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Lý thuyÕt vµ thùc tiÔn dÞch thuËt Anh-ViÖt : Mét sè vÊn ®Ò vÒ lý luËn vµ ph¬ng ph¸p c¬ b¶n PGS. TS. Lª hïng tiÕn * më ®Çu 1. T×nh h×nh nghiªn cøu vÒ lý luËn vµ thùc tiÔn dÞch thuËt Anh-ViÖt DÞch thuËt, trong ®ã cã dÞch thuËt Anh-ViÖt ®· ph¸t triÓn tõ rÊt sím ë ViÖt Nam vµ ®· ®ãng gãp rÊt lín vµo sù ph¸t triÓn kinh tÕ, v¨n hãa vµ x· héi cña níc ta. Mét sè lîng s¸ch b¸o, tµi liÖu v« cïng lín ®· ®îc nhiÒu thÕ hÖ dÞch gi¶ biªn dÞch tõ tiÕng níc ngoµi sang tiÕng ViÖt. ViÖc ®µo t¹o phiªn dÞch viªn chuyªn nghiÖp còng ®ang ®îc tiÕn hµnh t¹i nhiÒu trêng ®¹i häc ë ViÖt Nam gãp phÇn ®µo t¹o mét ®éi ngò ®«ng ®¶o nh÷ng ngêi lµm c«ng t¸c phiªn dÞch. Tuy nhiªn thËt ®¸ng tiÕc lµ hiÖn vÉn cha cã c«ng tr×nh nµo chuyªn vÒ lý luËn vµ ph¬ng ph¸p dÞch thuËt gi÷a hai ng«n ng÷ Anh vµ ViÖt ë níc ta mµ míi chØ cã c¸c c«ng tr×nh nghiªn cøu vÒ thùc hµnh dÞch Anh ViÖt. Trong khi ®ã ë níc ngoµi ®· cã nhiÒu c«ng tr×nh vÒ lý luËn vµ thùc hµnh dÞch thuËt gi÷a tiÕng Anh vµ c¸c tiÕng kh¸c nh cña Nida, Newmark, Campbell, Baker, Bell, Hatim and Mason v.v. Nh÷ng c«ng tr×nh nµy ®· gãp phÇn to lín trong viÖc ph¸t triÓn lý luËn dÞch tiÕn rÊt xa tiÖm cËn víi thùc tÕ dÞch thuËt vµ thùc sù gióp cho thùc hµnh dÞch chÊt lîng, hiÖu qu¶ h¬n. Tríc t×nh h×nh ®ã thùc tÕ dÞch thuËt nãi chung vµ dÞch Anh-ViÖt nãi riªng ®ßi hái ph¶i cã sù tæng kÕt vÒ lý luËn vµ ®a nh÷ng tiÕn bé míi trong nghiªn cøu lý thuyÕt dÞch thuËt cña * Trëng Khoa Sau ®¹i häc, Trêng §¹i häc Ngo¹i ng÷ - §HQG Hµ Néi. 11

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L thuyt v thc tin dch thut Anh-Vit :

L thuyt v thc tin dch thut Anh-Vit :Mt s vn v l lun v phng php c bnPGS. TS. L hng tin *m u

1.Tnh hnh nghin cu v l lun v thc tin dch thut Anh-Vit

Dch thut, trong c dch thut Anh-Vit pht trin t rt sm Vit Nam v ng gp rt ln vo s pht trin kinh t, vn ha v x hi ca nc ta. Mt s lng sch bo, ti liu v cng ln c nhiu th h dch gi bin dch t ting nc ngoi sang ting Vit. Vic o to phin dch vin chuyn nghip cng ang c tin hnh ti nhiu trng i hc Vit Nam gp phn o to mt i ng ng o nhng ngi lm cng tc phin dch. Tuy nhin tht ng tic l hin vn cha c cng trnh no chuyn v l lun v phng php dch thut gia hai ngn ng Anh v Vit nc ta m mi ch c cc cng trnh nghin cu v thc hnh dch Anh Vit.

Trong khi nc ngoi c nhiu cng trnh v l lun v thc hnh dch thut gia ting Anh v cc ting khc nh ca Nida, Newmark, Campbell, Baker, Bell, Hatim and Mason v.v. Nhng cng trnh ny gp phn to ln trong vic pht trin l lun dch tin rt xa tim cn vi thc t dch thut v thc s gip cho thc hnh dch cht lng, hiu qu hn.

Trc tnh hnh thc t dch thut ni chung v dch Anh-Vit ni ring i hi phi c s tng kt v l lun v a nhng tin b mi trong nghin cu l thuyt dch thut ca th gii vo nc ta. y l mt cng vic hon ton khng d dng v l lun dch trn th gii ang cn cha c thng nht v tn ti nhiu vn gy tranh ci hoc ang ng cha c nghin cu. Thc t dch thut nc ta th li v cng phong ph, a dng v cng ang cn nhiu bt cp do thiu l lun c bn v mt s nguyn nhn x hi khc. Trong tnh hnh nh vy, ti nghin cu ny nhm gp phn nh p ng yu cu ca thc tin ni trn v cng hy vng gp phn khc phc tnh trng thiu vng l lun ang rt ph bin v gy nhng hu qu khng nh trong thc tin dch thut nc ta.

2.Mc tiu ca ti nghin cu

- Tng hp l lun dch thut i cng vi nhng vn t ra cho thc tin dch Anh-Vit.

- Trnh by nhng vn v l lun v thc tin dch thut Anh-Vit thnh mt h thng.

- xut mt s gii php cho cc vn trn v ng dng vo thc tin dch thut v ging dy mn l thuyt dch Anh-Vit.

3. ngha v kinh t - x hi, khoa hc, o to ca ti

- Khoa hc v o to: Tng hp v h thng ha mt s vn c bn ca l lun v thc tin dch thut Anh-Vit gp phn a l lun vo ng dng trong thc tin dch thut Anh-Vit v ging dy l lun dch.

- Kinh t - X hi: Kt qu ca ti s gp phn vo vic tng cng cht lng thc hnh dch thut gia hai ngn ng Anh v Vit v o to nhn lc dch Anh-Vit.

4.Phng php nghin cu

- Phng php lm vic chnh l qui np: t cc ngun ti liu v l lun dch i cng tng hp thnh mt l thuyt c tnh h thng phc v cho vic nghin cu thc tin dch thut Anh-Vit.

- Cch thc tin hnh nghin cu c th l xut pht t l thuyt dch i cng xem xt thc tin dch thut gia hai ngn ng Anh v Vit. Cc c liu c th ca dch Anh-Vit s c xem xt trn c s l thuyt v ngc li chng gp phn m rng hoc c th ha l lun i cng v gi m nhng gii php cho thc tin dch Anh-Vit hin cn ang tn ti nhiu vn cha r rng do cn rt t c nghin cu.

- T liu: Chng ti xin cm n cc ng nghip ti B mn dch khoa NN&VH Anh-M cng tc nhit tnh v gip chng ti rt nhiu v chuyn mn, cc hc vin cao hc v i hc ca Khoa Sau i hc v Khoa NN&VH Anh-M cc kha cao hc 8,9,10 v 11 ngnh ting Anh tham gia chuyn Nghin cu dch thut v K34,35,36 h o to phin dch ting Anh ca trng i hc Ngoi ng - HQG H Ni ng gp nhiu trong vic lm t liu v su tm v d trong thc t dch thut Anh-Vit cho ti.

5.Phm vi v ni dung nghin cu

5.1.

Mt s vn l lun chung

- Khi lc v lch s dch thut v nghin cu dch thut

- Tng lai ca dch thut v nghin cu dch thut

- Bn cht ca dch thut

5.2.

Qu trnh dch dch thut di nh sng ngn ng hc v cc khoa hc lin quan

- Qu trnh dch thut

- Cc m hnh dch thut

5.3.

Vn bn, din ngn v dch thut

- Dch thut di nh sng ca phn tch din ngn

- Loi hnh vn bn v phn tch vn bn trong dch thut

5.4.

Vn phng php v k thut trong dch thut Anh-Vit

- ng hng v Phng php dch

Hai ng hng dch thut chnh

8 phng php dch thut c bn

Vn phng php dch trong thc tin dch thut Anh-Vit

5.5. Vn tng ng trong dch thut Anh-Vit

- Cc quan nim v tng ng dch thut

- Tng ng dch thut Anh-Vit v ng dng trong dch Anh-Vit

5.6.

Vn nh gi v ph bnh dch thut

- M hnh nh gi v ph bnh dch thut

- Mt s ng dng trong dch thut Anh-Vit

Chng I

mt s vn l lun chung

I-khi lc v lch s dch thut v nghin cu dch thut

1- Lc s dch thut

Dch thut l mt trong nhng ngh nghip c xa nht trn th gii. Bng chng kho c cho thy dch thut xut hin t nht l 6.000 n 10.000 nm trc thnh ph c Ebla Trung ng. Cc nh kho c Italia pht hin mt s bn khc trn t st cc ct ch song song bng hai ngn ng c ni v thu. T thi tin s, trc khi c ch vit cc b lc gn nhau phi giao dch vi nhau qua ting ni nh cc thng dch vin trong bun bn, hn nhn v c m phn sau cc cuc giao chin.

Lch s phin dch gn lin vi lch s giao lu vn ha gia cc dn tc. T thi c cc dn tc c nhu cu giao lu vn ha qua bun bn, hn nhn v du lch v dch thut ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh giao lu, truyn b kin thc, t tng v tp tc. Mt v d l s truyn b kin thc t Hy lp c i sang vng vnh Pec- xich, t n sang cc dn tc rp, t chu u sang chu c thc hin ch yu qua dch thut. Nhiu t liu c l bng chng ca vic dch thut qua cc ngn ng trong qu trnh truyn b giao lu ni trn ang c lu gi nhiu bo tng trn th gii, nh cc bn dch kinh Pht t cc ngn ng c n sang ting Hn, cc bn dch nhng tc phm trit hc v khoa hc ca Hy lp sang ting Rp v.v.

Dch thut ng vai tr rt quan trng trong tin trnh pht trin ca x hi loi ngi do tc ng ca n vo s giao lu vn ha gia cc dn tc. Deslisle v Woodsmonth (1995) ch ra tm quan trng ny ca dch thut v thng dch vin:

"Ngi dch lp ra ch ci, gip xy dng ngn ng v cc t in. H ng gp vo vic hnh thnh cc nn vn hc dn tc, truyn b kin thc v tn gio. L ngi du nhp cc gi tr vn ha v nhn t ch cht ca cc thi im ln ca lch s, bin dch v phin dch vin ng vai tr quyt nh trong s pht trin ca x hi v s hnh thnh lch s tri thc".

Sofer (1999) tng kt 3 giai on ch cht ca lch s pht trin th gii Do Thi - Thin cha gio - Hi gio vi s tham gia rt tch cc ca lnh vc phin dch. l s bt u ca k nguyn Thin cha gio khi m nhiu ngn ng, quan trng nht l Hebrew, Aramaic, Hy lp v Latin tng tc vi nhau to ra nn vn minh thin cha gio mi. Tip n l giai on bt u bi s ra i ca Hi gio vo th k th VII vi nh cao l th k XII v XIII. Cc hc gi v bin dch vin Thin cha gio, Hi gio v Do Thi t khp Chu u v Trung ng tham gia vo vic dch cc tc phm kinh in ting Hy Lp v rp sang cc ngn ng mi ca chu u, kin to nn nn tng cho cc ngn ng v vn ha v bc cu ni t thi Phc Hng sang th gii hin i. Giai on ch cht th ba l thi i ngy nay khi m th gii ang chuyn bin nhanh chng vi s ph thuc tc ng ln nhau su sc, cc ngn ng cng chuyn i do tc ng ny v dch thut ng mt vai tr v cng to ln cha tng thy trong sut lch s ca n k t thi Trung c.

2- Lc s nghin cu dch thutHin nay c nhiu cch trnh by khc nhau v lch s nghin cu dch thut. Tuy vy cch nhn v lch s nghin cu dch thut v phn chia lch s ny thnh cc giai on khc nhau ca Bassnett (1980/2002) c nhiu ngi bit ti v tha nhn. Theo Bassnett (1980/2002) lch s nghin cu dch thut c th c m t theo 12 mc ln nh sau :

1-La M c i: nghin cu dch thut c coi l c bt u t y v l mt pht minh ca ngi La M c. ng ch l cc kin nhn xt ca Horace v Cicero v dch thut thi k ny: s phn bit quan trng gia li dch t sang t v li dch ngha sang ngha. Ngay t thi bn cht ca dch thut cng c cp qua nguyn tc trn. Mc ch lm giu ting m cng nn vn hc qua dch thut dn n s ch trng vo cc tiu chun thm m ca bn dch thay v cc tiu chun trung thnh hnh thc cng nhc.

2-Dch kinh thnh: dch thut c trao cho mt vai tr mi rt quan trng trong thi k ny l truyn b kinh thnh do s lan to rng ri ca Thin cha gio. Cc bn dch b Tn c c thc hin t rt sm trong c bn dch ni ting gy nhiu tranh ci ca Thnh Jerome sau ny c nh hng rt ln n cc th h dch gi kinh thnh. Bn dch c cng nhn chnh thc bi Gio hong Damasus nm 384 cng lch. Dch kinh thnh c coi l vn ch o ca dch thut t ti tn th k th by v qua rt nhiu nguyn l dch thut c hnh thnh c nh hng n tn ngy nay.

3-Gio dc v phng ng: vai tr gio dc ca dch thut kinh thnh c thit lp t lu trc th k mi lm. Cc ch gii bng phng ng c a vo cc bn kinh thnh Latinh em li thng tin gi tr lin quan n s pht trin ca nhiu ngn ng chu u.

4-Cc nh l thuyt dch tin phong:

Vi s pht minh k thut in n th k mi lm vai tr ca dch thut thay i nhanh chng. Nhiu nh l thuyt dch tin phong xut hin thi k ny, ng ch c Etiene Dolet (1509-46) cho ra i cng trnh v cc nguyn tc dch thut, George Chapman (1559-1634), dch gi v i ca Homer t ra cc nguyn tc dch cho phin dch vin.

5-Thi k phc hng: dch thut tr thnh hot ng ch o lm nn i sng tr thc ca thi i . Dch gi i khi xut hin gn nh mt nh hot ng cch mng ch khng cn vi vai tr ngi phc v ca tc gi bn gc na.

6-Th k mi by: xut hin nh l thuyt dch ni ting, John ryden ngi tng kt cc cch dch chnh l metaphrase - dch st tng t, paraphrase - dch tng v imitation - phng dch. Cc kiu dch ny cn c p dng n ngy nay v c pht trin thnh cc phng php dch rt phong ph, gip cho phin dch vin rt nhiu trong vic hnh ngh.

