5.1 jpUQhd rk;ge;ju G-8 T/cha 5... · 2014. 4. 12. · 61,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf jpUehTf;furu; jpUKidg;ghb ehl;bd; jpUth%upy; GfodhUf;Fk; khjpdpahu;f;Fk; kfdhf ehTf;furu; mtjupj;jhu;

58,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

Vohk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy;> Nrho ehl;by; rPu;fhop vDk;

Cupy; fTzpau; Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;j rptghjtpUjaUf;Fk; gftjp

mk;ikahUf;Fk; jpUthjpiu el;rj;jpuj;jpy; Njhzpag;gu; mUshy;

gps;isahu; mtjup;j;jtu;.

gps;isahupd; %d;whtJ tajpy; xU

ehs; mtu; je ;ijahu ; Njhzpag ;gu ;

NfhapYf;Fg ; gps ;isia mioj;Jr ;

nrd ;whu ; . mq ;F Nfhapy py ; cs;s

Fsf;fiuapy; Foe;ijia mku;j;jp tpl;L

je;ijahu; Fsj;jpy; ,wq;fp ePuhbdhu;. mtu;

ePupy; %o;fpapUe;jNghJ mtiuf; fhzhJ

jtpj;j Foe;ij Nfhapw; NfhGuj;ijg; ghu;j;J

‘mk;ikNa mg;gh| vd mOjJ. Foe;ijapd;

mO Fuiyf; Nfl;l Njhzpag;gu; cikAld;

,lg thfdj;jpy; Njhd;wp> nghw;fpz;zj;jpy;

jpUKiyg;ghiyf; fwe;J@ rptQhdj;ijf;

fye;J Cl;LkhW mk;ikaplk; $wpdhu;.

mk;ikAk; mt;thNw nra;jhu;.

ePuhbtpl;L te;j rptghjtpUjau; Foe;ijapd; thapy; ghy;

tbe;jpUg;gijf; fz;L> ahu; cdf;Fg; ghy; mUe;jj;je;jJ? vd Nfl;lhu;.

rk;ge;ju; Nfhapy; NfhGuj;ijr; Rl;bfhl;b ~~NjhLila nrtpad; ...||

vDk; gjpfj;ijg; ghbdhu;. je;ijahUk; ,iwtd; jd; Foe;ijf;F

mUs; nra ;Js ;shd ; vdg ;Gu pe ;J nfhz;lhu ; . md;w py pUe ;J

~~MSilagps ;isahu ; | | vdTk; ~~r ptQhdrk;ge ;ju ; | | vdTk;

jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

,jd; gpd;du;> rk;ge;ju; jk; je;ijahu; Njhs; kPJ mku;e;J

jpUf;Nfhyf;fh vd;w gjpf;Fr; nrd;W ,iwtid tzq;fp iffshy;

jhsk; Nghl;L ~~kilapy; this ....|| vd;w gjpfj;ij ghbdhu;. ,iwtDk;

kfpo;e;J mtUf;Fg; nghw;whsk; nfhLj;jUspdhu;. mq;fpUe;J gy

jyq;fSf;Fk; nrd;W ,iw juprdk; nra;jhu;. jk; jhahupd; gpwe;j

Cuhd jpUedpgs;sp vd;w jyj;ij mile;J ~~fhiufs; $tyhf Ky;iy||

vd;w gjpfj;ijg; ghb ghiy epykhf tpsq;fpa mg;gFjpia nea;jy;

epykhf khw;wpdhu;. jpUney;thapyuj;Jiw ,iwtd; rk;ge;jUf;F

Kj;Jr;rptpif> Kj;Jf;Fil vd;gd mspj;jhu;.

5.1 jpUQhd rk;ge;ju5.1 jpUQhd rk;ge;ju5.1 jpUQhd rk;ge;ju5.1 jpUQhd rk;ge;ju5.1 jpUQhd rk;ge;ju ;; ;; ;


jpUr;rpyhr;rpukj;jpy; nfhy;ypkotd; vd;w murdpd; kfisj;

Jd;GWj;jpa Kayfd; Nehia ~~Jzptsu; jpq;fs;....|| vd;Dk; gjpfk;

ghb ePf;fpaUspdhu;. jpUthtLJiwapy; je;ijapd; Nts;tpf;fhf ~~,lupDk;

jsupDk; ....|| vd;w gjpfj;ijg; ghb ,iwtdplk; nghw;fpop ngw;Wf;

nfhLj;jhu;. jpUkUfy; vd;w jyj;jpy; ghk;G jPz;b ,we;j tzpfdpd;

kidtpapd; Jau; ePf;f ~~rilahnaDkhy;...|| vd;w gjpfk; ghb tzpfid

capu; ngw;nwor; nra;jhu;.

,t;thwhfg; gyj; jyq;fSf;Fk; jyahj;jpiu Nkw;nfhz;l rk;ge;ju;

ehTf;furUld; jpUtPopkpoiy vDk; jyj;jpw;Fr; nrd;whu;;;. mt;t+upy;

kf;fs; gQ;rj;jhy; thbaijf; fz;L ,iwtdplk; gbf;fhRg; ngw;W

gQ;rk; jPu;j;jdu;. mg;gupd; fhR thrp ,y;yhj ey;y fhrhfTk; rk;ge;jupd;

;;fhR thrp cs;s fhrhfTk; fhzg;gl;ljhy; rk;ge;ju; ~~thrp jPuNt fhR

ey;FtPu;....|| vd;w gjpfj;ijg; ghb ey;y fhrpidg; ngw;W gQ;rj;ijg;

Nghf;fpdhu;. mq;fpUe;J ,UtUk; jpUkiwf;fhL nrd;whu;fs;. gy

Mz;Lfshf g+l;bapUe;j Nfhapypd; fjitj; jpwf;f ehTf;furu; ~~gz;zpNdu;

nkhopahs;...|| vd;w gjpfj;ijAk;> fjit %bj;jpwf;f rk;ge;ju; ~~rJuk;

kiw jhd; ...|| vdj;njhlq;Fk; gjpfj;ijAk; ghbdu;.

mg;gUld; rpy ehl;fs; jq;fpa rk;ge;ju;> jpUg+e;JUj;jpia

mile;jhu;. mq;F Mz; gidfisg; ngz; gidfshf;fpdhu;. gpd;

jpUnthw;wpa+u; jyj;ijj; juprpj;J jpUkapiyg; gjpf;Fr; nrd;whu;. mq;F

ghidapy; ,Ue;j g+k;ghit vd;w ngz;zpd; vYk;ig ~~kl;bl;l Gd;id..||

vDk; gjpfj;ijg; ghb kPz;Lk; capu; ngw;W vor; nra;jhu;.

gy jyq;fisAk; juprpj;j rk;ge;ju; rPu;fhopf;F te;jhu;. mq;F

jpU ey;Y}upYs;s ek;gpahz;lhu; ek;gpapd; kfisr; rk;ge;jUf;Fj; jpUkzk;

nra;a Vw;ghlhfpwJ. itfhrp khj %y el;rj;jpuj;jd;W jpUkzf;

Nfhyj;jpy; kidtpAld; tPw;wpUe;j rk;ge;ju; ,iwtd; jpUtb epidj;J

~fhjyhfp frpe;J fz;zPu; ky;fp...| vd;Dk; gjpfk; ghb jpUkzj;jpw;F

te;j mbatu;fs; midtNuhLk; mUl;ngUQ;Nrhjpapy; fye;jhu;.


ghlr; RUf;fk;ghlr; RUf;fk;ghlr; RUf;fk;ghlr; RUf;fk;ghlr; RUf;fk;

• Nrhoehl;bd; rPu;fhopapy; rptghjtpUjaUf;Fk; gftjpahUf;Fk;

kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;.

