi ta cung cp nhit t trong ra thng qua cc sc, may so, rut g, que un nc,. - Nh sng ch N.P.Koval (Nga) xy dng ct n chiu sng c cao 70m vi gin n cng sut 200KW. n c th chiu sng din tch 70 hc ta, thch hp vi cng vin, trang tri, bn cng, sn bay,. bo tr, sa cha, thay bng n thun li, thay v ngi th phi tro ln tn gin n, ng lm h thng dy cp cho php h nguyn c gi gin n xung mt t. iu ny cn mang li li ch: bo v c n v ct n khi c gi ln. d/ Chuyn vui: Ch b ngho g ca nh ca mt b qu tc: - B c th cho chu cht g c khng B qu tc vn keo kit, tr li: - Chu b ng thng i, ta chng c g cho chu. Nhng ta c th sai ngi v li ch rch hoc m khuy o vo qun o ca chu. Ch b ngho:

- i B tht lng. Vy th ch b mc ti ly ra mt chic nt tha b, y l chic nt o, b hy lm phc m vo y cho chu mt chic o s mi.

14.

Nguyn tc cu ( tron ) hoa

Ni dung a) Chuyn nhng phn thng cua i tng thanh cong, mt phng thanh mt cu, kt cu hinh hp thanh kt cu hinh cu. b) S dung cac con ln, vin bi, vong xon. c) Chuyn sang chuyn ng quay, s dung lc ly tm. Nhn xt: 1- Vic to chuyn ng quay trong k thut khng kh, nn cc cng c lm vic mun c kh ho c tt, cn chuyn v dng trn, tr, cu. 2- Mt i tng dng trn, cu c nhng u im nh: bc i xng cao, ng u, t b va qut, b mt tip xc vi mi trng l t nht, tc ng bn ngoi l t nht nn c tnh bn vng, an ton cao, linh ng ln... 3- Hnh trn, cu cha trong n tnh thng nht ca hai mt i lp: hu hn v v hn. 4-"Cu (trn) ho" cn hiu theo nghi rng, v d thng v vng (theo nghi bng), h v khp kn (theo nghi bng).... 5- Nguyn tc cu (trn) ho cn ni ln s a dng: ng thng ch c mt nhng ng cong th c v s. Do vy. cch tip cn khng nn qu cng nhc (ngi ta thng ni: nguyn tc qu hng vic). 6- Trong k thut c khuynh hng to nhng cng ngh khp kn, khng thi cht c hi ra mi trng. Trong kinh doanh c dch v khp kn: Nh hng+ Khch sn+Vui chi gii tr+siu th + rp chiu phim+ nh sch, trong nng nghip m hnh VAC (vn ao chung) cng l khp kn....... Cc v d: - Thc dy chuyn thnh thc cun. - Dy may so bp in, dy gn ng nghe in thoi c dng l xo xon - u ngi vit cu ho thnh bi, bt thng chuyn thnh bt bi. - Gng lm, gng li, gng cu, cc loi thu knh hi t, phn k. - mt camera 360 theo di c tt c cc hng thay cho phi lp nhiu camera bnh hng ch theo di c mt gc nhn 90 . - Bn hnh trn, hnh -van. - Sn bng chi rul c dng hnh tr. - Sn khu cong, sn khu quay. - Nh hng c bn trn quay quanh mt trc, khch khng phi vi tay gp thc n. - Cc im nt giao thng giao nhau dng vng xoay, cu vt xoy trn c.

Chuyn vui Nh vt l ngi c, Kiecxop trnh by nhng kt qu nghin cu v quang ph mt tri. ng ch ra nhng vch en v chng minh rng, trn mt tri c vng. Mt ch nh bng ngi nghe bng hi: - Nu ngi ta khng th khai thc c th th vng c li g? Sau t lu, Kiecxop c tng huy chng vng v nhng pht hin mi v quang ph mt tri, ng a huy chng vng cho ch nh bng n v ni: - ng thy y, tuy ti khng n c mt tri, nhng ti vn ly c vng t mt tri.

15.

Nguyn tc linh ng

Ni dung a) Cn thay i cc t trng ca i tng hay mi trng bn ngoi sao cho chng ti u trong tng giai on lm vic. b) Phn chia i tng thnh tng phn, c kh nng dch chuyn vi nhau. Nhn xt 1- Thng thng, cng vic l qu trnh, xy ra trong khong thi gian nht nh. gm cc giai on vi nhng tnh hung khc nhau. Nguyn tc linh ng i hi phi c ci nhn bao qut c qu trnh lm i tng hot ng ti u trong tng giai on. Mun th i tng khng th dng c nh, cng nhc m phi tr nn iu khin c. Xt v mt cu trc, cc mi lin kt trong i tng phi "mm do", "c nhiu trng thi", tng phn i tng c kh nng "dch chuyn" (hiu theo nghi rng) i vi nhau. 2- Cn phi hiu t "ti u" trong hai mi quan h: 1) i vi chnh i tng, cng vic m i tng thc hin v 2) i vi ngi s dng v mi trng bn ngoi (bo m sc khe, khng gy nhim). 3- Tinh thn chung ca "nguyn tc linh ng" l, i tng phi c nhng a dng ph hp vi s thay i a dng ca bn ngoi em li hiu qu cao nht. 4- Nguyn tc linh ng to s thng nht gia "tnh" v "ng", "c nh" v "thay i"...... 5- Nguyn tc linh ng phn nh khuynh hng pht trin cho nn n c tnh nh hng cao, dng rt c ch trong trng hp t bi ton, ph bnh ci c v d bo. 6- V mt t duy sng to, cn khc phc tnh tm l, sao cho cc ngh, sch tip cn tr nn linh ng, trnh gio iu cng nhc.

V d: - Cc li bi kp, cho php ly bt hoc thm cc t giy ri. - Cc loi bn, gh, ging .........xp hoc thay i c cao, nghing. - Lp xe p c th quay ngc m khng nh hng n chuyn ng ca xe, lp xe nhiu tng, xe c nhiu s tc . - t mui xp, sng bng gp...... Chuyn vui Bnh nhn ni vi bc s: - Tha bc s, bc s ng lm ti lo lng vi nhng tn bnh la-tinh di dng. Xin bc s c ni thng tn bnh ca ti bng ting m . Bc s: - Nu ti hon ton tht th th bnh ca anh gi l bnh li. Bnh nhn: - Cm n bc s, by gi xin bc s cho bit ting la-tinh gi l g ti cn v bo co vi lnh o c quan.

16.

Nguyn tc gii thiu hoc tha

Ni dung Nu nh kh nhn c 100% hiu qu cn thit, nn nhn t hn hoc nhiu hn mt cht. Lc bi ton c th tr nn n gin hn v d gii hn. Nhn xt 1- T "mt cht" y phi hiu linh ng, khng nht nh l "qu nh", "khng ng k", min sao bi ton tr nn d gii hn. 2- S tin ho, pht trin ni chung, k c qu trnh nhn thc thng i t n gin n phc tp, t d n kh, t cha hon thin n hon thin. Tinh thn chung ca nguyn tc ny l khng nn qu cu ton, ch i cc iu kin l tng. 3- V cch tip cn, nu vic gii chnh bi ton l kh th 1) Gim bt i hi bi ton d gii hn, mc d kt qu khng tht hon ton nh mun, hoc phi tn thm chi ph trong kh nng chp nhn c; 2) Gii bi ton d hn (c th a bi ton v trng hp c bit) qua tm c nhng gi c gi tr, gip gii chnh bi ton cho trc. 4- Khuynh hng pht trin tip theo, khi iu kin, hon cnh, kin thc cho php, cn tin ti t 100% hiu qu cn thit m khng phi tn thm chi ph. 5- Khi tip thu kin thc, tm v x l thng tin, khng nn ch dng li vi ci cho trc m cn xem xt cc trng hp ring, c bit hoc m rng, khi qut ho, a v trng hp chung.... 6- Gii "thiu", gii "tha" trong nhiu trng hp lm i tng c thm nhng tnh cht mi, trc y cha c. 7- Nguyn tc ny hay thc hin vi 10. Nguyn tc thc hin s b.

Cc v d 1- Tht lng, dy ng h c tha nhiu l nhng ngi s dng khc nhau u dng c. 2- Ngi ta lm sn cc phi cha kho ri ty chi kho ca khch yu cu m gia cho ng rng. iu ny cho php tit kim thi gian v nh sn xut c th lm hng lot, kinh t hn. 3- Cc trng knh eo mt cng c lm sn, sau theo yu cu ca khch, ca gng knh m ct li cho ph hp v lp vo. 4- trm vt nt b tng, tng....trong xy dng nh ca, ngi ta phi c thm vo phn nt xi mng trt c bm tt. 5- c c tri cy ln, ngi ta phi ti cnh, b bt qu non. 6- c hoa to p, ngi ta cng ti b bt n phi di. 7- Cc mch in t lm di dng cc th, cc bo mch con, bloc, modun. Nu d ch mt phn trong mch b h, ngi ta tho c modun thay th, tit kin thi gian. Chuyn vui Mt ln, nh bo Anh hi nh sng ch Edison: - Nhng ngi trong gia nh c gip ng trong vic sng to khng? ng tr li: - C ch. Chng hn khi trong u ti lo ln mt tng, cn thi gian suy ngh, nh gi. Lp tc ti kim ngay mt c no hoch he mi ngi trong gia nh. iu gip ti lm b gin di v ng sp ca, kho cht phng lm vic. Tt c mi ngi trong nh u tr nn rn rn v c gng khng quy ry ti v nhng chuyn vt vnh. Vy l ti c thi gian cho cc sng ch ca mnh.

