5-5. GLOBAL WARMING

5-5-1. Introduction Definition:

Rise in the average temperature of the Earth’s surface (mainly air T).

From the Environmental Science point of view, the continuous increase in the air temperature due to the air pollutants, mostly so-called greenhouse gases

Greenhouse effect & gases:

Absorb and reemit infrared in the atmosphere and warm the lower atmosphere and surface Cycling effect

Abundance (& contribution): H2O (36-72%) > CO2 (9-26%) > CH4 (4-9%) > N2O > O3 (3-7%) (Kiehl and Trenberth, 1997).

http://www.azimuthproject.org/azimuth/show/Blog+-+a+quantum+of+warmth

http://www.azimuthproject.org/azimuth/show/Blog+-+a+quantum+of+warmth

Greenhouse effect schematic showing energy flows between space, the atmosphere, and Earth's surface. Energy exchanges are expressed in watts per square meter (W/m2).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming

5-5-2. Dimming Effect Cooling effect against greenhouse effect, due to

the reflection and/or dimming of the sunlight to the surface because of the presence of cloud, snow & ice on the surface, dust, or smog in the air also a cycling effect

May be called ‘albedo effect’, or collectively ‘anti-greenhouse effect’

The balance between the greenhouse and dimming effect determine the temperature of the Earth’s surface Reason for “not boiling”

http://www.azimuthproject.org/azimuth/show/Blog+-+a+quantum+of+warmth

http://www.the-m-factory.com/portfolio/illustrated/illustrated_08.html

5-5-3. Greenhouse Gases

http://www.orbeo.com/-Market-overview-.html

http://www.fern.org/pt-br/node/5188

http://www.ei.lehigh.edu/learners/cc/greenhouse/Diagram3.png

5-5-4. Global Temperature Change: Is it real?

http://solar-center.stanford.edu/sun-on-earth/glob-warm.html

http://solar-center.stanford.edu/sun-on-earth/glob-warm.html

5-5-5. Global Warming Impacts

http://solar-center.stanford.edu/sun-on-earth/glob-warm.html

5-5-6. Measures Use alternative energies (new, renewable

energies)

Reducing fossil fuel use

Increasing fossil fuel efficiency

Carbon capture & storage (CCS)

International collaboration (Kyoto protocol, CER-certified emission reduction, carbon emission trade)