7-Th k mi tm :

Quan im v dch thut c nhiu thay i: dch gi nh l ho s chp tranh c bn phn trung thnh vi bn gc v trch nhim vi ngi tip nhn bn dch c ph bin vi nhiu thay i do quan nim v dch nh l qu trnh chuyn mn v sng to vn hc. Nh l thuyt ni ting ca thi k ny l Alexander Fraser Tytler, ngi ph phn quan im ca ryden ca giai on trc v li dch paraphase (din t cch khc) l li dch lng lo v phng tc. Tuy vy Tytler vn tha nhn bn phn ca dch gi l phi lm r cc ch kh hiu ca nguyn tc nu c phi lc b hay bin tp li vn bn. Ba nguyn tc do Tytler xut c nh hng ln n cc nghin cu v dch thut thi v sau ny:

1) Bn dch phi chuyn ti y ca nguyn tc.

2) Phong cch v li hnh vn ca bn dch phi c phc nguyn nh nguyn tc.

3) Bn dch phi d c vi cu trc tng t nh nguyn tc.

8-Thi k lng mn: Quan im v dch thut c nhiu thay i vi s phn bit cc kiu loi dch thut v cc bc trong mt h thng tng bc gi tr thm m, h qu ca s nh gi li vai tr ca th v hot ng sng to ca Gt. Cng vi quan im ca Gt l quan im ca Webb cho rng dch thut khng ch l cng vic truyn ti li ni dung ngha m l mt hot ng sng to ti to cc gi tr thm m cc tng bc tng ng, ngi dch n mnh sau nguyn tc v bn dch phc v cho sng to ny.

9-Thi k hu lng mn: ng ch thi k ny l quan im ca Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834) cho rng phi to ra mt ngn ng ring cho dch vn hc. Quan im ny c ng h rng ri bi cc dch gi ting Anh th k mi chn nh F.W. Newman, Carlyle v W. Morris. Newman tuyn b rng dch gi cn phi gi li mi c th ca ngn ng ca nguyn tc n mc ti a bn dch. in hnh ca li dch theo quan im ny l bn dch ca Morris (1834-96) tc phm Odyssey ca Homer t ting Hy Lp sang ting Na-uy, c nh gi l kh hiu, mang phong cch c in v ngoi lai song li c nhng c th ca ting Na-uy hn c Hy lp.

10-Thi k Victoria: dch thut thi k ny c coi l phng tin chuyn ti nhng c th ca ngn ng nguyn tc ng theo thi gian v khng gian ca n. Dch thut l phng tin ti to cc tc phm c in ngn ng dch nhng phi mang phong cch v c th ca nguyn tc m khng cn tnh n tnh i chng v ph bin ca nhu cu c gi rng ri ung i. Vai tr ngi dch t nhiu b coi nh, hot ng dch thut b h thp xung l hot ng mang tnh cht k thut chuyn ng hn l hot ng sng to ra vn bn mi ngn ng dch. ng ch l quan im ca Mathew Annold khi bn v cch dch Homer sang ting Anh ch trng ti to li mc ti a cc c im ca ngn ng ngun nguyn tc, nhm gip c gi bn dch thng thc cc gi tr ca ngn ng ngun qua bn dch l chnh. Dch thut khng phi phc v c gi i chng ca ngn ng dch m ch cho nhng c gi trnh cao tip nhn bn dch nh c gi tip nhn bn gc.

11-Thi k gi c:

Cc dch gi thi k ny nhn thy nhng hn ch ca cc nguyn tc dch thi k Victoria v chng da trn mt s lm ln c bn. Fitzgerald a ra phng php dch m nguyn tc c coi l khun, t c ra bn dch bng cht liu ngn ng dch. Quan im dch ny to ra nhng tranh lun si ni trong gii dch thut th k 19. C dch gi cn cho rng khng nn coi sn phm dch theo phng php ny l bn dch m ch l bn phng dch, phng tc v.v. Tuy nhin cc nguyn tc dch "gi c" c tho lun thi k ny to ra nhng bc tin mi rt quan trng trong nghin cu dch thut k t thi Cicero v Horace.

12-Th k hai mi:

Th k hai mi to ra v th mi cho dch thut. Do s thay i trt t ca th gii sau hai cuc i chin, nhiu th ch mi c hnh thnh v dch thut c vai tr chnh tr quan trng. Nhu cu giao lu quc t c bit ln m ra thi i vng son cho dch thut th k 20, ko theo s bin i c bn cho nghin cu dch thut. Nghin cu dch thut hin i ch thc s bt u khong nhng nm gia th k 20 v mt s l thuyt ch yu trong nghin cu dch thut c ra i trong nhng nm tm mi ca th k ny. Vic ng dng l thuyt ngn ng vo nghin cu dch thut to ra mt nn tng c s l thuyt do nghin cu dch thut hin i. Dch thut bt u c nghin cu trn nn tng ngn ng hc hin i v lin ngnh, t n thc s c coi l i tng ca mt phn ngnh nghin cu ca ngn ng hc ng dng.

Lch s nghin cu dch thut c th tm lc l mt qu trnh gm hai giai on vi giai on I l cuc tranh lun lin tc v tiu ch v cch thc chuyn dch vn bn gia hai ngn ng m hai thi cc l dch nguyn vn (t i t) v dch t do (ngha i ngha) t thi i Cicero v Horace ti trc th k 20. Qu trnh ny c th c coi l qu trnh nghin cu dch thut tin hin i. Giai on II l giai on hin i bt u t u TK 20 ti nay khi nhng l thuyt ngn ng hin i v cc l thuyt lin ngnh c p dng soi sng bn cht ca dch thut, t cc l thuyt h thng v dch thut c pht trin nh ngy nay.

3-Nhng giai on nghin cu dch thut hin i

Nh phn trn trnh by, nghin cu dch thut hin i thc s bt u khong nhng nm 50 ca th k 20. l giai on dch thut c nghin cu c h thng, c nn tng l lun l ngn ng hc v cc khoa hc lin quan. Hatim v Mason (1990) tng kt nhng giai on nghin cu dch thut hin i gn lin vi s pht trin ca ngn ng hc - ngnh khoa hc c coi l nn tng chnh ca nghin cu dch thut. Theo Hatim v Mason (1990) nghin cu dch thut hin i c th chia thnh 6 giai on gn lin cc giai on pht trin ca ngn ng hc hin i.

3.1.

Giai on u ca ngn ng hc hin i

Thng tr gn nh tuyt i giai on ny l nhng l thuyt gia ngn ng hc cu trc lun, nhng ngi ch trng m t ngn ng nh mt h thng cc thnh t c lp, khu bit c tnh ca cc n v ngn ng ring bit v phn loi chng trn c s phn b lun. Hnh thi hc v c php hc l tm im v khu vc chnh yu ca phn tch ngn ng hc. Ngha trong phn tch ngn ng hc gn nh khng c tnh n, hoc c cng ch c xt trn s phn b ca cc n v t vng. y chnh l l do ch yu lm ngn ng hc khng my hp dn i vi cc dch gi v cc nh l lun dch, v ngha lun l tm im, l mc ch theo ui chnh yu ca qu trnh dch thut. Mt l do na l s m t ngn ng thi k ny ch c gii hn trong cc h thng ngn ng n l vi tm im l phn tch s phn b cc thnh t v i lp h thng cc n v m thanh, hnh thi t vng v thnh phn cu trong mt h thng ngn ng; trong khi dch thut li quan tm ch yu ti i lp v so snh gia hai ngn ng trong s hnh chc ca chng. giai on ny ngn ng hc gn nh khng ng gp nhiu vo s pht trin ca nghin cu dch thut do cc thnh tu ca n qu xa mi quan tm ca gii nghin cu dch thut v dch gi.

3.2.

L thuyt ngn ng hc cu trc v nghin cu dch thut

y l giai on l thuyt ngn ng hc cu trc c nh hng ln ti nghin cu dch thut qua vic p dng cc khi nim cu trc lun gii quyt cc vn dch thut. Catford (1965) xy dng mt l thuyt cho dch thut trn nn khoa hc ngn ng ng thi. L thuyt ngn ng v dch thut (1965). Barkhudarop (1975) vi Ngn ng v dch cng l mt n lc gii thch v m t dch thut trn quan im ngn ng hc cu trc. Hu ht cc lun gii v dch thut thi k ny l v s i lp v mt cu trc gia cc h thng ngn ng hn l v giao tip qua cc nn vn ha khc nhau. Quan nim v tng ng hnh thc gia hai h thng ngn ng dn ti vic tm kim kh nng tng ng m thc cht l s tnh ton thng k mc ca kh nng tng ng trong vic chuyn dch mt n v ngn ng gc sang vn bn ca ngn ng dch. V d nh s so snh mc tng ng ca dng b ng, h thng xng h v.v trong ting Anh v ting Vit.

Cc phn tch thng k da trn cc lng mu vn bn ln c th em li cc nguyn tc dch thut. Tuy nhin ngi ta cng nhanh chng nhn thy rng l cc nguyn tc ch tn ti gia hai h thng ngn ng, chng ch gip ch cho cc nh nghin cu ngn ng hc so snh m khng my c ch cho dch gi khi tc nghip. Bi v trong qu trnh dch dch gi phi tnh ti cc yu t giao tip lin quan ti vic to lp v tip nhn vn bn ti to vn bn ngn ng dch. Dch gi lm vic vi vn bn ch khng phi vi cc n v n l ca hai h thng ngn ng. Sau ny cc kh nng tng ng gia hai h thng ngn ng c s dng vo vic lp trnh cho cc phn mm dch my, vi kt qu l cc kh khn v khim khuyt ca bn dch tht kh c th khc phc so vi vn bn do ngi dch.

3.3.

Quan im ca Sapir v Whorf v ngn ng v nghin cu dch thut

Theo gi thuyt ni ting ca Sapir v Whorf, ngn ng l khun ca t duy do vy t duy v cch thc con ngi nhn thc thc ti c quyt nh bi ngn ng h ni. Thuyt quyt nh lun trong ngn ng hc cho rng con ngi thc t l t nhn ca ngn ng ca h v nh vy h khng c kh nng khi nim ha trong cc h thng khc vi nhng h thng khi nim thuc ngn ng ca h. Quan im ny dn n cch nhn bi quan v tiu cc v dch thut: vic dch thut gia cc ngn ng l bt kh thi. Khi nim bt kh dch (untranslatability) xut pht t cch nhn ngn ng phn no cc oan, qu thin v h thng hnh thc ca ngn ng. Cc nh l lun ph bnh quan im ny ch ra rng n khng tnh n gi tr giao tip ca cc n v ngn ng trong cc ng cnh c th. Thc t t duy ca ngi ta khng n mc b cm t trong ngn ng ca mnh n nh vy, bng chng l c ngi hc ngoi ng ln dch gi u c kh nng khi nim ha ngha mt cch c lp khng ph thuc vo mt h thng ngn ng no; v nh vy vic hc ngoi ng mi c th thc hin c, cng nh vic dch thut gia cc ngn ng vn c th tin hnh.

3.4.L thuyt ngn ng hc ca Chomsky v nghin cu dch thutL thuyt ngn ng hc Chomsky ly trng tm l s phn bit gia cu trc b mt v cu trc b su. Mi quan h gia hai loi cu trc ny phn nh cc mi quan h thc s gia khi nim v thc th c lin quan. S phn b b mt cc n v ngn ng c chi phi bi s sp xp ca cc cu trc b su. Nida (1969) da trn l thuyt ny nghin cu qu trnh dch v ch ra 3 bc nh sau:

1)Phn lp vn bn nguyn tc thnh s biu hin b su, hoc cc ht nhn ngha.

2)Chuyn dch ngha t ngn ng gc sang ngn ng dch cp n gin v mt cu trc.

3)To ra cch din t tng ng v mt phong cch v ngha ngn ng dch.

Hn ch ca ng php ci bin to sinh ca Chomsky l n vn ch tp trung vo miu t cc h thng ng php trong mt ngn ng n l l ting Anh v khng tnh n n v ln hn cu v ngn cnh giao tip. Do vy n khng gip c cho nghin cu dch thut soi sng bn cht thc s ca qu trnh phin dch vn l qu trnh da trn vn bn trong giao tip phn ng hin (performance) ch khng phi phn ng nng (competence).

Ng php ci bin to sinh hng ch sang phn l tng, ci nn l ca ngn ng v b qua ci thc l tc l ngn ng trong giao tip. Hn ch c bn nh vy lm l thuyt ngn ng ny khng thu ht c s ch ca nhiu nh nghin cu dch thut.

3.5.

Quan im hon cnh vn ha x hi trong ngn ng hc v nghin cu dch thut

Hymes (1972) xut pht t nhng hn ch ca ng php ci bin to sinh xut quan im khc v ngn ng hc nhm khc phc c nhng hn ch trn. Theo ng th ng php ci bin to sinh khng tnh ti cc nhn t rt quan trng trong vic th c ngn ng ca con ngi l ngn cnh vn ha x hi. Da trn bng chng quan trng l thc t tr em th c kh nng to ra pht ngn khng nhng ng ng php m cn ph hp vi hon cnh giao tip, c gi l nng lc s dng.

Khi nim tnh ph hp rt hu ch v lin quan nhiu n nghin cu dch thut. Qu trnh dch thut cng nh sn phm ca qu trnh ny c th c xt n cn c vo tnh ph hp ca vn bn ngn ng gc v vn bn ngn ng dch so vi ng cnh ca chng. Ln u tin dch thut c xt ti nh mt qu trnh giao tip li ni ca con ngi ch khng cn l qu trnh chuyn dch cht liu ngn ng thun ty mang tnh k thut gin n nh trc y.

Widdowson (1979) ch ra rch ri s khc bit ca hai khi nim rt c bn trc nay vn cn b m h gy cn tr rt ln cho nghin cu dch thut, l nguyn tc s dng ngn ng (usage) v thc t s dng ngn ng (use). Nguyn tc s dng l s quy np mang tnh nhn to cc nguyn tc v m ca mt ngn ng v kt qu l mt h thng ca mt ngn ng no . Thc t s dng ngn ng trong giao tip ca con ngi a dng, phong ph v phc tp hn nhiu, n vt ra khi cc nguyn tc nhn to hnh thc v b chi phi rt ln bi hon cnh vn ha x hi. Mi lo ngi, thm ch l bi quan v s bt tng xng ca cc phm tr ng php gia hai ngn ng khc nhau dn ti nhng trng hp c cho l bt kh dch thc ra l xut pht t khu vc nguyn tc s dng (ngn ng nh mt h thng) ch khng phi t a ht thc t s dng (ngn ng trong giao tip). iu ny ph b ro cn tn ti hng th k cho nghin cu dch thut v khai thng bc pht trin mi cho phn ngnh ny.

3.6.