17.

Nguyn tc chuyn sang chiu khc

Ni dung a) Nhng kh khn do chuyn ng (hay sp xp) i tng theo ng (mt chiu) s c khc phc nu cho i tng kh nng di chuyn trn mt phng (hai chiu). Tng t, nhng bi ton lin quan n chuyn ng (hay sp xp) cc i tng trn mt phng s c n gin ho khi chuyn sang khng gian (ba chiu). b) Chuyn cc i tng c kt cu mt tng thnh nhiu tng. c) t i tng nm nghing. d) S dng mt sau ca din tch cho trc. e) S dng cc lung nh sng ti din tch bn cnh hoc ti mt sau ca din tch cho trc. Nhn xt 1- T "chiu" cn hiu theo nghi rng, khng ch l chiu khng gian. 2- "Chuyn chiu" phn nh khuynh hng pht trin, thy r nht trong cc lnh

vc xy dng, giao thng vn ti, khng gian ton hc, vt l tinh th, cu trc cc hp cht, ho hc..... 3- Nguyn tc ny nhc nh ngi gii, xem xt, v tn dng nhng ngun d tr v "chiu", c trong i tng v mi trng. 4- Cn rn luyn cch nhn i tng t nhng gc , nhng "chiu" khc nhau thy ht cc khi cnh, cc mt, cc tnh cht.... 5- Khc phc tnh tm l trong vic s dng "chiu" no quen thuc. 6- Vic "chuyn chiu" lm cho i tng, trong nhiu trng hp, c thm nhng kh nng, tnh cht mi m trc y i tng cha c. Cc v d 1- Chi kho c rng hai cnh nn lc cho chi vo khng mt thi gian la chiu. 2-Cc loi qun o mc c c hai mt. 3-Nh nhiu tng, xe but hai tng, my bay hai tng. 4- Cc ng giao thng nhiu tng trn mt t v di mt t. 5- Cc cng trnh di bin, di y sng, trong lng t. 6- Loi tranh, ty theo gc nhn, thy nhng hnh khc nhau. Ti vi chiu hai hnh nh khc nhau ty theo gc nhn. Chuyn vui Tu sp chm, mt hnh khch la gi thuyn trng: - Ny ng thuyn trng, tu sp chm n ni ri, lm th no by gi? t lin cn xa khng? - , cha ti mt dm - Thuyn trng p. Hnh khch: - Hng no? Thuyn trng: - Hng v phi y con tu.

18.

S dng cc dao ng c hc

Ni dung a) Lm i tng dao ng. Nu c dao ng, tng tng s dao ng ( n tng s siu m). b) S dng tng s cng hng. c) Thay v dng cc b rung c hc, dng cc b rung p in. d) S dng siu m kt hp vi trng in t. Gii thch B rung p in l b dao ng da trn hiu ng p in (piezoeffect). Hiu ng p in do Pierre v Jacque Curie tm ra. Ni dung hiu ng nh sau: Khi nn hoc ko

cng tinh th theo phng nht nh, mt s tinh th (tinh th thch anh chng hn) xut hin cc in tch tri du trn cc b mt i din v chng thay i du khi thay i chiu ca lc c hc tc ng (t nn sang cng hoc ngc li). Ngc li, nu t trong in trng th trong tinh th xut hin lc nn hay cng, ty thuc vo s thay i (chiu) ca in trng. do vy, nu in trng bin thin th tinh th tr thnh ngun dao ng. Ngi ta s dng hiu ng p in ngc trc tip bin i in xoay chiu thnh dao ng c hc. Nhn xt 1- Th thut ny lin quan trc tip n vic s dng kin thc. Dao ng c hc, sng m l nhng hin tng rt ph bin trong t nhin. s dng tt cc hin tng, hiu ng ny, cn c s hiu bit v chng mt cch khoa hc. 2- Vic hc cc kin thc cn ch o su kh nng ng dng ca cc kin thc , c th, kh nng gii quyt mu thun ca cc kin thc . V d, dao ng kiu con lc hay ngun pht sng m cho ta s thng nht gia xa v gn... 3- Th thut nhc ch n "nhng trng hp c bit" nh cng hng, siu m, hiu ng p in... Cc v d 1- Qu chung, gh xch u, vng, cu bp bnh...... cho tr em chi. 2- Trong k thut dng nhiu b rung to cc dao ng c hc. 3- Cc loi dng massage trong gia nh nh gi massage, gh massage, ging massage...... (Trong cc th thut nu ra, u c nhng v d chuyn su trong khoa hc k thut c ng dng. Tuy nhin y l topic c vit cho mi i tng, nn ti lc b cc v d . Ci chnh ti mun nu ln cc tng sng to, cc chu hc sinh c th hiu v c th tm hiu su hn sau ny) Chuyn vui Anh A ngc nhin hi anh B: - Ny, ti sao ung thuc xong anh li nhy ln, nhy xung nh con choi choi vy? B anh b phn ng thuc hay sao? Anh B tr li: - Khng. Ti phi lm nh vy v trc khi ung, ti qun lc u chai thuc nh li bc s dn. By gi lc chc vn cn kp.

19.

Nguyn tc tc ng theo chu k.

Ni dung a. Chuyn tc ng lin tc thnh tc ng theo chu k (xung) b. Nu c tc ng theo chu k, hy thay i chu k

c. S dng khong thi gian gia cc xung thc hin tc ng khc. Nhn xt 1- T "tc ng" cn hiu rng, khng nht thit phi l lc m c th l bt k nh hng no. 2- Trong hin thc khch quan c hai mt i lp: "lin tc" v "ri rc" (ngt qung). T "xung" y c th hiu l "ri rc", "ngt qung". 3- Vic chuyn sang "ch xung" em li nhng tnh cht mi m "ch lin tc" khng c, v d, to s thng nht gia c tc ng v khng c tc ng, tng tnh tng hp ca h thng, tit kim nng lng, tng tin cy, tng s a dng..... 4-Nguyn tc tc ng theo chu k cn c nghi i vi con ngi ch khng ch ring i vi my mc. V d, cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy, nh sng nhp nhy, m thanh thay i ngt qung gy s ch tt hn l chiu sng lin tc hoc m thanh u u. C mt ngnh gi l "tm l hc k thut" chuyn nghin cu nhng qui lut khch quan ca cc qu trnh tng tc thng tin gia ngi v k thut thit k, ch to v vn hnh cc h thng " ngi- my mc". iu ny lm tng tnh tng hp gia ngi v my mc khi lm vic vi nhau to ra kt qu tt nht, con ngi thy thoi mi, d chu, mt mi. Cc v d 1- Cc loi n chp nhy dng cho qung co, khiu v, tn hiu bo ng, giao thng...... 2- Cc loi m thanh bo hiu nh ci xe cp cu, cu ho, bo hiu xe li, bo chung, my bn ca in thoi....... 3- Trong in t c b mn: k thut xung. 4- Cc cng vic, yu cu c tnh nh k nh qung co, ln lch thc hin nh k, n tp nh k trong hc tp, gi mi lin lc vi mi ngi bng email, in thoi.....theo nh k. Minh ha vui: Mt khch du lch nc ngoi mi n Hy lp, hi ngi a phng qua ng xin la ht thuc l. Ngi Hy Lp mc ti ly mt hp dim cn y, rt ra mt que t thuc cho khch ri vt lun hp dim vo thng rc. Khch thy vy, tng l do d oan hay phong tc, ngc nhin hi l do. Ngi Hy Lp tr li: - nc ti ai cng bit rng, c nh nguyn c hp dim th ch mt que chy c. Ngay que u tin chm thuc cho ng chy, vy cn gi li hp dim lm g na?

20.

Nguyn tc lin tc tc ng c ch

Ni dung a) Thc hin cng vic mt cch lin tc (tt c cc phn ca i tng cn lun lun lm vic ch ti). b) Khc phc vn hnh khng ti v trung gian. c) Chuyn chuyn ng tnh tin qua li thnh chuyn ng quay. Nhn xt 1- My mc sinh ra lm vic v em li li ch, vy phi ci tin sao cho n tng b phn ca my phi lun lun lm vic em li li ch v li ch ngy cng tng cao. iu ny th hin ch tng nng sut, hiu qu, tit kim, thi gian, tng tnh tng hp, bn , tui th.... 2- Nguyn tc ny phn nh khuynh hng pht trin, do vy rt c tc dng trong vic nh gi, ph bnh nhng gii php c, t v lc chn nhng bi ton, d bo v s pht trin. 3- Nguyn tc lin tc tc ng c ch - mang tnh nh hng cao nn cn, nn cn bin n thnh cch nhn, cch ngh, cch tip cn vn mang tnh thng trc v khi pht. 4- Nguyn tc ny hay dng vi cc th thut khc nh 1- nguyn tc phn nh, 2nguyn tc tch khi, 3-nguyn tc phm cht cc b, 5- nguyn tc kt hp, 6nguyn tc vn nng, 15- nguyn tc linh ng, 25-nguyn tc t phc v... 5- Nguyn tc lin tc tc ng c ch cn thch hp vi chnh ngi gii: cn lm sao lun lun sng c ch, trnh "nhn c vi bt thin, ch lm tng mc c ch. Cc v d 1- t vn ti, chuyn i, chuyn v phi ch hng, trnh chy khng. 2-c-quy pht in lc xe, tu khng hot ng thp sng hay dng khi ng xe v tch in b li khi ng c lm vic. 3-Tu nh c kt hp vi ch bin, ng hp trn ng v. 4-Tu ch du kt hp lc du trn ng vn chuyn. 5- Tin phi lun lun xoay vng sinh li. 6-Cc dng vt dng chuyn t s dng mt ln sang s dng nhiu ln. ............ Chuyn vui Dn Gabrv Bungari vn ni ting keo kit. ng sau bu nh ca mt ngi vng gi cho bn mnh, ngi ta c thy dng ch sau: "Mng Ging Sing, mng nm mi, mng sinh nht bn...t nay cho n khi bn yn gic ngn thu."