• jpUQhd rk;ge;ju; %d;W tajpy; ,iwtdhy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;ltu;.

• Kj;Jr; rptpif> Kj;Jr; rpd;dk; Mfpa tpUJfisg; ngw;W

Kjw; rka Futuhdhu;.

• jpUQhdrk;ge;jUk;> mg;gUk; Nru;e;J mw;Gjq;fisg; Gupe;Js;sdu;.

• rkzu;fSld; thjpl;Lr; irt rkaNk nka;ahdJ vd;gij

ep&gpj;jhu;.

gapw;rpfs; gapw;rpfs; gapw;rpfs; gapw;rpfs; gapw;rpfs;

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.

1. jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; vd miof;fg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

2. jpUQhdrk;ge;jUk;> jpUehTf;furUk; Nru;e;J Gupe;j mw;Gjq;fs;

vit?

3. ghz;ba kd;dDf;F ntg;G Neha; Vw;glf; fhuzk; ahJ?

4. jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; Kj;Jf;Fil> Kj;Jr; rpd;dk; vd;gtw;iw ngw;w

,lk; vJ?

5. rk;ge;jupd; FUg+irj; jpdk; vJ?

nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL

jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; Gupe;j mw;Gjq;fisAk; mr;re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

ghba gjpfq;fisAk; ml;ltizg; gLj;jp tFg;giwapy;

fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.


jpUehTf;furu;jpUehTf;furu;jpUehTf;furu;jpUehTf;furu;jpUehTf;furu;

jpUKidg;ghb ehl;bd; jpUth%upy; GfodhUf;Fk; khjpdpahu;f;Fk;

kfdhf ehTf;furu; mtjupj;jhu;. ,tupd; gps;isj; jpUehkk; kUs;ePf;fpahu;

vd;gjhFk;. ,tUf;Fj; jpyftjpahu; vd;w jkf;ifahu; xUtu; ,Ue;jhu;.

kUs;ePf;fpahu; rpWtajpNyNa gy fiyfisAk; fw;Wj; Nju;e;jhu;.

jpyftjpahUf;Fg; gd;dpnuz;L

tajhfpaNghJ mtiu murdpd;

Nrdhjpgjpahd fypg;gifahUf;Fj;

jpUkzk; Ngrp Kbj;jdu;. mr;rkaj;jpy;

Nghu ; %z;ljhy ; fypg ;gifahu ;

NghUf;Fr; nry;y Ntz;ba epiy

Vw;gl ;lJ. fypg ;gifahu ; Nghupy;

<Lgl ;bUe ;j Ntis GfodhUk ;

Neha;tha;g;gl;L ,wf;f> ftiy jhq;f

Kbahky; khjpdpahUk; capu; ePj;jhu;.

ngw;Nwhupd; gpupthy; Foe;ijfs;

,UtUk; Jd;Gw;wdu;. Rw;wj;jhu; Njw;w

Januho pe ;J ngw ; NwhUf ;F

<kf;fld;fisr; nra;jdu;. gpd; Nghu;

Kidf;Fr; nrd;w fypg;gifahUk;>

capu; ePj;j nra;jp mwpe;j jpyftjpahu;

jhDk; cld; fl;il Vw KbT nra;jhu;.

mjid mwpe ;j kUs ;e Pf ;f pahu ;

jkf;ifahiu tzq;fp mt;thW nra;a

Ntz;lhk; vdf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;.

jpyftjpahUk; jk;gpapd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;fp capu; ePj;jiyf;

iftpl;lhu;. jkf;ifapd; ghJfhg;gpy; tsu;e;j kUs;ePf;fpahu; rfy fiyfspYk;

Nju;e;J tpsq;fpdhu;. tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gl;l Jd;gKk;> NghjhikAk;

mf;fhyj;jpy; gue;jpUe;j rkzrkaj;jpd; kPJ kUs;ePf;fpahUf;F <Lghl;il

Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mjd; fhuzkhf mtu; rkz rkaj;ijr; rhu;e;J mjd;

Nfhl;ghLfis ed;F fw;W jUkNrdu; vDk; gl;lj;ijAk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;.

rpyfhyk; ghlypGj;jpuk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; rkzrkaj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.

jk;gpapd; ,j;jifa nrayhy; kdk; tUe;jpa jpyftjpahu; kPz;Lk;

mtiu irtrkaj;jpy; <LghL nfhs;sr; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd jpU

tPul;lhNdr;ruj;jpy; ciwAk; ngUkhid tzq;fpdhu;. mtupd; Ntz;LjYf;F

kdk; ,uq;fpa ngUkhDk; kUs;ePf;fpahUf;Fr; #iy Nehiaf; nfhLj;jhu;.


Nehapidf; Fzg;gLj;j rkzu;fs; gythW Kad;Wk; Kbatpy;iy.

Neha; mjpfupf;f typ nghWf;f Kbahky; jUkNrdu; jkf;ifaplk;

te;J Nru;e;jhu;. jpyftjpahUk; mtiu jpUtPul;lhdj;jpw;F mioj;Jr;

nrd;W jpUite;njOj;ij Xjp jpUePw;iw ,l;lhu;. kUs;ePf;fpahUk;

,iwtid tzq;fp ~~$w;whapdthW tpyf;ffyPu;...|| vd;Dk; gjpfk; ghbdhu;.

mr;rkaNk #iy Neha; ePq;fpaJld; ~~ehTf;furu; vDk; ngau; ngWtha;||

vd;W mruPupAk; xypj;jJ. md;wpypUe;J ehTf;furu; vd;w ngaUld;

kPz;Lk; irtrkaj;ijr; rhu;e;jhu;.

ehTf;furu; gy jyq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W topgl;lJld;> jyq;fspy;

cothuj; njhz;L Gupe;J Mya #oiyj; J}a;ikg;gLj;jp tuyhdhu;.

ehTf;furupd; ,e;epiyia mwpe;j rkzu;fs; gy;yt kd;ddplk;

Kiwapl;ldu;. rkz rkaj;ijr; rhu;e;j gy;yt kd;dDk; ehTf;furiu

mioj;JtUk;gb jd; mikr;ru;fis mDg;gpdhu;. ehTf;furu; ~~ehkhu;f;Fk;

Fbay;Nyhk;...|| vd;Dk; gjpfk; ghb jd; kWg;igj; njuptpj;jhu;.

mikr;ru;fNsh mr;nra;jpia jhk; kd;duplk; nrhy;tjhy; jkf;F

Vw;glg;NghFk; Jd;gq;fisg; gw;wp vLj;Jf; $wpaJk; mtu;fNshL

ehTf;furu; nry;y ,irj;jhu;. kd;dDk; mtiur; rkzu; $wpaJ Nghd;W

ePw;wiwapy; ,l;ldu;. ePw;wiwapy; ,Ue;j ehTf;furu; ~~khrpy; tPizAk;..||

vd;w gjpfk; ghb rptid epidj;J kfpo;e;jhu;. VOehl;fspd; gpd;

ePw;wiwiaj; jpwe;J ghu;j;j rkzu;fs; ehTf;furupd; epiy fz;L

mjprapj;jdu;. ,t;thW gy Jd;gq;fisr; nra;Jk; ghjpf;fg;glhjpUe;j

ehTf;furiu rkzu;fs; ,Wjpahf fy;Yld; fl;bf; flypy; Nghl;lhu;fs;.