Nhng khuynh hng nghin cu ngn ng hin nay v nghin cu dch thutMt vi thp k gn y, mi quan tm ca ngn ng hc c m rng ra ngoi phm vi cu n l rt nhiu v kt qu l nhng khuynh hng nghin cu ngn ng mi xut hin nh ngn ng hc vn bn m sau ny l phn tch din ngn. Khuynh hng nghin cu ny ch trng gii thuyt hnh thc vn bn theo gc ngi s dng ngn ng. Theo quan nim ny ngha c tha thun gia ngi to vn bn v ngi tip nhn vn bn. Ngi dch l mt ngi s dng ngn ng c bit tham gia vo qu trnh tha thun ngha ny v duy tr qu trnh ny vt qua nhng ro cn ngn ng v vn ha. Trong qu trnh dch, ngi dch phi x l nhiu loi ngha ca vn bn: ngha d nh, ngha suy din v ngha tin gi nh trn c s l cc bng chng m vn bn cung cp. Nghin cu dch thut c tin hnh theo khuynh hng ngn ng mi ny tn dng nhiu thnh tu ca ngn ng hc x hi, ng dng hc v phn tch din ngn. Vai tr ca ngi dch cng c lm sng t hn, t ch ch l nhng ngi n thun gii m cc quan h t vng v c php ca vn bn ngi dch phi lm hn th nhiu: gii thuyt v nm bt c cc nh ca ngi to vn bn t xy dng li vn bn vi mc ch gip ngi c bn dch lnh hi c cc nh giao tip ny theo cc chun mc ca ngn ng dch. Nh vy c th ni rng mi quan tm chnh yu ca nghin cu dch thut hin nay chuyn t t vng, c php - phn hnh thc (hu ngn) ca vn bn sang phn tch ng ngha trn c s hiu vn bn vi nhiu kin thc lin quan (phn phi ngn) n vn bn. S pht trin ca ngn ng hc theo khuynh hng thin v ngn cnh, cc kha cnh x hi ca giao tip ngn ng v phn tch din ngn to ra hng nghin cu mi trong dch thut, tip cn vi bn cht giao tip ngn ng t nhin ca con ngi m dch thut chnh l mt kiu c bit. Dch thut c coi l mt qu trnh giao tip giao vn ha ch khng ch n thun l s chuyn dch c gii cc n v ngn ng.

3.7.

Hng pht trin ca nghin cu dch thut

Nghin cu dch thut ngy nay pht trin ti mt mc cao ngy cng tim cn bn cht ca qu trnh giao tip phc tp ny khin n vt ra khi khun kh ca mt phn ngnh nghin cu thuc ngn ng hc v ngy cng mang tnh cht nghin cu lin ngnh. Nghin cu dch thut vn tp trung ch yu vo nhng mc tiu chnh l m t qu trnh dch thut gia cc ngn ng v xut cc nguyn tc dch thut cng nh cc chun mc cho dch thut. Tuy nhin thc hin c vic ny cc nh nghin cu p dng nhng phng php khc nhau vi nhng cch nhn khc nhau t nhiu ngnh khoa hc lin quan v bn cht lin vn ha cng nh t tng ca dch thut ni ln vi tm quan trng khng km bn cht ngn ng hc ca dch thut. Hatim v Munday (2004) ch ra cc giao din ca cc ngnh khoa hc lin quan vi dch thut qua s sau:

C th ni nghin cu dch thut pht trin song song vi s pht trin ca ngn ng hc v l thuc rt nhiu vo s pht trin ny. Nhng nu nhn ngc li th chnh cc ng dng thnh qu ca ngn ng hc vo nghin cu dch thut li lm sng t thm nhiu bn cht ca cc khuynh hng nghin cu ngn ng, i khi n ng vai tr nh mt thuc th rt hiu nghim i vi cc l thuyt ngn ng hc khc nhau. S pht trin ca ngn ng hc tim cn hn ti bn cht ca ngn ng con ngi v chnh v vy m n gip cho nghin cu dch thut soi sng bn cht v c ch ca loi hnh giao tip c bit ny. Cc thnh tu ca ngn ng hc ngy cng c nhiu ng dng thit thc, hiu qu hn trong nghin cu dch thut. Ngc li cc thnh tu trong nghin cu dch thut cng ang gp phn quan trng gip ngn ng hc nhn nhn r hn mc tim cn ca cc khuynh hng nghin cu ca n vi i tng nghin cu l bn cht ca ngn ng con ngi.II- Bn cht ca dch thut

1-Dch thut l g?

Thut ng dch thut (translation) c ni hm rt rng. N c ngha l mt qu trnh chuyn i vn bn ngn ng gc sang vn bn ngn ng dch. Nhng ngn cnh khc n li ch mt sn phm ca qu trnh ni trn. i khi thut ng ny cn c dng vi ngha bao trm c qu trnh chuyn dch vn bn dng ni c gi l phin dch (interpreting). N c th m ch qu trnh dch thut ca con ngi nhng c khi n cng bao hm qu trnh dch ca my (dch my). Hin ti c rt nhiu nh ngha v dch thut (con s c th n hng trm), mi nh ngha u lm sng t mt vi kha cnh quan trng ca khi nim 'dch thut' song gn nh cha c mt nh ngha n l no bao hm c ht c im phc tp, a dng v rt kh nm bt ca khi nim ny. (iu ny gii thch v sao cc nh l lun dch hin nay c xu hng coi nghin cu dch thut l mt khoa hc lin ngnh hn l mt phn ngnh nghin cu c lp). Vn s rt phc tp nu i su vo bn lun s hp l hay ng sai ca cc nh ngha khc nhau v dch thut v y cng khng tht s l vic lm cn thit. Tuy vy tin cho vic nhn nhn mt cch tng i rnh mch v i tng nghin cu ta c th ly mt quan im c nhiu ngi tha nhn lm c s. Jakobson (1959/2000) trong chuyn lun ni ting "On lingistic aspects of translation"(v cc bnh din ngn ng hc ca dch thut) ch ra ba loi hnh dch thut:

1)Dch ni ngn (Intralingual translation) l kiu dch trong cng mt ngn ng gm din t li hoc din gii (rewording and paraphrasing).

2)Dch lin ngn (Interlingual translation) l kiu dch t mt ngn ng sang ngn ng khc.

3)Dch lin k hiu (Intersemiotic translation) l s chuyn dch k hiu ngn ng sang k hiu phi ngn ng nh t vn bn ngn ng sang in nh.

Theo cch hiu chung nht v dch thut th ch c loi hnh dch th hai l loi dch thut "chnh danh".

Dch thut "chnh danh" theo phn loi ca Jakobson c cc nh nghin cu sau ny phn chia thnh cc th loi v hnh thc dch da trn c s khc nhau:

1)Phn loi theo cch thc truyn t v tip nhn thng tin: gm 4 loi:

- Dch Vit - Vit

( Bin dch )

- Dch Ni - Ni

( Phin dch )

- Dch Vit - Ni

( Dch ni c vn bn )

- Dch Ni - Vit

( Dch ch - t, ni thnh vn bn )

Cc loi hnh dch ny c th hin r hn trong s sau :

Ngn ng gc

Ngn ng dch

Vit

3

Ni

1

2

Ni

4

Vit

2)Phn loi theo mc ch dch thut:

1. Bin dch (translating)

- Bin dch phi thng mi (non- commercial)

+ Bi tp ngn ng (trong dy ting)

+ Gii tr

+ Dch cc vn bn hng dn v khuyn mi

+ Dch qung co, vn bn, du lch v.v.

- Bin dch chuyn nghip:

+ Dch vn hc (th, truyn ngn, tiu thuyt v.v.)

+ Dch sch v ti liu khoa hc k thut

+ Dch kch bn sn khu, li thoi phim

+Dch ti liu thng tin: ti liu phplut v hnh chnh, hp ng, bng cp chng ch, tiu chun v quy phm, bi bo khoa hc v tiu lun.

+ Dch lc thng tin: Bo co v tng thut, tm tt lun vn, in tn, li ch, cc bn v k thut.

2. Phin dch (Interpreting):

Phin dch ng on:

- Phin dch hi tho, phin dch trao i, dch hng dn du lch v.v.

- Phin dch ng thi (dch cabin): Hi ngh

2-Bn cht ca dch thutHin c rt nhiu cch l gii bn cht ca dch thut khc nhau. S khc nhau ch yu l do quan nim v ngn ng hc v ngay qu trnh dch thut. Phn ny trnh by bn cht ca dch thut da trn quan nim ca Catford (1994) v y cng l cch l gii theo chng ti l hp l.

Theo quan nim ny, ngn ng c nhn nhn va nh mt nng lc va nh mt hot ng ca con ngi. N c hai cp l cp ni dung truyn ti ngha m ngi ni mun truyn t v cp biu hin cung cp phng tin th hin ni dung nhm t c mc ch giao tip. C hai cp ny u c mt hnh thc c t chc cng vi mt cht liu lin quan.

Phng din biu hin ca ngn ng gm h thng m thanh hay h m v (phonology) v h thng ch vit hay h k t (graphonogy), mi h thng c th hin bng cht liu c th ca n. V d cht liu m hc m h m v c th hin l hot ng ca thanh i to ra cc sng m tng ng, cht liu ch vit qua h k t c th hin l cc hot ng to nt, gch hoc vng cung trn b mt cng li cc du vt ph hp. Thc ra cn loi cht liu th ba na l c ch (gesture) ca con ngi i khi cng gp phn rt quan trng trong giao tip.Biu hinNi dung

Cht liuHnh thcHnh thcCht liu

Cht

liu

m thanhChtliu

tnh

hung

Cht

liu

hnh

thc

Hnh 1:Cc thnh t (hay cp ) ca ngn ng.

Ngun : Catford, 1994.

phng din ni dung ca ngn ng cht liu c i din bi cc tnh hung trong ngn ng c s dng v cc n v ng php, t vng m ch. Tnh hung y c hiu theo ngha rt rng gm bt c nhng g ang v tng c nh hng n ngi ni v ngi vit trong vic chn la cc hnh thc t vng v ng php, nh i tng, quan h, con ngi, tnh cm, mi trng, vn ha nn v.v. Cc c im ca cht liu tnh hung c t chc thnh hnh thc ca ni dung (content form) gm cc ngha c cha ng trong t vng v ng php.

Ngn ng thng c nhn nhn vi ngha hp hn. Ngn ng l hnh thc (form) ch khng phi cht liu (substance). Nhng hnh thc lun phi gn vi cht liu biu hin (l h m v v k t) v cht liu ni dung (l h t vng v ng php). Ngn ng thng c xem xt nghin cu qua cc thnh t hnh thc ny. S 1 m hnh ha c cu t chc cc thnh t (hay cp ) ca ngn ng.SLCht

liu

m

thanh

Cht

liu

tnh

hung

TL

Hnh 2:Dch thut bnh thng gia hai ngn ngNgun : Catford, 1994.

Theo quan nim ny, dch thut c coi l mt qu trnh giao tip ngn ng c bit, n tuyn bt u t ngn ng ngun (source language SL) v tip din sang ngn ng nhn, hay cn gi l ngn ng ch (target language TL). S 2 th hin m hnh bn cht ca qu trnh dch thut gia hai ngn ng.

Theo s trn dch thut l qu trnh thay th cc n v t vng, ng php tng ng (c th hin bng k hiu (=) gia mi tn t SL sang TL trong mi lin quan vi cht liu tnh hung tng t. Tng ng dch thut thc s c biu hin bi hai ng ni t ng php, t vng ca SL sang ng php, t vng ca TL, to ra hai khu vc trng nhau mt cch tng i phn cht liu tnh hung. Mi tn m ch s tng ng hnh thc trong khi mi tn t qung ch s bt tng ng (qua k hiu khc nhau gia mi tn, gia cht liu m hc hoc k t ca hai ngn ng. S ny ca Catford phn nh kh r bn cht ca qu trnh dch thut gia hai ngn ng theo cch nhn chc nng ca loi hnh dch thut v cc loi tng ng dch thut l nhng vn trung tm ca l lun dch.

Theo cch nhn v bn cht ca dch thut gia hai ngn ng ny c th chia dch thut thnh cc loi hnh nh sau:

-Dch thut bnh thng: qu trnh dch thut bnh thng din ra nh phn tch s 2 ngha l s thay th cc n v ng php v t vng. Trong mi quan h mt thit vi cc c im ca tnh hung s dng ngn ng.

-Dch thut hn ch: gm dch thut hn ch cp ng php hoc t vng gia hai ngn ng. Qu trnh dch thut ch din ra hai cp trn nhm t ti tng ng hnh thc tch khi mi quan h vi tnh hung s dng ngn ng. Loi dch thut ny c nhng tc dng nht nh trong dy ting hoc nghin cu i chiu gia hai ngn ng.

-Dch thut m v hc (phonological translation). Cng l mt th loi ca dch thut hn ch cp m v (hoc k t) gia hai ngn ng. Loi hnh dch thut ny thng c s dng trong dch th, ca t hoc li thoi phim, khi u tin v tng ng m v hoc k t c t ln hng u do yu cu c th ca loi hnh dch c bit ny (dch th hoc li thoi phim cn c gi l dch bnh thng + dch m v mt phn).

III- Qu trnh dch thut

Phn ny s bn v qu trnh ca dch thut gia hai ngn ng di nh sng ca ngn ng hc v cc khoa hc lin quan. Trn c s mt s m hnh dch thut s c cp.

Nh trnh by trn, dch thut l mt qu trnh giao tip c bit c lin quan n t nht l hai ngn ng, v ngn ng li thuc v mt nn vn ha, hay t nht s s dng ngn ng cng khng th tch ri khi tnh hung, mi trng giao tip nn qu trnh dch l mt qu trnh rt phc tp, bao gm rt nhiu yu t ngn ng, vn ha, x hi lin quan.

Vn li cng phc tp nu xt qu trnh dch thut trn cc bnh din khc nhau v vi cc mc ch khc nhau. Catford (1994) xt qu trnh dch thut trn bnh din nhn thc (cognitive aspects of the translation process), Wilss (1996) bn v qu trnh dch nh l mt hot ng gii quyt vn (problem-solving activity) v mt qu trnh x l thng tin da trn ngha (Meaning - based information processing). Nord (1997) xem xt qu trnh dch thut di nhiu gc : dch thut nh mt hnh thc tng tc chuyn i (a form of translational interaction), nh mt qu trnh tng tc c mc ch (as international interaction), nh mt hot ng lin vn ha (intercultural action) v mt hot ng x l ngn bn (a text processing action) v.v. Tuy vy, nhn gc no th qu trnh dch thut vn l mt qu trnh giao tip c bit qua phng tin ngn ng v mc ch cui cng ca qu trnh ny cng l giao tip lin ng (inter -language communication). Di y ta s bn v xt qu trnh dch theo cch nhn ny.

Bell (1991) nghin cu qu trnh dch thut da trn l thuyt thng tin (information theory) v pht trin m hnh qu trnh dch thut t m hnh giao tip n ng, gm 9 bc nh sau:M

Ngi giKnhTn hiu

(cha thng ip)KnhNgi nhn

Ni dung

Hnh 3:Qu trnh giao tip n ng

(Ngun: Bell, 1991)

9 bc lm thnh qu trnh giao tip n ng:

1. Ngi gi chn thng ip v m

2. M ha thng ip

3. Chn knh

4. Truyn tn hiu cha ng thng ip

5. Ni nhn nhn tn hiu cha thng ip

6. Nhn din m

7. Gii m tn hiu

8. Tri nhn thng ip, v

9. Hiu thng ip

Qu trnh ny tip din lin tc bao gm cc chu trnh trong ngi gi han i vai tr vi ngi nhn lm thnh mt qu trnh giao tip lin hon.

