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TRAINING SUPPORT PACKAGE (TSP)
TSP Number 421-424-02
TSP Title Navigational Instruments
Task Number(s)
/ Title(s)None
Effective Date 01 Oct 1999
Supercedes
TSP(s)03 Mar 1992
TSP Users MOS 88K40 Watercraft Operator, ANCOC
Proponent The proponent for this document is:
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYTRAINING DIRECTORATEATTN: ATCL-AT401 First
StreetSuite 227Ft. Lee, VA 23801-1511
Comments /
Recommen-
dations
Send comments and recommendations directly to:
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYTRAINING DIRECTORATEATTN: ATCL-AT401 First
Street
Suite 227Ft. Lee, VA 23801-1511
Foreign
Disclosure
Restrictions
This product has been reviewed by the product developers in
coordination with theU.S. Army Combined Arms Support Command
foreign disclosure authority. Thisproduct is releasable to military
students from foreign countries on a case-by-casebasis.
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PREFACE
Purpose This Training Support Package provides the instructor
with a standardized lessonplan for the 88K40 Watercraft Operator,
ANCOC.
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This TSP
Contains
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface
.............................................................................................................................................
2
Lesson Section I Administrative Data
......................................................................................
4
Section II
Introduction...................................................................................................
6
Terminal Learning Objective - Demonstrate knowledge
ofnavigational instruments and their uses in marine piloting
and
navigation .....................................................
Error! Bookmark not defined.
Section III Presentation
.................................................................................................
7
Section IV Summary
..................................................................................................
12
Section V Student Evaluation
.....................................................................................
13
Appendix A Viewgraphs
...............................................................................................................A-1
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42142402 version TATS / Navigational Instruments
01 Oct 1999
SECTION I. ADMINISTRATIVE DATA
All CoursesIncluding This
Lesson
Course Number Course Title
062-88K40 88K40, WATERCRAFT OPERATOR, ANCOC
Task(s)
Taught(*) or
Supported
Task Number Task Title
None
Reinforced
Task(s)
Task Number Task Title
None
Academic Hours The academic hours required to teach this TSP are
as follows:
ADTHours/Methods
2.0 / Conference / DiscussionTest 0.0 /Test Review 0.0 /
Total Hours: 2.0
Prerequisite
Lesson(s)
Lesson Number Lesson Title
None
Clearance
AccessSecurity Level : UnclassifiedRequirements : There are no
clearance or access requirements for the lesson.
References
Number Title Date Additional
Information
Dutton Dutton's NavigationAnd Piloting
01 Jan 1985
FM 55-501 Marine Crewman'sHandbook
15 Mar 1983
Student Study
AssignmentsNone
Instructor
RequirementsOne instructor per class.
Additional
Personnel
Requirements
None
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Equipment Name Quantity Expendable
Required AZIMUTH CIRCLE 12 Nofor Instruction PROTRACTOR,
SEMICIRCLE 12 No
SEXTANT, MARINEOVERHEAD PROJECTOR
SCREEN PROJECTION
121
1
NoNo
No
Materials
RequiredInstructor Materials:
Training Support PackageOverhead ProjectorViewing
ScreenViewgraphsErasable Overhead Pen
Student Materials:NotepadPen/Pencil
Classroom,
Training Area,and Range
Requirements
CLASSROOM, GENERAL PURPOSE, 750SF, 20PN
Ammunition Name Student Qty Misc Qty
Requirements None
Instructional
GuidanceNOTE: Before presenting this lesson, instructors must
thoroughly prepare by
studying this lesson and the identified reference material.
Ensure facilitiesand materials are ready prior to class time.
Proponent
Lesson Plan
Approvals
Name Rank Position Date
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SECTION II. INTRODUCTION
Method of Instruction: Conference / DiscussionInstructor to
Student Ratio is: 1:12Time of Instruction: 0 hrs 5 minsMedia:
None
Motivator During this lesson, we will discuss some of the
instruments that are typically foundon the bridge of some Army
vessels. It is important that you understand thepurpose of these
instruments and how they function. (Using a personal experienceor
related story, explain the importance of this lesson to the
student.)
NOTE: Show objective viewgraph (VGObjective)
Terminal
Learning
Objective
NOTE: Inform the students of the following Terminal Learning
Objectiverequirements.
At the completion of this lesson, you [the student] will:
Action: Demonstrate knowledge of navigational instruments and
their usesin marine piloting and navigation
Conditions: Given Dutton's Navigation and Piloting, FM 55-501,
and class notes
Standards: To receive a "GO" for this lesson unit, the student
must answer allof the check on learning questions correctly.
Safety
RequirementsNone
Risk
Assessment
Level
Low
Environmental
ConsiderationsAR 200-1 delineates TRADOC responsibilities to
integrate environmentalrequirements across DTLOMS and ensures all
training procedures, materials, anddoctrine include sound
environmental practices and considerations. The Army'senvironmental
vision is to be a national leader in environmental and
naturalresource stewardship for present and future generations as
an integral part of allArmy missions. This Training Support Package
meets this standard.
