449.общая психология субъект познания

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    2012

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 88.373 62

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    / . . , . . , . . ; . . . -. . . . . -. : - , 2012. 103 .

    ISBN 978-5-9669-1119-5 -

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    88.373ISBN 978-5-9669-1119-5

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    62

    Copyright & A K-C

  • ............................................................................... 4 1. ..................................................................... 7

    ............................................................... 7 ................................................................................ 12 .................................................... 18 .............................................................. 19

    2. ................................................................. 21 .............................................................. 21 ................................................................................ 29 .................................................... 38 .............................................................. 39

    3. .................................................................... 41 .............................................................. 41 ................................................................................ 48 .................................................... 53 .............................................................. 55

    4. ......................................................................... 57 .............................................................. 57 ................................................................................ 63 .................................................... 74 .............................................................. 75

    5. ............................................................... 77 .............................................................. 77 ................................................................................ 80 .................................................... 84 .............................................................. 85

    6. ....................................................... 87 .............................................................. 87 ................................................................................ 93 .................................................... 99 ............................................................ 100

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 4

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    Copyright & A K-C

  • 5

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  • 6

    - , , - , - , (-13);

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    Copyright & A K-C

  • 7

    1.

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    Copyright & A K-C

  • 8

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  • 9

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  • 10

    1.3

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    1.4

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    1.5

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    1.5

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    1.6

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    -, , - (476 , 507 , 575 ) -. , . , -

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    , . 60- . XIX ., - , - , . - , . , , -

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    Copyright & A K-C

  • 13

    - , 2000; , . . / . . . . : - , 2000.

    1. ___________________________ -, .

    2. , 1947 , _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

    3. -- , . . , _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

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    7. - , ______________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

    8. . - , , __________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

    9. :- __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________;- __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________;-

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 14

    __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.10. -

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    Copyright & A K-C

  • 15

    13. , - :

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    ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________;) (, ): ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________;) ():

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 16

    ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________;

    ) : ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________;) : ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________;) : ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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    16. - ( ):

    17. , - , _________________________________________, ________________________.

    18. ?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    19. ________________ ____________________________________, - _______________________. _____________________.

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 17

    20. - : . - , - ; . -; , . - :

    - _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________;- _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________;- _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

    21. : _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

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    )______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

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    ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________;

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 18

    ) . ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________;) .. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________;) X. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________;) .. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

    1. , . . : 2 .. 1 / . . . ., 1990.

    2. , . / . . ., 1977.3. , . . / . . . ., 2000.4. , . / . . ., 1979.5. , . . . . / . . -

    . ., 2000.6. , . . / . . -

    . ., 2000.7. , . . -

    / . . . ., 1984.8. , . . -

    / . . -. ., 1959.

    9. , . . / . . . ., 2000.

    10. , . . : 3 . ., 1998.11. , . . / . . -

    . ., 1995.12. : / . . . . ., 2000.

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 19

    13. , . . : . / . . . : , 2001. 80 .

    14. , . . : / . . . ., 1998.

    15. , . . / . . -. ., 1999.

    16. . . 3. -. ., 1998.

    17. / .. . . . . ., 1975.

    1. :) ;) ;) ;) ;) .2. :) ;) ;) ;) ;) ;) .3. :) ;) ;) ;) ;) ;) .4. , -

    , :) ;

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 20

    ) ;) ;) ;) ;) .5. :) ;) ;) ;) ;) .6. .

    :) ;) ;) ;) .

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 21

    2.

    1. .2. .3. .4. .

    : , -, , , -, , .

    . , , - , . - ; , ,, - , , ; - . - - .

    - - . - , . - -, . -

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 22

    , -. -, -. () - ( , , - . .). - , - .

    , ,

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    2.1

    1. , ,

    2. . -

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    4. -, -

    5. , -

    6.

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 23

    2.2

    -

    - , ,

    -

    -- () - - (). - , : ; - ; .

    2.3 -

    -

    - -

    -

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    .

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  • 24

    2.4-

    ,

    , , -, -

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    : 1) ; 2) - -

    1. . 2. - . 3. -

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    2.5-

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    . ,

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    2.6

    : , , . ( ). , , , , . : 1) ; 2) ; 3) : ( ), , , . , , , ,

    . , , . , , : , , , , . , ( ):

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  • 26

    2.6

    , : 1) , ; 2) , ; 3) , ; 4) , ( , , ) : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ( ); 4) . , : 1) ; 2) ; 3) : , .

    .

    , . , , . . . . . . . , . , : ( , ); ; ( , ) . ,

    Copyright & A K-C

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    2.6

    - - .

    . - : 1) - , -; ; 2) - , - (-, , - . .); 3) (1) (2) -

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    - . , - - ( , , ). - . : 1) () , ; 2) - (1) - -, ; , - ; 3) , -; 4) ,

    - .

