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FINAL EXAM STUDY OUTLINE FOR COMPARATIVE LAW CLASS

GENERAL STUDY 일반공부법: THE BEST WAY TO STUDY IS TO USE TIME LINES 시간순으로 공부하는 것이 최고의 방법

I. Time Line (Blue 푸른 = 유럽 민법 전통 European Civil Code Tradition)

(Red빨강 = 영어 관습법 전통 England/Common Law Tradition)

(Green 녹색 = 두 Both)

(Brown 갈색 =이슬람 Islam Time line)

A. 4,000,000,000 b.c.e. Dawn of Time – Big Bang! 태초의 시대 빅뱅

1. Human’s evolve into Hunting and Gathering societies: Basically capable of Fairness, but Poor. .인간의

수렵채집사회로의 진화 기본적으로 모두가 평등 하지만 가난

a) Small groups, very narrow social scale, mutually dependent upon each other for indefinite time, are able to

develop basically fair societies, but food and material production is limited. THEY are POOR. 작은 그룹, 좁은

사회크기, 불확실한 시대에서 서로서로 의지하며 생존하여 기본적으로 평등한 사회 구축, 그러나 식량과

재료의 생산이 제한적이어서 가난을 벗어 날 수 없었음

B. 14,000 – 11,000 b.c.e. Neolithic / Agricultural Revolution 신석기 농업혁명

1. Economic activities begin to specialize, society become less cohesive/inclusive, 경제적 활동이 전문화 되고. 덜

통합되고 포괄적인 사회 구축

2. Societies Rich, but Unfair and extremely harsh, Therefore, brittle, prone to collapse. 풍족한 사회. 그러나

불공평하고 잔인하고 무너지기 쉬운 사회 구축

C. Early Legal Systems:

1. 2050 b.c.e Ur-Rammu (Vendetta based)복수

2. 1772 b.c.e. Hammurabi (Vendetta based)복수

3. 1553 b.c.e 10 Commandments (Bible) 십계

D. 500 b.c.e. AXIAL AGE in Europe and Asia Only 유럽과 아시아의 축의 시대

1. Question/Tension/Crisis: How to have Food Surplus without Cruelty 문제 잔인함없이 어떻게 잉여분을 가질것인가 How

to have Food Surplus AND Harmony 잉여분과 조화를 가지는 방법

(1) Harmony≠Fairness 조화≠공정

(2) Harmony~Fairness 조화~공정

2. Development of philosophies & religions centered on concept of Fairness. 공평의 개념을 중심으로한 철학과 종교 발전

a) Intellectual Academic Thought 학자들의 생각

(1) Topic Ethics 주제윤리

(2) Ethics Fairness 윤리평등

(3) Fairness Golden Rule 평등골든룰

(a) Golden Rule “Do to others how you want them to do to you”대접받고 싶은만큼 남을 대접하라.

3. Methods – The development of Informal Norms –비공식 규범

(1) Philosophy Teaching 철학 가르침

(a) China Confucius 중국 공자

(b) Greece Socrates 그리스 소크라테스

(2) Religion Preaching 종교 복음전파

(a) India Buddha 인도 부처

(b) Iran Zoroaster 이란 조로아스터

(c) 이스라엘 이사야

b) Law Rome 법 로마

4. Emergence of Great Empires in China, India, Iran and later Greece .그리스 이란 인도 중국의 거대한 제국국가 출현

E. 450 b.c.e. Roman Law – the creation of the 12 tables. 로마법 12 동판법

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1. Less lofty principles 덜 오만한 원칙

2. Provide some justice and inclusiveness 정의와 포괄성 제공

3. Force of Law!!!! 법의 힘

4. Emergence of Roman Empire 로마제국 출현

F. 43 c.e. Roman conquers Britain 로마의 영국 정벌

G. 410 c.e. Rome abandons Britain 로마 -영국 포기

H. 475 c.e. Fall of Western Roman Empire (Beginning of Dark Ages / Medieval Age) 서로마제국의 몰락(암흑의

시대 시작/중세시대)

1. Western Europe Politically Fractured 서유럽 정치적 분열

2. Barbarian invasions in France, Spain, Italy, England – Roman law replaced in part or in whole, by Barbarian

traditional norms 야만족의 프랑스 스페인 이탈리아 영국 침범- 야만족에 의해 로마법 전부 또는 일부 멸실

I. 410 – 600+ Angles-Saxons Invade England 앵글로색슨족의 영국 침범

J. In 500ce Middle East Divided into Bi-Polar contest between East Roman Empire and Iran (Sassanian

Empire)중동 지역이 동로마제국과 이란 사샤니안제국으로 분열

East-West Trade forced to go around Rome/Iran border – Mecca in Arabian Empire suddenly becomes rich.동서

교역이 로마와 이란의 접견지역을 피해 이루어짐. 아라비안의 메카.

K. 529 to 534 Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian re-compiles his legal code, organizing and condensing 1000

years of Roman legal wisdom Corpus Juris Civilis. Introduces it to Italy for short period 동로마 제국의 황제

저스티니안의 법 편찬. 1000 년의고대로마법전 정리하고 고려하여 단기간내에 이탈리아에 전달.

L. 568 Lombards, barbarian tribe from Germany conquer Italy – Italy re-enters dark age. 독일에서 온 야만족

이탈리아 정벌.

M. 570 Mohammed is Born. Orphaned at 6. Participates in Caravan trade to Roman Empire.Marries wealthy widow.

모하메드 태어남. 6 살에 고아가 되고 캐러반무역에 뛰어들고, 부유한 과부와 결혼

N. 610 begins to hear Angel calling upon him to preach the word of God 신의 목소리를 듣고 신의 말씀을 전파

O. 612 Begins preaching his new religion in Mecca. (Meccans view this as a threat to their religious idol

trade).메카에서 시작.(메카의 입장에서는 그들의 우상숭배가 침범된것으로 여김) Mohammed’s Idea is – you

embrace his religion, you join his “clan”/”tribe. Therefore, his clan can grow!! Others can’t 모하메드의 사상은

모든 종교를 끌어안고 그의 클랜이 커질 수 있게됨)

P. 622, after death of uncle (still an orphan) Mohammed moves to Medina 300 miles away

– accepts job as a mediator between clans at Medina, but also, his followers are enfranchised (a legally

accepted clan). 삼촌의 죽음 후 메디나로 이동. 중재자로서 일을 하게 되고 그의 추종자들의 점점 늘어남.

– 1 thing Medina doesn’t realize is that Mohammed’s clan (religion) can absorb their members, but they can’t absorb his – theirs is tribal based. Eventually Mohammed will be able to grow his religion to dominate Medina. If

you don’t join Mohammed and his band of Muslims, you will be left out 메디나가 한가지 간과한 것은 모하메드

클랜이 그들을 모두 흡수할 수 있다는 것이었다. 마침내 모하메드는 메디나를 지배하게 되고 모하메드를 따르지

않은 경우 홀로 남겨지게 되었다.