Tng t nh vy, qu trnh dch cng din ra gm 9 bc nhng phc tp hn do s tham gia ca 2 ngn ng v cc thnh phn tham gia giao tip cng nhiu v phc tp hn :

M 1

Ngi giKnhTn hiu

(cha thng ip)KnhNgi dch

Ni dung 1

M 2

Ngi nhnKnhTn hiu

(cha thng ip) 2Knh

Ni dung 2

Hnh 4:Qu trnh dch

(Ngun : Bell, 1991)

9 bc ca qu trnh dch l:

1. Ngi dch nhn tn hiu 1 c cha thng ip

2. Nhn din m 1

3. Gii m tn hiu 1

4. Tri nhn thng ip

5. Hiu thng ip

6. Ngi dch chn m 2

7. M ha thng ip bng m 2

8. Chn knh

9. Truyn tn hiu 2 c cha thng ip

T quan nim v qu trnh giao tip n ng v giao tip a ng (qua dch thut) ny, Bell (1991) xut mt m hnh dch thut gia hai ngn ng nh sau:

Tr nhPhn tchBiu hinng ngha

Tng hpHnh 5:M hnh qu trnh dch thut

(Ngun : Bell, 1991)

M hnh m t mt cch gin n nht qu trnh rt phc tp nh phn tch trn. S chuyn dch vn bn ngn ng ngun sang vn bn ngn ng ch qua cc qu trnh xy ra trong tr nh ngi dch gm 2 giai on: 1) Phn tch vn bn thuc ngn ng ngun thnh s biu hin ng ngha mang tnh ph nim v 2) Tng hp s biu hin ng ngha thnh vn bn thuc ngn ng ch.

Da trn cc nghin cu v tm l hc ngn ng v tr thng minh nhn to v qu trnh x l ngn ng t nhin, Bell (1991) xut m hnh dch thut kh chi tit v tng th so vi cc m hnh trc nay v qu trnh phc tp ny. M hnh ny gm hai qu trnh: phn tch v tng hp, trong mi qu trnh l 3 giai on thao tc xy ra vi 5 bc:

Tip tc

Chui tuyn tnh cc k hiu

H thng tr nh

Ngn ng ngunNgn ng ch

H thng vit

Phn tch c phpTng hp c php

Phn tch ng nghaTng hp ng ngha

Phn tch ng dngTng hp ng dng

c

S biu hin

ng ngha

Khng c

T chc nim

Lp k hoch

Hnh 6 :M hnh qu trnh dch thut(Ngun : Bell, 1991)

M hnh v qu trnh dch ca Bell da trn bn cht ca nng lc giao tip (communicative competence) do Swain (1985) pht trin t nh ngha ca Hymes (1971) gm 4 thnh t:

1-Nng lc ng php: kin thc v quy tc t chc m ngn ng bao gm t vng v cu to t, pht m hoc ch vit v cu trc cu.

2-Nng lc ngn ng x hi hc: kin thc v kh nng to ra v hiu cc pht ngn ph hp vi ng cnh.

3-Nng lc din ngn: kh nng kt hp hnh thc v ngha to c ngn bn vit hoc ni cc th loi khc nhau mt cch mch lc c v hnh thc v ngha.

4-Nng lc chin lc: kh nng p dng cc chin lc giao tip giao tip thnh cng hoc n b nhng ngng tr giao tip mt cch hiu qu.

Ngi dch l ngi thc hin ton b qu trnh giao tip c bit ny. Do vy dch gi phi c nng lc giao tip c hai ngn ng ngun v ch thc hin thnh cng qu trnh dch nh c th hin s H6 trn.

Chng II

phn tch din ngn v dch thut

i- v vn bn, din ngn v dch thut

Nh bn chng I, nhim v chnh ca dch thut l thit lp mi tng quan gia vn bn ngn ng gc vi vn bn ngn ng dch trn c s va m bo c cc nh giao tip ca tc gi va to ra c bn dch ph hp vi cc mong mun ca ngi c ngn ng dch. Vn bn l trung tm ca qu trnh dch. Mt vn cn bn y l mi quan h gia vn bn, din ngn v qu trnh dch thut.

Theo Brown and Yule (1983) th "vn bn c vit v ni l s biu hin ca din ngn, m din ngn l ngn ng trong s hnh chc hoc s thc hnh ngn ng, thng vn bn c dng ch mt ngn on hoc on vit c ni kt cc cp trn cu. Nh vy, phn tch din ngn l s phn tch ngn ng trong s hnh chc v t n bao gm c s phn tch ca vn bn trn v ngoi cu". Qua nh ngha trn ta thy r s phn bit ca vn bn v din ngn: vn bn ch l s i din, l cn c vt cht, l phn hu ngn ca din ngn th hin qua khu on hoc vit on vi nhng t chc cht ch, theo quy lut cp trn cu. Cn din ngn, nh Brown v Yule (1983) ch r l "Cch thc con ngi s dng ngn ng giao tip, cch thc ngi pht ngn xy dng cc thng ip cho ngi tip nhn pht ngn v cch thc ngi nhn da trn cc thng ip ngn ng nhm mc ch gii thuyt chng".

Nhm t c mc ch giao tip ni trn, vn bn di gc din ngn l mt ng on c t chc vi s lin kt (cohesion) v mch lc (coherence) th vn bn l mt ngn on c mch lc, c lin kt vi cc biu hin nh nhan (title), s ngt cu (punctuation), tnh quan yu (reference), i lp, lit k, / thuyt, t chc thng tin, hiu ng m thanh v.v. Ngoi ra, vic phn tch din ngn trong dch thut vn phi da vo cc n v ca vn bn hu hnh cp thp hn nh on, c, t hp t, t v hnh v. Ngoi ra, theo cch hiu ca Brown v Yule ( dn) th vn bn phi c t trong s thng nht vi "cch thc ngi pht ngn s dng ngn ng giao tip" bao gm c cc yu t hon cnh giao tip, vn ha ca ngi pht ngn v ngi nhn pht ngn.

Dch thut, nh bn chng I, l mt qu trnh giao tip ngn ng c bit m i tng ca n bao gm c s phn tch din ngn da trn vn bn ngn ng gc v s ti to din ngn qua vic xy dng vn bn ngn ng dch. Nh vy, trong sut qu trnh dch thut vn bn lun l tm im, hay ni cch khc vn bn va l im xut pht va l ch n ca qu trnh dch thut. C th ni nhng g lin quan ti qu trnh dch thut u lin quan ti vn bn v mt khi bn ti dch thut th khng th khng ni ti vn bn. Vn bn va l cht liu va l cng c m ngi dch s dng thao tc v xy dng nn bn dch - cng l mt loi vn bn. Di y ta s xem xt mt cch chi tit hn v yu t v cng quan trng ny i vi dch thut.

II- Loi hnh vn bn trong dch thut

1-V loi hnh vn bn trong dch thut hin c nhiu cch nhn vn bn khc nhau gn lin quan im ngn ng hc. Nhng tu chung li vn bn hin nay c hiu theo ngha rng hn nhiu so vi cch hiu truyn thng (vn bn nh l mt tp php t (text is a sum of words). Vn bn c hiu l mt chui cu kt hp theo cc nguyn tc ca lin kt v mch lc, mt n v ngn ng dng ni hoc vit ang hnh chc trong mt tnh hung c th, mt mi trng giao tip c th v to ra mt ngha trong s tng tc ngi pht- ngi nhn v cc yu t nh hng. Nh vy theo Newmark vic phn tch vn bn (cng c th c coi l phn tch din ngn) trong dch thut cn tnh n cc yu t chnh yu ca vn bn nh sau: 1) T chc vn bn 2) Lin kt v mch lc 3) c im ni bt v 4) Phong cch hc v th loi din ngn ca vn bn. T chc ca vn bn da trn loi hnh vn bn. Lin kt v mch lc to nn c im ring ca vn bn v quyt nh cht vn bn (textuality), gip phn bit vn bn vi nhng ci khng phi vn bn (non - text). Mi loi hnh vn bn c c im ni bt to du n ring nh danh ha, di cu, kiu mnh , cu trc tin v.v. phong cch c nhn, tnh trang trng th hin qua cch dng t, dng thc ng php v.v. gn vi th loi vn bn l nhng c im ht sc quan trng ca vn bn i vi ngi dch v qu trnh dch thut.

2- Cc loi hnh vn bn chnhTrong dch thut th loi hnh vn bn l mt yu t rt quan trng c nh hng ln ti cc khu ca qu trnh dch thut v trc tip n sn phm ca qu trnh ny l vn bn dch. Chnh v vy y l vn c bn ti nhiu trong dch thut v cng l mi quan tm hng u ca ngi dch trong c qu trnh dch, c bit l khu phn tch vn bn v ti to vn bn.

Newmark (1988) da trn 3 chc nng chnh ca ngn ng do Buhler xut v 3 chc nng khc na ca ngn ng do Jakobson pht trin phn chia vn bn thnh 6 kiu loi khc nhau ph hp vi mc ch ca dch thut.

1-Chc nng biu cm ca ngn ng, tng ng l loi vn bn "biu cm". Mt trong nhng vai tr quan trng nht ca ngn ng l gip ngi s dng th hin cm xc ca mnh. Do vy trng tm ca th loi vn bn ny l ngi vit. Cc loi ca th loi vn bn ny l:

-Vn chng nghim tc: th, truyn ngn, tiu thuyt, kch. Mc biu hin cm xc cng khc nhau tng loi vn bn.

-Vn bn quyn lc: gm din vn chnh tr, vn bn ban hnh bi cc c quan cng quyn, vn bn lut php, cc cng trnh khoa hc, trit hc, hc thut do cc hc gi uy tn vit.

-T truyn, bi lun, th tn c nhn.

Cc c im ngi dch cn lu i vi th loi vn bn ny l cc du n c nhn ca ngi vit nh cc din t khu ng, n d, cu trc cu, t mi, t l, phong cch c nhn v.v.

2-Chc nng thng bo ca ngn ng, tng ng l th loi vn bn thng bo.

Chc nng chnh ca ngn ng l thng bo v n gn lin vi hon cnh bn ngoi, s vt, hin tng thuc hin thc nm ngoi ngn ng. Trng tm ca th loi vn bn ny l s tht khch quan.

Cc loi vn bn thuc th loi vn bn thng bo gm cc vn bn thuc 4 cp phong cch:

-Tiu lun khoa hc: trang trng, phi biu cm, vn phong k thut.

-Gio trnh, bi bo: phong cch trung tnh, t trang trng vi thut ng k thut c gii thch.

-Sch khoa hc thng thc, sch ngh thut: phong cch khng trang trng, gn gi thn mt vi cu trc ng php n gin, t vng phong ph v n gin v ngha.

-Vn bn bo ch i chng: phong cch gn gi thn mt, phi k thut, m tnh ch quan vi cch din t khu ng, cu trc cu n gin v ngn gn.

3-Chc nng ku gi, tng ng l th loi vn bn ku gi.

Chc nng th ba ca ngn ng l ku gi ngi tip nhn hnh ng, suy ngh hoc cm nhn hnh ng theo cch m vn bn d nh. Vn bn thuc th loi ku gi cn c gi l cc vn bn cng c, vn bn hnh ng nhm to ra tc ng no ln ngi c. Cc vn bn th loi ku gi gm: cc thng bo, lu , ch dn, yt th, tuyn truyn, qung co.

4-Mt s th loi vn bn khc

Ngoi ra Newmark cn da trn 3 chc nng khc ca ngn ng do Jakobson xut phn loi thm mt s loi vn bn na nh tng ng chc nng thm m ca ngn ng c th loi vn bn thm m s dng cc hiu ng m thanh, php n d nh th ca, qung co. Tng ng chc nng "a y" ca ngn ng c cc loi vn bn s dng nhiu cc cch din t ro n, a y to khng kh thn thin trong giao tip. Tng ng chc nng siu ngn ng (metalingual function) c vn bn s dng cc li din t nhm hn nh, m rng v.v. t ng s dng trong vn bn.

Tuy nhin ta cng phi thy rng s phn loi vn bn theo cc chc nng ca ngn ng trn y cng lun mang tnh tng i. Vn bn vi t cch l mt biu hin hu ngn ca din ngn vi cc tnh cht phc hp v ng, gn lin vi ng cnh tnh hung v ng cnh vn ha kh c th l mt thc th c th phn chia mt cch c gii, n gin thnh cc th loi tch bch nh trn. Mt vn bn ch c th mang nhiu tnh cht ca mt th loi no hn ng thi vn c mt s c im ca cc th loi khc. V d vn bn khoa hc k thut c th c rt nhiu c im ca th loi vn bn thng bo l th loi chnh yu, nhng vn c cc c im nh tnh biu cm (trang trng, khng nh). S phn loi trn y ch yu phc v mc ch dch thut, ngi dch cn lu u tin cc c im chnh yu ca th loi vn bn trong qu trnh phn tch v ti hin vn bn v coi nh nguyn tc lm vic trong sut qu trnh dch m bo s chnh xc v khoa hc m thi. S di y th hin cc loi hnh vn bn theo cch phn loi da trn cc chc nng ca ngn ng:Chc nng : Biu cmThng boKu gi

Trng tm : Ngi vitS tht khch quanNgi c

Ch Th thc

Kiu loi :- Vn chng nghim tc

- Vn bn quyn lc

- T truyn

- Th tn c nhn- Khoa hc

- K thut

- Thng mi

- Cng nghip

- Kinh t

- Cc lnh vc kin thc v s kin khc- Gio trnh

- Bo co

- Lun vn

- Bi bo

- Thng bo

- Bin bn- Bin bo

- Ch dn

- Tuyn truyn

- Qung co

S 7: Cc chc nng ngn ng v th loi vn bn

Ngun: Newmark (1988)

III- Phn tch vn bn trong dch thut

Nh ni chng I, phn tch vn bn l bc c tm quan trng c bit, quyt nh ln ti s thnh bi ca c qu trnh dch thut. Chnh v vy, phn tch vn bn lun l tm im thu ht s ch ca ngi dch ln ngi nghin cu dch thut. V nh ni phn I chng ny, phn tch vn bn trong dch thut thc cht l phn tch din ngn da trn cc bng chng hu ngn m vn bn cung cp ch khng phi ch l mt cng vic k thut gin n, c gii v th cng t i hi kin thc nh quan nim trc y v cng vic ca ngi dch. Newmark (1988) da trn thc tin cng vic ca phin dch vin chuyn nghip tng kt qu trnh phn tch vn bn thnh 8 bc tng i st vi qu trnh phc tp ny. 8 bc phn tch vn bn trong dch thut cng cho thy mt qu trnh phn tch din ra kh phc tp, i hi nhiu kin thc v k nng ngh nghip c v ngn ng hc ln dch thut.

1- c vn bn

Ngi dch trc ht phi l ngi c, nhng khng phi ch l ngi c bnh thng. t nht ngi dch ng hai vai tr khc nhau khi c vn bn: l ngi c bnh thng v ngi c - dch vn bn. Nh vy khi c vn bn ngi dch c t nht hai mc ch chnh:

-c hiu ni dung vn bn (ngi c bnh thng)

-c phn tch vn bn t cch nhn ca phin dch ( ngi c-dch).