mg;NghJ ~~nrhw;Wiz Ntjpad;...|| vd;Dk; gjpfj;ijg; ghlf; fy; njg;gkhf

khwp ehTf;furiuf; fiuapy; nfhz;L te;J Nru;j;jJ. ,jid mwpe;j

Kjyhk; kNfe;jpu gy;yt kd;dDk; jhd; nra;j Jd;gq;fSf;F tUe;jp

ehTf;furu; jpUtbfspy; tPo;e;J tzq;fpaJld; jhDk; irt rkaj;ijj;

jOtpdhd;.

ehTf;furu; gy jyq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W ,iwtid topgl;L>

jpUg;ngz;zhlfk; vd;w jyj;ij mile;jhu;. mq;F ,iwtid tzq;fp

jd; kPJ #y ,lgf;Fwpfis nghwpj;jUs Ntz;bg; ngw;whu;. mq;fpUe;J>

jpy;iyf;Fr; nrd;W ,iwtid tzq;fpg; gjpfq;fs; ghbdhu;. mr;rkaj;jpy;

rPu;fhopg;gFjpapy; tho;e;j jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; gw;wpa ngUikfisf;

Nfs;tpAw;W> mtiuf; fhz;gjw;fhf mq;F nrd;whu;. mj;jyj;jpy;

ehTf;furiu re;jpj;j rk;ge;ju; ~~mg;gNu|| vd mioj;J kfpo;Tld;

tuNtw;W cgrhuk; nra;jhu;. mg;gUk; rpyfhyk; mj;jyj;jpy; rk;ge;jUld;

jq;fpapUe;jhu;.


rpyfhyk; rPu;fhopg; gjpapy; rk;ge;jUld; jq;fpapUe;j mg;gu; kPz;Lk;

jy ahj;jpiuiaj; njhlq;fpdhu;. mt;thW nry;ifapy; jpq;f@upy;

mg;g+jpabfs; vd;w mbahu; jd; kPJ nfhz;l md;gpdhYk; gf;jpapdhYk;

jd; Gjy;tu;fSf;Fk;> mwr;rhiy> fpzW> Fsk;> jz;zPu; ge;jy; Kjyhd

tw;wpw;Fk; jpUehTf;furu; ngaiuapl;L njhz;L nra;jikia mwpaYw;whu;.

mtiuf; fhz tpUk;gp ehTf;furUk; mq;F nrd;whu;. mtUk; mg;giu

tzq;fpj; jpUtKJ nra;AkhW Ntz;bdhu;. mjw;F ehTf;furUk;

,ire;jhu;. mq;F jpUtKJ gilg;gjw;fhf thioapiy ntl;lr; nrd;w

%j;j ehTf;furd; ghk;G jPz;b ,we;Jtpl;lhd;. ,e;epfo;T ehTf;furupd;

jpUtKJf;Fj; jilahf mikaf; $lhJ vd vz;zpa mg;g+jpabfSk;

kidtpahUk; cliy kiwj;J itj;jdu;. ehTf;furu; jd;NdhL

jpUtKJz;z Foe;ijfisAk; mioj;jhu;. ngw;Nwhu; kdk; fyq;fp

epd;wdu;. ,iw nrayhy; ele;jtw;iw mwpe;j ehTf;furu; ~xd;Wnfhyhk;...|

vd;Dk; gjpfk; ghb %j;j jpUehTf;furid capu;g; ngw;nwor; nra;jhu;.

mq;F midtUlDk; kfpo;r;rpahf jpUtKJz;lhu;.

gpd;du; mq;fpUe;J gy jyq;fSf;Fk; nrd;W juprpj;Jf; nfhz;L

jpUg;GfY}iu mile;jhu;. mq;F rk;ge;jUk; te;J Nru;e;jhu;. ,UtUk;

gy jyq;fisj; juprpj;jdu;. mr;rkaj;jpy; jpUtpopkpoiyapy; kf;fs;

gQ;rj;jhy; thbaijf; fz;L ,uq;fp gjpfk; ghb gbf;fhR ngw;W kf;fspd;

gQ;rj;ijg; Nghf;fpdhu;. gpd; jpUkiwf;fhL nrd;W ePz;lfhykhf %bapUe;j

jpUf;Nfhapypd; fjitj; jpwf;f mg;gu; gjpfk; ghbdhu;. jpwe;j fjit

%Ltjw;F rk;ge;ju; gjpfk; ghbdhu;.

jpUg;igQPyp vd;w jyj;jpy; ,iwtd; mUshy; nghjpr; NrhW

ngw;W cz;lhu;. mq;fpUe;J jpUf;fhsj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W ,iwtid topgl;L

jpUf;ifapiy ahj;jpiuia Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. %g;gpd; fhuzkhf

ahj;jpiuiaj; njhlu Kbatpy;iy. vdNt> Ntj ehafNd! vd;

fz;zpdhy; jpUf;ifyhaj;jpy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ck; jpUf;Nfhyj;ij fz;L

njhOk;gb vdf;F eae;J mUs; GupAk; vd;W gzpe;jhu;. mbahu;fs;

Ntz;Ltij Ntz;bathW mUSk; ,iwtd; ~~ehTf;furNd eP ,e;jg;

ngha;ifapy; %o;fp jpUitahw;wpy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; fhl;rpiaf; fhz;ghahf||

vd;W mrpuPuPahf mUspdhu;. mg;gUk; mt;thNw nra;J jpUitahw;wpy;

ifiyf; fhl;rpiaf; fz;L kfpo;Tw;whu;.

mq;fpUe;J ghz;b ehl;Lj; jyq;fis topgl;L cothuj; njhz;L

Gupe;jhu;. mg;gupd; cothuj; njhz;bd; rpwg;ig czu;j;Jtjw;fhf ,iwtd;

mg;gu; cothuj; njhz;L nra;j ,lq;fspnyy;yhk; nghd;Dk; kzpAk;

fpilf;fr; nra;jhu;. mtw;iw vt;tpj NtWghLk; ,y;yhJ gw;ww;w epiyapy;

tPrp vwpe;jhu;. ,g;gb ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; ,iwab Nru vz;zpa mg;gu;


vz;ZNfd; vd; nrhy;yp vz;ZNfNdh...| vd;w gjpfk; ghbdhu;. mtupd;

Ntz;Ljw; gb vz;gj;NjhuhtJ tajpy; rpj;jpiur; rjaj;jd;W ,iwab

Nru;e;jhu;.


• jpUKidg;ghb ehl;bd; jpUth%upy; Gfodhu;f;Fk; khjpdpahUf;Fk;

kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;.

• ehTf;furu; irt rkaNk nka;r;rkak; vd czu;e;J nfhz;lhu;.

• ,iwabahu;fspd; Jd;gq;fis jFe;j Ntisapy; ,iwtd;

ePf;Fthu;.

• ehTf;furUk; rk;ge;jUk; rkfhyj;jpy; tho;e;jtu;fs;.

• ehTf;furu; rkag; gzpfSk; rKjhag;gzpfSk; nra;j

mbatuhthu;.

gapw ;r pfs;gapw ;r pfs;gapw ;r pfs;gapw ;r pfs;gapw ;r pfs;

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.

1. jpUehTf;furupd; jha;> je;ij> jkf;ifahupd; ngau;fisj; jUf.

2. rkzu;fs; ehTf;furUf;F nra;j jPq;Ffs; 3 jUf.

3. ehTf;furu; cothug;gilahsp vd;W Vd; miof;fg;gl;lhu;?

4. ehTf;furupd; ngaupy; jpUg;gzpfs; nra;j rptdbahu; ahu;?

5. jpUehTf;furupd; gw;ww;w epiyapidr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.


ehTf;furupd; FUG+irj; jpdj;ij Mrpupaupd; cjtpAld;

nfhz;lhLf.


Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhu;Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhu;Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhu;Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhu;Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhu;

j pUf ;ifiya py ; r ptngUkhd pd ;

mbatuhf tpsq;fpa MyhyRe;juu; ee;jtdj;jpy;

xU ehs; g +g ;gw pf ;fr ; nrd;whu ; . mq;F

ckhNjtpahupd; Nrbau;fshd mepe;jpijahu;>

fkypdpahu ; Mfpa ,Utu; kPJk; fhjy;

tag;gl;lhu;. ,jid mwpe;j ,iwtd; g+Nyhfk;

nrd;W ,UtiuAk; kzk; GuptPh;fs; vdf;

$wpdhu;. mg;NghJ MyhyRe;juu; ,iwtdplk;

jhd; gpw Mfhkpa tpidfspy; <LglhJ

jLj;jhl;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vdf; Nfl;Lf;

nfhz;lhu;. mjw;fpzq;f MyhyRe;juu; g+Tyfpw;

gpwe;jhu;.

jpUKidg;ghb ehl;by; jpUehtY}upy; riladhUf;Fk; ,ir

Qhdpf;Fk; kfdhf Re;juu; mtjupj;jhu;. ngw;Nwhu; ,tUf;F #l;ba

ngau; ek;gpah&uu; vd;gjhFk;. me;ehl;L murd; eurpq;f Kidaiuau;

ek;gpah&upd; mofpy; kaq;fpj; jk; Foe;ijahf tsu;f;fyhdhu;. ,t;thW

murd; kfdhf tsu;e;j ek;gpah&uu; jpUkzg; gUtj;ij mile;jhu;.

mtUf;F Gj;J}u; rlq;ftp rpthr;rhupahupd; kfisj; jpUkzk; Kbf;fg;

ngupNahu; epr;rapj;jdu;.

jpUkz ehsd;W xU fpoNtjpau;> ek;gpah&uu; jk; mbik vd

mtu; ghl;ld; Xiy vOjpj; je;Js;shu; vd;Wk;> jdJ mDkjpapd;wp

mtu; jpUkzk; nra;af; $lhJ vd;Wk; $wpdhu;. mq;fpUe;j midtUk;

mjpu;r;rpAw;wdu;. Re;juUk; mtiug; gpj;jNdh vd;W Vsdk; nra;J rpupj;jhu;.

mbik vd;gjw;F Mjhukhd Xiyiaf; fhl;Lk; gbf; Nfl;lhu;. mtUk;

Xiyiaf; fhl;l mjidg; gwpj;J fpopj;njwpe;jhu;. Ntjpau; mJ gb

Xiy vd;Wk; %y Xiy gj;jpukhf jd;dplk; cz;L vdTk; $wp mjid

vLj;J mitNahuplk; fhl;bdhu;. mjd; cz;ikj; jd;ikia czu;e;j

mitNahu; ek;gpah&uiu fpoNtjpaupd; mbik vd cWjp nra;J

mtUld; mDg;gp itj;jhu;fs;.

f poNtjpaUk; jk ; Cuhd jpUntz;nza; ey;Y}u pw ;F

ek;gpah&iuAk; mitNahiuAk; mioj;Jr; nrd;W jpUf;Nfhtpypd; cs;Ns

nrd;W kiwe;J tpl;lhu;. mg;NghJ ,iwtd; ,iwtpAld; Njhd;wp

ek;gpah&uiu jhk; jLj;jhl; nfhz;lik gw;wpf; $wp ~~ek;ik kz;Zyfpy;

,d;nrhy;yhy; jkpopy; ghLthahf|| vd;W gzpj;jhu;. jhk; vd;d ghLtJ


vdj; jaq;fpa Re;juUf;F vd;id gpj;jh vd mioj;jikahy;

mt;tbapNyNa njhlq;fpg; ghL vdg; gzpj;jhu;. mt;thNw Re;juUk;

~~gpj;jh gpiw #b...|| vd;Dk; gjpfj;ijg; ghbdhu;. ,iwtid td;ikahd

nrhw;fshy; mioj;jikahy; Re;juu; td;njhz;lu; vdg; ngau; ngw;whu;.

mjd; gpd;du; Re;juu; gy jyq;fSf;Fk; ahj;jpiu nrd;W gjpfk;

ghb ,iwtid topgl;L te;jhu;. jpUf;ifiyapy; tho;e;j fkypdpahu;

jpUth&upy; guitahu; vd;w ngaUld; tpsq;fpdhu;. jpUth&u; te;j

Re;juu; guitahiuf; fz;L kaq;fpdhu;. guitahUk; Re;juu; kPJ fhjy;

nfhz;lhu;. ,Utu; epiyikAk; czu;e;j ,iwtd; mbatu; fdtpy;

Njhd;wp ,UtUf;Fk; jpUkzk; nra;J itf;Fk;gb $wpdhu;. mt;thNw

mbatu;fs; ,UtuJ jpUkzj;ijAk; rpwg;Gw elj;jp itj;jdu;.

xUehs; Re;juu; jpUth&u; Njthrpupa kz;lgj;jpy; tPw;wpUe;j

mbahu;fisf; fz;L mtu;fis tzq;fhJ ,iwtid tzq;fr; nrd;whu;.

mq;F ,iwtd; mbatu; ngUikia vLj;Jf; $wp mtu;fisg;

Nghw;wpg;ghLk;gb ~~jpy;iy tho; me;jzu; jk; mbahu;f;Fk;...|| vd;W

mbnaLj;Jf; nfhLj;jUspdhu;. Re;juUk; mjd;gbNa jpUj;njhz;lj;

njifiag; ghb mq;fpUe;j mbatu; midtiuAk; tzq;fpdhu;.

Re;juu; guitahUld; jpUth&upy; tho;e;J te;j fhyj;jpy;

Fz;ila+u; fpohUf;F ,iwtd; Re;juupd; nghUl;L toq;fpa ney;iy

guitahupd; ,y;yj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yj; jpUf;Nfhspypj; jyj;J

,iwtid epidj;J ~~ePs epide;jbNad;...|| vDk; gjpfk; ghbdhu;.

clNd G+jfzq;fs; ney; KOtijAk; guitahupd; ,y;yj;jpy; Nru;j;jdu;.

gpd; gy jyq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W ,iwtid juprpj;j Re;juu; jpUKJ

Fd;wj;J ,iwtdplk; nghd; Ntz;bg; gjpfk; ghbdhu;. ,iwtDk;

mtUf;Fg; gd;dpuz;lhapuk; nghw;fhRfis mspj;jhu;. mtw;iwr; Re;juu;

,iwtdpd; Mizg;gb kzpKj;jhw;wpy; ,l;Lj; jpUth&u; Fsj;jpy;

vLj;jhu;.