21.

21. Nguyn tc vt nhanh.

Ni dung a. Vt qua cc giai on c hi hoc nguy him vi vn tc ln. b. Vt nhanh c c hiu ng cn thit. Nhn xt 1- Nu tc ng l nguy him, c hi th c th lm n khng cn c hi na bng cch gim thi gian tc ng n ti thiu, ni cch khc, phi vt tht nhanh c an ton cao. 2- Trong nhiu trng hp, i tng phi lm vic vi nhng qu trnh xy ra nhanh. c s ph hp, c c nhng kt qu cn thit, bn thn i tng phi chuyn sang trng thi "vt nhanh". 3- Tinh thn chung ca nguyn tc ny l cn xem xt, ch n kh nng lm tng nng sut cng vic. 4- "Vt nhanh" c th em li nhng tnh cht mi, hiu ng mi cho i tng, v d, vic h nhit tht nhanh c p dng cho cc qu trnh ti luyn hay ch to cc cht v nh hnh..... 5- Nguyn tc "vt nhanh" to ra s thng nht gia "c tc ng" v "khng c tc ng".... 6- Nguyn tc "vt nhanh" thng hay dng vi cc th thut nh 19. nguyn tc tc ng theo chu k, 28- Thay th s c hc, 34- Nguyn tc phn hy hoc ti sinh cc phn, 36- S dng chuyn pha..... Cc v d 1- trnh au n cho bnh nhn, nhng thao tc nh tim chng, nh rng, nn khp xng...thng lm rt nhanh. 2- My khoan rng c tn s vng quay ln. 3- Do yu cu cng vic, ngi ta ch to cc loi sn, keo dn, xi mng .....mau kh. 4- Gh ngi phi cng bt ra khi bung li rt nhanh khi my bay b s c lm ri, n. 5- Vt nhanh l nguyn tc hot ng ca cc loi by. 6- C nhng ngh nghip phi lm tht nhanh nh cu ho, cp cu, o thut...... ................

Chuyn vui Hai sinh vin k tc x ni chuyn vi nhau. A: Mnh , mi ln cu c vic i qua nh ng C, cu li i rt nhanh, vy l sao? B: C g u, ti t khng mun gip mt ch n.

22.

Nguyn tc bin hi thnh li

Ni dung a) S dng nhng tc nhn c hi (th d tc ng c hi ca mi trng) thu c hiu ng c li. b) Khc phc tc nhn c hi bng cch kt hp n vi tc nhn c hi khc. c) Tng cng tc nhn c hi n mc n khng cn c hi na. Nhn xt 1- "Li" v "hi" ch mang tnh ch quan v tng i. Trn thc t, y ch l hai mt i lp ca hin thc khch quan, vn l lm sao trong ci hi tm ra c ci li phc v con ngi v hi ho vi t nhin. 2- Th thut ny c ch ra mt lot cch lm th no bit hi thnh li. T "tng cng" cn hiu theo nghi "thay i" ci c hi bin thnh li, ch khng n thun l tng mc c hi. 3- Tinh thn chung ca nguyn tc ny l lc quan khi gp nhng ci c hi. Thay v chn nn, bc bi hy t cc cu hi i loi nh hi i vi ci g? trong thi gian bao lu, khi no? u? Trong nhng iu kin no th hi bin thnh li? To ra cc iu kin nh th no?......Ngi ta thng ni rng: "Khng c hon cnh no l khng c li thot, ch c con ngi khng tm ra li thot." Hay ch tch tp on HuynDai ca Hn Quc ni: "Khng c tht bi, tt c l th thch". Mi khi kh khn p n, ng lun xem l c hi th thch vt qua, ch khng l tr ngi buc ng phi dng li. 4- Th thut ny hay dng vi cc th thut khc nh: 2. nguyn tc "tch khi", 5. nguynt c kt hp, 13- nguyn tc o ngc...... Cc th d 1- Ngi ta bin sc tn ph ca l lt thnh in nng bng cch xy dng cc h cha nc v nh my thu in. 2- Nhiu loi thuc c vi nhng liu lng thch hp li c tc dng iu tr bnh tt nh thuc phin, nc rn, nc ong.....

3- Dng con a ht mu c. 4- Tim vi trng yu (vacxin) vo c th to min dch. 5- i ma l c hi nhng vi nhng ngi qu say hay b ng c thc n th li c li. 6- bi th L mi mi tm gnh lng Chng yu chng bo ru rng tri cho m nm th ngy o o Chng yu chng bo ngy cho vui nh i ch th hay n qu Chng yu chng bo v nh cm Trn u nhng rc cng rm Chng yu chng bo hoa thm rc u. Chuyn suy ngm Ci Chu Nt Mt ngi c hai ci chu ln khun nc. Mt trong hai ci chu c vt nt, v vy khun nc t ging v nc trong chu ch cn mt na. Chic chu cn nguyn rt t ho v s hon ho ca mnh, cn chic chu nt lun b cn rt v khng th hon thnh nhim v. Mt ngy n chic chu nt ni vi ngi ch: "Ti tht xu h v mnh. Ti mun xin li ng!". "Ngi xu h v chuyn g?". "Ch v li ca ti m ng khng nhn c y nhng g xng ng vi cng sc ca ng!". "Khng u, khi i v ngi hy ch n nhng lung hoa bn v ng". Qu tht, dc bn v ng l nhng lung hoa rc r. Ci chu nt cm thy vui v mt lc, nhng ri v n nh n vn cn phn na nc. "Ti xin li ng!". "Ngi khng ch rng hoa ch mc bn ny ng, pha ca ngi thi sao? Ta bit c vt nt ca ngi v tn dng n. Ta gieo nhng ht ging hoa bn v ng pha bn ngi v trong nhng nm qua ngi vui ti cho chng. Ta hi nhng cnh hoa trang hong cn nh. Nu khng c ngi nh ta s khng m cng v duyn dng nh th ny u". Mi con ngi chng ta u c nhng ci chu nt, hy tn dng vt nt ca mnh.

23.

Nguyn tc quan h phn hi

Ni dung a) Thit lp quan h phn hi b) Nu c quan h phn hi, hy thay i n.

Gii thch Thng thng, mi i tng (h thng) thc hin mt cng vic (chc nng) no . V d, vi nc chy vo b. Nu nh kt qu cng vic khng c nh hng g n c tnh ca cng vic th ta ch c quan h thun. Nhng nu kt qu cng vic tc ng ngc tr li c tnh ca cng vic, v d, nc dng ln lm cho y b v mc nc cng cao th lm cho nc chy vo chm li nh phao gn vi van, th ta c quan h ngc, hay gi chung l quan h phn hi. Quan h phn hi m tc ng ca n lm tng kt qu nhn c, gi l quan h phn hi dng, cn nu ngc li th gi l quan h phn hi m. Nhn xt 1- Quan h phn hi l khi nim rt c bn ca iu khin hc, c phm vi ng dng rt rng. C th ni, u cn c s iu khin (qun l, ra quyt nh), cn ch to lp quan h phn hi v hon thin n. 2- Khi thnh lp quan h phn hi cn ch tn dng nhng ngun d tr c sn trong h a ra cu trc ti u. 3- Nguyn tc ny phn nh khuynh hng pht trin: lm tng tnh iu khin i tng, t ng ho cho nn rt c ch cho vic suy ngh nh hng hay la chn bi ton, cch tip cn, d bo. 4- Nguyn tc ny cn c tc dng vi chnh ngi gii: thng xuyn rt kinh nghim da trn nhng tc ng ngc li, t iu chnh ngy cng tin b, trnh mc li nhng sai lm ca chnh mnh v ca ngi khc. Cc v d 1- Phao xng trong cacburat (b ch ho kh) c tc dng gi xng mt mc nht nh. 2- Cc loi rle ng ngt t ng cho my lm vic hay ngng; ty theo nhit , cng dng in, mc nc, p sut, m..... 3-Knh eo mt thay i trong sut ty theo cng nh nng mt tri. 4-Tn la t tm mc tiu. 5-Cc cuc thm d kin, iu tra x hi hc, trng cu dn nhm xy dng chnh sch , quyt nh ca nh nc. 6- Mi quan h cung-cu trong kinh t. 7- ng vt mu nng, c th c c ch t ng iu chnh duy tr thn nhit mt nhit nht nh. 8- Xe my tay ga t ng iu chnh cp s truyn ng theo ti v tc . .............. Chuyn vui

Mt ngi Scoland v thm li thnh ph qu hng. Khi i do cng vin anh thy tm bin : "Dm ln c b pht 1 shilling". Anh n hi ngi cnh st gn y: - Tha ng, ti sao ngy nay li gim nh tin pht nh vy. ti nh ngy trc pht nhng 3 shilling. Ngi cnh st tr li: - H l phi, Pht 3 shilling, chng ma no n dm ln c, nh nc b tht thu, ng hiu ch?

24.