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    Copyright & A K-C

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    2.6

    , , . - , - -, . , - . . , - . -: 1) (- ); 2) ( - ) -, ( ). . , . - ( ). -, . -, , . - ( -). : , , : ( ) ,

    .. - -. : 1) - - , - ; 2) , - , -; 3) , , ,

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 29

    2.6

    .. . : - - ( , ), - . - , : 1) , - ; 2) , - . ; 3) , - , - ; 4) -, - . -, ,

    , : , . . - / . . ; ., . . . . ., . . -. . :- , 2000; , . . / . . . ., - , 2000.

    1. :_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    Copyright & A K-C

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    ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

    2. , - .

    1.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

    2._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

    3.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

    3. .

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    Copyright & A K-C

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    ()

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    .1._______________________________________________

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    Copyright & A K-C

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    9. .______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    10. ?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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    13. ? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    14. , , _____________________________________________________________________________.

    Copyright & A K-C

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    15. , -, _____________________________________________________________________________.

    16. ._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    17. .

    :

    :

    :

    18. -

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    20. , , _______________, -_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    Copyright & A K-C

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    _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

    21. ?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    22. ?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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    24. - :

    25.

    _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

    Copyright & A K-C

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    26. .

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    27. :1)______________________________________________

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    __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________:

    )______________________________________________;)_______________________________________________.

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    29. , .______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    Copyright & A K-C

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    30. - .

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    3) ________________ (1) (2) - .

    33. ( . -):

    _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

    _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

    Copyright & A K-C

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    34. ? - ? .

    _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    35. , - , ?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    36. ?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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    38. - .______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    Copyright & A K-C

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    1. , . . : 2 .. 1 / . . . ., 1990.

    2. , . / . . ., 1977.3. , . . / . . -

    , . . , . . . ., 1973.4. / . . . .

    ., 1976.5. , . . / . . . ., 2000.6. , . -

    / . . ., 1988.7. , . / . . ., 1979.8. , . . . . / . . -

    . ., 2000.9. , . . / . . -

    . ., 2000.10. , . .

    / . . . ., 1981.11. , . . -

    / . . . ., 1984.12. , . . / . . .

    ., 2000.13. , . . : 3 . / . . . ., 1998.14. , . . / . . -

    . ., 1995.15. : / . . . . .,

    2000.16. , . . :

    / . . . ., 1998.17. , . . / . . -

    . ., 1999.18. . . 3. -

    . ., 1998.19. / .

    . . . . . ., 1975.

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 39

    1. :) , ;) ;) ;) ;) .2. :) ;) ;) ;) ;) ;) .3. :) ;) ;) ;) ;) ;) .4. , -

    ( . ), :) ;) ;) ;) ;) ;) .5. :) ;) ;) ;) ;) .

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 40

    6. - ,, :

    ) ;) ;) ;) ;) ;) .

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 41

    3.

    1. .2. .3. .4. .5. .6. .7. .8. .

    : , , - , , , .

    - , , . , . , , , , - . , -, , . , , - , .

    ,

    , .

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 42

    ( - )

    - -

    . - - -. -

    -,

    ..:

    1) - (, ) ; 2) ,

    - , ; 3)

    -

    ,

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    -. -, ,

    . 3.2. 3.1

    1. -

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 43

    3.1 2. , -

    (1/10 ) 3.

    4. -

    5.

    (( ,, --

    ))

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    . 3.4. ( .. , .. )

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 44

    3.2

    1. . , 1892 ,

    ; , - ; - ( )

    2. .. , 1893 , - - . -

    3. . , 1911 ; () . , . ,

    4. . , 1911 , - -

    5. . , 1924 , - , - , ; , . .

    6. . , 1912 ; . , . . , - .

    7. . , 1914 , - , -

    8. .. , 1927

    , - ;

    9. . , 1935 - , - , , ,

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 45

    3.2

    10. .. ,

    1935 - , , , -

    11. .. , 1938

    - , - ( -);

    12. .. , 1927

    . , - ; , -, ,

    13. .. , 1956

    (, -) -, . - , .. -

    14. .. , 1958

    , . ,

    15. .. , 1966 () , ( - , ) , , -

    16. . , 1953 () .

    17. . , 1958 (, -) , .. -

    18. . . , 1963

    19. . , 1969, 1987

    -: , - -, ; - -

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 46

    3.2

    20. . , 1968, 1976

    (, ) - ()

    21. . , 1973 - . - -.

    22. . , 1976 -

    3.3

    .

    ( );

    . ; , -

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    , , - .

    .

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    Copyright & A K-C

  • 47

    3.3

    -

    .

    , . . - - : -, -

    .

    - . , -

    .

    : , - . , . , - . , -

    .

    : -, - . - -

    ..

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    ..

