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PG-hzP-¼z-MÅü

Ngawang Rabgyal

M-G¼-zhG-¤ïh-Åï¤Å-Tm-ÆâP-Bôz-±ôGÅ-qüWildlife Protection Society of India

ŸÝ -hG-GmP-¤DmŸÝ -hG-GmP-¤DmŸÝ -hG-GmP-¤DmŸÝ -hG-GmP-¤DmŸÝ -hG-GmP-¤Dmü

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2008 hq¼-fïPÅ-hP-qô-hïz-IPÅ- 3000ü

hq¼-Cæm-zhG-hzP-M-G¼-zhG-¤ïh-Åï¤Å-Tm-ÆâP-Bôz-±ôGÅ-q¼-»ôhü

»ÛG-fôG-mÅ-z;º-Fô¾-¤ïh-q¼-hïz-ºhÛºÛ-V-ÁÅ-Ť-hݤ-zÞ-GP-»P-¼ÞP-z-zB¼-hq¼-hP-

hq¼-zÁÝÅ-ÅôGÅ-‚ïh-¤Û-VôG

© WPSI 2008

All Rights ReservedNo part of this book may be reproduced

or copied in any form or any manner whatsoeverwithout the prior written permission of the publishers.

Published by:Wildlife Protection Society of India

S-25 Panchsheel ParkNew Delhi-110017

Printed by:Vee Enn Print-O-Pac

New Delhi-110020 #011-66605040

III

FOREWORD

In 2005, a joint investigation into the illegal trade in tiger skins and other wildlife

products conducted by the Wildlife Protection Society of India (WPSI) and theEnvironmental Investigation Agency (EIA) established beyond doubt that the thrivingmarket for skins in Tibet was being fed by organised criminals who relied on India fortheir supply. This finding prompted WPSI to approach His Holiness the Dalai Lama who stronglycondemned the use of wild animal skins and appealed to his community to refrain frompromoting the trade. Convinced that mindsets and behaviour could only be changedthrough education and awareness, WPSI then launched an extensive campaign thatcovered the Tibetan community resettlement colonies throughout India. The campaignwas spearheaded by Ngawang Rabgyal, our field officer, who has been untiring in hisefforts to spread awareness among the Tibetan community. This book on diverse aspects of wildlife conservation and endangered species is theculmination of Ngawang’s efforts. Published in Tibetan, it aims to provide an accessibleoverview of wildlife conservation to the Tibetan-reading public. It does not confineitself to endangered species in Tibet, but discusses 35 different species of mammals,birds, reptiles and amphibians (there is even a chapter on the trade in the caterpillarfungus, Cordyceps sinensis), describes their habitats and traces behavioural patterns.Considerable attention is devoted to the tiger and the Tibetan antelope or Chiru. Theauthor outlines the illegal trade in tiger skins and in the wool of the antelope used tomake the famous shatoosh shawls. We learn about the importance accorded to nature protection and wildlife conservationin Buddhism and the Tibetan tradition as reflected in the speeches and letters of HisHoliness the Dalai Lama and other important Tibetan leaders. During the Kalachakra inJanuary 2006, when the Dalai Lama called on Tibetans to refrain from buying and usinganimal skins, the community responded by publicly burning the wildlife skins theypossessed.

For those who would like to know more about wildlife laws – international, Indian andChinese – the appendix, with its wealth of information, will serve as a handy referenceguide.

WILDLFIE PROTECTION SOCIETY OF INDIA

IV

This book is a first of its kind. It provides members of the Tibetan community with aunique opportunity to learn more about their environment, the animals they share itwith and the significance of conservation. I hope this work will be an important source of primary information for people committedto the cause of conservation as well as a source of inspiration to others to join hands andaddress issues that will eventually threaten our own existence. We remain deeply indebted to the Sacharuna Foundation for their generous support tothis project. Belinda Wright Executive DirectorWildlife Protection Society of India (WPSI)Date: April 20, 2008

V

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VI

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IX

X

XI

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XIII

Bôz-¾-¼P-mÝÅ-V-ÁÅ-®¤-ºhôm-MãºÛ-¾Å-Ç+¾-hÝ-h¤ÛGÅ-q-ŸÛG-hP.ü zôh-qºÛ-uÛ-

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XIV

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¹- 4 ±ïÅ- 20 ZÛmüü

XV

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hP-GÅÞP-yÛmü zôh-h‚Ûm-GZÛÅ-fôG-Vïh-zXôhü ¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-¾-¤±ôm-m-ÇeôPÅ-¾-

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35 »Û-Pô-vôh-hP.ü hï-zŸÛm-¯-VïºÛ-Ǩm- Ó̄-h‚¼- Ó̄-hGÝm-ºzÞ-Pô-vôh-‚Å-»ôh-¾ü hïºÛ-

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qºÛ-Ç+ô¼ü zôh-mP-qGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-Mm-GôÅ-h¼-±ß¾-Ç+ô¼-ÅôGÅ-»ôh-q-hP.ü hïz-ºhÛºÛ- Þ̧¼-

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XVI

ÇeôPÅ-¾-Zï-zºÛ-zôh- Û̂-¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-Pô-vôh-hP-Dô¼-»ÞG-Z¤Å-VG-WÛ-xÛm-Ç+ô¼-¾-zôh-