Evaluation Refer students to the Student Evaluation Plan.
Instructional
Lead-InNow, let's learn how navigational instruments are used on
some Army vessels.
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SECTION III. PRESENTATION
1. Learning Step / Activity 1. Types of Navigational Instruments
Found Aboard Army Vessels
Method of Instruction: Conference / DiscussionInstructor to
Student Ratio: 1:12
Time of Instruction: 1 hr 50 minsMedia: None
NOTE: Have students turn to the Instruments for Piloting chapter
in the fourteenth edition of DuttonsNavigation and Piloting.
NOTE: Whenever feasible, give a short demonstration or show the
movement of the instruments. Ifpossible, provide students with
sample instruments that are expendable and that they can
safelyhandle.
NOTE: Show the azimuth circle and fit it to the magnetic
compass.
a. Piloting Instruments
1) Azimuth Circle
a) An azimuth circle is used interchangeably with bearing.
b) The term azimuth is most often used for stating a direction
of a celestial body.
c) Bearings and azimuths are expressed in degrees, using three
digits, from 000through 360 degrees.
d) True azimuth or bearing refers to direction with respect to
true north, magnetic
azimuth with respect to magnetic north, and compass azimuth with
respect to northas indicated by the compass being used.
e) An azimuth circle can be used to determine both azimuths of
celestial bodies andbearings of terrestrial objects.
f) A bearing circle has no prism/mirror combination.
g) An azimuth circle consists of a non-magnetic ring formed to
fit snugly over the topof a compass bowl, about which it can be
turned to any desired direction.
h) Its inner lip is graduated in degrees counterclockwise for
measuring relativebearings.
i) An additional reflecting mirror and housing are mounted on
the ring when takingazimuths of the sun.
j) In observing both bearings and azimuths, two attached spirit
levels are used to levelthe instrument. Bearings should be taken
when the azimuth circle is leveled.
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2) Telescopic Alidade
a) A telescopic alidade is similar to an azimuth circle except
that the alidade circlemounts a telescope instead of the sighting
vanes.
b) Images observed through the telescopic alidade are magnified,
making distantobjects appear larger to the observer.
3) Pelorus (or Dumb Compass)
NOTE: Show the pelorus training aid.
a) Since a clear view in all directions may be unobtainable from
a compass, a pelorusis used to provide bearings from an obstructed
area of the bridge.
b) The pelorus consists of a flat, non-magnetic, metallic ring
mounted on a verticlestand to take bearings.
c) The inner edge of the ring is graduated in degrees from
0o
at the ships head
clockwise to 360degrees.
(1) This ring encloses a compass card called a pelorus card.
d) Sighting vanes, similar to those of a bearing circle, are
mounted on the peloruscard.
4) Use of the Pelorus
a) A pelorus is used to take true bearings. To obtain a true
bearing, perform thefollowing tasks:
(1) Set the pelorus to the ships true course.
(2) Line up the sighting vanes on the object to be observed.
(3) Direct the steersman to say Mark! Mark! Mark! when he/she is
steady on thesteering compass course.
(4) Take the bearing of the object when "Mark" is heard.
b) The pelorus may also be used to take relative bearings by
setting the0
ograduation of the card to the lubbers line and observing the
object.
5) Hand-bearing Compass
a) On small craft, bearings are often taken with a hand-bearing
compass.
(1) It is a small, portable compass that has sighting vanes or
marks; it may have ahandle and usually has some form of internal
illumination for use at night.
(2) Its advantage stems from its ability to be carried to any
place on deck fromwhich a bearing can be taken on an object that
might not be visible from thesteering station due to the vessels
superstructure.
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6) Speed and Distance
a) Types of Logs
(1) A log is any device used to determine a vessels speed or
distance traveledthrough the water.
(2) Three types of modern logs are in general use on ships. Some
of these logsintegrate values of speed to determine distance
traveled as well as speed.
(a) The pilot-static log detects both dynamic and static
pressure. Dynamicpressure is proportional to the speed of the ship.
Static pressure is thepressure of still water.
(b) The impeller type log uses a propeller to produce an
electrical signal bywhich the speed and distance traveled are
indicated at one or more remotelocations.
(c) The electromagnetic (EM) log is generally calibrated for
speeds from 0 to
40 knots.
b) Revolutions Per Minute (RPM) Counters - An engine revolution
counter provides aconvenient means of determining speed and
distance. These are widely usedespecially on merchant ships.
c) Taffrail Logs - Small craft often use the traditional
taffrail log to measure nauticalmiles traversed. It consists of a
rotor streamed at the end of a braided log linesufficiently far
astern to be clear of the wake effect.
d) Stadimeters - Stadimeters are instruments for measuring the
distance of objects ofknown heights, between 50 and 200 feet,
covering ranges from 200 to 10,000yards.
e) The Lead - The lead, or lead line, for determining the depth
of water, consists of alead weight attached to one end of a
suitably marked line. It is one of the oldestpiloting
instruments.