– Medina was an oasis – where people farmed. Since Muslims didn’t own land, they can’t farm to live. Instead they

begin to raid Mecca’s caravans that trade with the Roman Empire. 메디나는 오아시스로 사람들이 농사를 짓는

곳이었는데 무슬림이 그 땅을 소유하지 않는 이후로 농사를 지을수 없게 되었다. 그래서 그들은 메카의 캐러반

무억을 로마제국과 하게 되었다. 산적 / 도난 / 특공대

Q. 624 – Battle of Badr – a victory of Muslims over Meccans during a major attempted raid of

Meccan caravan 바들전쟁에서 메카인으로부터 승리를 함.

R. 630 – Meccans accept the ascendancy of Mohammed. Take a front spot in Muslim organization 메카인은

모하메드를 추앙함

S. 632 – Mohammed gains ascendancy over all of Arabia 모든 아라비아에 모하메드가 영향력을 행사함

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T. 632- Mohammed dies 모하메드 사망

U. 634- Mohammed’s deputies (Caliphs) begin pushing out of Arabia against both Eastern Roman Empire and

Iran 모하메드의 분쟁은 동로마와 이란을 상대로 아라비아 밖으로 밀어내는 것을 시작함

V. 644 – Control Syria, Egypt and Iran. By 720 – Conquer North Africa, Spain, Pakistan and Spain, 751- Reach the border of

China.시리아와 이집트 이란 지배 720 년까지. 북아프리카 스페인 파키스탄 북서쪽 중국국경까지 확장

Islam’s advantage was, Emphasis on Cohesion (especially in war) and Certainty. Today this is a weakness

이슬람의 이점은 통합과 확정성을 중시하는데 있음. 오늘날은 그것이 약점이 됨

Modern Age – centrifugal Specialization of task became an advantage, and cohesion, then a handicap.

현대시대 원심적-> 전문성이 이점이 되고 통합은 그 걸림돌이 됨

W. 700-1000 Viking Age of Terror in Europe. 유럽 전역 공포의 바이킹시대

X. 900 – France Grants Duchy of Normandy to the Vikings (as fief to the King of France) 바이킹에게 왕의 봉건주로서

더치노르망디땅을 제공

Y. 1000 – Europe begins to recover from the Dark Ages (Barbarian Invasions + Viking Terror): Italy recovers 1st

.

(The acknowledged date is 1050) 유럽 암흑의 시대로부터 회복(야만족 침범+바이킹의 공포) 첫번째로 이탈리아

Z. 1050 – Normans in France are culturally French, and speak French 프랑스의 노르만족 문화적으로 동화 프랑스어 구사

AA. 1066 – William, Duke of Normandy, Conquers England 윌리엄 노 르망디 공작 영국 점령

BB. 1070 – Books containing Justinians Code (Corpus Juris Civilis) found near Ravenna 레베나 근처 로마대법전,

저스티니안 법전 사용 . Because of expanding Italian trade, the system legal system with its complex remedies for trade

is valued and put to use immediately. 이탈리안의 무역확장으로 복잡한 다툼을 해결하기 위해서

CC. 1073 – William returns to Normandy in France and remains there most of his life, as do the next 3 kings of France.

Common Law developes largely while King is absent from England. Judges Make Law thru their Decisions

(answers) to narrowly defined questions. 윌리엄의 노르망디 귀환 그와 그 다음의 3 명의 왕은 일반법(법관법)을

발전시킴(왕이 영국에서 부재하는 동안)

DD. 1088 – University of Bologne (near Ravenna) established to teach Roman Law. Students come from all over

Europe to study. Soon they return to their countries and will open Universities there to teach law and so Roman Law

is revived through out Western Europe. .볼로니아 의 대학이 세워지고 로마법을 배우기 위해 유럽전역에서 학생들이 왔다가고

자신의 나라에서 대학을 세워 가르치면서 로마법이 서유럽 전역으로 부활함.

EE. 1189 – Beginning of Common Law Precedents for Stare Decisis. English law develops bias towards justice, liberty

일반법의 시작 정의와 자유를 바탕으로한 선례구속법의 발전

FF. 1215 – Magna Carta: King concedes to 1) Rule of law, 3) Parliament, 3) Rights to nobles (lords) and

commoners 마그나카르타 왕의 양보 법의 규칙 의회 귀족(지방영주)의 권리와 평민의 권리

GG. 1688 Glorius Revolution(명예혁명) – Parliament becomes more powerful than King – Results in professional

government administration in England, leading quickly to the ascent of England into a world power by 1763.의회가

왕보다 힘이 강해지고, 그 결과로서 영국에 전문적인 행정부가 세워지고 1763 년까지 대영제국으로서의 발돋움

HH. 1804 – Napoleonic Civil Code – Based upon Justinians Corpus Juris Civilis - Condenses and modernizes Roman

Law, introduces and modifies Roman law with concepts of Equality, Liberty. System is Straight forward

나폴레옹 법전-저스티니안법전을 기초로한 법. 로마법을 응축하고 현대화한 법. 평등과 자유의 개념으로 로마법을 변화

1. Will Spread to Spain, Italy, Western Germany, Latin America 스페인 이탈리아 서독일 라틴아메리카로 퍼짐

2. Unlike Common Law – Civil Code Tradition Says ONLY LEDISLATURES MAKE LAW. 일반법(법관법) 민법전통으로

오직 입법부만이 법을 제정

II. 1896 – German Civil Code: Similar to Napoleonic Code, but more elegant, scientific, also able to incorporate

notions related to industrialization. Even more efficient, condensed than Napoleonic law: general provisions, and

specific bodies of law. 독일민법은 나폴레옹민법과 유사하지만 더 고급스럽고 과학적이며 산업화의 사상이 잘 가미되어있다.

1. Highly Influential in Germany, Poland, Turkey, Korea and Japan. 한국 일본 터키 폴란드에 지대한 영향을 줌

2. Korea’s system today has a mix of French and German Civil Code 한국의 시스템은 프랑스와 독일이 혼합된 민법

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II. Concepts and ideas: If we shape structures (such as the law) and law shapes us: Can we see a difference between Common Law

Societies and Civil Code societies?. 우리가 구조를 만들고 그 구조가 우리를 만든다:일반법의 사회(영국)과

시민법의 사회(프랑스)의 차이점이 보입니까?

Remember one system is based upon judge made law, the other is not. 기억할 것은 일반법은 법관이 법을

만든다는 것이고 시민법은 그렇지 않다는것입니다.

A. Mechanisms in Civics: 시민사회 메커니즘 1. Evolution of Cooperation by Robert Axelrod

a) Also called the “The Prisoner’s Dilemma”

(1) The Book asks: When there is no central controlling authority (such as a state) will Cooperation emerge?