Nguyn tc s dng trung gian

Ni dung S dng i tng trung gian, chuyn tip. Nhn xt 1- Mi thot nhn ta thy khng thun lm, v trung gian, chuyn tip thng gy phin phc, tn thm chi ph.... (20. Nguyn tc lin tc tc ng c ch- khuyn chng ta cn khc phc vn hnh khng ti, trung gian). y cn hiu l do tnh lch s - c th ca cc kin thc, gii php bit, khng cho php ngi ta gii quyt vn mt cch trc tip. Vy khng nn cu ton, ch i, m nn gii quyt thng qua cc i tng trung gian, chuyn tip. Tuy nhin, khi iu kin cho php th trung gian loi ny nn b. (T nhin lin tng nu hai ngi no gin nhau th ngi th ba lm trung gian lng nghe, ho gii s rt c ch nh.) 2- Mt khc, c nhng trng hp, "trung gian" l s i hi khch quan, thiu n hot ng ca h thng s km hiu qu. iu ny lin quan n qu trnh phn cng, chuyn mn ho, ghp ni, s cn thit qui v mt mi.... V d, tin l hng ho trung gian, ta th tng tng khng c tin th s lu thng trong kinh t s ra sao. (Lin tng n h thng phn phi bn l cn cc nh bn bun trung gian.) 3- Nh trung gian m ngi ta c th to nn s thng nht cc mt i lp, loi tr nhau nhng li mang li ch cho con ngi, nu xt ring r tng mt i lp. 4- Trong khi s dng, tm kim "trung gian", c bit cn ch cc ngun d tr c sn trong h, c bit l nhng ngun tri cho khng mt tin. 5- "Trung gian" khch quan c th cho thm nhng tnh cht, hiu ng mi, c nhng trng hp, l du hiu nh gi mc pht trin. V d, cc nc cng nghip u c h thng dch v pht trin. Cc v d:

1- cm in chuyn i t dt sang trn v ngc li..... 2- Cc loi bin th in. 3-Cc cht xc tc ho hc. 4-Cc dch v trong x hi mang tnh trung gian. 5- Trong tnh ton ton hc, c khi cn dng s phc, h s nh phn..... 6- Tm dit nhng con vt trung gian truyn bnh nh chut, mui..... 7- Khi trnh by mt vn chuyn mn phc tp, dng nhng kin thc hng ngy gn gi minh ho...... 8- Trong xc nh giy t gi, gim nh ch k rt kh, ngi ta s gim nh thng qua ch vit di ch k. .......... Chuyn vui Con ni vi b: - Ba i, khi no ln ln con s i thm him Nam Cc. - Gii lm - ng b khen ng vin con. Con: - Nam Cc lnh v ocn cn rn luyh chu c bng gi phi khng b? - Rt ng - ng b tr li - Vy th t nay, ngy no ba cng mua kem v cho con n nh.

25.

Nguyn tc t phc v

Ni dung a) i tng phi t phc v bng cch thc hin cc thao tc ph tr, sa cha. b) S dng ph liu, cht thi, nng lng d. Nhn xt 1- i tng, ngoi vic thc hin chc nng chnh, cn thc hin thm nhng chc nng ph tr, cn ch s dng cc ngun d tr c sn trong h, c bit, nhng ngun d tr tri cho khng mt tin nh lc trng trng, nhit mi trng , m, khng kh.... 2- Do s nhim mi trng, s cn kit dn cc ngun cung cp t nhin, vn s dng ph liu, cht thi nng lng d ngy cng c ch gii quyt v y cng l mt loi ngun d tr cn khai thc. V mt l tng, cn c mt chu trnh sn xut khp kn. 3- Nguyn tc ny hay c dng vi cc nguyn tc 2-nguyn tc tch khi, 6nguyn tc vn nng, 23- nguyn tc quan h phn hi... 4- Nguyn tc t phc v phn nh khuynh hng pht trin: i tng dn tin n t ng thc hin cng vic hon ton, ni cch khc, vai tr tham gia ca con ngi s dn tin ti khng. Cao hn na, khi cc i tng nhn to c thay th bng cc qu trnh c sn trong t nhin th "t phc v" s t c mc l tng.

5- "T phc v" c nguyn nhn su xa l: cc mu thun bn trong quyt nh s pht trin v s vn ng l t thn vn ng. 6- Tinh thn ca nguyn tc ny c bit c nghi i vi vic gio dc, o to. Phi lm sao c c nhng con ngi bit t hc, t rn luyn, t gic hnh ng theo nhng qui lut pht trin ca hin thc khc quan.... Cc v d: 1- Khi nhc my in thoi bn, l xo bn trong my y ln ni cng tc, ngi gi in thoi c th s dng c ngay. Ngc li khi gc my, l xo b nn xung ngt mch. 2- Cc ng hng gi t trn mi nh c phn ging nh ui c, gip quay c ng khi gi i hng, lm sao ng lun ch ti u. 3- Loi vi ti rau hoc ti hoa, va phun nc va t quay vng trn nn din tch c ti rt rng v khng cn c ngi. 4- Autostop cc loi. v d, khi ht bng cassette, my ghi m t ng tt. 5- S dng phn, rc lm kh t. 6- M hnh VAC (Vn-Ao-Chung). 7- Cc ca hng t gic, cc nh n t phc v. 8- H thng bm cp nc v ngt t ng. Chuyn vui C ln gio s ton hc I.nbnhin chm thi Hc vin a cht Petecbua (thi Nga Hong). Mt sinh vin n tr thi vn p c h l Euler, thuc dng di nh bc hc ni ting th gii Leonard Euler. Gio s a ra mt thi, anh sinh vin khng tr li c. Gio s a ra mt thi th hai, Euler khng ni c cu no. Cui cng, gio s a s im cho anh sinh vin v trm ging bo: -Anh Euler, anh hy vit vo y im 2 bng chnh tay ca anh. Tay ca ti khng n lm iu i vi mt ngi mang dng h ni danh nh th.

26.

Nguyn tc sao chp (copy)

Ni dung a) Thay v s dng nhng ci khng c php, phc tp, t tin, khng tin li hoc d v, s dng bn sao. b) Thay th i tng hoc h cc i tng bng bn sao quang hc (nh, hnh v) vi cc t l cn thit. c) Nu khng th s dng bn sao quang hc vng biu kin (vng nh sng nhn thy c bng mt thng), chuyn sang s dng cc bn sao hng ngoi hoc t ngoi. Nhn xt 1- T "sao chp" cn hiu theo nghi rng: phn nh nhng ci chnh ca i tng,

cn thit cho vic gii bi ton, nu nh lm trc tip vi i tng gp kh khn. Vic phn nh i tng theo tng mt, khi cnh, phng din...rt c ch li trong vic i tm nhng ci tng tgia nhng i tng khc nhau, thm tr rt xa nhau. Mt khc, i tng phn nh chnh l m hnh ca i tng cho trc thng d "gii", d nghin cu hn. M hnh ho l cch tip cn hiu qu khi gii cc bi ton kh. 2- i tng nhn c do sao chp, nhiu khi, c c thm nhng tnh cht mi m trc y i tng c khng c nh gn, nh, d bo qun, lu tr.... 3- Nguyn tc sao chp hay dng vi cc th thut 2-nguyn tc tch khi, 17nguyn tc chuyn sang chiu khc, 24 nguyn tc s dng trung gian, 27- nguyn tc 'r" thay cho "t", 28-nguyn tc thay th s c hc, 32-nguyn tc thay i mu sc...... 4- Nu thng xuyn s dng bn sao, m hnh ca i tng cn ch phng tnh tm l: coi m hnh chnh l i tng tht, c trn thc t, do vy, c th i n nhng kt lun ch quan, duy ch. Cc v d: 1- Cc loi bn , s , hnh v, nh chp, th.... 2- Cc php tng t ho. 3- Cc cch m hnh ho. 4- S bt chc. 5- ng kch, ng phim. 6- Cc cuc iu tra x hi hc. ................ Chuyn vui v Vua h Scl http://www.vncold.vn/Web/Content.aspx?distid=871

Thi xem ai bt chc Scl ging nht. ng nhin ngoi i, Chaplin c tc phong bnh thng, lch thip. Nhng ai xem phim h Scl th li khng th no qun c nhng ng tc ca vai h tht l mt v rt tc ci, ngm li thy khng gp u nh th. Ngi ta t chc cuc thi xem ai bt chc iu b, nht l cch i ng ging Scl nht. Chaplin ci dng i d thi cng vi gn 40 th sinh khc v khi cng b kt qu, ng c xp th 7 (!!!).

27.