,t;thwhf Re;juu; gyj; jyq;fisj; juprpj;J jpUnthw;wpa+u; te;J

Nru;e;jhu;. mq;F> jpUf;ifiyapy; cikapd; Nrbfspy; xUtuhd

mepe;jpijahu; rq;fpypahu; vd;w ngaupy; rptj;njhz;L nra;J tho;e;J

te;jhu;. mtiuf; fz;L fhjy; nfhz;l Re;juu; ,iwtd; JizNahL

mtiu kzk; Kbj;jhu;. jpUkzj;jpd; gpd; jhd; rq;fpypahiu vg;NghJk;

gpupe;J nry;ykhl;Nld; vdr; rptd; Kd;dpiyapy; rq;fpypahuplk; rj;jpak;

nra;J nfhLj;jhu;. ,UtUk; kfpo;r;rpahf jpUnthw;wpa+upy; tho;e;J

te;jdu;.


mr;rkaj;jpy; jpUth&upy; jpUtpohf;fs; Muk;gkhfpd. Re;juu; mq;F

nrd;W M&u;g; ngUkhidj; juprpf;f vz;zp ahuplKk; $whky; Gwg;gl;Lr;

nrd;whu;. jpUnthw;wpa+u; vy;iyiaj; jhz;baJk; Re;juupd; ,Ufz;fSk;

ghu;it ,oe;jd. cld; te;jtu;fspd; cjtpAld; jpUntz;ghf;fk; nrd;W

,iwtid topgl ,iwtd; Re;juUf;F xU Cd;W Nfhy; nfhLj;jUspdhu;.

gpd; fhQ;rpGuk; nrd;W topgl;L ,lf;fz;zpd; ghu ;itia kPz;Lk ;

ngw;whu;. mq;fpUe;Jg; gyj; jyq;fis topgl;L jpUth&iu mile;J

~~kPsh mbik...|| vd;Dk; gjpfk; ghb tyf;fz; ghu;itiaAk; ngw;whu;.

rq;fpypahiu kzk; Gupe;j nra;jpia mwpe;j guitahu; Re;juu; kPJ

Nfhgq; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. mtupd; Nfhgj;ijj; jzpj;J Re;juUld; Nru;j;J

itg;gjw;fhf ,iwtd; guitahuplk; J}J nrd;whu;. guitahUk;

ngUkhdpd; nrhy;Yf;fpzq;fp Re;juUld; ,d;gkhf thoyhdhu;.

xU rkak; Re;juu; jd; ez;guhd Nrukhd; ngUkhisf;

fhz;gjw;fhfr; Nru ehl;bw;Fg; Gwg;gl;lhu;. topapy; mtpehrpj; jyj;ijj;

juprpf;fr; nrd;wNghJ xU tPl;by; mOifnahypAk; mjd; vjpu; tPl;by;

kq;fy xypAk; Nfl;lJ. mjd; fhuzj;ijf; Nfl;lwpe;jhu; Re;juu;. Ie;J

taJr; rpWtu;fs; ,Utu; Fsj;jpy; ePuhbaNghJ xUtid Kjiy

tpOq;fptpl;lJ. Kjiy tpOq;fpa rpWtdpd; tPl;by; mtd; epidthy;

mOFuYk;> kw;iwa rpWtDf;Fg; g+Z}y; rlq;F eilngWtjhy; kq;fy

xypAk; Nfl;fpd;wJ vdf; $wpdu;. mjidf; Nfl;Lj; Jauile;j Re;juu;

mf;Fsj;ijf; fhl;Lk;gb Nfl;lhu;. mq;F mtpehrpg;ngUkhid tzq;fp

~~vw;whd; kwf;Nfd;...|| vd;w gjpfk; ghb ~~fhiuf;fhy; Kjiyiag;

gps;is jur;nrhy;Y fhyidNa....|| vd Ntz;b epd;whu;. clNd

,iwaUshy; Kjiy cupa tsu;r;rpNahL mg;gps;isia jpUg;gpf;

nfhz;Lte;J tpl;lJ. rpWtdpd; ngw;NwhUk; kw;NwhUk; ngUkfpo;T

va;jpdhu;fs;.

gpd;du;> Re;juu; Nrukhd; ngUkhidf; fhzr; nrd;whu;. mtUld;

rpyfhyk; jq;fpapUe;J kiy ehl;Lj; jyq;fis topgl;L te;jhu;. ,t;thW

,iw topghL nra;J te;j Re;juu; ,t;Tyf tho;f;ifapy; ntWg;G

Vw;gl> jpUtQ;irf;fsj;J ,iwtid Ntz;b ~~jiyf;Fj; jiykhiy....||

vd;Dk; gjpfk; ghbdhu;. Re;juupd; csf;Fwpg;ig mwpe;j ,iwtDk;

mtiuj; jpUf;ifiyf;F mioj;J tUk;gb nts;is ahidiaAk;

Njtu;fisAk; mDg;gpdhu;. ,iw Mizg;gb Re;juu; ifiy nry;ifapy;

Nrukhid kdjpy; epidj;jthNw nrd;whu;. ,jid czu;e;J nfhz;l

Nrukhd; ngUkhs; jd; nts;isf; Fjpiuapy; jhDk; Re;juUld;

ifiyf;Fg; Gwg;gl;Lr; nrd;whu;. jpUf;ifiyia mile;j Re;juu; Kd;G


Nghy; Myhy Re;juuhfTk;> Nrukhd; ngUkhd; rptfzj; jiytuhfTk;

njhz;L Gupe;jhu;fs;. guitahu;> rq;fpypahu;> ,UtUk; fkypdp>

mepe;jpijahf kPz;Lk; cikak;ikf;Fj; njhz;L nra;jdu;.

Re;juUk; Nrukhd; ngUkhSk; jpUf;ifiyia mile;jJ Mb

khjj;J Rthjp el;rj;jpuj;jd;W MFk;.


• jpUKidg;ghb ehl;by; jpUehtY}upy; riladhu;f;Fk;

,irQhdpahu;f;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;.

• Myhy Re;juu; ek;gpah&uuhf g+Tyfpy; mtjupj;jhu;.

• ,iwtid td;ikahfg; Ngrpaikahy; td;nwhz;lu; ehkk;

ngw;whu;.

• mw;Gjq;fs; gytw;iw epfo;j;jpAs;shu;.

• NjhoikNahL jdJ Njitfis ,iwtd;; %yk; epiwT

nra;jhu;.


gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.

1. Re;juu; gpwe;j ,lk;> jha;> je;ij ngau; vd;gtw;iwj; jUf.

2. Re;juu; Kjypy; ghba gjpfk; vJ?

3. Re;juu; ,lf;fz; ghu;it ngw;w jyk; ahJ?

4. Re;juu; Gupe;j mw;Gjq;fs; ,uz;L vOJf.

5. Re;juupd; FU g+ir jpdk; ahJ?


jpUkzg;ge;jypy; ,iwtdhy; Re;juu; jLj;jhl; nfhs;sg;gl;l

fhl;rpia ehlfkhf ebj;Jf; fhl;Lf.


khzpf;fthrfu;khzpf;fthrfu;khzpf;fthrfu;khzpf;fthrfu;khzpf;fthrfu;

ghz;b ehl;by; jpUth&upy; rk;Gghj

rpupaUf;Fk; rptQhdtjpahUf;Fk; kfdhf

khzpf;fthrfu; mtjupj;jhu;. ,tu; jpUthjt+upy;

Njhd;wp rpwg;nga;jpaikahy; jpUthjt+uu; vd

miof;fg;gl;lhu;. fy;tpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa

jpUthjt+uiu mf;fhyj;jpy; murhz;l mupku;j;jd

ghz;bad; vd;gtd; jd; Kjyikr;ruhf Mf;fp

mtUf;Fj; ~~njd;dtd; gpukuhad;|| vd;w

gl;lj;ijr; #l;bg; gy tpUJfisAk; mspj;jhd;.

mwk; gpwohky; murd; Ml;rp nra;aj; Jiz

epd;w NghJk; rptd; kPJ khwh md;NghL ,Ue;jhu;.

xUKiw murd; thjt+uuplk; gzk;

nfhLj;Jf; Fjpiufis thq;fp tUk;gb $wp

rpy Ml;fisAk; cjtpf;F mDg;gpdhu;.

thjt+uu; Fjpiufis thq;Ftjw;fhff; fPiof; flw;fiu JiwKfj;Jf;Fr;

nry;Yk; topapy; jpUg;ngUe;Jiwia mile;jhu;. mtu; kdk;

jpUg;ngUe;Jiw ,iwtdpd; ghw; nrd;wJ. vdNt cld; te;jtu;fis

vy;yhk; mDg;gptpl;L jhd; kl;Lk; jpUg;ngUe;JiwapNyNa jq;fp ,iwtid

topgl;L tuyhdhu;. ,iwtDk; thjt+uUf;F Qhd cgNjrk; nra;J

Ml;nfhz;L mUStjw;fhf FUe;j kuepoypd; fPo; rptfzq;fisr;

rPuhf;fp rptNahfpahf tPw;wpUe;jhu;. ,jidf; fz;l jpUthjT+uu; mq;F

nrd;W mtiu tzq;fp jd;idAk; rPluhf Vw;Fk;gb Ntz;bf; nfhz;lhu;.