(2) Answer Yes (네!) – When there is a repetitive (iterative) game with no foreseeable end. The best

strategy is cooperation. (반복 (반복) 게임은 예측 가능한 끝이있는 경우도 있습니다. 가장 좋은 전략은

협력입니다.)

(3) Corollary (a) If there is a foreseeable end, even in the far distance, it pays to stop cooperating immediately.

(예측 단부가있는 경우에도 작게 거리에 즉시 협력 중지 지불한다.)

(4) The Second best Strategy is Tit-for-Tat (a) Tit-for-tat should eventually lead back to cooperation

b) The Evolution of Cooperation explains many events in History (협력의 진화 역사에서 많은 이벤트를 설명합니다):

(1) A possible reason hunting and gathering societies might often have practiced fairness (small simple communities) (가능한 이유는 사냥과 수집 사회는 종종 공정성을 연습했을 수 있습니다)

(a) (hunting and gathering societies involved mutual dependency, with no foreseeable end) (사냥과 수집 사회는 예측 가능한 끝, 상호 의존성을 포함)

The Creation of the city of Rome resulted from a (contractual) agreement between 7 villages on 7 hill tops to take advantage of their location on Italy’s major trade route (로마의 도시의 창조는 이탈리아의 주요 무역 노선에

자신의 위치를 활용하는 7 언덕 꼭대기에 7 마을 사이에 (계약) 계약의 결과.)

(2) As a general basis for why we have laws in society (우리 사회에서 법이 이유에 대한 일반적인 기준으로)

B. Mere Christianity

1. Fairness comes from the conscience

2. Conscience comes from God.

C. Law

1. Levels: 단계

(1) Might Makes Right = Law of theJungle 약육강식=정글의 법칙

(2) Vendetta=Revenge 벤데타=복수

(3) State (justice/fairness) based Law 법의 바탕의 지역(정의/공평)

2. Norms(규범)

(1) Informal Norms(비공식 규범) Religion, Philosophy 종교 철학

(2) Formal Norms 공식규범 Law 법

3. Public Law 공법: You King/state/Government 나와 정부등과의관계

4. Privage Law 사법: You Me 사적인 관계.

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D. The Jurisprudence of the Carrot and the Stick:

E. The Jurisprudence of the Carrot and the Stick explains why inclusive legal systems developed in Europe

채찍과 당근의 법리학에서 왜 유럽에서 발전한 법적 시스템이 포괄적인지를 설명하고 있습니다.

1. Roman Law The Civil Code Tradition (Rome was surrounded by enemies) 로마법->시민법 전통(로마는

적에게 둘러 쌓여져 있었다)

2. Common Law England’s Kings were constantly fighting in France and against Scotland.

일반법-> 영국의 왕은 끊임없이 프랑스와 스코틀랜드를 상대로 전쟁을 벌였다) 그래서 법관으로 하여금 법을

만들어 분쟁을 저렴하게 해결하고자 하였다.

The Jurisprudence of the Carrot and the Stick” The Jurisprudence of the Carrot and the Stick.

Definitions:

Jurisprudence = Philosophy of Law (philosophy = 철학; Law = 법)

Carrot = Moral Authority (도덕적 권위) / Perceived Legitimacy (인식 정당성)

Stick = Coercive Authority/Coercive Force (Coercive =강제적 인; Authority=권위;

Force=강제)

Function:

Stick:

Coercive authority or force is highly expedient – meaning it works effectively and quickly. It

is extremely expensive (매우 싼) to use – and so over the long term, is not sustainable (지속

가능하지).

Carrot:

Moral Authority/Perceived legitimacy takes a long time to acquire – but it is very inexpensive

to use and therefore it is sustainable. (sustainable=지속)

The more stick one uses, the less stick one has, but also, the less carrot one tends to have.

(하나 더 사용하는 스틱, 덜 하나가 스틱뿐만 아니라, 작은 당근 하나를 가지고하는 경향이있다).

The more carrot one aquires, the less stick one has to use, but also the more stick one will have.

All legal systems and political regimes must constitute some combination of these two authorities (모든

법률 체계와 정치 체제는이 두 기관의 조합을 구성해야) – but some regimes are ineffective because they have

poor balance. (그들은 가난한 균형을 가지고 있기 때문에 어떤 정권이 효과입니다.)

North Korea relies almost completely upon stick – and as a result has a big military but a very poor country and

therefore the regime’s sustainability is always in question.

United Nations relies almost completely upon carrot – and as a result has legitimacy, however, it cannot bring

about enforcement of its rules quickly or easily.

The more foreign competition that a regime faces, the more it needs to pursue moral authority with its

own people. (정권이 직면하고있는 많은 외국과의 경쟁, 더는 자신의 사람들과 도덕적 권위를 추구 할

필요가있다.)

Because political fragmentation was a constant feature of Europe, inclusive legal systems developed there

in order to help regimes acquire greater moral authority with their own people while saving coercive

authority for dealing with foreign competition. (정치적 분열은 유럽의 일정한 기능 때문에, 포괄적 인

법률 체계는 외국과의 경쟁을 처리하기위한 강제적 인 권한을 저장하는 동안 정권이 자신의 사람들과 더

큰 도덕적 권위를 습득하기 위해 거기를 개발했다.)

.

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III. Roman Law - Background

A. Roman Law – 12 Tables created: 450 bc. 로마법 12 동판법

1. Creates Social Contract bind both Patricians and Plebians equally before the law 법앞에 귀족과 평민의

사회계약이 평등하도록 제정

a) Constitution that favored Patricians, but provided rights and to all 귀족에게 유리한 조직이지만 모두에게

권리를 제공하였다.

b) Law – legal system – all were equal before it. 법 앞에 만인이 평등

B. Evolution of Roman Law 로마법의 진화

1. As empire expands, trade expands with it, and for 900 years the legal system becomes more and more

sophisticated for handling 로마제국이 무역과 함께 확장을하고 900 년간 법적 시스템은 더욱더 세련되고 다루기

쉬워졌다.

a) Principles in equity – especially in Business Disputes 특히 사업적 분쟁에서 평등의 원칙

b) Contract and trade exchanges 계약 무역 교환

c) Torts 불법행위

d) Civil procedure 민사소송

e) Criminal law 형법

f) Property law. 소유법

2. Professionalization of Law: 법의 전문화

a) Roman society produces specialist in regard to the law 법에 관련하여 전문인을 양성

b) Commentators 평론가

c) Judges 법관

d) Lawyers. 변혹사

e) Facilitates Expansion of Rome 로마의 확장을 비옥하게 함

3. Foreign Conquest – the farther away from Rome, the less binding and effective the Roman Social contract.

외국 정복- 로마와 멀어질수록 로마의 사회계약은 약해짐

4. Foreign Conquest favored the Patricians 귀족에게 유리한 외국정복

5. Foreign Conquest hurt ordinary Plebians. 외국정복이 평민에게 피해를 줌

6. Over time wealth concentrates in the Patrician class. 부가 귀족에게 축적 됨

7. In 44 b.c.e the Social Contract is thrown out 사회계약 축출

a) Patricians and Senate still exist – they still get to accumulate wealth 귀족과 원로 여전히 존재하여 부를 축적

b) All political power is vested in one man, the Emperor 모든 정치적권력이 왕에게 집중됨

8. Collapse of Rome 로마 몰락

a) From the time of Emperor Diocletion and his political reforms – beginning in 305, Empire increasingly

split between East and West to facilitate administration. 왕의 결정과 그의 정치적 쇄신은 305 년에

시작되었고, 관리를 수월하게 하기위해 로마와 동로마로 분열.