Vi t cch l ngi c - dch vn bn, ngi dch phi tm hiu ca vn bn, cch vn bn c th hin qua phng tin ngn ng t quyt nh phng php dch ph hp v nhn din c cc vn c th phi gii quyt trong qu trnh dch.

2- Tm hiu ca vn bn

(intention) ca vn bn biu hin thi ca ngi vit i vi iu c ni ti trong vn bn. l xut pht im ngi c - dch hiu ng c vn bn. V mt ngn ng, c th hin qua s la chn cc phng tin din t nh cu trc c php, t ng ca ngi vit. V d nh hai vn bn cng ni v mt s vt, hin tng nhng vn bn c tch cc c th dng cc cch din t, t ng 'tch cc' (nh hopefully - hy vng rng, luckily - tht may mn).

Trong khi vn bn c ngc li thng dng cch din t 'tiu cc' (nh unfortunately - tht khng may, it is a pity that ... tht tic l ...vv). Nhim v u tin v rt quan trng i vi ngi dch khi c vn bn l phi tm hiu c ca vn bn - cng l ca ngi vit vn bn gc. iu ny tng chng n gin nhng i lc ngi dch c th khng tm ra c hoc khng quan tm n yu t rt quan trng ny- v chc chn bn dch kh c th c ti to thnh cng.

Thng thng ngi vit trng vi ngi dch - hay ngc li ngi dch v nguyn tc phi trng hp vi ngi vit (nu khng ngi dch s c coi l 'phn bi' ngi vit). Nhng trong mt s trng hp c bit ngi dch c ring c gi l ca ngi dch. l khi ngi dch phi iu chnh bn dch ph hp vi ngi c mi (nh i tng c l tr em trong khi bn gc li vit cho ngi ln, ngi c bn dch l ngi c bnh thng trong khi bn gc vit cho ngi c c chuyn mn v.v.).

3- Phong cch vn bn

Tm hiu phong cch vn bn cng l mt bc quan trng trong qu trnh phn tch vn bn trong dch thut.

Nida (1979) phn bit 4 loi vn bn theo phong cch m ngi dch cn nm khi phn tch bn gc v ti to bn dch.

1)Tng thut: l vn bn tng thut li mt cu chuyn gm mt lot cc s kin ng. Mi s kin li gm mt loi cc hnh ng v mi hnh ng c biu hin bng t nht mt ng t. Do vy c im quan trng ca vn bn ny l ng t - l tm im ca vic phn tch v ti to vn bn.

2)Miu t: l vn bn miu t mang tnh cht 'tnh' vi trng tm l cc ng t ni kt, tnh t, danh t hoc danh t v tr tnh t.

3)Bn lun: l vn bn x l cc nim vi s nhn mnh vo cc danh t tru tng (khi nim), cc ng t thuc qu trnh t duy v cc hot ng tinh thn (nh ' xem xt', 'lp lun' v.v.) cc lp lun lgic v cc t ni.

4- Ngi c ch

Trong dch thut, ngi dch rt cn xc nh c ai l ngi c m vn bn hng ti gi l ngi c ch (Readership). Ngi c ch ca vn bn thng hp hn ngi c bnh thng. l nhm ngi m khi vit tc gi lun ly lm i tng giao tip quyt nh la chn phng tin ngn ng xy dng vn bn. C hai loi ngi c ch trong dch thut l ngi c ch ca bn dch. Ngi dch vi t cch l ngi c nguyn bn cn hnh dung v xc nh c v c bn cc c im chnh ca ngi c ch ca nguyn bn nh trnh hc vn, giai tng x hi, tui tc, gii tnh v.v. m vn bn cung cp. Sau vi t cch l ngi xy dng vn bn dch ngi dch cng phi xc nh c chn dung ca ngi c ch vn bn dch c nhng quyt nh ph hp. Theo Newmark (1988) thng ngi dch c xu hng xy dng bn dch cho ngi c c trnh hc vn, thuc tng lp trung lu trong x hi vi phong cch trung tnh t mang tnh cht khu ng.

5- Cp phong cch hc

Ngi dch cng cn nhn din c tnh cht ca vn bn theo cp phong cch hc hiu v xy dng vn bn ph hp. V d nh da trn mc trang trng (formality) c th chia vn bn ra nhiu cp khc nhau t ngn ng nghi l, trang trng, trung tnh ti ngn ng hu k (taboo). Mt thang bc phong cch hc khc da trn mc t thng thng ti kh khn ca vn bn nh: vn bn gin n, i chng, trung tnh, bc hc, k thut v k thut chuyn su. C loi cp phn loi vn bn da trn mc xc cm nh: cng thng, thn mt, lnh lng, h ngn v.v.

6- Bi cnh vn bn

Ngi dch khi phn tch vn bn phi hnh dung ra c bi cnh ph hp ca vn bn gc v vn bn dch da trn mt s cn c:

-Vn bn dch s c xut bn u ?

-n phm tng ng ngn ng dch so vi n phm m bn gc c xut bn.

-Khch hng v cc yu cu ca khch hng i vi vn bn dch.

-Tiu , ph , th thc vn bn v cc c im khc thuc quy cch ring ca ngn ng dch.

-Ngi c ch ca bn dch l ai, trnh ca h (chuyn gia, ngi hiu bit hoc ngi t hiu bit lnh vc m vn bn cp).

7- Cht lng ca bi vit

Cc c im quan trng na m ngi dch cn lu khi phn tch vn bn l cht lng v thm quyn ca vn bn. Cht lng bi vit tu thuc k nng din t vit ca tc gi. Mt vn bn c coi l vit tt khi n din t chnh xc vi t ng ph hp, t chc vn bn lgic, mch lc v.v. Thm quyn ca vn bn ph thuc vo v th ca tc gi trong lnh vc vn bn cp. Nu l chuyn gia th cht lng v tin cy ca vn bn thng l cao hn nhiu so vi tc gi l ngi bnh thng. i khi ngi dch phi x l nhng vn bn vit km v k thut din t vit hoc v v th ngi vit trong lnh vc v cn phi c cch x l ring, chuyn nghip.

8- c vn bn ln cui

Thng thng ngi dch tin hnh c li vn bn ln cui trc khi dch xc nh kha cnh vn ha ca vn bn gc, ghi ch cc t mi, n d, t vn ha v thut ng c th ca ngn ng gc, tn ring, t k thut v cc t 'bt kh dch'. y c th coi l bc phn tch vn bn cui cng ca c qu trnh phn tch vn bn trong dch thut.

Nhng bc phn tch vn bn trong dch thut do Newmark xut trn y c quy np t thc tin dch thut ca ngi dch khi tc nghip hn l nhng tng kt v l lun. Tuy nhin ta c th thy chng phn nh qu trnh phn tch vn bn gn lin ng cnh theo quan im phn tch din ngn hng ng cnh (context - oriented discourse analysis) v kh gn gi vi cc bc thao tc giai on gii m ca qu trnh dch thut c trnh by chng I. Cc bc phn tch vn bn trn y c th cha phn nh ht qu trnh phn tch din ngn nhng t ra cng l nhng bc tin hnh thc t m ngi dch chuyn nghip thng tin hnh khi dch.

Chng III

vn phng php v k thut trong dch thut

I.Hai ng hng chnh trong dch thut: dch ng ngha v dch thng bo

Lch s nghin cu dch thut cho thy mt cuc tranh lun trin min t thi c i (t Cicero v Jerome, 106 BC) ti nay v vn nn dch th no cho ng, cho ph hp. Vn chnh y l s cn bng gia hai thi cc: dch bm st vn bn gc (literal) v dch that khi s rng buc ca vn bn gc (free). Hai ng hng dch thut ny thng c gi l dch ng ngha (sematic translation) v dch thng bo (commnicative translation).

Theo cc nh nghin cu dch thut (nh Newmark, Nida, House) dch thng bo (communicative) l cch dch nhm to ra cho ngi c bn dch tip nhn mt cch d dng nht tng t nh ngi c ngn ng gc. Dch ng ngha (semantic) l cch dch nhm chuyn i cng st cng tt trong chng mc ng ngha v ng php cho php ngha vn cnh ca bn gc sang bn dch. S khc nhau c bn ca hai ng hng dch ny l i tng hng ti ca qu trnh dch. Dch thng bo hng ti ngi tip nhn bn dch vi cc u tin chnh l s thng hiu, s d dng tip nhn thng ip cn truyn ti cng tc ng ca n i vi ngi nhn. Dch ng ngha hng ti vic xy dng bn dch sao cho trung thnh vi bn gc v ni dung ng ngha, k c cc nt ngha thuc nn vn ha ngn ng gc.

Nhn t gc quan h ca bn dch vi ngn ng gc v ngn ng dch th hai ng hng dch ng ngha v thng bo khc bit ng k. Dch ng ngha vn ch trng trung thnh vi vn bn gc gn gi hn vi ngn ng gc v cc c im c bn nh t vng - ng php, phong cch, hnh thc t chc vn bn v cc nt ngha vn ha. Dch thng bo vn ch trng t ti s d hiu cho ngi tip nhn bn dch v hiu qu giao tip nn gn gi hn vi ngn ng dch v cc c im ni trn. Larson (1984) da trn hai tiu ch l hnh thc v ngha ca vn bn phn loi dch. ng gi ng hng th nht l cch dch da trn hnh thc (form-based) v ng hng th hai l dch da trn ngha (meaning-based).Newmark (1988) ch ra s khc bit gia hai ng hng dch ng ngha v thng bo nh sau:Dch ng nghaDch thng bo

- Bn dch c vit bng trnh ngn ng ca tc gi bn gc- Bn dch c vit bng trnh ngn ng ca ngi c.

- c dng cho cc vn bn biu cm- c dng cho cc vn bn thng bo

- Cc yu t biu cm c dch st / bm ch- Cc yu t biu cm c bnh thng ha v gim nh xung mc trung tnh.

- Bn dch c tnh c nhn, c c tnh- Bn dch mang tnh x hi chung chung

- Bn dch c xu hng c dch qu mc- Bn dch c xu hng c dch di mc

- u tin cc sc thi ngha- u tin thng ip

- Bn dch kh hiu hn bn gc- Bn dch d hiu hn bn gc

- Bn dch cn c gii thuyt- Bn dch cn c gii thch

- Ngi dch c t t do hn- Ngi dch c nhiu t do hn

Tuy nhin Newmark cng lu rng cch thc hay phng php dch cng cn tu thuc vo kiu loi vn bn. Thng i vi vn bn thuc loi biu cm dch ng ngha hay dng, vn bn thng bo hoc ku gi thuyt phc thng hay c dch bng phng php thng bo. Nhng c nhng trng hp hai ng hng dch tng chng nh kh xa nhau ny li trng hp loi vn bn chuyn ti thng ip c tnh ph qut chung chung m khng phi l vn bn cha thng ip mang tnh vn ha c th, khi m ni dung c biu t cng quan trng nh cch thc biu t.

II- Cc phng php dch chnh

Trn gii tim tin ng hng dch v phng php dch m mt bn l dch ng ngha v bn kia l dch thng bo (hay ngha v hnh thc vn bn), cc nh l lun dch xut nhiu phng php dch khc nhau. Larson (1984) phn loi phng php dch trn di tim tin m mt cc l hnh thc vn bn v cc kia l ngha vn bn:St

bn gcNguyn

vnNguyn vn

c sa iHn hpGn c ngc ngT do trn mc

Hnh thc

vn bn ngha

vn bn

Tng t nh vy, Newmark (1988) xut 8 phng php dch c chia thnh hai nhm chnh l dch ng ngha v dch thng bo. Di y ta s xem xt cc phng php thuc h thng m Newmark xut vi thc tin dch thun Anh - Vit.

Newmark (1988) ngh mt h thng phng php dch thng thng v sp xp chng theo s hnh ch V nh sau:Ngn ng gcNgn ng dch

Dch i tPhng dch

Dch nguyn vnDch t do

Dch trung thnhDch c ng

Dch ng nghaDch thng bo

S hnh ch V vi hai v tri v phi biu hin mi quan h vi ngn ng gc v ngn ng dch ca cc phng php. Gn nht vi ngn ng gc l phng php dch ch i ch, cng xung di cc phng php thuc nhnh tri (dch ng ngha) cng xa ri ngn ng gc v khong cch ti ngn ng dch v th cng gn li. Cng nh vy st vi ngn ng dch nht l phng php phng dch (adaptation) v cng xung di cc phng php thuc nhm dch thng bo cng ri xa ngn ng dch v gn hn vi ngn ng gc. Hai phng php y ch V ng thi cng l i din cho hai ng hng chnh l dch ng ngha v dch thng bo c nhng im trng nhau nh phn tch phn I, v tr ca mi phng php trn s hnh ch V ch khong cch ca chng vi ngn ng gc v ngn ng dch, ng thi cng phn nh c im ca sn phm dch c to bi phng php tng ng: bn dch mang nhiu c im ca ngn ng gc hn hay ca ngn ng dch hn cng nh n gn gi hay xa l vi ngi c hn. Newmark trnh by ngn gn cc c im v ng dng ca tng phng php dch nh sau:

1-Phng php dch t i t (Word - for - word translation): L cch dch trc tip t ngn ng gc sang ngn ng dch n v t, trt t t ca ngn ng gc c gi nguyn, t c dch bng ngha thng thng nht ca chng trong t in, tch ri vn cnh. Bn dch rt gn gi vi bn gc v hnh thc mang nhiu c im ca ngn ng gc v d nhin xa l vi ngn ng dch, thm ch kh hiu vi ngi c ngn ng dch.2-Dch nguyn vn (Literal translation): Bn dch rt gn gi vi nguyn bn v hnh thc. Cc cu trc ng php ca ngn ng gc c chuyn dch sang cc cu trc gn nht ngn ng dch. T vng vn c dch mt cch n l, tch ri khi vn cnh. Cch dch ny cn c gi l dch vay mn (borrowing translation).3-Dch trung thnh (Faithful translation): Bn dch vn tng i gn gi vi bn gc v hnh thc. Ngi dch c gng ti to ngha vn cnh mt cch chnh xc trong cc rng buc v hn ch ca cu trc ng php ngn ng dch. Cc t vn ha c chuyn giao nguyn xi sang bn dch. Bn dch vn c ti to ch yu bng hnh thc ca vn bn gc t cu trc ng php ti cu trc vn bn v cha ng nhiu cch din t xa l, bt bnh thng vi ngn ng dch.4-Dch ng ngha (Semantic translation): Bn dch kh xa ri nhng rng buc ca ngn ng gc v do gn gi rt nhiu vi ngn ng dch so vi cc cch dch khc thuc nhm ng ngha. Bn dch cha ng y cc ngha v nt ngha ca bn gc, k c nt ngha to gi tr thm m (aesthetic value) ca bn gc. N c vit c tnh ti ngi c thuc ngn ng dch do vy bn dch linh hot hn, t cng nhc v l thuc vo cc quy tc ca ngn ng gc hn cc cch dch ni trn. Bn dch cng chp nhn nhng sng to ca ngi dch.5-Dch thng bo (communicative translation): L phng php dch ng u nhm phng php thuc ng hng "dch thng bo". Phng php ny c nhiu c im trng vi phng php ng ngha mc gn gi vi ngn g gc v ngn ng dch. Tuy nhin im khc bit c bn ca phng php ny so vi cc phng php thuc nhm ng ngha l n hng trng tm vo ngi c i tng ngn ng dch v mi n lc ca ngi dch nhm to ra s d hiu cho ngi c bn dch, tc l m bo "giao tip" ca qu trnh dch thut thnh cng. c im chnh ca phng php dch thng bo l: -Chuyn dch chnh xc ngha vn cnh ca bn gc.

