5 Longtermmemory NC

7/27/2019 5 Longtermmemory NC

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a s

Contains our memory

information that has

lifetime


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Long Term Memory

ec arat ve roce ura

Episodic Semantic

How doWhat is aWhen did

bike?

ride a bike?


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ENCODING IN LTM


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LOP (Levels of Processing)

Deep meaningful kindso n ormat on

processing lead to more

permanent retent onthan shallow processing


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LOP (Levels of Processing)

Stimulus information is semanticprocesse at mu t p e

levels simultaneously

epen ng upon tscharacteristics.

The "deeper" the

processing, the morethat will be

remembered


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piece of information

Does PREY contain the letter e? YES or NO

s wr en n a cap a e ers or

Is Table written in italics? YES or NO


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a piece of information

Does small rhyme with hall? YES or NO


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leads to deeper more distinctiveand more elaborateprocess ng.

Relating the information to your long term memory, and


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remember better.

Tends to encoura e dee er rocessin

Rich set of cues that are related to the self


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level of processingn earn ng a persons

face, helps recognize

the face later. Focusin on

distinctive features

in the face Engaging semantics


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Encoding Specificity (Context Effect)

Retrieving somethingsuccess u y rom

memory requires a

matc etween owthe information was

or g na y enco e an

the informationava a e w en try ng to

retrieve the memory


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Encoding Specificity (Context Effect)

Geiselman and Glenny (1977) Visually presented words

Imagine being spoken by male of female voice

Recognition: words read by a female or male voice Results:

Better memory if gender of voice in encoding and retrieval matches.


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Levels of Processing vs. Context Effects

Encoding specificity effects can override levels ofprocess ng e ects

Depending on the testing environment deeper processing

may not g ve you t e est resu ts a t e t me. Better match between encoding and retrieval is the key.


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Emotions, Mood and Memory

Emotion:given in reaction to a specific stimuli

Mood:more eneral and lon -lastin state

,

List colors, fruits and friends from college

,

order

,

Now transfer these ratings to your first list


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The Pollyanna Principle

Pleasant material is processed more efficiently andmore accurate y, an a so remem ere etter.

Experiment:

Learn a list of words. Pleasant, neutral, unpleasant Delay: minutes or months

Results: Pleasant items are remembered better, particularly if

the delay is longer.


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The Pollyanna Principle

Neutral material that is associatedwith pleasant stimuli isremem ere etter

Experiment:

Violent movie and non-violent movie 2 commercials inserted in these movies

Results: better memory for the brand name if it is in a non-

violent movie.


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Memor

Better memory for More likel tomater a t at s

congruent with theremember material if

ou mood durin

persons current moo . You remember

retrieval matches yourmood in encodin

p easant t ngs w en

you are happy


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Explicit vs. Implicit

Explicit Memory Task: Subject is instructed to remember the

information

Subjects know their memory is tested

Example tasks:

Recognition


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Implicit Memory Task: Subject is NOT instructed to remember the

information

Subjects do not know their memory is tested

,

Example tasks:

Priming


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Performance is better when tested withimplicit tests

Memor for abstract sha es

Memory for information registered under

Levels of Processing effects disappear with

implicit tests


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Amnesia

Retrograde amnesia Memory loss for events beforethe damage

Memory loss for events afterthe damage


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Anterograde Amnesia

The infamous H.M. Part of temporal lobe and hippocampus removed

to cure e ile s

Very poor performance on explicit memory tests

- -

tests


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Expertise

that are relevant for a specific skill or topic, which is

ac eve y e era e rac ceover a per o o a eas

10 years.


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Expertise- Context Specificity

positions, but not other memory tasks

Memor ex erts do not score es eciall hi h on I

tests


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Experts vs. Novices

-LTWM

Form more mean ng u c un s Rehearse differently

Better at reconstructing missing parts of information


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Source Monitoring

Identifying the source of memories or beliefs. Item and source memory are distinct from each

other.

You might remember something but forget ormisremember the source of that information.


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Memory as a Constructive Process

Memory is the result of constructive processesthat are prone to errors, distortions, suggestions

and illusions.

The construction process may lead to creation ofa se memor es.


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Memory as a Constructive Process

There is considerable research on constructiveaspects of memory due to interest in:

Increased su estibilit of children and older adults

Reliability of eyewitnesses in courts

e a y o memor es recovere n erapy se ngs

a se emor esa se emor es


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hat are False Memories? Mental experiences that are mistakenly taken as real

.


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y tu y a se emor es

The nature of these memory errors give usinformation on:

how memor is or anized

to what manipulations memory is vulnerable to

n w c s ua ons memory errs e mos


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The Misinformation Paradigm

Procedure Witness an event

about the event

Have memory tested on the event.


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How does misinformation work?

Source Confusion Hypothesis

i ili ff r h n nn

discriminate between the details from themisinformation and the details in the ori inal

event.


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When are we more susceptible to misinformation?

Aging Divided Attention

Time Pressure


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Eyewitness testimony

Loftus -- subjects watched a video of a car accident and

.

Collided 39.3 Bum ed 38.1

Hit 34.0

Contacted 31.8


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ea ng quest ons may as t e est mates

The questions may literally change the way


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1 Week subjects were later asked did you see any broken glass?

Most answered no correctly, but32% said es if asked Smashed

14% said yes if asked hit12% said yes in control group

The memory of the video and the question were fused together

.


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5 Longtermmemory NC