9. Western Roman Empire Collapses in 476 서로마 멸망

a) Causes: 요인

(1) Concentration of wealth – result of throwing out the Constitution from Social Contract 0f 450

(however, Roman Law remains in place).부의 집중- 사회 계약을 축출(하지만 로마법은 여전히

남아있음)

(a) By 450 c.e. 6 senators own half of North Africa!!!6 명의 원로가 북아프리카의 절반을 소유

(b) Wealthy and powerful use their influence to avoid paying taxes. 탈세를 위해 부와 권력 사용

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(c) Rome lacks the political will to raise enough tax money to pay for a large enough army to defend its

boarders 국경지방을 지키기 위한 많은 군대가 필요함에도 정치적으로 세금을 거두지 않음

(i) By 300c.e. – most of the army is manned by Germans because they take less wages.대부분의

군대가 값이 싼 독일인으로 교체됨.

(2) Landless, illiterate, uneducated Germanic tribes begin to cross over the Roman boarder and eventually

control large amounts of land (See Map of Barbarian Kingdoms Around 500c.e.) 부랑자, 문맹인,

비교육자 독일부족이 로마 국경지대로 건너오면서 거대한 땅을 차지함.

b) Barbarian Germanic Tribes – Tribal Overlays Roman Law, much Roman Law then is

Lost 독일의 야만부족- 로마법의 멸실

(1) Angles place name England (2) Saxons place names; Saxony, Upper Saxony, Saxony Anhalt (3) Franks Franconia, France (4) Alemmanni (French word for Germany = Allemagne (5) Burgundians Burgundy (6) West Goths (Visigoths) Spain (7) East Goths (Ostrogoths) Italy (8) Vandals (Verb, to vandalize, to destroy property)

(9) Lombards Lombardy Italy (todays Milan). (10) Huns In English, Hungary (11) Later, (last wave) Vikings Normandy, France

c) Barbarian Kingdoms control all of the Western Roman Empire by around 500 야만왕국이 500 년경

서로마 지배.

(1) Dark ages ensue, to last for more than 500 years. 암흑의 시대가 500 년넘게 뒤따름

(2) No literacy (except for a few clerks and religious clergy). No learning, no science, no trade or

commerce 문자,교육 과학 무역 부존재

(3) Barbarian leaders relied on existing practices in Roman law to rule over romans.야만족장이 로마법으로

로마인을 지배하려고 함.

(4) Local rule – often local customs displaced law 지방의 규칙- 종종 야만족전통으로 로마법 일부 멸실

(5) Generally, hybrid of Barbarian customs and indigenous Roman law practiced. 일반적으로

로마토착인과 야만족의 풍습이 혼합되어 지배

C. Eastern Roman Empire Survives and with it, Roman Legal Tradition 동로마 와 법적 전통 잔존

1. Justinian – Ruled Eastern Roman Empire from 527 - 565 저스티니안 동로마 지배

2. Justinian Code - Corpus Juris Civilis compiled by 534. Consolidates all and the best of Roman

Legal tradition !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 저스티니안법전-고대로마법전을 바탕으로 편찬

a) 4 Books:

(1) Code (Codex) - (the legal code): Imperial legislation going back to the 1st century1 세기의 황제 입법

(2) Digest – Collection of the MOST valuable legal essays from over 900 years of Roman deliberation on law

고려-900 년동안의 법사상 법적문서들의 조합.

(a) Extremely important – Compilation of collected wisdom – for the laws of 지혜의 구축 ~을 위한

(i) Torts 불법행위

(ii) Contracts 계약

(iii) Remedies 해결

(3) Institutions 제도 – Text book(교과서적인)

(4) Novellae 노벨래 – New laws created after 534. 534 년후 새로운법 통과

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3. 535 - 552 Justinian reconquers Italy, North Africa and the southern tip of Spain. 저스티니안

이탈리아 북아프리가와 남스페인 끝부분 정복

a) Italy ruled as a province of the Eastern Roman Empire, from the City of Ravenna, Italy 이탈리아 레베나

동로마의 구역으로서 지배

(1) Copies of the Corpus Juris Civilis were brought to Italy to facilitate civic administration 행정부를

관리하기 위해 고대로마법을 이탈리아로 가져옴

4. 567 Italy falls to Lombards – Last barbarian Germanic invasion around 567 롬바드에게 이탈리아 몰락-

567 년경의 마지막 독일 야만족의 침범

a) Dark ages finally hit Italy 암흑의 시대가 결국에 이탈리아까지 미침

b) However, copies of the Corpus Juris Civilis remain, deposited in nearby Bologne, Italy 그러나

고대로마법 사본이 볼로니아 근처에 보관되어짐

IV. Revival of Roman Law 로마법의 부활

A. Europe experiences recovery after 1000 (acknowledged date is 1050)

1. Map of Europe roughly about what it is today: France, England, Scotland, Germany (in small states), Italy (in small states), Poland, Spain (fragmented, Arab occupation in the South) etc…

2. Central Governments become stronger. a) Promote economic growth, commerce to enrich their realm.

B. Economic expansion, increase commerce, long distance trade, create an economic revival and a need for more sophisticated legal system

C. Justinians Digest found in Bologna in 1070. Bologna University established 1088, primarily, to teach Roman Law. 1. Students arrive from all the countries of Europe to study Roman law. 2. These students take back to their country establish their own Universities. The Roman legal system begins to re-

emerge as the dominant legal system on the Continent of Europe

D. Roman law begins to evolve once again through the new growing community of legal scholars throughout Europe (Called the “Jus Commune” – Legal Community: glossators 1. In many cases exist at first only as academic subject 2. Scholars then begin transmitting the legal answers to legal questions to the local jurist and by this means Roman

Law is revived in Europe over time.

E. Despite this, there is a great deal of variation in legal systems through out Europe, and in the case of France there were two legal systems, one in the North and another in the South. .

V. Other Legal Systems in Middle Ages

A. Canon Law = Church Law 1. Family Law 2. Can be applied to contracts (oaths)

B. Law Merchant = Trades and Guilds 1. Creation of a body of law for unique types of commerce that took place in the middle ages that had no

precedent Roman tradition: exchanges at trade fairs, international commerce and commercial rules.