-To ra bn dch vi ni dung v hnh thc d dng chp nhn v d hiu cho ngi c.

6-Dch c ng (idiomatic translation): L phng php dch nhm ti to thng ip ca bn gc vi nhiu sng to ngn ng ch. Cch din t bnh thng bn gc c dch bng cch din t c ng bn dch. Bn dch cha ng nhiu cch ni khu ng v c ng vn khng c bn gc. Sn phm ca phng php ny l bn dch rt sinh ng, t nhin v gn gi vi ngn ng dch v thn thin vi ngi c.7-Dch t do (Free translation): L cch dch trong ngi dch thot ra khi cc rng buc ca hnh thc bn gc v ngn ng gc din t li thng ip mt cch thoi mi nht ngn ng dch. Ngi dch tp trung ti to ni dung c din t ch khng phi cch thc din t mc d hiu nht cho ngi c v hnh thc. Bn dch thng di hn bn gc v ngi dch thng phi din gii cc ngha ca bn gc bng ngn ng dch.8-Phng dch (Adaptation): L cch dch t do nht trong 8 phng php trong ngi dch ch gi li ch im, kch bn v nhn vt bn gc khi ti to bn dch, vn ha ca ngn ng gc cng c chuyn i hon ton sang vn ha ca ngn ng dch. Ni cch khc y l hnh thc vit li bn gc ngn ng dch, ch yu c dng cho vic dch th, bi ht v kch.III-Phng php dch trong thc t dch thut Anh - VitMt s nh l lun dch cho rng s phn chia phng php v th thut dch ch nhm phc v mc ch nghin cu v t c ngha trong thc t dch thut. Thm ch cch phn chia phng php qu chi ly phc tp nh Newmark trn y l khng thc t, khng phn nh ng thc t dch thut gia hai ngn ng v cng vic ca ngi dch.

Nhng mt s ngi vn ng h ch trng nghin cu tm ra cc phng php v th thut dch ph hp vi thc t dch thut nh Newmark lm. Ch trng ny c c s thc tin l qu trnh dch l qu trnh lao ng k thut kt hp vi sng to ca con ngi vi cht liu ngn ng. Do vy nh bt c qu trnh lao ng no n i hi phi c phng php v cch thc tin hnh c th. Do phng php v k thut dch l mt thc tin rt cn nghin cu r rng phc v cho vic dch thut hiu qu hn v quan trng hn na l o to ngi dch chuyn nghip.

Mt iu kh l lng l rt him cc cng trnh nghin cu v dch thut cp mt cch nghim tc vic nghin cu phng php dch nh mt h thng. Cc sch, bi vit v phng php v th thut dch vn t v gn nh khng ng k trong khi ti liu s v l thuyt dch. y cng l mt vn rt cn c quan tm nghin cu t pha cc nh l lun gip cc nh thc hnh dch thut v cc nh s phm dch thut lm tt hn cng vic ca mnh.

H thng cc phng php m Newmark xut nu xt v mt l lun th cn rt s si, gin n v da ch yu vo thc t dch thut gia mt s ngn ng chu u ph bin l Anh-Php v c. Khi p dng h phng php ny vo thc t dch thut Anh-Vit chng c nhiu bt cp.

Th nht l trong thc t dch thut, cc dch gi chuyn nghip t khi quan tm n phng php v k thut c th no . Qu trnh dch t phn tch vn bn n ti to vn bn din ra mt cch t nhin, vai tr ca thc khng phi r nt nh l thuyt ch ra (cng ging nh khi giao tip bng ngn ng ngi ta khng qu l thuc vo k thut din t). S phn chia thnh 8 phng php nh khc nhau ca Newmark l hon ton mang tnh l thuyt v ch nhm mc ch thun tin nghin cu.

Th hai l khi xem xt thc t dch thut gia hai ngn ng Anh v Vit kh c th phn tch c cc phng php c th nh Newmark ch ra. iu ny c th c nguyn nhn t s khc bit c th v vn ha v ngn ng Anh v Vit nhng cng c th do h thng phng php ca Newmark cha phi l h thng tiu biu cho thc t dch thut ni chung.

Theo chng ti nguyn nhn th hai c lin quan trc tip ti vn l lun v phng php dch cn bn y. Cn nguyn nhn th nht cn c mt nghin cu thc tin ring v s bn mt bi vit khc.

Khi xem xt cc ti liu vit v phng php v th thut dch, khng thy tc gi no cp mt cch qu chi tit v k lng nh Newmark lm. Tuy nhin khi bn v tng phng php th Newmark li khng phn tch k v thuyt phc v chng, do vy h thng 8 phng php ng xut thc cht mi ch l cc tng s lc cn c kim chng bng cc nghin cu thc t dch thut v cn c tng kt tng ngn ng ch khng ch da vo cc ngn ng chu u vn rt gn nhau v vn ha cng nh h thng ngn ng.

Trong cc kin lun bn v ng hng/phng php, th thut dch cc tc gi (Cicero, St. Jerme, ryden, Tytler, Benjamin trc y v Savory, Nida, Koller, Catford, Valery, Venuti, Munday v.v. sau ny) ch yu cp hai thi cc ca cch thc dch thut l "nguyn vn" v "t do", "trung thnh" v "p" "chnh xc" v "t nhin, "ng ngha" v "thng bo", t i t v ngha i ngha. L lun v thc tin dch thut u cho thy dch l mt n lc din ra trn di tim tin m mt cc l vn bn, ngn ng v vn ha ngun v cc kia l vn bn, ngn ng v vn ha dch. S khc nhau v cch thc dch thut ch l ch ngi dch thin v pha no trong qu trnh dch m thi. V y l mt qu trnh ht sc linh hot gm nhiu nhn t chi phi t vn ha ti cc rng buc ca hnh thc ngn ng hai vn bn gc v dch.

Theo kin chng ti, mt h phng php va m bo thun tin cho nghin cu l thuyt va c tnh ng dng cao trong thc t dch thut cn thit lp hp c cch thc dch chuyn linh hot trn ca ngi dch thnh cc mc nh du s khc bit trn di tim tin ni trn. H phng php ny cn c kim chng trong thc tin dch thut qua cc nghin cu ng dng v dch thut gia hai ngn ng c th v khng nht thit phi nh nhau gia cc ngn ng khc nhau.

Nh vy phng php dch nn c phn thnh hai nhm chnh (hoc hai ng hng chnh) l "ng ngha" v thng bo (hoc nguyn vn, v t do) trong c cc phng php (hoc th thut) c th c hin thc ha cc mc trn di tin tin ny. Chng ti thin v cch gi ca cc nh l thuyt tin bi l nguyn vn v t do hn v hai tn gi l phn nh chnh xc ni dung ca hai ng hng dch chnh vn l tm im ca bt c s bn lun hay nghin cu no v phng php v th thut dch t c xa ti ngy nay. Trong thc t dch thut ngi dch lun dch chuyn mt cch ht sc linh hot gia hai thi cc ny: hoc thin v cch dch nguyn vn, trung thnh vi ngn ng gc hoc v mt kh khn rng buc v vn ha hay ngn ng no hay ch n gin l quan nim v dch thut, thin v ngn ng dch hn. Tn gi "ng ngha" v "thng bo" l khng r rng v mt ngn ng hc v "ng ngha" cng l mt hnh thc "thng bo" v "thng bo" li l mt cch biu hin ng ngha. Gia hai cc ca di tin tin l cc 'mc' nh du cc phng php (hoc c th gi mt cch gin n hn l cch thc, th thut dch) khc nhau. H thng phng php v th thut dch theo cch hiu ny c th l nh sau:T i tNguyn vnNg nghat do

NN gcNN dch

nguyn vnThng boT doPhng dch

S tuyn tnh phn nh r khong cch gia sn phm dch vi ngn ng gc v ngn ng dch ca tng phng php. Hai nhm ny c s trng hp cht t phng php ng ngha v thng bo. Trong tng nhm ch nn phn chia thnh 3 phng php chnh yu v thc s chng c s khu bit r rt. Trong cch phn chia ca Newmark rt kh phn bit gia hai phng php dch nguyn vn (literal) v dch trung thnh (faithful) nhm ng ngha. nhm thng bo vic tch ring cch dch c ng (idiomatic) vi dch t do l khng tha ng v thc ra dch c ng ch l mt bin th ca dch t do khi ngi dch thot hn ra khi cch din t bnh thng ca vn bn gc t do tm cch din t c ng ngn ng dch, suy cho cng th cng bi ngi dch t do hnh ng mc cao m thi.

c im ca hai nhm phng php dch theo cch nhn ny cng t nhiu khc h phng php ca Newmark. Th nht l cch phn chia ny ly c s r rt hn l mc bm st hay thot ly ca bn dch vi ngn ng gc v s tim cn ca n vi ngn ng dch (th hin cch b tr trn s tuyn tnh vi hai chiu mi tn v hai cc).

Hai nhm phng php trn di tim tin cng th hin r tnh cht c im ca chng: nhm nguyn vn m nh cao l cch dch t i t ch trng theo ui cch chuyn dch ti to "cht liu" v "hnh thc" (substance and form) ca vn bn gc trong trng tm ch ca ngi dch l ng php - t vng v cu trc t chc vn bn gc. Nhm t do vi s that ly cc oan nht l phng dch ch trng theo ui vic ti to thng ip ca vn bn gc trong trng tm ch ca ngi dch l chc nng ca cc n v ngn ng trong ngn cnh v hiu qu giao tip ca vn bn ln ngi c. Nhm ny phc v mc ch giao tip ca dch thut gia hai ngn ng rt r rt qua vic hng hn v ngi c bn dch. Cc mt li hi, im mnh im yu ca mi nhm v tng phng php cng tng t nh c phn tch phn trn khi bn v h phng php ca Newmark. Tuy vy cng cn tng kt li cc c im c bn ca cc phng php ny cho st hn vi thc t dch thut Anh - Vit nh sau:

1- Dch t i t (word for word translation) -n v dch l t hoc ng.

-Trt t t c gi nguyn bn dch, thm ch c trt t cu to t.

-Ngha t c dch bng ngha t in, ngha thng thng nht khng l thuc vo vn cnh.

V d:

The only way a baby can show fear, discomfort, pain, hunger, or boredom is by crying. (Dr. Sarah Brewer, 1001 facts about the human body)

Mt cch mt tr em c th cho thy s s hi, kh chu, lm au, i hay bun t l bng vic khc. (Dch my qua chng trnh EVTran 2.0)

-Thng c s dng vo mc ch dch c bit: dch vn bn lut php (hp ng, iu khon, hip nh) hoc v d trong nghin cu i chiu ngn ng khi ngi c cn bit cng chnh xc cng tt nguyn vn cch din t vn bn gc.

V d:

-Dch vn bn lut php:

1. Gim c, Ch tch v cc thnh vin Hi ng qun tr doanh nghip b tuyn b ph sn khng c m ng cc chc v bt c doanh nghip no trong thi hn t mt nm n ba nm,

(Lut ph sn doanh nghip - 1993)

1. The Director, President and other members of the Board of Management of the bankrupt enterprise must not hold that office in any enterprise within a period of one year to three years,

(Law on Bankruptcy - 1993)

-V d trong nghin cu i chiu ngn ng:

Reconstruction Ti thit Non- nuclear Phi ht nhn

Vic thanh ton s tin tng cng trn s c thc hin nh sau:

(Noun marker pay number money total addition above future tense marker passive voice maker exercise like following: )

Payment for the above grand total price shall be effected as follows:

2- Dch nguyn vn (literal translation)

-n v dch l cu.

-Trt t t bn gc c tn trng nhng c s thay i cn thit cho ph hp ngn ng dch. Cu trc ng php, c bit l c php c chuyn dch sang cc cu trc c php tng t ngn ng dch. T chc vn bn gc c gi nguyn vn bn dch.

-Ngha t vng vn c dch ch yu bng ngha thng thng nht trong t in, t tnh ti ngn cnh.

-Cc yu t vn ha ngn ng gc c chuyn dch trc tip, nguyn xi sang bn dch ( nh so snh, n d, tu t v.v.)

-Bn dch mang nhiu yu t ngoi lai vi cc khi nim, cch din t v cu trc xa l vi ngi c.

-Thng c s dng dch cc vn bn c vn phong trung tnh nhm mc ch thng bo cc thng tin ph qut, t c s khc bit v vn ha nh vn bn khoa hc k thut, sch hng dn, bn tin vv... i khi phng php ny c s dng vi mc ch c it nh gi gn cch din t nguyn vn bn gc, to vn phong ngoi lai vv... hoc bi nhng ngi dch khng chuyn do khng that ly c bn gc din t cho that bn dch.

V d:

The government is advised by the Chief Scientific Adviser, Cabinet Office, and by an Independent Advisory Council on Science and Technology (ACOST).

Chnh ph c t vn bi Ch tch hi ng c vn, Vn phng ni cc v bi mt Hi ng t vn c lp v khoa hc v k thut (ACOST)

They were as much alike as two balls of cotton. (Mitchell, Gone with the wind) Hai anh em cng ging nhau nh hai bnh bng vi (Cun theo chiu gi - Dng Tng dch)

As fast as a Kangaroo.

Nhanh nh mt con cng-gu-ru.

v d cui, thnh ng so snh ting Anh c c dch mt cch trung thnh sang ting Vit th hin cu trc ng php ca cm t "a Kangaroo" c gi nguyn bn dch, "mt con cng-gu-ru" l cch ni xa l vi thi quen din t ca ngi Vit vn him khi dng s t trong trng hp ny. Cch ni thng thng l"nhanh nh sc", "nhanh nh chp" ch khng phi l "nhanh nh mt con sc", "nhanh nh mt tia chp". Kangaroo l t vn ha ch con vt c trng c c chuyn dch nguyn xi sang ting Vit. Tng t nh vy l cch dch two balls of cotton thnh hai bnh bng vi v d trn.

V d:

It was the pleading cry of a strong man in dicstress. (London Love of life)

l ting ku van v ca mt ngi n ng khe mnh trong lc tuyt vng. (Tnh yu cuc sng c L dch)3- Dch ng ngha

-n v dch: cu v trn cu (thng l on hoc i khi c vn bn).

-Cu trc ng php v t chc vn bn c th c thay i so vi bn gc din t li cc ngha v nt ngha tinh t cho ph hp vi ngn ng dch. Nhng v hnh thc bn dch vn gn gi vi ngn ng gc hn vi ngn ng dch.