Nguyn tc r thay cho t

Ni dung

Thay th i tng t tin bng b cc i tng r c cht lng km hn (th d nh v tui th). Nhn xt 1- C nhiu nguyn nhn dn n vic cn tm i tng r tin thay cho i tng t tin, v d nh: dng mt ln khi mt thi gian bo tr sa cha. p ng c yu cu ng o ca ngi tiu dng (va ti tin). Cc nguyn vt liu ly t t nhin ngy cng khan him, kh ti to, vy cn a ra nhng ci nhn to, gn tng ng, trnh tn ph mi trng.... 2- "R" thay cho "t" c thm c nhng tnh cht mi nh c th sn xut nhanh, nhiu, thay i mu m, kiu dng nhanh chng, bo m cc iu kin v sinh, trnh ly lan bnh tt (v ch dng mt ln).... 3- V cch tip cn gii quyt vn , nguyn tc ny i hi ngi gii khng cng nhc, cu ton, ch i iu kin l tng khi phi gii cc bi ton kh. 4- Cn ch ti kh nng nng cht lng km theo h gi thnh ca i tng. lm c vic ny cn khai thc cc ngun d tr c sn, c bit nhng ngun d tr tri cho khng mt tin. Cc v d 1- Khn lau tay, lau mt dng mt ln ri b. 2- Ly chn di...bng giy hoc nha r tin, dng mt ln, m bo v sinh, dng ti nhng ni khng c iu kin ra hoc cn phi tit kim thi gian. 3- ng v kim tim bng nha dng mt ln ri b, bo m khng ly truyn bnh, nh vim gan B, HIV..... 4- Cc loi vt liu, sn phm gi nh gi da, gi i mi, rng gi, hoa gi..... 5- Khuynh hng dng nha thay cho kim loi. 6- Tu, thuyn v xi mng, li thp, composite..... 7- ng c trm thay cho ng cc bng b tng ct thp. 8- Cc cnh gi, hiu ng hnh nh dng trong ng phim, kch..... 9- Cc th nghim dng sc vt thay ngi. ............. Chuyn vui B v ca nh bc hc Einstein i xem mt ng knh vin vng khng l, t trong i thin vn. Nh thin vn hc i theo b, thuyt minh rng, nh knh t tin ny m ngi ta c th nghin cu c v tr. B v Einstein bng ct li ng ta: - Chng ti cng nghin cu kch thc v cu trc v tr, nhng ng ta thng lm iu trn mt tri chic phong b c no y.

28.

Thay th s c hc

Ni dung a) Thay th s c hc bng in, quang, nhit, m hoc mi v. b) S dng in trng, t trng v in t trng trong tng tc vi i tng . c) Chuyn cc trng ng yn sang chuyn ng, cc trng c nh sang thay i theo thi gian, cc trng ng nht sang c cu trc nht nh. d) S dng cc trng kt hp vi cc ht st t. Nhn xt 1- Nguyn tc ny phn nh khuynh hng pht trin: nhng g trc y v by gi cn l "c hc" s chuyn thnh "khng c hc" (dng in, t, in t, nh sng...), v nhng trng mi s mang tnh cht "phm cht cc b". iu ny s lm tng tnh iu khin v tng tnh hiu qu ca i tng v c th s dng nhng hiu ng mc vi m. 2- Do vy, c th dng "thay th s c hc" t bi ton, d bo v s pht trin ca i tng cho trc. 3- Th thut i hi ngi gii phi ch c c nhng kin thc cn thit v cc khoa hc tng ng v s dng cc hiu ng thch hp trong cc bi ton ca mnh. y cn c bit tn dng nhng u im, nhng mt mnh m s c hc khng c c. Cc th d 1- Cn cu dng mc v cn cu dng nam chm in. 2-B khi ng xe gn my hay t bng in thay cho p chn hay quay maniven (c l l quay tay?!) 3-ng h ln giy ct c hc chuyn sang ng h in t. 4- Bn tnh, my tnh quay tay c hc chuyn sang my tnh in, in t, quangin t. 5- Ct gt kim loi bng dao, ca c hc chuyn sang s dng tia lazer, plasma. 6-iu tr bng cc loi tia thay cho dao m. 7-Xe chy bng bnh xe, bnh xch chuyn sang chy trn m t. 8- Ghi, c, lu tr d liu bng bng t, lazer.... 9- Nt bm in thoi di ng dng phm c thay bng cm ng - chm tay ln mn hnh. .......... Chuyn vui Sch dy nu n c ci bt tin l ngi nu bp phi va c, va lt trang, va lm. Ngy nay ngi ta s dng bng ghi m. Khi cn nu mn no, ch vic bm

nt l c hng dn t m cch lm tng giai on theo ng thi gian nu trn thc t. Trong nhng giy pht ch i, v d i nc si chng hn, ngi nu c nghe nhng bn nhc m tai. Trong gia nh kia, ngi v mi ci thng s dng cch ny nu n. Tuy vy nng cha bao gi c chng khen nu n ngon c. Mt hm ht kin nhn, nng ni vi chng: - Anh phi khen em i ch, em nu ng bi bn nh my ghi m dy. Ngi chng tr li: - Vy h, chc ci my ghi m trc trc k thut, em phi mang n i sa ngay i.

29.

S dng cc kt cu kh v lng

Ni dung Thay cho cc phn ca i tng th rn, s dng cc cht kh v lng: np kh, np cht lng, m khng kh, thy tnh, thy phn lc. Nhn xt 1- Xt v mt khi cnh no y, cc kt cu kh v lng c nhng u im hn cht rn nh linh ng, d iu khin, mi trng xung quanh lun c nhiu khng kh v nc, d khai thc..... 2- Th thut ny i hi ngi gii phi c nhng kin thc cn thit v cc cht kh v lng, vn dng cc hiu ng cn thit, lin quan n cc cht kh v lng trong cc bi ton ca mnh. 3- mc no , th thut ny cng phn nh khuynh hng pht trin: cc kt cu rn b thay th bi cc kt cu kh v lng. Do vy trong khi gii cc bi ton cn ch n kh nng c th thay th v khc phc tnh tm l: quen coi cc i tng k thut lm t vt liu rn. 4- Tinh thn chung ca nguyn tc ny l thay th ci cng nhc, g b, nng n bng ci nh, mm do, linh ng. 5- S dng c cc kt cu kh v lng, trn thc t l khai thc nhng ngun d tr c sn trong h v mi trng v xung quanh chng ta u cng c nhiu kh v cht lng, t ra, cng di dng khng kh v nc cc loi. 6- "S dng cc kt cu kh v lng" hay c dng vi 7-nguyn tc "cha trong", 8- nguyn tc phn trng lng, 9- nguyn tc gy ng sut s b, 11-nguyn tc d phng, 15-nguyn tc linh ng, 21- nguyn tc vt nhanh, 25 -nguyn tc t phc v, 30- s dng v do v mng mng, 32- Nguyn tc thay i mu sc... Cc th d

1- Dy cung, dy n chuyn sang s dng bm nn, sng hi. 2- Cc con th chi, thay v nhi bng, rm....ngi ta lm loi th chi ch cn thi ln. 3- Cc loi gh hi, ging hi, nm hi..... 4- Bnh xe dng rn chuyn sang dng hi, phao g chuyn sang phao kh. 5- Cc h thng ng m dng kh nn ni chung hay cc loi thit b dng kh nn trong k thut. 6- Tu, xe chy trn m khng kh. Chuyn vui Nh khoa hc Php Gay Lutxc cn c nhiu l thy tinh mng, cht lng c bit lm th nghim. ng phi t hng nc o-Hung. Mn hng n bin gii th b hi quan o nh thu rt nng, ng khng c tin tr nn thng thu tinh a tr v nh my. Nh bc hc c l Alexan ngh ra cch ng gi cc l thu tinh cn thn vo thng g v dn nhn: "khng kh c, cn thn, nh tay!" Cc nhn vin hi quan khng tm ra chng mc no ni "khng kh c" phi np thu nn cho thng quan m khng thu thu.

30.

S dng v do v mng mng

Ni dung a) S dng cc v do v mng mng thay cho cc kt cu khi. b) Cch ly i tng vi mi trng bn ngoi bng cc v do v mng mng. Nhn xt 1- Th thut ny lin quan n b mt, lp ngn cch i tng, ti c nhng yu cu m kt cu khi khng p ng c hoc p ng nhng vi mc hiu qu khng ln. V do v mng mng c nhiu u im nh nh, linh ng, chim t khng gian, c chc nng bo v tt, cho php i tng c nhng b mt a dng v trang tr, m thut, tit kim nguyn vt liu.... 2- Mng mng khng n thun l chuyn t m hnh ba chiu thnh hai chiu, cn ch "lng i, cht i": xut hin nhng hiu ng mi, c th ring cho mng mng (c bit mc vi m) 3- "s dng v do v mng mng" hay dng vi cc th thut nh 2-nguyn tc

tch khi, 3- nguyn tc phm cht cc b, 11- nguyn tc d phng, 27- nguyn tc r thay cho t, 29 -s dng kt cu kh v lng, 31 -s dng cc vt liu nhiu l, 32- Nguyn tc thay i mu sc... 4- Vt liu hay dng ch to v do v mng mng thng l nha, cao su nhng tht ra mng mng c th c ch to t bt k vt liu no, nu c s cn thit. Cc v d 1234567Cc loi bao b, ti nylong, o i ma, khn tri bn nilong...... Bi sch, lch treo tng c ph lp nha mng bo v tng bn, p plastic...... ng nha do cc loi. Lp nhm, bc...... ph lm gng. in t hc hin i vi cc mch t hp, trn thc t l in t hc mng mng. Cc dng gia nh bng nha. Cc cht ho hc phun to mng...trong nng nghip, cng nghip......

Chuyn vui Mt chng n v th chi, anh kh n bc ln xe vi mt bao ti to lm bng cht do v t xung sn. Ngi bn v ti gn v bo anh mua v: - V ngi 3000, v hnh l 6000. Nghe thy th, anh chng mnh vo bao ti v ni: - Thi chui ra i em, khng d hnh l li t gp i v ngi.

31.