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The Common Law Legal Tradition (Repeat) A. Important events in English Common Law History

1. 43ce Rome conquers Britain (England and Wales)

2. 410ce Rome abandons Britain

3. 410-600ce Anglo-Saxons migrate to Britain and form mini-kingdoms until there is one

kingdom called England

4. 700-1000 Age of the Vikings (Norsemen, Normans) terrorize Europe, settle in Normandy

France

5. 900 King of France grants the Duchy of Normandy to the Vikings. The Duke of

Normandy is vassal to King

6. 1050 Vikings in Normandy speak French

7. 1066 Norman Invasion of England by William the Conqueror

8. 1189 – the beginning of the development of the common law agencies

a) First precedents for Common Law begins

9. 1215 – Tyrannical rule from arbitrary acts by King John results in the Magna Carta. 마그나카르타의

왕의 폭군정치 결과

a) King John needs money 왕의 재정 필요

b) Aristocracy and leading Commoners have money but want rights 귀족과 평민들은 돈이 있었으나

권리를 요구

c) Magna Carta 1215

(1) Ends arbitrary rule by the King 왕의 폭군정치 종결

(2) Establilshes rights to lords and to people

(3) Established parliament to which the King must appeal for raising money. 왕이

재정을 얻기위해서 의회에 호소

10. 1688 – Glorious Revolution – Parliament becomes more powerful than the King, installs

professional government – England begins to ascend to become a world power (1763)

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II. What the king wants from Law 법으로부터 왕이 원하는 것

1) Enhance his moral authority 그의 도덕적 권리 강화

2) Cheap, Cheap, Cheap

a. Cheap decisions 저렴한 결정

b. Low involvement. 낮은 관여

2) Increase his income 수입 증대

a. King wants a society that runs efficiently and effectively. 왕은 사회를 효율적으로 효과적으로 지배를 원함

b. King wants a prosperous economy so he can generate more tax revenue 왕은 번창한 경제를 통해 세금을

더 많이 징수하기를 원함

3) What the common people want 평민들이 원하는 것

a. Law that works, 제대로된 법

b. is effective, 효율적이고

c. is practical. 실용적

d. Fair / Just 공정 공평

e. Liberal (maximize freedom). 자유의 최대

f. Consistent (predictable) 일관성(예측가능성)

4) What does Jurisprudence demand of a legal system?법리학이 법적시스템에 요구하는 것?

a. It must work (must be efficacious: King’s army enforces Judge’s decisions)제대로 작동할 것(효과적이고

왕의 군대가 법관의 판결을 집행)

b. It must be just/fair, but can only be fair where it doesn’t violate efficacy (평등 공평. 효율성이 침해

된곳에서만 공평 평등.)

c. It would be nice if it is ethical, but only where it doesn’t violate efficacy and fairness( 윤리적이면 좋음.

효율과 공평이 침해된곳에서만)

d. It would be nice if it promotes liberty, but only where it doesn’t violate efficacy and fairness(자유를

증대하면 좋음 상동)

e. It would be nice if it is cheap (the cheaper the legal system, the more sustainable).(저렴할수록 좋음 더

저렴한 법적시스템이 더 지속 가능함)

f. Should be Consistent (predictable)(일관적이고 예측가능함)

II. Agencies of English Common Law. Common Law has 2 important characteristics: Judge makes the

law, and Stare Decisis 영국의 일반법을 따르는 곳은 2 가지의 특징을 가진다. 법관법과 선례구속법

Judge Made Law: The Judge creates law by providing narrow answers to narrow questions 법관법:법관은

구체화된 사건에 구체화된 판결을 내린다.

Stare Decisis: (latin for “let it stand”) = Precedent = Means, relying upon a prior legal case with the

same basic facts. 선례구속법 기초된 사실이 같으면 선례에 따라 판결 Same Facts = Same outcome

1. To be consistent the same facts should produce the same answer.일관성을 가지기 위해서 같은

사실은 같은 판결을 가진다.

a) If the question before the judge is basically the same as one that was presented earlier in time, even to a different judge, the judge will then rely upon the prior case’s ruling and the

answer that case provided. 그 사건이 선례와 같다면 법관이 다르더라도 그 사건에서 제시한대로

판결을 내린다.

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III. Main Features of the Common Law System: 일반법의 주요 특징

Judge Made Law 법관법

Stare Decisis – Use of Precedents. 선례구속법 상동 2p 참조

The system is Cheap. The Judges are Lazy:

The Lazy Judge: Judges do as little work as possible. 1. Juries Decide Facts 2. Lawyers reduce questions to as narrow as possible 3. Judges answer questions, but only as narrowly as possible, only when they have to:

a) The Lazy Judge: will only create a new answer to new facts, otherwise the lazy judge relies on Stare Decisis (rely on precedent)

b) The Lazy Judge: Makes Decisions based upon pragmatism – Is Free to Choose from the Market Place of Ideas for his answers.

c) The Lazy Judge: Over Time Develops a bias towards (#1) Fairness/Justice (#2) Liberty/Freedom, (1) Why Because…

(a) System is Cheap (b) Judges are Lazy (c) Decision based upon Fairness and Freedom tend to be self enforcing:

(i) King does not have to spend money, Judge does not have to lift a finger (2) but not limited to any of these ideologies. Anglo-Saxon society then is a patch work of many

ideologies interwoven. IV. FIRAC

Fact = Background information necessary to present a question Issue = Question Reasoning and Analysis = Discussion Conclusion = Answer to the Question = your opinon

V. Civil Code Tradition:

Continental Europe and the Roman Legal Tradition: Napoleon and the Emergence of Civil Code Legal

Tradition: 대륙의 유럽과 로마법의전통 : 나폴레옹과 법적전통 민법의 출현

We left off with the revival of Roman law at the end of the Medieval Age (around 1050). 중세시대 말에 로마법 부활

Why the revival of Roman Law in Europe? 유럽의 로마법이 부활한 이유

1. Barbarian law had not developed notions of equity, contracts, and commercial law for settling disputes that occurred in commerce. Also barbarian law only had a very primitive idea of property law.

야만족의 법은 평등 계약 상법과 상거래의 분쟁을 해결하고자하는 사상의 결여.