,iwtDk; mtUf;F jPl;ir mspj;J mUs; Gupe;jhu;. jpUthjt+uu;

khzpf;fthrfu; vd miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

khzp;f;fthrfu; jhk; Fjpiu thq;ff; nfhz;L te;j nry;tq;fis

vy;yhk; FUtpd; Mizg;gb rpt Nritfspy; nryT nra;jhu;. ,jid

mwpe;j murd; khzpf;fthrfiu mioj;J tUk;gb Ml;fis mDg;gpdhd;.

~~Mtzp %y ehspy; Fjpiufs; tUk;|| vdf; $w mtd; Ml;fs;

murdplk; nrd;W mt;thNw $wpdhu;. Fwpj;j ehspy; Fjpiufs; tuhikahy;

rpdKw;w murd; khzpf;fthrfiu rpiwapypl;L Jd;GWj;jpdhd;. ,iw

rpe;jidapy; jpisj;jpUe;j jd; mbatu;fspd; Jau; jPu;f;f ,iwtDk;

fhl;bypUe;j eupfis vy;yhk; gupfshf;fp jhNd jiyikr; Nrtfdhf

te;J murdplk; Fjpiufis xg;gilj;jhu;. murDk; jdJ jtiw

czu;e;J khzpf;fthrfuplk; kd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;lJld; rpiwapypUe;J

tpLjiyAk; nra;jhu;. Mdhy; md;wpuT gupfshf te;j eupfs; midj;Jk;


kPz;Lk; eupfshf khwp mq;Fs;s Vida Fjpiufisf; nfhd;nwhopj;Jtpl;L

fhl;Lf;F nrd;wd. ,r;nra;jp mwpe;j murd; khzpf;fthru; kPJ jhq;nfhzh

rpdk; nfhz;lhu;. mtiu itifahw;wpd; RLkz;zpy; epw;f itj;J

new ; w pa py ; fy ; Nyw ; w p Jd ; GWj ;Jk ; gb Mizapl ; l hd ; .

mj;Jd;gj;jpw;Fs;shf;fg;gl;l jd; mbatuhd khzpf;fthrfiu fhj;jw;

nghUl;L ,iwtd; itif Mw;iwg; ngUf;nfLf;fr; nra;jhu;.

me;epfo;tpd; %yk; khzpf;fthrfupd; ngUikia murDk; kf;fSk;

czu;e ;jdu; . khzpf;fthrfUk; mikr;ru ; gjtpiaj; Jwe;J

jpUg;ngUe;Jiwf;Fr; nrd;W topgl;Lj; jpy;iyia mile;jhu;. mq;F

<oehl;lurd; jpy;iyapy; ngsj;j kjj;ijg; gug;Gk; Nehf;NfhL ngsj;jf;

FUkhUlDk; jd; Cikg; ngz;ZlDk; te;jpUe;jhd;. ngsj;jf;FUkhu;

jpy;iyapy; ,Ue;jtu;fis jd;Dld; thJf;fioj;jdu;. ,iwtd;

jpy;iythoe;jzuplk; khzpf;fthrfiu ngsj;jUld; thjk; nra;a

mioj;J tUk; gb fdtpy; $wpaUspdhu;. mtu;fSk; mt;thNw nra;jdu;.

khzpf;fthrfu; ngsj;jf;FU $wpa ngsj;j nfhs;iffisf; Nfl;Lg;

gpd; irt newpf; nfhs;ififis mtUf;F vLj;Jiuj;jhu;. mtu;fs;

mjid Vw;Wf; nfhs;shky; kWj;J thjk; nra;jdu;. khzpf;fthrfu;

,iwtid tzq;f ,iwaUshy; ngsj ;ju ;fs ; midtUk;

Cikahfpdhu;fs;. ,r;nraiyf; fz;L Mr;rpupag;gl;l murd; jd; Cik

kfis Ngritf;f Ntz;Lk; vd khzpf;fthrfuplk; gzpe;J Nfl;lhd;

irtnewp gw;wpf; Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;l mts; Cikj;jd;ik ePq;fp

tpilgfu;e;jhs;. ,jdhy; kfpo;r;rpaile;j rpq;fs murd; irtrkaj;ijj;

jOtpaJld; ,yq;ifapYk; irtrkaj;ij tsu;f;Fk; gzpapy; <Lgl;lhd;.

xU ehs; ,iwtd; me;jzu; cUtpy; te;J khzpf;fthrfuplk;

mtu; ghba jpUthrfr; nra;As;fs; ahtw;iwAk; $Wk;gbf; Nfl;L>

mtu; nrhy;yr;nrhy;y ,iwtd; jhNd vOjpdhu;. kWehs; eluhrupd;

jpUtbapy; Xu; Vl;Lg;gpujp itf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mjpy; ~~thjt+ud; tpsk;gpl

mofpa jpUr;rpw;wk;gyKilahu; vOjpaJ|| vd;w mbf;Fwpg;igf; fz;L

midtUk; tpae;jdu ; . mjdhy; jpy ;iy tho; me;jzu;fs;

khzpf;fthrfuplk; mt;Vl;ilf; fhl;b mg;ghly;fspd; nghUisf; $WkhW

Nfl;lhu;fs;. khzpf;fthrfUk; mtu;fis mioj;Jr; nrd;W jpy;iyapd;

$j;jg;ngUkhidr; Rl;bf;fhl;b> ~~,tNd mjd; nghUs;|| vdf; $wp

,iwtDld; ,uz;lwf; fye;jhu;. ,e;ehNs Mdpkhj kf el;rj;jpuk;

MFk;.



khzpf ;fthrfu ; j pUthjt+u py ; rk ;Gghjr pu pahu ;f ;Fk ;

rptQhdtjpahUf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;.

jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;lhu;.

,iwtd; mbatu;fspd; Jd;gq;fis ePf;Fgtd;.

jpUthrfk; jpUf;Nfhitahu; vd;gd khzpf;fthrfuhy;

ghlg;gl;ld.


gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.

1. jpUthjt+uupd; ngw;Nwhu; ngau;fs; ahit?

2. eupfisg; gupfshf;fp muz;kidf;F nfhz;L te;jtu; ahu;?

3. khzpf;fthrfu; ghba E}y;fs; vit?

4. khzpf;fthrfupd; FU g+irj; jpdk; ahJ?


1. khzpf;fthrfu; vd;w jiyg;gpy; tFg;giwapy; Ngr;nrhd;iw

epfo;j;Jq;fs;.

2. nts;spf;fpoikfspy; cq;fs; ghlrhiyg; gpuhu;j;jid

kz;lgj;jpy; Xjg; ngWk; rptGuhzg; ghlypy; cs;s Iite;J

mbfSf;Fupa fUj;ij mbg;gilahf;fp xt;nthUtk; rptGuhzk;

njhlu;ghd ew;rpe;jidiaj; jahupj;Jf; fhl;Lf.