S dng cc vt liu nhiu l

Ni dung a) Lm i tng c nhiu l hoc s dng thm nhng chi tit c nhiu l (ming m, tm ph..) b) Nu i tng c nhiu l, s b tm n bng cht no . Nhn xt 1- Vt liu nhiu l c nhiu u im nh nh, cch nhit, cch m tt, tit kim nguyn vt liu, c th dng lm nhng thit b lc, c tng din tch nh nhng tng din tch cc l rt ln..... 2- "Nhiu l" cn hiu theo nghi rng nh cht rn, do, lng c nhiu khong trng nh bn trong; th tch, v do, mng mng...c nhiu l. 3- Nu kch thc cc l b, cn ch n nhng hiu ng mi c th ny sinh, thm tr nhng hiu ng ch c mc vi m 4- Cc l trng thng cha khng kh nn th thut ny nhc s dng ngun d tr

d kim t mi trng xung quanh. 5- Vic tm cc l bng nhng cht khc nhau c th cho s thng nht mi gia cc mt i lp, rt cn thit gii quyt cc mu thun, c trong bi ton cn gii. 6- Th thut ny hay dng vi cc th thut 2 nguyn tc tch khi, 3 nguyn tc phm cht cc b, 5 nguyn tc kt hp, 7 nguyn tc cha trong, 30 s dng v do v mng mng, 34 nguyn tc phn hy hoc ti sinh cc phn.... Cc th d 1- Cc loi bao b, phng tin ng gi lm t vt liu xp. 2- Cc tm mt, m mt..... 3- Cc vch ngn dng cch m, cch nhit. 4- Bt d 5- Dy cp in thoi c v bc xp, to lp khng kh cch in l tng 6- Tm lt sn nh tm nhiu l va to ma st trnh trn trt nhng d thot nc. ................ Chuyn vui Ch nh ni to vo ng in thoi: - A l cng ty sa cha nh y phi khng? Bao gi cc ng n sa cho chng ti? Mi nh chng ti b thng nhiu l, ma dt ngp y nc y n. Ti nhc cc ng nhiu ln nhng khng thy ai n c. Hy ni cho ti bit, khi no th nh ti c th kh ro c? Tr li: - Xin ng gi in theo s sau: 53789 - Th trng ca ng phi hkng? - Khng, y l Nha Kh Tng.

32.

Nguyn tc thay i mu sc

Ni dung a) Thay i mu sc ca i tng hay mi trng bn ngoi b) Thay i trong sut ca ca i tng hay mi trng bn ngoi. c) c th quan st c nhng i tng hoc nhng qu trnh, s dng cc cht ph gia mu, hynh quang. d) Nu cc cht ph gia c s dng, dng cc nguyn t nh du. e) S dng cc hnh v, k hiu thch hp. Nhn xt 1- T "trong sut" cn c hiu theo nghi rng, khng ch ring cho vng biu

kin. 2- Trong nm gic quan ca con ngi, th gic pht trin v ng vai tr quan trng nht: hn 90% thng tin nhn c t th gi bn ngoi v qua con ng th gic. Nguyn tc ny, xt v mt quan h vi con ngi, lin quan n b mn :"Tm l hc k thut" (Xem phn nhn xt ca th thut 19. nguyn tc tc ng theo chu k). 3- Mu sc c nhiu, do cn trnh thi quen ch s dng mt loi mu no . Cn qui c mi loi mu tng ng vi ci g, trn c s d bao qut, x l thng tin nhanh. 4- Cc hnh v, k hiu thch hp rt c tc dng, gip cho suy ngh thong, thy c cc mi lin h gia cc b phn. Nu c th, nn v s khi, chng gip khng ch thy cy m cn thy rng. 5- Nguyn tc ny cn lin quan n nhng kin thc v cc hin tng pht quang, gy ra bi cc cch kch thch khc nhau. Cho nn cn ch n nhng hiu ng thuc loi ny. 6-Nguyn tc thay i mu sc hay s dng vi cc th thut nh 2.nguyn tc tch khi, 3.nguyn tc phm cht cc b, 10.nguyn tc thc hin s b, 26 nguyn tc sao chp (copy).... Cc v d 1- Bng keo trong sut, dn trang sch b rch m vn c c. 2- Cc vt cha trong sut c th nhn thy cht ng bn trong. 3- Cc phng lm vic c cc bc tng trong sut tin li cho vic quan st, bo m tnh cng khai. 4- Cc chai l thu tinh c nhng mu sc khc nhau, thch hp cho vic phn loi, bo qun nhng cht ng bn trong. 5- Cc mu sc k hiu qui c trong giao thng nh n th dng, n xanh th i...hnh u lu xng cho- coi chng nguy him. 6- Trong cc nh my ln, nhng ngi lm cng vic khc nhau mc nhng b qun o, mu sc, kiu dng, ph hiu khc nhau, d theo di, kim tra chc nng, cng vic. 7- Bng hiu dng sn pht quang d nhn trong bng ti. 8- S dng cc loi giy vi mu sc khc nhau qui c tnh cht cng vic v d kim tra, kim sot. 9- S dng mu sc cho vic phn loi nhn din..... Chuyn vui A ni vi B - Mnh khng hiu, ti sao mt ngi ngho tt bng, t t vi mi ngi xung quanh, nhng khi tr nn giu c, lp tc anh ta khinh khnh nh chng nhn thy ai. Chng l tin bc lm ngi ta thay i nhanh th. B mm ci ni: Cu hy li gn ca s, nhn qua lp knh xem thy nhng g? A:- thy mi th trn i: ngi, xe c, nh ca, cy ci.....tt c u sng ng, mun mu, mun v.

B: Cn by gi cu li tm gng soi, cu thy g trong ? A: Thy c mi mt mnh mnh. B: Vy l ng ri. Cng l knh nhng ch cn ph ln mt lp bc th mi s thay i, hung g con ngi.

33.

Nguyn tc ng nht

Ni dung Nhng i tng, tng tc vi i tng cho trc, phi c lm t cng mt vt liu (hoc t vt liu gn v cc tnh cht) vi vt liu ch to i tng cho trc. Nhn xt 1- T "ng nht" cn hiu theo nghi rng, khng n thun ng nht v mt vt liu, nh nghi en ca th thut. Tinh thn ca th thut ny c th hiu l, phi lm sao bo m v tng tnh tng hp gia nhng i tng, tng tc vi i tng cho trc. S tng hp ny th hin nhiu mt, khng ring g v vt liu. 2- Tinh thn "tng hp" c tnh nh hng rt cao trong vic nh gi, t bi ton v d bo cc bc pht trin tip theo ca i tng, nht l khi i tng chuyn ln pht trin mc h trn. 3- S tng hp, trn thc t, l s thng nht mi ca cc mt i lp, cho php i tng hot ng mt cch c hiu qu hn trc. 4- to s tng hp, trc ht cn ch khai thc nhng ngun d tr c sn trong i tng, c bit nhng ngun d tr tri cho khng mt tin. Cc th d: 1- Cc loi keo lm t cao su dn cao su, tng t nh vy, nha hn nha..... 2- Phi chn cng nhm mu mi truyn c. 3- Cc loi xe cn c thi gian chy ra cc chi tit mn u, khp vi nhau. 4-Cc loi vt sng trong mi trng c mu sc nh th no th thng c mu lng, da nh th. 5- Khi thay dy xch, ngi ta thay lun bnh xch bo m s tng hp. 6- Khi tm hiu, ly lng i tng no, phi ng nht hon cnh, suy ngh vi i tng . "i vi bt mc o c-sa, i vi ma mc o giy." ......... Chuyn vui Hai v chng nh kia thng hay ci nhau. Mt ln trong cn gin d b v ht ln: - Th ly qu s lm chng cn hn l ly anh! ng chng bnh thn p li: - Khng c u em . Lut php cm vic kt hn gia hai ngi cng mt dng h y.

34.

Nguyn tc phn hy hoc ti sinh cc phn

Ni dung a) Phn i tng hon thnh nhim v hoc tr nn khng cn thit phi t phn hy (ho tan, bay hi..) hoc phi bin dng. b) Cc phn mt mt ca i tng phi c phc hi trc tip trong qu trnh lm vic. Nhn xt 1- Nguyn tc ny l trng hp c bit ca hai nguyn tc 15. nguyn tc linh ng, 20.nguyn tc lin tc tc ng c ch: khi khng cn c ch na th phi linh ng bin mt, ngc li khi cn c tc ng c ch th phi linh ng xut hin. Nh vy mi tht ti u. 2- Vi tinh thn trn, "Nguyn tc phn hy hoc ti sinh cc phn" c tnh nh hng cao: a h (i tng) v phi tng mc l tng. Do vy nguyn tc ny rt c ch trong vic nh gi, t bi ton v d bo khuynh hng pht trin ca i tng.... 3- Cn ch trnh to ra nhng tin l kh b, mc d i tng khng cn ng vai tr g c ch na, nhng vn phi mt chi ph duy tr, bo qun, chim nhng khng gian khng cn thit.... Mun vy, cn phi nhn trc, ngh trc, bao qut c qu trnh v nhng hu qu c th c. 4- Nguyn tc ny hay dng vi cc th thut nh 2.nguyn tc 'tch khi", 3.nguyn tc phm cht cc b, 9 nguyn tc gy ng sut s b. 10. nguyn tc thc hin s b, 11 nguyn tc d phng, 25 nguyn trc t phc v, 35. Thay i cc thng s ho l ca i tng, 36. S dng chuyn pha..... 5- thc hin vic phn hy hoc ti sinh , cn ch khai thc cc ngun d tr c sn trong h, c bit nhng ngun khng mt tin. Cc th d: 1- Giy v sinh t hy, cc loi bao b t hu m ko lm hi mi trng. 2- Ch khu t tiu dng trong phu thut. 3-Tn la nhiu tng, dng xong phn no, vt b tng y. 4-Cc my bay khi tham chin, vt b cc thng du ph cho nh. 5- Loi dao tin gm nhiu lp kim loi c cng khc nhau khi lm vic c mn ging nhau. Kt qu, gc nhn ca li dao lun lun c ti to trong qu trnh lm vic, do vy, khng cn phi mi li nn li dao c th dng lin tc. ................ Chuyn vui Mt ngi Scotland em la m t lng ra tnh bn. Cng vic xong xui, anh ra bu in, tho bc in gi v cho v: "Bn ht, li nhiu, mai v, hn em". Trc khi trao cho nhn vin bu in gi i, anh ta ngh li: "cn g phi l bn ht v v

mnh bit tt nhin s bn ht, ch em v lm g". Anh ta gch b ch "bn ht". Anh ta c li v t nh: " nh bit r, mt khi mnh i bn, li nhiu l ci chc". Anh xo ch "li nhiu". Suy ngh mt lc, anh thy khng cn phi t "mai v", v bn xong th phi v ch li lm g cho tn tin. Nhng nh c mi ch "hn em", l b x hiu lm, mnh ra thnh ph, lm iu g khng phi, nn "nch m" t ngt th thm phin. Anh gt g, v t in vt vo st rc, lng thng i ra, v mt rt hi lng.