The Law Merchant: Where Roman law fall short 상법: 로마법이 미치지 않은 곳

1. Rules governing Trade Fairs, Trade Guides, International Merchant Associations evolved into the a body of law

called the Law Merchant 무역을 지배하는 규칙은 세계무역조합이 상법을 발전시킴

2. Rules for Trade fairs and trade guilds, Merchants associations – these did not exist in the Roman

Empire 무역규칙과 무역길드,상업조합은 로마제국에 존재하지 않았음

3. Created a kind of law for business men in the context of trade fairs. .무역에 종사하는 사람을 위한 법을 만듬

VI. Reception – of Revived Roman private law – 수용 – 부활한 로마 사법

So the Law in Europe was a big complex mess 유럽의 법은 복잡하고 엉망진창이었음

1. Ecclesiastical courts (Roman Catholic Church Law) would apply Canon Law – which could include family

and contracts (because contract is an oath and one makes an oath to God). 기독교 법원이 캐논법을 적용-

(가족법과 계약이 포함됨) 계약을 신앞에서 맹세

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2. Trade Guilds and Federations would usually apply the Law Merchant to a dispute. 상업길드와 조합은 보통

분쟁에 상법을 적용

3. Otherwise – people would take their disputes to the the court of the local ruling authority – what would they do?

해결되지 않으면 권위있는 법원에 소를 제기- 왜 그렇게 하는가?

a) They would use local custom (Barbarian) Law or statute. 그들은 야만족관습 또는 법규를 이용

(1) This could be the custom of the local ruling barbarian tribe 그 관습은 지방을 지배하는 야만족의

것일수도 있다

(2) This could be ‘rump’ roman law – the remainder of roman law 로마법의 잔류일수도 있다

(3) If there was a statute they would use that 거기에 법규가 있다면 그것을 이용한다

(4) Where there were gaps 틈이 있는 곳

(5) They would confer, if they were available, with the local University Scholars and fill in the gap with

Justinian Law – called the Jus Commune 저스 커뮨이라고 불리는데 이것은 지방대학의 학자들과

상의를 해서 그 틈을 저스티니안법으로 채우는 것을 말한다.

4. Jus Commune – the evolving Code Civilus – or evolving of Justinian Code – in middle ages in Europe – proved

capable of handling the growing European economy 저스 커뮨-성장하는 유럽 경제를 다스리기 위해 민법

저스티니안 법을 발전시켰다.

5. Roman public law was largely ignored. 로마의 공법은 대개 발전되지 않았다.

VII. Late Middle Ages – and Early Modern age – The creation of Nation States (and national identities) 중세시대말부터

초기 근대시대 민족국가 건립

In Europe political boundaries formed around nationalities. 정치적 국경이 나라들 사이에 만들어짐

Throughout the Middle Ages, Kings worked to achieve centralization of authority – mostly because they wanted to tax the population directly.This created what would become modern “nations” or Nation States: Germany, France,

Italy 중세시대에는 왕이 세금을 곧바로 걷기 위해(귀족들을 거치지 않고) 중앙집권적 체제를 구축하고 싶어했다.

이것이 현대적 국가를 건립하게 했다. 프랑스 독일 이탈리아

Eventually “Nationalism” evolves into being 마침내 민족주의가 발전

1. This lent itself towards “legal nationalism” 이것이 법적인 민족주의를 가져왔다.

Various countries attempt to rationalize and simplify their legal systems after 1700. 1700 년 후, 다양한 나라들이

자신의 법적시스템을 합리화하고 간단화하는 시도를 했다.

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VIII. Napoleonic Code 1804 – French Armies conquer most of Europe and bring the Napoleonic

code with them. 상동 3P 참조

In 19th

Century France had concentrated wealth with suffering peasantry.

France – had multiple legal systems 1. French Judges had consistently resisted modernization, liberalization and reforms upto 1804

French Code was created by a commission of 4 jurists – two liberal, two conservative – with Napoleon presiding 1. Based largely upon Justinian’s Code 2. It incorporated multiple modern strains of thought: Equality, liberty, fairness, centralization of the state 3. Ended feudal institutions.

Napoleon was motivated to 1. Institutionalize the Liberal philosophies that impelled the French Revolution

a) End Fuedalism which recognized hierarch of Kings, Nobels, and Commoners. 2. Provide one legal system for all of France 3. Simplify the law so anyone could understand it

Ended Judge made law 이 판사가 만든 법칙을 끝났다– in Civil Code systems all law must be made by legislature.

민법전 시스템의 모든 법은 입법부해야합니다 생성.

Napoleon created five basic codes 1. The Civil Code 2. The Penal Code 3. The commercial code 4. Codes for Civil and Criminal procedure

Values of the French Code 1. Liberty 2. Equality. 3. Private Property – but eliminated notions of feudalism. 4. Freedom of contract 5. Patriarchal family

IX. German Civil Code 1896

Basically an outgrowth of Roman Law as received from Justinian’s code

With some German elements

Highly abstract in its construction

Extremely precise

Created a logically closed system

Hierarchical construction of the law

X. Islamic Law Timeline repeated from above: 이슬람 법 타임라인

In 500ce Middle East Divided into Bi-Polar contest between East Roman Empire and Iran (Sassanian

Empire)중동 지역이 동로마제국과 이란 사샤니안제국으로 분열

1. East-West Trade forced to go around Rome/Iran border – Mecca in Arabian Empire suddenly becomes rich.동서

교역이 로마와 이란의 접견지역을 피해 이루어짐. 아라비안의 메카 급속도로 부유해짐

570 Mohammed is Born. Orphaned at 6. Participates in Caravan trade to Roman Empire.Marries wealthy widow.

모하메드 태어남. 6 살에 고아가 되고 캐러반무역에 뛰어들고, 부유한 과부와 결혼

610 begins to hear Angel calling upon him to preach the word of God 신의 목소리를 듣고 신의 말씀을 전파

612 Begins preaching his new religion in Mecca. (Meccans view this as a threat to their religious idol

trade).메카에서 시작.(메카의 입장에서는 그들의 우상숭배가 침범된것으로 여김)

– Mohammeds Idea is – you embrace his religion, you join his “clan”. Therefore, his clan can grow!!

Others can’t 모하메드의 사상은 모든 종교를 끌어안고 그의 클랜이 커질 수 있게됨)

622, after death of uncle (still an orphan) Mohammed moves to Medina 300 miles away

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– accepts job as a mediator between clans at Medina, but also, his followers are enfranchised (a legally

accepted clan). 삼촌의 죽음 후 메디나로 이동. 중재자로서 일을 하게 되고 그의 추종자들의 점점 늘어남.

– 1 thing Medina doesn’t realize is that Mohammed’s clan (religion) can absorb their members, but they can’t absorb his – theirs is tribal based. Eventually Mohammed will be able to grow his religion to dominate Medina. If

you don’t join Mohommed and his band of muslims, you will be left out 메디나가 한가지 간과한 것은 모하메드

클랜이 그들을 모두 흡수할 수 있다는 것이었다. 마침내 모하메드는 메디나를 지배하게 되고 모하메드를 따르지

않은 경우 홀로 남겨지게 되었다.