5.2 = ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;ru;5.2 = ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;ru;5.2 = ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;ru;5.2 = ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;ru;5.2 = ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;ru;

= ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;rUila

tho ;f ;if gf ;j pia kf ;fSf ;Fg ;

Nghjpf;fpd;wJ. mtUila nja;tPf md;G

epiwe;j tho;f;if kf;fs; tho;tpw;F xU

J}z;L Nfhyhf mikal;Lk; vd;W

kfhj;khfhe;jp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

,j;jid rpwg;G kpf;f kfhd;

,uhkf pU\ ;zu ; . 1836Mk ; Mz;L

khrpkhjk; 18Mk; jpfjp fhkhg;G$u; vd;w

fpuhkj;jpy; mtjupj;jhu;. ,tUila

je;ijahu;; Fbuhk; rl;lu;[p. Neu;;ikNa

cUthdtu;;. rpwe;j gf;jpkhd;. me;jzu;;

Fyg;ngupahu; ;. mtUf;Fk; re;jpukzp

mk;ikahUf;Fk; mtjhu GU\uhfg;

gpwe;j ,uhkfpU\;zUila ,sikg;

ngau;; fjhjuu;. fhahtpy; vOe;jUspa

tp\;Ztpd; mDf;fpufj;jhy; gpwe;j

Foe;ij vd;wgbahy; mtuJ ngaiuNa

Foe;ijf;Fr; #l;b kfpo;e;jdu; ngw;Nwhu;.

fjhjuu; fpuhkg; gs;spf;$lj;jpy; Muk;gf; fy;tpiaf; fw;whu;.

xUKiw Nfl;l ghlj;ij mg;gbNa xg;Gtpf;Fk; Qhgfrf;jp kpFe;j

fjhjuuUf;Fg; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapy; <LghL ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

ve;NeuKk; fspkz;zhy; ,iwtDila cUtq;fisr; nra;Jk;

gf;jpg; ghly;fisg; ghbf; nfhz;Lk;> ebj;Jf; nfhz;Lk; jkJ ,sikg;

gUtj;ijf; fopj;jhu;. Ez;fiyfspy; kpf;f Mu;tk; nfhz;ltuhf

tpsq;fpagbahy; ,dpikahfg;ghLk; Mw;wy; iftug;ngw;W tpsq;fpdhu;.

mj;NjhL ve;NeuKk; rpupf;fr; rpupf;fg; NgRk; Fzk; nfhz;ltuhjyhy;

fhkhg;G$u;; fpuhkj;Jg; ngz;fspd; nry;yg;gps;isahf tpsq;fpdhu;.

fjhjuu; xU tay; ntspapy; ele;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghOJ

,Uz;l thdj;ijAk; nts;isf; nfhf;Ff; $l;lj;ijAk; fz;L me;j

mofpNy kdijg; gwpnfhLj;jhu;. ,aw;ifapNy ,iwtidf; fz;l fjhjuu;

ntspAzu;T ePq;fg; ngw;W mt;tplj;jpNyNa rkhjp epiy iftug; ngw;whu;.

,JNt mtu; ngw;w Kjy; rkhjp epiyahFk;.

= ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;ru;


,uz;L Mz;Lfspd; gpd; xU rptuhj;jpup jpdj;jd;W fjhjuu; rptd;

Ntlk; g+z;L ehlfk; ebj;j nghOJ rkhjp epiy iftug;ngw;W Mlhky;

mirahky; mg;gbNa ,Ue;Jtpl;lhu;. ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j kf;fs;

gutrkile;J nksdkhf ,Ue;jdu;. kf;fSf;F cz;ikahd

rptuhj;jpupahfNt md;iwa ehs; mike;Jtpl;lJ.

fjhjuUf;F mtUila 9MtJ tajpy; cgeadk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

md;W Kjy; jk; jikadhu; uhk;FkhUld; Fy nja;tj;jpw;Fg; g+ir

nra;aj; njhlq;fpdhu;. 1843Mk; Mz;L jpBnud mtUila je;ijahu;

kuzkhdhu;. me;j ,wg;G epfo;T mtiu tho;tpd; epiyahikiar;

rpe;jpf;fr; nra;jJ. mjdhy; mtu; NkYk; Mj;kPf czu;T iftug;

ngw;W jl;rpNz];tuj;jpy; [fd;khjhitf; fhz Ntz;Lk; vd;w

tpUg;gj;ijj; J}z;baJ. 1855Mk; Mz;L uhzp uhrkzpapd; cjtpahy;

Njtp gpujpl;il nra;ag;gl;L jl;rNz];tu Mya Fk;ghgpN\fk;

eilngw;wJ. Kg;gJ tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf ,t;tplNk ,uhkfpU];zupd;

Md;kPfg; nghf;fp\k; ntspte;j ,lkhf tpsq;fpaJ. 1856Mk; Mz;L

rNfhjud; uhk;Fkhudpd; kiwitnahl;b ,uhkfpU];zNu gpujk

mu;r;rfuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tu; g+ir nra;Ak; Myaj;jpy;

vOe;jUspAs;s fhspNjtpapd; tpf;fpufk; ,tu; kdjpNy capUs;s

md;idahff; fhl;rpaspg;ghs;. mk;kNdhL NgRthu;. czt+l;btpLthu;.

tprpwp nfhz;L tPRthu;. gLf;Fk;gb miog;ghu;. nja;tPfgf;jpapy; jd;id

kwe;jhu;. #o; epiyia kwe;jhu;. xU igj;jpaf;fhudhf kw;wtu;fSf;Fj;

njd;gl;lhu;. igutpg;gpuhkzp vd;Dk; mk;ikahs; ,tuJ nja;tPf

epiyia czu;e;J ,tiu xU mtjhu GU\u; vd;W $wpdhu;.

md;id guhrf;jpapd; topghlhfpa je;jpu Mfkj;jpy; Gyik kpf;ftu;

igutpg; gpuhkzp. mtu; %yk; %d;W ehl;fspy; Md;kPf rhjid Gupe;J

,iw mEg+jpiag; ngw;whu;.~~ehd; Qhdf; fhl;rpapy; moNf cUntLj;j

uh[ uhN[];tupiaf; fz;Nld;|| vd;W ,uhkfpU\;zNu $wpAs;shu;.

capu;fis ,iwtdplkpUe;J gpupg;gJ khia vd;w Rtu;jhd; vd;Wk;

$wpdhu;.

,uhkfpU\;zUila nja;tg;gpj;Jf;F kUe;J jpUkzk; vd;W

jhahu; re;jpukzp jPu;khdpj;jhu;. mg;nghOJ ,uhkfpU\;zu; ~~n[auhk;

ghbapy; trpf;Fk; ,uhkre;jpu KNfhghj;jpahupd; FLk;gj;jpy; kzg;ngz;

,Uf;fpwhs;|| vd;W $wpdhu;. mjd; gb Ie;J taJ epuk;gpa rhujh

mk;ikahUf;Fk; ,Ugj;J%d;W taJila fjhjuUf;Fk; 1859Mk; Mz;L

jpUkzk; eilngw;wJ. ,uhkfpU\;zu; jd; kidtpia md;id

guhrf;jpahfNt fz;lhu;. mJ kl;Lky;y gpw ngz;fisAk; md;id

guhrf;jpahfNt fz;lhu;.