35.

Thay i cc thng s ho l ca i tng

Ni dung a) Thay i trng thi i tng. b) Thay i nng hay m c. c) Thay i do d) Thay i nhit , th tch. Nhn xt 1- "Trng thi" cn hiu theo nghi rng, khng nht thit ch c rn, kh, lng, plasma. 2- Khi thay i thng s, cn ch : lng i, cht i" c c nhng tnh cht mi m trc y, i tng cha c. 3- Cn khc phc tnh tm l, quen nhn i tng ch mt trng thi no hay bt gp. 4- Vic s dng cc trng thi khc nhau ca i tng chnh l s th hin c th ca "khai thc cc ngun d tr c sn trong i tng". 5- Ngi gii c th p dng tinh thn ca nguyn tc ny vo chnh bn thn mnh c th ch ng thay i cc trng thi tm l cho thch hp vi cc tnh hung, cng vic...m mnh phi lm. Ni cch khc, rn luyn t iu chnh mnh. Cc th d 1- gi thc phm ti lu, khng hng, ngi ta lm ng lnh chng. 2- Cng vi mc ch nh vy, ngi ta phi kh hoc p mui. 3- d rn, ngi ta nung st nng . 4- un g, my tre na, ngi ta t nng chng. 5- Trong k thut, vic lm lnh su c th mang li nhng tnh cht mi cho i tng. Dy n v cm ngm trong ni t lng vi ting ng h c m thanh tt hn, c th s dng lu hn m khng phi ln dy n li. Banh nh golf ngm ni t lng c th bay xa hn banh thng 20-30 mt. ............. Chuyn vui Vin i t ni vi h s, h v mnh:

-nu anh chu b ru, ti s cho anh ln chc trung s. Vin h s tr li: - Ti khng thch nh vy tha i t. - Sao th? Vin i t hi. - V khi ti ung ru, ti thy mnh l i tng.

36.

S dng chuyn pha

Ni dung S dng cc hin tng ny sinh trong qu trnh chuyn pha nh : thay i th tch, to hay hp thu nhit lng... Nhn xt 1- T "pha" cn hiu nghi rng nh "trng thi" trong th thut 35. Thay i cc thng s ho l ca i tng. 2- Nguyn tc ny khc vi nguyn tc 35 ch, khng s dng hoc "pha" ny hoc "pha" kia, m s dng nhng hiu ng ny sinh chnh vo lc chuyn pha, thng l nhng hiu ng mang tnh nhy vt. 3- y, ngi gii cn c nhng kin thc v qu trnh chuyn pha cng cc hiu ng c th dng chng trong li gii bi ton ca mnh mt cch c ch li nht 4- "S dng chuyn pha" cng l mt cch c th ho vic " s dng nhng ngun d tr c sn trong i tng". 5- Tinh thn ca nguyn tc ny i hi ngi gii phi khc phc tnh tm l, quen nhn i tng dng "trng thi cn bng" m khng nhng g ny sinh trong cc qu trnh chuyn trng thi, "thi k qu ". Bn thn qu trnh chuyn trng thi l qu trnh phc tp vi nhng qui lut c th ca n m trong khun kh ca topic ny, ngi vit khng i vo chi tit. 6- i vi ngi gii, trong qu trnh rn luyn lm ch mnh, cn c s ch xng ng n nhng "hiu ng" ny sinh do chuyn trng thi m c. Nhng hiu ng ny c th "dng" m cng c th "m". "Dng" th cn pht huy khai thc, "m" cn c bin php hn ch, khc phc. Cc th d 1- Ngi ta thng cho nc vo cc ung gii kht lm mt chng. y s dng hin tng hp thu nhit lng khi nc chuyn t trng thi rn sang trng thi lng. 2- T pha lng chuyn sang pha kh (nh t chy hay un nng), th tch ca i tng tng ln nhiu ln, c th dng thc hin cng c hc. y l nguyn tc ca cc ng c nh my hi nc, ng c t trong, ng c phn lc. 3- Trc y ngi ta ch to lng kim bng phng php c, trng v cn. Sau ny ngi ta chuyn sang phng phpghp cc vt liu bng cch to ra cc v n trong khun kn c th nhn c cc vt liu nhiu lp, c dy mong mun. ........

Chuyn vui "V ngi cht, hoc khng ni g c, hoc ch ni nhng iu tt". Nhiu ngi coi y l cch c x hp l, nht l i vi ngi mi mt. Nh ph bnh m nhc c, Munne vit nhiu bi bo ph bnh nh son nhc Vebe, i khi qu ng. Mt hm, Vebe b nh ln ni cao v t gi v cc bo ng .......bn co ph, rng mnh cht. Tip theo tin bun, t bo cn ng mt bi vit thng tic "ci cht t ngt" ca Vebe. Ngi vit nhn xt v Vebe vi nhng li ca ngi nh: "Mt nh son nhc v i ca nc c qua i...mt nhc s ti hoa nht...mt ngi thy ca cc nh son nhc c..." Tc gi bi vit khng ai khc m chnh l Munne. Sau my hm, Vebe gi mt bc th, ci chnh tin nhc s cht l nhm ln v ng quay v nh. T v sau, Munne ch vit bi khen Vebe.

37.

S dng s n nhit

Ni dung a) S dng s n (hay co) nhit ca cc vt liu. b) Nu dng s n nhit, s dng vi vt liu c cc h s n nhit khc nhau. Nhn xt 1- Nguyn tc ny lin quan n vic s dng cc kin thc, c th, lin quan n nhng hiu ng n (hay co) nhit ca cc vt liu. Do vy, ngi gii cn ch "nm" nhng kin thc cn thit c th s dng chng trong qu trnh gii cc bi ton ca mnh: cc hiu ng ni ring, cc kin thc ni chung u c tc dng gii quyt nhng mu thun c trong bi ton. 2- Tuy "nhit hc" l b mn khoa hc tng i c nhng vi thi gian n vn pht hin thm nhng hiu ng mi, bt ng, c nhiu tnh cht th v, c th p dng trong cc sng ch, v d, hiu ng "tr nh" ca kim loi..... 3- Cn ch khai thc cc ngun to nhit hoc hp thu nhit c sn trong mi trng xung quanh nh nh sng mt tri, nhit mi trng..... 4- S n (hay co) nhit to nn s thng nht mi gia cc mt i lp nh: ngn v di, thng v cong, nng v lnh...... 5- Ngoi ra, th thut ny cn khuyn ngi gii s dng kt hp nhng vt liu c cc h s n nhit khc nhau. Vic kt hp ny c th lm tng hiu qu hoc c c nhng tnh cht mi. Cc th d 1- Cc loi nhit k s dng hiu ng n nhit.

2- to chn khng trong ng gic, ngi ta h nng khng kh bn trong n ra, thot bt ra ngoi. Sau , ngi ta p st vo i tng. Khi ng gic ngui, phn cn li ca khng kh trong ng gic co li, p sut gim, to nn lc ht. 3- n ko qun chuyn ng c nh t nng khng kh v c s i lu. 4- Qu bng bn b mp mo, lm trn li c th cho vo nc si. 5- Ci bo hiu nc si gn trn np m un nc 6- Cc loi r-le ng ngt mch in nh vo s gin n ca tm kim loi lng kim..... Chuyn vui C du mi v nh chng. Trc y, nh b m c cha bao gi phi lm bp c. M chng bo c luc rau mung. C c r rau vo ni, lc vt ra th ch cn mt di. S m chng ngh mnh n vng, c s qu m mt khc. M chng bit chuyn, gii thch cho c bit rau b ngt khi un si. Ln khc, m chng sai c luc nm qu trng, luc chn cn nguyn 5 qu, thy l c lin n ht hai qu. Lc m mm cm thy c ba qu trng, m chng hi: -Sao luc nm qu li cn li ba? C p ng tr li: Tha m, trng luc b ngt i y .

38.