7) Plotting Equipment
a) To create standard-width lines, use only well-sharpened No. 2
pencils for plotting.Draw only light lines on the chart so that
they are easily erased.
b) Most lines on a chart are made by means of a straight
edge.
c) Dividers are frequently used by the navigator for measuring
distance on the chart.
d) Drafting compasses (not to be confused with magnetic
compasses) are used fordrawing circles and arcs.
e) Parallel rulers are used by navigators for measuring
direction on a chart.
g) Many navigators use plotters when measuring direction.
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(1) A parallel plotter is a device that can be used as either a
plotter or a roller-typeparallel ruler. It is convenient for use on
small craft and has been adopted bymany ship navigators.
(2) Plastic triangles are also useful in plotting. They provide
an easy and accuratemeans of drawing two lines at right angles, as
is needed when plotting celestialsight reductions.
h) Calculators
(1) Nautical slide rules are used for the rapid solution of
problems involving time,distance, and speed. Given any of these two
factors, the third may beobtained.
(2) Electronic calculators have essentially replaced
conventional slide rulesbecause they permit quick, easy, and
accurate solutions of problems related tospeed-time-distance, dead
reckoning, current sailing, and metric conversions.
8) Distance Finding Equipment - A marine sextant is used to make
a highly precise and
accurate measurement of the angle between lines from the
observer to a celestial bodyand to the horizon.
9) Weather Instruments
a) Barometers - Barometers are instruments for determining
atmospheric pressure.Two general types of barometers are used:
(1) The mercurial barometer consists of a column of mercury in a
tube, the upperend of which is closed and the lower end open to the
atmosphere.
(2) The aneroid barometer consists of a short metal cylinder
from which the air hasbeen partly exhausted. The ends of the
cylinder, being of thin metal, expand
or contract as the external atmospheric pressure changes.
NOTE: Mention the barograph for informational purposes only.
Barographs only exist on a limitednumber of vessels.
(3) A barograph is a recording instrument that provides a
permanent record ofatmospheric pressure over a period of time.
b) Thermometers - Thermometers are used for measuring
temperature on boardvessels. Two thermometers are often mounted
together in an instrument shelter.They are protected from direct
sun rays and other conditions that would render theirreadings
inaccurate. One of the thermometers has its bulb covered with a
wetfabric; the other is exposed to the air. Reading the difference
between the twotherometers (wet bulb and dry bulb) allows the
relative humidity to be
calculated.
c) Anemometers - Anemometers are instruments for measuring wind
force andspeed, usually in knots.
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10) Miscellaneous Equipment
a) Binoculars are useful for detecting aids to navigation,
especially small ones such asbuoys, and in reading their
identifying markers.
b) Flashlights should be kept handy for accurate readings of
watches and sextantsduring twilight observations.
c) Timing devices such as an easily read clock, indicating
seconds, should bemounted near the navigators station. A stopwatch
is of particular value in timingthe period of a navigational light
to determine its characteristics for purposes ofidentification.
NOTE: Ask students if they have any questions.
CHECK ON LEARNING: Conduct a check on learning and summarize the
learning step. Ask studentsthe following questions. As you review
the items individually, ask students if they have any
additional questions.
1. What other term can be used to express a
bearing?(Azimuth)
2. Your course is 090 true and a vessel is sighted bearing 270
relative on the pelorus. Whatis the true bearing of the ship?(000
degrees or 360 degrees)
3. Describe the use of a log.(A log is used to determine a
vessels speed or distance traveled through the water)
4. What do navigators use parallel rulers for?
(Measuring direction on a chart)
5. What is the weather instrument that measures atmospheric
pressure called?(Barometer)
6. What must be known for a stadimeter to measure the distance
of an object?(Known height of an object)
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SECTION IV. SUMMARY
Method of Instruction: Conference / DiscussionInstructor to
Student Ratio is: 1:12Time of Instruction: 0 hrs 5 minsMedia:
None
Review /
Summarize
Lesson
NOTE: Show summary viewgraph (VGSummary)
In this lesson you learned about the navigational instruments
used aboard an Armyvessel. The following key points were discussed
within the lesson unit:
a. Azimuth Circle
b. Pelorus
c. Speed and Distance Logs
d. Plotting Equipment
e. Distance Finding Equipment
f. Weather Instruments
g. Miscellaneous Equipment
Check on
LearningConduct a check on learning and summarize the
lesson.
Determine if the students have learned the material by:
a. Soliciting student questions and explanations.
b. Asking questions and getting answers from the students.
c. Correcting any student misunderstandings.
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SECTION V. STUDENT EVALUATION
Testing
RequirementsNOTE: Describe how the students will be tested to
determine if they can perform
the TLO standard. Refer student to the Student Evaluation
Plan.
Refer to the Course Management Plan/Program of Instruction
(CMP/POI)
for guidance on administering the test.Feedback
RequirementNOTE: Schedule and provide feedback on the evaluation
and any information to
help answer students' questions. Provide remedial training as
needed.Correct any student misunderstandings. Rapid, immediate
feedback isessential to effective learning.
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A-1
NAVIGATIONAL INSTRUMENTS
VIEWGRAPHS