,iwtid Mz;lhdhfTk;

jd;id mbikahfTk; ghtpj;J

cwT nfhs ;tJ jh] ;ak ;

(jhrkhu;f;fk;) vd;Wk; ,iwtid

Foe;ijahf fhz;gJ thj;ry;ak;

(rw ; Gj ;j p ukhu ;f ;fk ; ) vd ;Wk ;

,iwtdplk; Njhoik g+ZtJ

rfpak; (rfkhu ;f ;fk ;) vd;Wk;

,iwtid ehafdhfTk;. jd;id

ehafpahfTk; fhz;gJ kJuk;

( rd ;khu ; f ; fk ; ) vd ;Wk ;

$wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,uhkfpU\;zu;

kJu ghtidiaf; filgpbf;fj;

njhlq;fpdhu;. cly; cwf;fk;

midj ;ijAk ; kwe ; j h u ; .

kf;fSf;Fj; njhz;L Guptjw;fhf

,uhkfpU\;zu; cau;e;j epu;tpfw;g

rkhjpapypUe;J ,wq;fp te;jhu;.

gpw rkaq;fshd ,];yhk;> fpwp];jt rkaq;fisr; rhu;e;J %d;W

ehl;fspNy mk;kj gf;jp mDgtq;fisg; ngw;whu;. NkYk; Gj;juJ

Nghjidis ed;F mwpe;J mtw;wpw;Fk; cgepljq;fSf;Fk; vt;tpj

Kuz;ghLk; ,y;iy vd;W $wpdhu;.

1872Mk; Mz;L md;id rhujhNjtp jkJ 18tJ tajpy;

fztuhfpa ,uhkfpU\;zUf;Fg; gzptpil nra;a te;jhu;. ,uhkfpU\;zu;

jk; kidtpahfpa rhujh mk;ikahuplk; ~~cyftho;f;ifapy; vd;id

,Of;f tpUk;Gfpwhah|| vd;W Nfl;lhu;. mjw;Fr; rhujhNjtp mk;ikahu;

rpwpJk; jaq;fhJ ehd; cq;fSf;Fr; Nrit nra;aTk;> cq;fsplkpUe;J

guQhdj;ijf; fw;fTk; te;Js;Nsd; vdf; $wpdhu;. kfpo;r;rpaile;j

,uhkfpU];zu; fhsp g+ir jpdj;jd;W fhspNjtpf;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l

Nkilapy; rhujhNjtp mk;ikahiu mku;j;jp rh];jpu Kiwg;gb Njtpf;Fr;

nra;Ak; vy;yhg; g+irfisAk; nra;jhu;. rhujhNjtp mk;ikahNu

,uhkfpU\;zupd; Kjy; rp\;ia Mdhu;. ,tUf;F gy rp\;au;fs;

,Ue;jhu;fs; . mtu;fSs; Kjd;ikahdtu; Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju;. Rthkp

rhujhde;ju; vd;w rp\;au; tq;f nkhopapy; ,uhkfpU\;zupd; rupjj;ij

vOjpAs;shu;. ,J Mq;fpyj;jpy; ~~,uhkfpU\;zu; cau;e;j kfhd;|| vd;w

jiyg;Gld; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.


Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju; ~~ePq;fs; flTisf; fz;lJz;lh|| vd;w

Nfs;tpNahL ,tuplk; te;jtu;. = ,uhkfpU\;zupd; ~~mKjnkhopfs;||

,tUila Nghjid Kiwapd; rpwg;ig tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

1885Mk; Mz;L Nfhil fhyj;jpy; njhz;ilapy; rpwpJ typiaAk;

#l;ilAk; czu;e;jhu;. itj;jpau;fs; mjpfk; Ngr Ntz;lhk; vd;W

$wpAk; Nfl;fhJ gutr epiy va;jpaTld; ghLthu;> MLthu;. mjdhy;

njhz;ilg; Gz;zpypUe;J ,uj;jk; tuj; njhlq;fpaJ. 1885Mk; Mz;L

Ig;grp khjk; fy;fj;jhtpYs;s rpahk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; N`hkpNahgjp

lhf;lu; kNfe;jpuyhy; ru;f;fhu; vd;gtu; ,tUf;F kUj;Jtk; nra;jhu;.

mt;tplk; rdk; neupry; cs;s ,lk; Mdgbahy; khu;fop khjk; fhrp

g+upy; cs;s xU Njhl;lkhspifapy; itj;jpak; nra;jdu;. md;id

rhujhNjtpAk; cldpUe;J cztspj;Jf; ftdpj;J te;jhu;. mq;Nf

tpNtfhde;jUf;F epu;tpfw;g rkhjp if$baJ. ,uhkfpU\;zu; Neha;tha;

gl;bUe;jjhy; g[id> fPu;j;jid tpNtfhde;ju; jiyikapy; eilngw;W

te;jd. ,uhkfpU\;zu; tpNtfhde;juplk; ~~ehd; ,tu;fs; (rPlu;fs;)

midtiuAk; cd;Dila ghJfhg;gpy; tpl;Lr; nry;fpNwd;. ,tu;fs;

Md;k rhjid GupAk;gbAk;> tPl;bw;Fj; jpUk;ghkYk; ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;||

vd;whu;.

,g;gbahf fhrpg;g+upy; xd;gJ khjfhyk; tho;e;jgpd; ,uhkfpU\;zu;

jkJ rPlu;fsplk; jkJ jj;Jtq;fisg; gug;Gk; gzpia xg;gilj;Jtpl;L

1886Mk; Mz;L Mtzp khjk; 16Mk; jpfjp jk; g+j cliy tpl;L ePq;fp

kfhrkhjp mile;jhu;. ,e;jpahtpy; gynkhopfspy; ,uhkfpU\;zupd;

mKjnkhopfs; nkhop ngau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Ntjhe;jj; jj;Jtj;ijg; Ngr;NrhL epWj;jptplhky; tho;e;J fhl;batu;

,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;ru; Mthu;.

ghlr; RUf;fkghlr; RUf;fkghlr; RUf;fkghlr; RUf;fkghlr; RUf;fk ;; ;; ;

• ,tu; 1836y; fhkhg;G$upy; mjpuhk; rl;lu;[p re;jpukzpjk;gjpf;F

kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;.

• = ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;ru; nja;tPf topapy; tho;f;ifia

tho;e;jhu;.

• mtu; fhsp kPJ Mokhd gf;jp nfhz;ltu;.

• mtu; ,iwgzpf;fhfj; jd;id mu;g;gzpj;jtu;.



gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilnaOJf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilnaOJf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilnaOJf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilnaOJf.gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilnaOJf.

1. = ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;ru; vg;NghJ vq;F gpwe;jhu;?

2. mtUila jha; je;ijaupd; ngau; vd;d?

3. mtuJ rkag; gzp vt;thwhdJ?

4. mtu; filg;gpbj;j khu;f;fk; ahJ?

5. = ,uhkfpU\;zupd; Kjw; rPlu; ahu;?


= ,ukfpU];z guk`k;riug; Nghd;w rkag; ngupahu;fspd;

tho;f;if tuyhWfis Nrfupj;J xg;gil xd;W jahupf;f.

guk`k;ru; $wpapUf;Fk; Fl;bf;fijfspy; rpytw;iwj; Njbr;

Nrfupj;J Gj;jf tbtpy; Mf;fg;gilg;gpid jahupf;Ff.

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5.1 jpUQhd rk;ge;ju G-8 T/cha 5... · 2014. 4. 12. · 61,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf jpUehTf;furu; jpUKidg;ghb ehl;bd; jpUth%upy; GfodhUf;Fk; khjpdpahu;f;Fk; kfdhf ehTf;furu; mtjupj;jhu;