    : ( ) (- ) . 6 - (-, ), , : 1) - ; 2) - ; 3) - ; 4) - ; 5) ; 6) . - -, ,

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 48

    - , : -, . . : / . . . : : . ,2006; . . 3. : . ., 1998; , . ., ,. . : / . . , . . -. . : -, 2004.

    1. _______________,________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

    2. .

    3. .

    4. . ,______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 49

    5. . ?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    6. , - , ?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    7. ?._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    8. . . .

    - 1.

    2.

    -

    1.

    2.

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    1.

    2.

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 50

    9. - ?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    10. -? .

    1. - (-, )

    ) . ; ) . ; ) .. 2.

    3.

    11. ._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    12. . - , - .

    13. . ._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 51

    _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    14. . -

    , _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

    15. .. .________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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    17. ? .__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    18. -, ?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 52

    _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    19. , - , .

    . . . ..

    20. -

    .

    1.

    2. , - - (1/10 )

    3. - -

    4.

    5. -

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 53

    21. . .

    . .

    . .

    .. ..

    1. , . . : 2 .. 1 / . . . ., 1990.

    2. , . / . . . : , 2002.

    3. , . / . . . : -, 1977.

    4. , . . - / . . . ., 1982.

    5. , . . / . . . ., 2000.6. , . ., , . . -

    / . . , . . -. ., 1974.

    7. , . . / . . - // . . . ., 1983.

    8. , . ., , . . / . . , . . . . : , 1996, 1999.

    9. , . / . . ., 1902.

    10. , . / . . ., 1991.

    Copyright & A K-C

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    11. , . . / . . -, . . , . . . ., 1987.

    12. , . . . . / . . . ., 2000.

    13. , . . / . . -. ., 2000.

    14. , . . / . . . ., 2000.

    15. , . / . . . : , 1998.

    16. , . : / . . ., 1981.

    17. / .. . . ., 1989.

    18. , . . : 3 . . 1 / . . . ., 1998.19. , . . / . . -

    . ., 1995.20. : / . . . . ., 2000.21. / . . . ,

    . . . . : , 2001. . 573576 (. ), 629671 (. ), 559572 (. . , . . ).

    22. , . . : / . . . ., 1998.

    23. , . . / . . -. ., 1999.

    24. , . . / . . -. ., 1958.

    25. , . / . . . : -, 1996.

    26. , . - / . // . 1987. 1. . 6878.

    27. / . . . ,. . , . . . ., 1976.

    28. . . 3. -. ., 1998.

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 55

    29. / . . ,. . ., 1970. . 3.

    1. :) ;)

    ;) ;) -

    ;) ;) .2. -

    :) ;) ;) () ;) ;) ;) .3.

    ?) . ;) . ;) .. .4.

    ?) .;) . . ;) . .5. ,

    , , ?

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 56

    ) .. ;) . ;) .. .6.

    .. ( )?

    ) .. ;) . ;) .. .

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 57

    4.

    1. .2. .3. .4. .5. .6. .7. .8. .

    : , -, , , , , , .

    , -, . , - , , - ... , , - , . -, , , . ( ) , , -, . , , - - , , , . , , , , , , .

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 58

    , .

    ( . ) -

    . - - ( ) (.. -). . - , , , .

    :- ;- ,

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    , . - , , , , -

    , . -, , . - , . .

    4.1

    - , - ( - , )

    , - - . - , ,

    - -: , , ,

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 59

    4.2

    -

    4.3

    1- 2- -

    4.4

    , - - -

    - ,

    -

    . 4.1.

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 60

    4.5

    ,

    -

    , , (. .

    ) -

    -

    ,

    , -

    , , . . (, .. )

    4.6

    . . - . , , - . . - , -. , , , - ,

    Copyright & A K-C

  • 61

    4.6

    . acco : ,

    , - , . - - . : , , , , , . . , -. - . , -

    . . - - . , - , (), -

    . -

    . - , , . (- ): , - , - , - 20 % -

    .

    , - , - . - : 1) ( ) 70 % -; 2) ( ), , 40 % ; 3) - 22 % . - ( ): , - , - ,

    Copyright & A K-C

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    4.6

    .

    .

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    4.6

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    2. ,

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    ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    4. , . - ._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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    7. . :

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    : , , ! - !?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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    14. - .. .

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    , restitutio ad integrum. -, _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

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    17. , -

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    , - , ________________, . - ______________ , ________________.

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    23. .. .

    1. , . . / . . . ., 2002.

    2. , . . / . . -. ., 1991.

    3. , . / . -. ., 1950.

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    15. , . / . . ., 1985.16. , . ., , . . :

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    . ., 1995.

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    18. : / . . . . ., 2000.19. , . . :

    / . . . ., 1998.20. , . . / . . -

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    5.

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    - .

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    5.1

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    5.3 ..

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    3. - . _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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