– Medina was an oasis – where people farmed. Since Muslims didn’t own land, they can’t farm to live. Instead they

begin to raid Mecca’s caravans that trade with the Roman Empire. 메디나는 오아시스로 사람들이 농사를 짓는

곳이었는데 무슬림이 그 땅을 소유하지 않는 이후로 농사를 지을수 없게 되었다. 그래서 그들은 메카의 캐러반

무억을 로마제국과 하게 되었다.

624 – Battle of Badr – a victory of Muslims over Meccans during a major attempted raid of Meccan caravan

바들전쟁에서 메카인으로부터 승리를 함.

630 – Meccans accept the ascendancy of Mohammed. Take a front spot in Muslim organization 메카인은

모하메드를 추앙함

632 – Mohammed gains ascendancy over all of Arabia 모든 아라비아에 모하메드가 영향력을 행사함

632- Mohammed dies 모하메드 사망

634- Mohammed’s deputies (Caliphs) begin pushing out of Arabia against both Eastern Roman Empire and

Iran 모하메드의 분쟁은 동로마와 이란을 상대로 아라비아 밖으로 밀어내는 것을 시작함

644 – Control Syria, Egypt and Iran, By 720 – Conquer North Africa, Spain, Pakistan and Spain, 751- Reach the

North West border of China.시리아와 이집트 이란 지배 720 년까지. 북아프리카 스페인 파키스탄 북서쪽 중국국경까지

확장

Islam’s advantage was, Emphasis on Cohesion (especially in war) and Certainty. Today this is a weakness

이슬람의 이점은 통합과 확정성을 중시하는데 있음. 오늘날은 그것이 약점이 됨

Modern Age – centrifugal Specialization of task, became an advantage, and cohesion, then a handicap.

현대시대 원심적-> 전문성이 이점이 되고 통합은 그 걸림돌이 됨

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MORE INFORMATION: INTRODUCTION TO “SPIRIT” OF ISLAMIC LAW 상세한 정보: 이슬람의 정신 소개

XI. Background 배경

1. Islam - Belated and last of the responses to the Axial problem. 이슬람- 축의시대의 문제점을 늦게 반응함

Arabia: 아라비아

1. Because of harsh climate never developed civilization. Still Pagan in 500 ce. 척박한 기후로 문명이 발전이 안됨

500 년경에도 이교도 존재

2. Arabs are disrespected by the Civilized areas that surround them. It as if civilization passed them by. 다른 문명을

배척함.

3. Pre-Islamic Legal System – tribal based Vendetta Law – highly established 초기 이슬람 법적시스템은 복수를

기초로 함

a) Requires protection from one’s kin &/or clan 친척이나 클랜으로부터 보호를 필요

b) Mohammed was an orphan from age 6 – had to formally ask for protection “adoption” from his parents

clan 모하메드가 6 살에 고아가 되고 입양을 그의 부모 클랜으로부터 요청함

(1) His Grandfather granted him protection 그의 조부가 보호

(2) After his Grandfather died, his Uncle Granted him protection 조부 사망 후 삼촌이 보호

(3) Around 620, his uncle dies, new head of clan won’t offer protection. 620 년경 그의 삼촌 사망 후 클랜장이

보호를 거부

(a) After this time, he was unprotected. 이후로 그는 보호받지 못함

(b) Seeks protection in Ta’if, but is refused. 타이프에서 보호를 요청하나 거부됨

4. Mecca – had similar relation to peninsula as Rome, regarding trade. 메카는 무역과 관련하여 로마처럼 반도와

관련이 있음

a) Location of spring water, wells. 우물이 위치

b) Pagan = Religious Neutrality – could trade with Christian Rome or Zoroaster Iran. 이교도=종교적 중립성으로

인해 로마(크리스찬)와 이란(조로아스터)교와 교역이 가능

Eastern Roman Empire – Christianity established but divided by many sects.동로마제국- 기독교 설립되었지만 많은

종파 분립

(1) Arianism, Nestorianism, Monophysite, Coptic, and Official Roman Orthodox 다양한 종파.

2. Rome Attempted to unify Empire around Orthodox Christianity, causing Empire to persecute other sects.

3. So Roman Empire divided along religious lines. 로마제국이 종교로 인해 분리

Life of Mohammed – like Jesus, there is very thin actual historical evidence of his every having

existed 모하메드의 삶- 예수처럼, 역사적 증거가 적게 존재함

1. Koran, hadith, summa are all compolated over 150 years after Mohammeds death, and done so by the Caliph.

모하메드 사망 500 년 후 칼리프에 의해 코란 하디스 숨마가 다시 쓰여짐

2. Born around 570 – Mecca, Orphan – constantly in danger of legally being disenfranchised. 끊임없이 보호를

잃는 위험에 빠짐

3. Participated in Caravan trades from Mecca to Palestine in Roman Empire learns that: 캐러반 무역을 통해 배운 것

a) Arabs were looked down upon as uncivilized pagan 아랍사람들은 비문명인으로서 저급하게 취급

b) Roman Law meant that he couldn’t be killed just for being an orphan.로마법에 따르면 고아가 되었다고하여

죽임을 당할 수 없음

c) So Mohammed motivated to advance civilization of the like Rome to the Arabs. 모하메드가 아랍을 로마와

같이 진보 시키기 위해 동기를 부여함

d) Witness The theological disputes. 이론의 분쟁을 목격

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(1) Religious Division over 종교적 분열의 종료

(a) The Nature of Christ 그리스도의 본성

(b) Iconoclasm (artistic depictions in religion)우상숭배타파

4. Mohammed systems would attempt to 모하메드는 다음을 시도했다

a) bring civilization to the Arabs, end paganism, introduce more advanced legal norms 아랍사람들에게

문명을 가져오고, 이교도를 종식시키고 더 진보된 법적 규범을 소개

b) Sought to avoid the problems of Roman System 로마시스템의 문제를 피하고자 노력

(1) Defined the nature of Christ (a man, not god, but prophet)그리스도의 본질을 정의(한 남자, 신이 아니지만

예언자로서)

(2) Ban icons (art in religion)우상숭배 타파

(3) Create Cohesion to avoid Rome’s divisions.로마의 분열을 피하기위해 융합을 꾀함

(a) 1 Religion, 1 God, 1 Prophet, 1 Community, 1 law: 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, etc…하나로 통일 종교 예언자 등등

(b) God is a certainty. One must simply submit oneself to that certainty, and discover his laws.신이

유일하며 반드시 그 유일에 복종하여야 하고 그의 법리를 찾아야함.

(i) God is Ruler, Man is Subject, Man’s job is to determine gods laws and follow them. 신이

지배자이고 인간은 그의 하인이며, 인간의 할 일은 신의 법리를 정하고 그것을 따르는 것이다.