-Ngha t vng c dch bng ngha vn cnh, cc nt ngha c ch phn tch v chuyn dch k lng, c bit l gi tr thm m ca bn gc.

-Bn gc c ti hiu ngn ng dch vi cng y cng tt cc loi ngha v cch din t chng vi trnh s dng ngn ng ngang bng trnh tc gi bn gc, chp nhn s sng to ca ngi dch khi din t li.

-Thng c s dng dch cc vn bn thuc vn phong biu cm trong cch thc din t c vai tr quan trng hn ni dung c din t nh vn hc ngh thut, din vn chnh tr, chnh lun v.v.

V d: Vn bn vn hc

It was a large lovely garden, with soft green grass. Here and there, over the grass stood beautiful flowers like stars, and there were twelve peach trees that in the springtime broke out into delicate blossoms of pink and pearl, and in the autumn bore rich fruit.

y l mt ci vn rng, c mm mc xanh um. y gia vn c nhng bng hoa xinh p nh nhng v sao. C mi hai cy o vo tit xun tr nhng o hoa mnh d mu trng hng, v vo ma thu th tru qu.

Ta c th thy bn dch ting Vit c Vit ha rt nhiu v rt sinh ng vi cc cch din t tinh t v sng to "c mc xanh um" thay cho "with soft green grass", "vo tit xun" thay cho "in the springtime" (vo ma xun), "tr hoa" v "tru qu" thay cho "ra hoa", "ra qu" l cch ni bnh thng trong ting Vit. Cch dch ng ngha ti to c khng nhng ni dung bnh thng ca vn bn m cn cch thc din t tinh t, c gi tr thm m cao ca vn bn.

V d: Vn bn vn hc

B hai lm ngh nhum vi, ti khng tng mt. (Nguyn Huy Thip Tng v hu)

His second wife was a cloth dyer, I never set eyes on her. (The General Retires-Lockhart dch)

V d: Vn bn chnh lun

Today in every part of the world, men, women and children of all faiths and tongues, of every colour and creed, will gather to embrace our common human rights. (Kofi Annan: Universal declaration of human rights illuminates global pluralism and diversity)

Hm nay trn khp mi min tri t, tt c ngi ln, tr em thuc mi nim tin v ting ni, thuc mi mu da v sc tc, s tp hp li ni vng tay ln gi ly cc quyn con ngi ca chng ta. (Tuyn ngn ton th gii v nhn quyn soi sng tnh a nguyn v a dng ton cu L Hng Tin dch)

4- Dch thng bo

-n v dch: ch yu l cu v on, i khi c vn bn.

-Cu trc ng php, t chc vn bn c chuyn dch mt cch khng hn ch, tu thuc vo mc cn din t cho d hiu ngn ng dch.

-Ngha t vng c dch bng ngha vn cnh.

-Cc yu t vn ha ngn ng gc c thay th bng cc yu t vn ha tng ng ngn ng dch.

-Bn dch gn gi vi ngn ng dch v c ni dung v hnh thc din t, d hiu, d tip thu i vi ngi c ngn ng dch. Thng bn dch di hn bn gc v hnh thc.

-Thng c dng dch cc vn bn thuc th loi thng tin (informative) v ku gi (vocative) hoc x l cc trng hp bt kh dch (untranslatability) khi s khc bit v hnh thc din t gia hai ngn ng l qu ln hoc khng c tng ng.

V d:Heartsease (pansy) is used again for healing the heart. It is for disappointment in love, and in separation.

Hoa png-x cng c dng cha lnh cc vt thng lng. N xoa du s tht vng trong tnh yu, ni au phi sng trong cnh ly thn.

Bn dch di hn bn gc kh nhiu v cch dch thng bo, ngi dch din gii cc danh t ngn gn bn gc bng cc danh ng di, d hiu hn.

You can be sure of Shell Shell, nim tin ca bn

S chi ch (ip m /s/) lm nn tnh c o cho khu hiu qung co l trng hp bt kh dch, phng php dch thng bo c s dng din t chnh.

Mt s trng hp cch din t c ng nguyn tc khng c tng ng ngn ng dch c dch theo phng php thng bo (din t li bng cch ni bnh thng, d hiu).

V d :

Cha l ch huy. Cha m lm lnh th s lon c. (Nguyn Huy Thip Tng v hu)

Father is a commander; if he acts like an ordinary soldier, everything will be thrown into disorder. (The General Retires-Lockhart dch)

B chu Kim Chi v ph, anh l tng, th l mn ng h i. (Nguyn Huy Thip)

Kim Chis father is a Deputy Chief of a Department, you are a General, you two are of the same social class. (The General Retires-Lockhart dch)

5- Dch t do -n v dch: cu v on

-Cu trc ng php, t chc vn bn c thay th bi cc n v tng ng ngn ng dch nhm din t li mt cch t nhin nht ni dung thng ip ca bn gc.

-Ngha t vng ch l cc cn c phn tch ng ngha v tm thng ip chuyn dch.

-Bn dch rt gn gi vi ngn ng dch v ni dung v hnh thc din t, c cha c yu t v vn ha v ngn ng vn khng c trong bn gc, c vit vi trnh ngn ng bng hoc cao hn nguyn tc. S chuyn dch i khi khng cp lin ng m cp lin vn ha.

-Thng c dng dch cc vn bn m ni dung ng ngha khng quan trng bng thng ip cn chuyn ti ca ngi ni nh vn bn thuc th loi khu ng, hi thoi, qung co, th, kch, li bi ht v.v. V d:

-Cch din t bnh thng c dch bng c ng:

Dilemma

Tin thoi lng nan

It was the pleading cry of a strong man in dicstress. (London Love of Life)

l ting ku vang ca mt ngi hng lc sa c. (Kht sng, L B Kng dch)

-Dch cc khu hiu qung co:Generation nextS la chn ca th h tr (Nc gii kht Pepsi)

Tide in, dirt outTide, thch thc mi vt bn (Bt git Tide)

Good food, good lifeCho b yu ngy cng ln gii (Sa Nestle)

Toyota moving forwardToyota tin ti tng lai (Xe hi Toyota)

-Dch th: Ni dung ng ngha i khi khng hon ton tng ng v u tin dch thut y l ti to vn iu v thi php ngn ng dch. V d :When I was one- and- twentyKhi em mi hai mi

Afred HousmanHi Anh dch

When I was one- and- twentyKhi em mi hai mi,

I heard a wise man say,Khuyn em nh thng thi:

Give crowns and pounds and guineasTrao tin bc th gian,

But not your heart away;Tri tim thi dng li;

Give pearls away and rubiesTrao chu bu ngc ng,

But keep your fancy free.Tm hn thi ng di.

But I was one-and-twenty,Nhng em mi hai mi,

No use to talk to me.Li khuyn nh gi thong.

-Dch li bi ht: Ni dung ng ngha hu nh khng cn l mc tiu m u tin dch thut y l cc nguyn tc ng m ca li bi ht: s lng m tit phi nh nhau bn gc v bn dch v mi m tit tng ng vi mt nt nhc, cc m tit kt thc mt ng hoc mt cu ca ca t phi c cng c im: hoc cng l m tit m (c th ngn di khi ht) hoc l m tit ng (khng th ngn di). Ca t dch hu nh khng cn mang ni dung ng ngha ca bn gc.

V d:

Where/ do / I / be- / gin?/ To/ tell / a sto/-ry /of /how/great /a love/ can/be?

Cu / chuyn/ tnh/ nm/ xa,/ t / thi/ xa /xa/ nay/ / tr / v/ trong/ ti.

The / love/ sto- / ry / that- is/ ol- /der / than/ the /sea. Dng/ thi/ gian/ tri/ nh / ng/ my/ bun/ chi/ vi.

(Love story - Cu chuyn tnh yu)

Cu u ca bn gc c 5 m tit v m tit cui cng (gin) l m tit m vi m /n/ l m vang mi c th ko di th cu u cu bn dch cng gm 5 m tit v m tit cui (xa) cng l m tit m c th ko di. Cc cu tip theo bn gc v bn dch cng tun th ng nhng nguyn tc nh vy. Ni dung ng ngha ca bn gc v bn dch rt xa nhau v u tin dch thut y l hnh thc (ng m) nn ni dung (ng ngha) khng cn quan trng na.6- Phng dch

-n v dch l vn bn, i khi ln hn na l cc vn bn lin quan.

-Cu trc ng php v t chc vn bn gc gn nh khng cn nhn thy bn dch.

-Bn dch han ton c vit li bng ngn ng dch da trn ch , ct truyn v nhn vt ca bn gc. L hnh thc dch that ly bn dch mc cao nht ( mc sao phng bn gc).

-Cc yu t vn ha bn gc c bin i hon ton bng cc yu t vn ha bn dch, vn bn c dch cp lin vn ha (intercultural translation).

-L mt hnh thc vit li (hoc sng tc li) trong dch thut, thng c dng dch cc loi vn bn m cch din t qu xa nhau v mt hnh thc v vn ha nh th loi vn hi thoi, kch, th, ph phim, li bi ht v.v.

V d:

-Tn tiu thuyt, kch, phim thng c dch da trn ni dung tc phm hn l bn thn tiu :

Thornbird (Tiu thuyt ca Colleen Mc Cuolough)

Ting chim ht trong bi mn gai (Phm Mnh Hng dch)

Living History (Hillary Clinton)

Hi k Hillary ClintonJust Married (tn phim)

Yu l ci

Memmoirs of a Geisha (tn phim)

i k n

-Dch th: Ngi dch gn nh ch s dng cc t th nguyn tc sng tc li bi th.

V d:Sonnet 122Xo-n 122

William ShakespeareThi B Tn dch

Thy gift, thy tables,Anh khng cn

are within my brainchn dung em tng

Full characterdChn dung em

with lasting memory,anh khc trong tim.

Which shall above that idle rank remainHn tt c thuc mu, giy trng,

Beyond all date,Tn y lng anh

even to eternitygi mi hnh em

Tuy nhin cng phi ni rng phng php v th thut dch l vn cn rt t c nghin cu mt cch nghim tc. Mt h thng phng php l kt qu ca vic nghin cu i chiu rt nhiu bn gc v bn dch thuc cc th loi v vn phong khc nhau cng vi kin ca cc nh dch thut da trn kinh nghim ca h s l ti nghin cu b ch v vn ny trong tng lai.

Chng IV

tng ng dch thut anh - vit

I- vn tng ng dch thut trong l lun dch

1- Ba quan nim v tng ng dch thut

Tng ng dch thut l vn c bn ti ngay t khi dch thut ra i. N nhanh chng tr thnh "khi nim trung tm ca bt c cng trnh nghin cu no v dch thut" (Munday, 2001). Tng ng dch thut cng l khi nim gy tranh ci nhiu nht trong l lun dch. Hin ti cc nh l lun dch c ba quan im khc nhau v tng ng dch thut nh sau:

1)Tng ng l iu kin cn thit dch thut thc hin c v tng ng l ch ca dch thut, l ci c th t c (Catford, Nida, Toury, Koller).

2)Tng ng dch thut l khng th thc hin c v l iu cn tr cho vic nghin cu dch thut (Snell - Hornby, Gentzler).

3)Tng ng l cch phn loi hu ch m t v nghin cu dch thut (Baker), l khi nim tn dng nghin cu dch thut v thc hnh dch thut ch khng hn l do n v no ca khi nim ny trong l thuyt dch.

S d vn tng ng dch thut tr thnh mt vn gai gc trong l lun dch thut v kin ca cc nh nghin cu v vn ny rt khc nhau, thm ch i lp nhau l v cch nhn v bn cht ca dch thut cn qu khc nhau. Nhm th nht gm cc nh nghin cu nhn nhn dch thut l mt qu trnh giao tip m trng tm l vic chuyn dch thng ip t ngn ng gc sang ngn ng dch (quan im chc nng ngn ng i vi dch thut). Do vy, khi chuyn dch thng ip t ngn ng ny sang ngn ng khc ngi dch thc ra l phi gii quyt cc vn thuc hai nn vn ha ch khng ch l vn ngn ng v ngi dch ng vai tr trung gian trong qu trnh giao tip lin vn ha ny. Vic dch (giao tip) s d thc hin c l v n c tin hnh bnh din lin vn ha v tng ng dch c thit lp l nh cc yu t nh vn bn, vn ha v tnh hung tham gia vo qu trnh dch. Ni cch khc l ngn ng trong s hnh chc ca n.

Nhm th hai c quan im v dch thut hp hn rt nhiu so vi nhm th nht v iu ny dn ti ci nhn bi quan v dch thut cng nh s tn ti ca tng ng dch thut. H quan nim rng dch thut gia hai ngn ng l vn hon ton thuc v ngn ng hc v xem xt bn cht dch thut v tng ng dch thut theo quan nim ny l vn chuyn dch cc n v ngn ng t ngn ng gc sang ngn ng dch mt cch kh c gii, trn cht liu ngn ng thuc h thng. Do vy s tng ng dch thut l kh t c, nu khng ni l bt kh thi.

Nhm th ba c quan im trung dung khi cn c vo thc t l bt lun th no i chng na th dch thut gia cc ngn ng vn , ang v s c tin hnh mt cch thnh cng. C th tng ng mt cch trit l bt kh thi nhng d sao th tng ng mt mc no , bnh din no khng quan trng gia hai ngn ng vn c cc nh dch thut thit lp c v do dch thut vn c tin hnh nh mt cng c giao tip gia nhng ngi thuc cc ngn ng khc nhau. C th ni y l quan im v tng ng dch thut kt hp c kha cnh ngn ng hc ln giao tip khi xem xt qu trnh dch thut.

2- Tng ng dch thut v tng ng ngn ng hc so snhLu nay dch thut thng b coi l hot ng ng dng ca l thuyt ngn ng hc so snh. Quan nim lm ln ny xut pht t cch hiu gin n v dch thut (nh phn tch chng I), coi dch thut ch thun ty l chuyn i cc n v ngn ng (t vng, cu trc ng php) t ngn ng ny sang ngn ng khc mt cch c gii. Cng vi s pht trin ca ngn ng hc theo hng ngn cnh giao tip, dch thut c nhn nhn l qu trnh giao tip v t cc khi nim ca dch thut cng c xem xt ng vi bn cht ca chng hn. Tng ng dch thut cng nh vy, n c phn bit vi tng ng ca ngn ng hc so snh v bn cht. Chnh s phn bit quan trng ny m dch thut c nhn nhn gn vi bn cht ca n hn.

Tng ng ngn ng hc so snh da trn cc tng ng gia hai ngn ng vi t cch l h thng. l s tng ng lin ngn ng (interlingual equivalence) da trn cc gi thit v mt quan h tng ng gia cc thnh t ca hai h thng tru tng ca hai ngn ng c so snh. Tng ng ngn ng hc so snh cng l nn tng ca dch my (t in, mu cu v cc quy tc ng php c bn).