S dng cc cht xy ho mnh

Ni dung a) Thay khng kh thng bng khng kh giu xy. b) Thay khng kh giu xy bng chnh xy. c) Dng cc bc x ion ho tc ng ln khng kh hoc xy. d) Thay xy giu zn (hoc xy b ion ho) bng chnh zn. Nhn xt 1- xy rt cn cho s chy, n, thc hin cc phn ng cn thit, cho s sng, thng c dng 1- Lm cc qu trnh xy ra nhanh hn, 2- to cc lp xt bo v, 3- Ci to mi trng b nhim, 4- chng cc vi trng k kh. Hng nm, ring cc nc pht trin s dng ti hn 50 t mt khi xy, gn mt na l dng trong luyn kim. 2- xy c trong khng kh, trong nc. Do vy, th thut ny cng mang tnh nhc nh s dng nhng ngun d tr c sn trong mi trng. 3- Ch s tng "nhp " trong vic s dng xy: khng kh - khng kh giu xy xy b ion ho- zn. Tinh thn ca nhp ny, trong nhiu trng hp, cng cn p dng cho cc loi tc ng khc. y c s ch tng v cht ch khng phi tng v lng.

Th d: 1- Cc bnh nn cha xy dng cho ct hn kim loi, dng cho y t. 2- Ngi Nga th nghim thy rng, nu cho heo ung loi nc ga c bit: hn hp nc v xy ho tan th chng tng trng mt cch ng k. (Cc v d khc qu chuyn su v k thut cng nghip nn xin khng nu ra ti y) Chuyn vui Mt din gi ni chuyn v lch s pht minh ra nguyn t xy. ng ni: - Tha cc qu v, kh xy m chng ta rt cn th, khng c n chng ta s cht, mi n th k 18 mi c pht hin ra. Mt ngi nghe qu i ngc nhin ng bt dy hi: Tha din gi ng knh, th trc ngi ta th bng g ?

39.

Thay i tr

Ni dung a) Thay mi trng thng thng bng mi trng trung ho. b) a thm vo i tng cc phn , cc cht , ph gia trung ho. c) Thc hin qu trnh trong chn khng. Nhn xt 1- Th thut ny c phn ngc vi 38. s dng cc cht xy ho mnh, c s dng trnh nhng qu trnh xy ho khng mong mun. 2- Ngoi ra, trong th thut cn c s dng cc cht ph gia (cht n), khng lm nh hng xu, ngc li b sung thm cho hot ng ca i tng. S dng cc cht ph gia thch hp, ngi gii c thm c nhng tnh cht mi, so vi vic khng dng cht ph gia. 3- Mi trng chn khng l mi trng c nhiu u im nh: rt sch, cch nhit, cch in rt tt, to c lc ht mnh..... 4- Th thut, phn no, cng c th ho vic xem xt kh nng v s dng cc ngun d tr c sn gii bi ton. 5- "Thay i tr" c th dng gii quyt cc mu thun nh t m nhiu, nh m ln... Th d 1- Cc loi bng n c ht chn khng hoc c bm cc kh tr. 2- Cc loi bnh c hai thnh, gia ht chn khng, dng ng nc si hay gi cc cht lnh.\ 3- Cc ci gic ht dng phu, dng gn ln knh hay gch men...... 4- Cc bin th in ngm trong mi trng du. 5- Cc loi thuc, , vi mc ch bo qun tt, ngi ta thay khng kh thng bng CO2 6- Cc cht v cc cch km hm s n mn ca kim loi trong cng nghip 7- ng ht chn khng dng ng tim dng cho cc nh thm him, ht cht c ni vt thng khi b cn trng, rn c.....cn.

............ Chuyn vui V ni vi chng: - Anh bo em nn la chn chic mt n no i d hi ho trang m khng ai on c y l em. Chng: -D thi! Em ch cn khng i tc gi, khng son phn, khng v mt, khng mang lng mi gi, c tr nh th l chc khng ai nhn ra c u. 40. 40. S dng cc vt liu hp thnh (composite) Ni dung Chuyn t cc vt liu ng nht sang s dng nhng vt liu hp thnh (composite). Hay ni chung, s dng cc vt liu mi. Gii thch Vt liu hp thnh (composite), l loi vt liu gm nhiu thnh phn cu to nn, c nhng tnh cht mi m khng th qui nhng tnh cht thnh nhng tnh cht ca tng thnh phn ring r. Nhn xt: 1- Hng nghin cu, ch to cc loi vt liu mi, c nhng tnh cht c o, tho mn cc nhu cu pht trin lun mang tnh thi s. Cc vt liu hp thnh, do to c tnh h thng, cng ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong k thut v i sng. 2- Tinh thn chung ca nguyn tc ny l ch n tnh h thng (tnh cht khng th qui v thnh tnh cht ca tng thnh phn ring r) v tnh mi. Mt mt khai thc nhng ngun d tr c sn, bng cch thay i sp xp, t chc nhm t c nhng tnh cht mi, mt khc, lun ch n s i mi v "nhng g ang hot ng c nghi l lc hu", y c s chi phi ca qui lut "ph nh ca ph nh". 3- Th thut ny hay dng vi 1.nguyn tc phn nh, 3. nguyn tc phm cht cc b, 5. nguyn tc kt hp, 6.nguyn tc vn nng, 10.nguyn tc thc hin s b, 25 nguyn tc t phc v, 27.nguyn tc "r" thay cho "t", 31. s dng vt liu nhiu l.... Cc th d: 1- Nha c ct l si cacbon c dng lm v cc ng c phn lc, cc cnh qut ca my bay trc thng v chng c bn cao. Robot c cnh tay my dng lp rp in t, lm t cc loi polime c ct cacbon, lm vic nhanh hn, robot nh hn

so vi cc robot c cnh tay lm bng kim loi. 2- Vt liu trn cn lm gy trt tuyt v bn v nh hn so vi gy nhm, gy trc. So nhy cao cng vy. 3- Nha c ct l si thu tinh dng ch to thn tu ngm 5 ch ngi Anh. y l tu ngm nh nht, chng n mn cao, c ng nhanh. ............... Chuyn vui Mt ngi n gp Edison, ngh ng gip ch to mt loi dung mi, c th ho tan bt k cht no. Edison hi: -Th anh nh ng dung mi bng g? Ngi kia khng tr li c v lng l rt lui. (C l lc ngi ta cha ngh n vt liu composite?!)

TM HIU THM V TRIZ V ARIZL THUYT GII CC BI TON SNG CH (vit tt theo ting Nga c l TRIZ) l phng php lun tm kim nhng gii php k thut mi, cho nhng kt qu kh quan, n nh khi gii nhng bi ton khc nhau, thch hp cho vic dy v hc vi ng o qun chng. Tc gi ca TRIZ - G.S.Altshuller bt u nghin cu, xy dng l thuyt t 1946. Tin c bn ca TRIZ l: cc h k thut pht trin tun theo cc quy lut khch quan, nhn thc c. Chng c pht hin v s dng gii mt cch c thc nhng bi ton sng ch. TRIZ c xy dng nh l mt khoa hc chnh xc, c lnh vc nghin cu ring, cc phng php ring, ngn ng ring, cc cng c ring. Ht nhn ca TRIZ l ALGORIT GII CC BI TON SNG CH (vit tt theo ting Nga l ARIZ). ARIZ l mt chng trnh cc hnh ng t duy c nh hng, c k hoch ha. N c mc ch t chc hp l v lm tch cc ha t duy sng to, bc u to c s cho l thuyt chung v t duy nh hng. ARIZ c tnh logic v linh ng. V mt logic, ARIZ c tc dng phn nh bi ton sng ch thnh tng phn, va sc vi ngi gii bnh thng. V mt linh ng, n khai thc ti mc ln nht mt mnh ca tng ngi gii nh kin thc, kinh nghim, tr tng tng, linh tnh... v hn ch mt yu nh tnh tm l, s phn tn trong suy ngh. Li ch ca ARIZ ni chung l nng cao hiu sut t duy sng to gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh. ngha ca TRIZ v ARIZ l ch xy dng t duy nh hng nhm i n li gii bng con ng ngn nht da trn cc quy lut pht trin cc h k thut v s dng chng trnh tun t cc bc, c kt hp mt cch hp l 4 yu t: tm l, logic, kin thc v tr tng tng. TRIZ c dng kt hp vi nhng phng php kinh t-t chc (nh phng php phn tch gi thnh-chc nng, gi tt l FSA) to nn cng c tng hp v c hiu lc mnh m tc ng tt n s pht trin cng ngh.

Trn th gii c nhiu trng i hc v Cng ty dy v hc t duy sng to vi mc ch o to nhng ngi bit sng to mt cch hiu qu. VN, cc sng kin, ci tin, sng ch cn mang tnh t pht, b ng v thiu c s v mt phng php lun. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ca tnh hnh ny l do phng php lun sng to cha c ch ng mc trong sut qu trnh gio dc v o to. Khoa hc v sng to c kt c nhiu thnh tu, c th s dng chng ngay nh cc cng c mnh m. Suy ngh theo kiu m mm, Th v Sai trong lc c sn cc phng php khoa hc, hu ch cho t duy sng to l s lng ph ln. Trn thc t, suy ngh v lm vic thiu phng php khoa hc ang l hin tng ph bin, ang l l hng ln cn khc phc http://www.trizvietnam.com/ Chuyn vui V sao thnh cng Mt anh chng tr tui vo phng vn sp ca anh ta. - Hy ni cho ti bit lm sao m ch thnh cng n th? Anh ta hi sp. - Ba ch, sp p. - L g vy? - Quyt nh ng. Anh chng kia li hi: - Lm sao sp ra c quyt nh ng? - Hai ch kinh nghim. - V lm th no sp c kinh nghim? - Ba ch, sp p. - L g vy? - Quyt nh sai.