5. Successful business person – good reputation for being fair in his business dealings.성공한 비즈니스맨-

비즈니스를 다루는데 있어 좋은 명성을 가짐

6. Married rich widow and managed her business affairs 부자과부와 결혼하면서 그녀의 비즈니스 업무를 맡음

7. Began receiving religious instructions from the angel Gabriel in 610 가비엘 천사로부터 계시를

받고 종교를 전파

a) Began Preching in 612 종교 전파 612

b) Creates his own “tribe” but this tribe is created, not by blood or kinship, but by belief. 혈연관계가 아닌

믿음으로서 하나되는 부족을 만듬.

(1) One only must accept/submit to Islam, then one joins that tribe, & protected/subject to Islamic law

사람은 반드시 하나의 부족에 들어야 하고 이슬람법을 수호하고 따라야 함.

c) Axial Age Problem revisited: 축의 시대의 문제가 다시금 나타남

(1) Because of caravan trade, wealth is suddenly becoming concentrated in Mecca, making life harder for

more and more ordinary people 캐러반 무역으로 부가 메카에 집중되고 평범한 사람들의 삶은 더욱더

힘들어짐

(2) In order to make itself attractive to adherents, Islam reacts to that concentration of wealth: 지지자들을

끌어 들이기 위해서 이슬람은 부의 집중에 반응함.

(3) Outlaws usury (interest bearing loans), 고리대금화를 금지

(4) Zagat tax – Aid to the Poor – one of 5 pillars of Islam: 2.5% of person’s wealth to the poor. 자갓 세금-

불우한 이웃 원조- 2.5%의 부를 불우한 이웃에게 도움

8. Migrated to Medina in 622 622 년 메디나로 이주

a) Uncle dies, and is looking for a place for protection. Find it in Medina, hired to be a judge there 삼촌의 사망

후 보호를 위해 메디나로 이주하여 법관으로서 임명됨

b) His Tribe becomes enfranchised into the Medina constitution. 메디나에서 그의 부족이 점점 커짐

c) Muslims raid Meccan Caravans for money - War between Medina and Mecca results 무슬림과 메카사이에

캐러반 무역의 자금문제로 전쟁을 일으키게 됨,

9. Raids Meccan caravans – results in the battle of Badr in 624 – on going war with Mecca through 630.

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10. Prevails upon Mecca in 630 630 년 메카 지배

11. Consolidates all of the Arabian Peninsula by 632 632 년 까지 아랍 지배

Islam Religion – “Peaceful Submission” of oneself to God” 이슬람교 신에게 평화로운 신복자

1. Cohesion: it all comes back to one man. 한사람에게로 융합

a) One God, One Prophet, One Community, One Law: it is a bundled system!!!!! 한뭉치의

시스템

b) Focus on religious law and private law 종교법과 사법에 집중

c) Despite aspiration, much of the Islamic law is a continuation of pre-islamic norms regarding property

and family. 대부분의 이슬람법(가족법 재산법)은 초기 이슬람 규범으로부터 옴

(1) Stealing results in loss of one’s hand. 절도는 손목을 절단

(2) Polygamy – multiple wives – but limited to 4. 일부다처제 4 명까지 가능

d) Exceptions – 예외

(1) Prohibition on usury – loaning money for interest payment 고리대금 금지

(2) Zagat tax– 자갓 세금

2. Strict monotheism – traces itself back to Abraham (found of Jewish religion) through Ishmael 엄격한 유일교-

아브라함의 이스마엘에서 찾을수 있음

a) Not so much faith, or belief: that god exist is a certainty – one merely must figure out God’s law 3. Sharia – Islamic law Sources: (religion, ethics, economics, politics, personal practices, diet, crime etc…)

a) Koran – commands Muslims to follow the example set by Mohammed 믿음과 신념이 아닌 오직 신의 존재가

유일함.-반드시 신의 법리를 알아야 한다.

코란- 모하메드의 업적을 따라야함을 명함.

b) Sunnah – Practice and Acts of Mohammed – Sunnah 모하메드의 행동

c) Sura: Habits and life (biography) of Mohammed 그의 습관과 전기

d) Hadith – legal schools of thought based upon the Sunnah. 수나를 배우는 법대

Variations in Islam 이슬람의 다양성

1. Despite the emphasis in cohesion, Islam still splintered, just after Mohammed died.융합을 중시함에도

모하메드 사망 후 분열.

a) Shia Multiple branches of Shia. b) Sunni Multiple branches c) Sufi. Duze, Bahai (believe all religions come from same thought, so believes in all rel

2. Bahai – believes all religions come from the same thought – so believes in all religions

XII. Life in Arabia, despite Islam, largely reverts back to Pre-Islamic practices after 700 아라비아에서의 삶은 대개 초기

이슬람으로 귀속 시킨다.

The focus of Islam moves north to Damascus in Syria in 661, and then to Bagdad in Iraq in 750. 이슬람의

초점은 시리아의 다마스커스 그리고 이슬람의 바그다드로 이동했다

Tribal, Clan, Family based vendetta law continues into the 20th

century – when Islamic law re-

emerges 이슬람법이 다시 출현했을떄, 부족 클랜 가족들은 20 세기까지도 복수를 바탕으로 하는 법을 계속하고

있었다.

Movie: Lawrence of Arabia (filmed where Mohammed came from), demonstrates Vendetta practice.로렌스의

아라비아 영화는 모하메드가 태어난 곳에서 만들어졌고, 복수법이 만행되고 있음을 보여준다.

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XIII. Systems of law, like ethical and religious systems appear to be an attempt to deal with the Axial Age

problem:법의 시스템과 종교적 시스템은 축의 시대의 문제점을 해결하고자하는 시도를 하는 것 처럼 보인다.

Epistomology Founder(s) Type Ethical System Direct Effect of Norms Legacy/Indirect effect

Confucianism Confucious System of Philosophy Informal (some Public Law)

After 500 years become ideology of East Asian states, results in formal Public Laws

Toaism Lao-zte System of Philosophy Informal Indirectly affects law

Zoroastrianism Zoroaster Religious System Informal Indirectly affects law

Greek Sophism (Pythagorus, Socrates, Plato, etc.)

Pythagorus, Socrates, Plato, etc…

System of Philosophy Informal Indirectly affects law

Buddhism Buddha Religious System Informal Indirectly affects law

Roman Law City of Rome Pragmatic Legal System

Formal Norms/ Positive Law

Continued evolution and refinement from 450 b.c.e forward. Rerecieved in Western Europe after 1070, directly impacts French and German Civil Code systems in 19

th Century.

Cultural informal norms spread

Christianity Jesus, Peter, Paul Religious System Informal Indirectly affects law

Islam Mohammed Religious System AND Political Ideology AND Legal System and everything else

Informal AND formal Immediate expansion from Atlantic Ocean to Chinese border.

Again: Movies are - -Fiddler on the Roof -Dances with Wovles – Hunting and Gathering Society = Harmony -Apocalypto – Starts with Hunting and Gathering Society, then Mayans. Mayans = Pre-Axial Age Agricultural society -Lawrence of Arabia