Tng ng dch thut da trn mi quan h gia cc vn bn thc, cc pht ngn hai ngn ng khc nhau, cc n v ngn ng trong s hnh chc (language in use). y l s tng ng lin vn bn (Intertextual equivalence) da trn s quan st thc t gia cc thnh t ca vn bn thc s ngn ng gc v ngn ng dch. y cng l nn tng ca dch thut thng thng ca con ngi. Hy xem xt v so snh cc pht ngn ting Anh c dch bng my (da trn s tng ng ngn ng hc so snh) v do ngi dch. I love you Blood is thicker than water

Dont rouse the sleeping lion

Damn you!Dch my (EVitran 2.0) Ti yu anh Mu th dy hn nc

ng khua con s t ang ng Ch trch anh!

Ngi dch

Anh yu em Mt git mu o hn ao nc l ng di m vut ru hm

cht tit!

3- Tng ng dch thut - nh ngha

II- Cc loi hnh tng ng dch thut

Hin c nhiu cch phn loi tng ng dch thut khc nhau da trn nhng c s khc nhau. C 4 cch phn loi tng ng kh ph bin nh sau:

1)Tng ng da trn hnh thc (form-based equivalence): tng ng cp t, cp cu v cp vn bn (Baker).

2)Tng ng da trn ngha (meaning - based): tng ng biu vt, biu thi, dng hc v hnh thc (Koller).

3)Tng ng da trn chc nng (Function - based): tng ng ng v tng ng hnh thc (Nida).

4)Tng ng da trn s lng cc phn tng ng (Quantity based): tng ng mt vi mt, mt vi nhiu hn mt, mt vi phn nh hn mt, bt tng ng.

Di y ta s xem xt mt s loi hnh tng ng hay c ni ti nht v c ng dng nhiu khi nghin cu, nh gi bn dch v bn v dch thut.

1.Tng ng da trn s lng cc phn tng ng (Quantity based equivalence):

a-Tng ng mt - mt:

-L kiu tng ng trong mt cch din t ngn ng gc ch c mt cch din t tng ng ngn ng dch. Kiu tng ng ny thng xy ra h thng thut ng. V d:

Information Technologycng ngh thng tin

Permanent Virtual Circuitmch o c nh

b-Tng ng mt i vi nhiu hn mt: (One to many equivalence)

Mt cch din t ngn ng gc c nhiu cch din t tng ng ngn ng dch.

V d:

Nui

- To breed

Bamboo

Tre

- To feed

Na

- To raise

Trc

- To keep

Mai

- To support

Vu

c- Tng ng mt vi mt b phn nh hn mt (One to part of one)

Mt cch din t ngn ng gc c nhiu nt ngha m mt cch din t ngn ng dch ch tng ng vi mt trong cc nt ngha .

V d:

T Bush trong ting Anh c c ni hm rt rng thng c dng d ch vng t hoang d xa xi ho lnh, k c xa mc ca nc c i khi c dch bng t 'tho nguyn ting Vit c ngha hp hn rt nhiu (ch tng ng vi mt nt ngha ca t 'bush'). d-Bt tng ng: (Nil-equivalence)

Mt cch din t c ngn ng gc nhng khng c ngn ng dch c nguyn nhn t s bt tng ng ngn ng v vn ha.

V d:Modem = M em

Bnh Chng = Chung cake/Banhchung

o di = aodai Ma khn: khen dance

Myall (tn mt loi cy ging cy xu h Vit Nam)

Wallaby (mt loi th c ti nh c)2.Tng ng da trn ngha (Meaning - based equivalence) ca Koller:

a-Tng ng biu vt (Denotative equivalence)

L kiu tng ng trong cch din t ngn ng gc v ngn ng dch u ch cng mt khi nim, s vt trong thc ti. y l s tng ng ni dung ngoi ngn ng ca vn bn (hai vn bn c cng ngha s ch).

V d:

rabbit con th

b-Tng ng biu cm (connotative equivalence)

L kiu tng ng da trn ngha biu cm ca ngn ng. Ngoi ngha biu vt, t ng ca c ngn ng gc v ngn ng dch cn to ra cc gi tr giao tip tng ng khi c ngi c bn ng ca hai ngn ng tip nhn. y l s tng ng c to bi cch la chn t ng c th t cc din t ng ngha trn nhiu phng din khc nhau nh vn phong, cch s dng, x hi, a phng, tn s s dng v.v.

Di y ta s xem xt mt s kiu loi tng ng biu cm trong thc tin dch thut Anh - Vit.

-Gi tr biu cm da trn cp ngn ng - ngn ng thi ca:A red, red roseBng hng thm

Robert Burns N.X. Thm dch

As fair art thou, my bonnie las,Em p lm, i c gi nh

So deep in luve am I,Anh m say em t bao gi

And Ill luve thee stil, my dear,Anh s mi cn yu em

Till a seas gang dry.Yu n ngy bin cn sng kh

Cch din t c bn gc ting Anh v bn dch ting Vit u c chung mt c im ca ngn ng thi ca vi nhng li ni rt t dng trong i thng, c tnh vang v so nhm to gi tr thm m c bit ca thi ca. to c tng ng kiu loi ny ngi dch phi c trnh ngn ng t nht l gn ngang bng vi tc gi nguyn bn.

-Gi tr biu cm da trn nghi thc x hi (connotation of socially determined usage)

V d:ngn ng thng lu

Your Majesty

Tu b h

Sir

Tha ngi -Gi tr biu cm da trn quan h a l hoc ngun gc (connotation of geographical relation or origin).

V d:

As fast as a kangarooNhanh nh Kng-gu-ru

Cch dch ny to ra gi tr biu cm ring cho thy ngi ni dng ting Anh c (ch ngun gc, a phng ca ngi ni). Cch dch thun Vit nhanh nh sc s lm mt i sc thi ngha ny. -Gi tr biu cm da trn hiu qu tu t (connotation of stylistic effect)

V d:dch uyn ngCch ni bnh thng:Uyn ng:

The poor Ngi ngho The underprivileged Ngi km may mn/c hon cnh kh khn

HIV patients

Bnh nhn HIV People living with HIV

Nhng ngi sng chung vi/ c HIV

Nu ngi dch khng thc c kiu loi tng ng ny s d dng to ra bn dch bt tng ng v mt ngha v b qua hiu qu tu t rt quan trng ny.

-Gi tr biu cm da trn ng vc (register):

V d: ngn ng k thut

First of all, steel plates and bars are taken from the stockyard to the preparation shop. Here they are cleaned by shot blasting. Then, they are coated with primer paint to prevent corrosion. Later they are cut and shaped automatically by machines.

Trc ht, cc tm v thanh thp c a ra khi kho a ti phn xng tin ch. y chng c lm sch bng vic phun ct. Sau chng c bc bng mt lp sn chng g ngn s n mn. Tip theo, chng c ct v to phi t ng bng my.

Trong bn gc c rt nhiu thut ng ngnh thp v bn dch cng c cc thut ng tng ng to nn gi tr biu cm tng t cho ngi c ting Vit. -Gi tr biu cm da trn s nh gi (evaluation) v thi (attitude). V d:

die

cht (trung tnh)pass away

i xa, qua i (trang trng)

kick the bucketngho, toi i (diu ct)3-Tng ng qui chun ca vn bn (text - normative equivalence)

c to ra khi c li din t ca ngn ng gc v ngn ng dch c qui chun ging hay tng t nhau ngn ng. V d:

-Th tn:Dear Anne,

Anne thn mn!

Yours sincerely,Knh th -Lut php: Art.2. the organization and its members, in persuit of the purposes stated in Article 1, shall act in accordance with the following principles : iu. t c nhng mc ch nu iu 1, Lin hp quc v cc thnh vin lin hp quc hnh ng ph hp vi nhng nguyn tc sau y :

1) the organization is based on the principle fo the sovereign equality of all its members.1) Lin hp quc c xy dng trn nguyn tc bnh ng ch quyn ca tt c cc nc thnh vin.

to c kiu loi tng ng ny ngi dch cn c kin thc v chun vn bn c ngn ng gc v ngn ng dch nh vn bn th tn thng mi, hnh chnh, lut php v.v.

4-Tng ng hnh thc (formal equivalence)

L loi tng ng c to bi hnh thc din t (form expression) khi c ngn ng gc v ngn ng dch cng c cc c im thm m do hnh thc to ra - c th l cc c im ch vit hoc ng m vn bn. Cc kh nng tng ng hnh thc c ngun gc t ng m hc nh vn, iu, th th, tu t hc nh chi ch, n d, hon d v.v.

Tng ng hnh thc l loi tng ng quan trng bc nht trong dch th, li bi ht, vn xui biu cm v.v. vn l cc th loi vn bn m hnh thc din t quan trng hn ni dung din t. Phn tch k v mt l lun vic dch ca t cho bi ht (v d nh bi ht Love story nu trn) ta s thy nhiu iu th v v s phn no minh oan cho cc dch gi ca t vn hay bi qui kt l phn tc gi.

V mt l thuyt th dch bi ht l loi hnh dch c bit c gi l dch normal + partial phonological translation (dch thng thng + chuyn dch m v hc b phn). Loi hnh dch thng thng (normal translation) l vic dch vn bn ngn ng gc thnh vn bn ngn ng dch trn ba bnh din chnh l t vng-ng php, ng ngha v ng dng. Ni nm na l chuyn dch phn cu ch, phn ni dung v phn tc ng ca vn bn ln ngi c. Nhng do mt mc ch c bit no ngi dch phi u tin chuyn dch mt trong ba bnh din trn ca vn bn so vi cc bnh din cn li th s c cc kiu dch c bit. Dch bi ht v dch th c xp vo loi hnh dch thng thng + chuyn dch m v hc b phn l loi dch bn c bit, tc l ngoi vic dch bnh thng ngi dch phi u tin chuyn dch vn bn theo cc nguyn tc m v hc v ng m hc p ng c i hi ca loi vn bn c th ny. Th c vn iu, bi ht c giai iu, hoc c hai yu t trn u c th thy loi vn bn ny. Khi vit th hoc t li cho bi ht tc gi phi tnh ti yu t ny, thm ch cn b chi phi rng buc chnh bi cc nguyn tc do cc yu t ny t ra.

Khi vit ca t, tc gi b chi phi rt nhiu bi cc qui lut ca m v hc. Mt qui lut quan trng l mi m tit phi ri vo t nht l mt nt nhc th ca s mi ht c. Do vy ta thy trn bn nhc mi ting trong ting Vit c vit tng ng di mt nt nhc. Trong ting Anh t a m tit c vit tch ra mi m tit cng tng ng vi mt nt nhc. i khi vi m tit c th ch tng ng vi mt nt nhc nhng ch c mt m tit c nhn mnh v cc m tit cn li b lt i khi ht (v mt k thut trng hp ny b coi l li kh ht). Ngoi ra tc gi li cn b chi phi bi cc qui lut ng m phc tp hn na l c im ca m cui mi m tit: m tit kt thc bng ph m tc (m tit ng) khng th pht m ko di c trong khi m tit kt thc bng nguyn m (m tit m) c th pht m ko di gn nh tu . m tit kt thc bng m vang mi (nh / n /, / /) c th pht m ko di v to m hng ngn vang. Nhc s v nh th thng cn c vo cc qui lut ny chn t cho th v bi ht to cc hiu qu cn thit. V d nhng ch cn ngn di ca t khng th kt thc bng m tit ng m phi l m tit m hoc m tit c m vang mi. Ngoi ra qui lut v thanh iu, m vc cng chi phi ng k vic chn t ca nh th v nhc s khi sng tc.

Dch gi, tc gi th hai ca vn bn, cng b chi phi bi cc nguyn tc rng buc tc gi nguyn bn. Thm ch dch gi cn b rng buc cht ch hn nhiu so vi tc gi v dch gi phi din t li ca tc gi ch khng phi ring ca mnh. Tc gi khi khng chn c t p ng c i hi ca qui lut ng m th c th i chn c t thch hp cn dch gi th khng c lm nh vy (v nu i ngha, dch gi s b qui l phn bi tc gi). Do vy dch gi bi ht ch c hai la chn: hoc l dch bm ch, bm cu (word-for-word translation) trong khun kh qui lut ng m cho php ri thng l to ra nhng cu ng ngh, v ngha hoc sai ng php so vi chun ca ngn ng dch, hoc l phi vit li ca t cho li ch nhun nhuyn v hp qui lut ng m hc, nhng s phi chu ting l phn tc gi. iu gii thch v sao ca t ca cc bi ht dch thng rt khc v ni dung ng ngha nu em so vi ca t gc, cn nu c tnh bm ngha ca t gc th li l ng ngh trc trc v phi nn theo cc qui lut nghim ngt ca ng m v m v hc.

Chng V

Ph bnh v nh gi dch thut Anh - Vit

Ph bnh v nh gi dch thut l vn lun c tt c cc nh l thuyt v thc hnh dch quan tm. N c coi l mt trong nhng nh cao ca l lun dch thut. Chng ny s tp trung xem xt vai tr ca Ph bnh v nh gi dch thut ni chung v mt s m hnh, nguyn tc ph bnh v nh gi dch thut ting Anh ph bin v thc t p dng dch thut Anh -Vit.

1- Vai tr v v tr ca ph bnh nh gi dch thut

Ph bnh nh gi dch thut l cu ni c bn nht gia l thuyt dch v thc hnh dch (Newmark 1988). y cng l thnh t c bn, khng th thiu khi bn v bt c vn g v dch thut, c l lun v thc hnh. V mt l lun, mun ph bnh nh gi dch thut thnh cng nh ph bnh trc ht phi c trnh hiu bit y v su sc v l lun dch, c th l cc vn c bn nht v l lun nh bn cht dch thut, qu trnh dch, phng php v th thut dch, tng ng dch thut v.v. V mt thc hnh dch, ph bnh nh gi dch thut li l hot ng ht sc cn thit v b ch ca ngi dch v qua ph bnh nh gi bn dch ca ngi khc, ngi dch c th bi dng kh nng v tch lu kinh nghim dch ca mnh. Ngi dch ph bnh nh gi bn dch c th s m rng kin thc cho mnh v ngoi ng, v ni dung chuyn mn v ch c bn ti trong bn dch. Ph bnh nh gi bn dch cn gip ngi dch h thng li nhng hiu bit v dch thut cho mnh, c bit l cc nguyn tc dch thut, nguyn tc to tng ng dch thut t hiu r v nm chc hn l lun dch - mt iu rt c bn i vi ngi lm thc hnh dch. y cng l mt trong nhng hot ng thc hnh rt quan trng c s dng nhiu trong o to phin dch chuyn nghip.

Ph bnh v nh gi dch thut chim mt v tr quan trng trong nghin cu dch thut. Trong s v h thng nghin cu dch thut ca House (2001), ph bnh nh gi dch thut c xp vo nhnh "ng dng" thnh mt nhm ring l "ph bnh dch thut" bn cnh cc nhm "o to phin dch" v "tr gip dch thut". (Xem s di y)Nghin cu dch thut

Nghin cu c bnNghin cu ng dng

o to

phin dchTr gip

dch thutPh bnh

dch thut

c li

bn dchThm nh

bn dch

Bin tp

Mt vn cng cn a ra y l ai l ngi nh gi dch thut. Thng ngi ta ch ngh ti nhng ngi nh gi dch thut chnh thng qua cng vic nh bin