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ºhÛºÛ-mP-hôm-»ôPÅ-IGÅ-»Ûm-qºÛ-zÁh-Æô¾-¼ÛGÅ-wÞhü hï-¤Ûm-G¾-Gmh-Vï-zºÛ-Gmh-

hôm-DG-hrh-GŸÛºÛ-»ÛG-V-hïz-¤ÛP-hP-zTÅ-¾ÞP-ºiïm-‚Å-bï-GÝG-dGÅ-mP-zTßG-»ôhü

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(Centimeter)ü wÛ-‡Û-(Feet) ÍÛm-TÛ-(Inch)¿e-zÞ-»Ûmü ¿YÛh-±h-hP-¾¤-HÛ-¼ÛP-

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vation Union or International Union for the Conservation of Na-

ture (IUCN) ¾-M¾-uÛºÛ-¼P-‚ãP-ÆâP-Bôz-¤Z¤-ºƒï¾-¿Ëm-±ôGÅ-ŸïÅ-zNå¼-»ôh-q-hP.ü Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

of Flora and Fauna (CITES) ¾-M¾-uÛºÛ-ÇeôPÅ-¾-Zï-zºÛ-¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-hP-Bï-hPôÅ-Zô-±ôP-Ç+ô¼-HÛ-FÛ¤Å-»ÛG-TïÅ-zNå¼-»ôhü hï-zŸÛm-zôh-»ÛG-mP-¤ÛP-±ÛG-hP-

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XVII

h;¼-VGh;¼-VGh;¼-VGh;¼-VGh;¼-VG

M-G¼-zhG-¤ïh-Åï¤Å-Tm-ÆâP-Bôz-±ôGÅ-qºÛ-ºGm-º²Ûm-

¿U¤-Ç+Ý-„Ëï¼-¾m-^-¼-‡Û-¤VôG-GÛ-Vïh-zXôhü ----------------------------..----................. III

M¾-z-Ǩm-¼ÛºÛ-FÛ-º²Ûm-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-¤VôG-GÛ-GÅÞP-ºyÛmü ----------------.---------..--- IX

hq¾-Å-B-FÛ-º²Ûm-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-¤VôG-GÛ-GÅÞP-ºyÛmü ------------.......---------------....- X

ÇSôm-ºIôºÛ-Gb¤ü ------------------------------------------------...................................------.--- XI

hïz-ºhÛºÛ-Iâz-V-hP-OÛG-ÇePÅ-Ç+ô¼ü -----------------------.......................--------....--- XV

¾ïºÞ-hP-qôü¾ïºÞ-hP-qôü¾ïºÞ-hP-qôü¾ïºÞ-hP-qôü¾ïºÞ-hP-qôü h¤ÛGÅ-zž-z;º-ÇÀôz-DG

hP-qôü &GôP-Å-BzÅ-¤Gôm-Vïm-qô-¤VôG-GÛÅ-Dô¼-»ÞG-ÆâP-Bôz-Ç+ô¼-¾-

z°¾-zºÛ-z;º-ÇÀôzü --------------------------------.......................................--.....-........... 1

GZÛÅ-qü &GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛÅ-qGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-Mm-GôÅ-Ç+ô¼-

z°¾-zºÛ-z;º-ÇÀôzü .....................----------............................................................ 5

GÅÞ¤-qü ¤DÅ-hzP-¸¤-GhôP-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-¤VôG-GÛÅ-

zhG-¤ïh-Åï¤Å-Tm-ÆâP-Bôz-Ç+ô¼-¾-GÅÞPÅ-qºÛ-z;º-ÇÀôzü ----------...----.......... 9

zŸÛ-qü ¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-ÆâP-Bôz-Ç+ô¼-¤Dm-Vïm-

±ß¾-FÛ¤Å-„Àô-IôÅ-¤VôG-GÛ-GÅÞP-¯ô¤ü ----------------------------------------------..----......... 12

¾ïºÞ-GZÛÅ-qü ¾ïºÞ-GZÛÅ-qü ¾ïºÞ-GZÛÅ-qü ¾ïºÞ-GZÛÅ-qü ¾ïºÞ-GZÛÅ-qü º²¤-JÀÛP-uÛºÛ-Bï-D¤Å-Dô¼-»ÞG-Ç+ô¼-uÛ-zÁhü

hP-qôü Dô¼-»ÞG-Pô-vôhü ----------------------------------------------------------------..----------...... 15

GZÛÅ-qü Dô¼-»ÞG-GÛ-Iâz-Vü ---------------------------------------------------------..---------------... 16

GÅÞ¤-qü uÛºÛ-¼P-‚ãP-Dô¼-»ÞG-¾-Gmôh-º±ï-hP-h;º-P¾ü ................................. 17

zŸÛ-qü hÝG-µÅ-¼ÛGÅ- Û̂Å-Dô¼-»ÞG-ºzG-z®ôG-hP-Gmôh-º±ïü ............................................ 20

¿S-qü ¤Û-ºzô¼-ºwï¾-MÅ- Û̂Å-¼P-‚ãP-Dô¼-»ÞG-¾-Gmôh-º±ïü .............................. 21

XVIII

iâG-qü VߺÛ-fôm-DÞPÅ-h;º-P¾-hP-Gmôh-º±ïü ..................................................... 24

zhÝm-qü M¾-uÛºÛ-mP-Dô¼-»ÞG-ÆâP-Bôz- Û̂-¾Å-hômü ............................................ 25

zMh-qü ¼P-‚ãP-Dô¼-»ÞG-¾-hô-DÞ¼ü .................................................................... 26

zôh-ˆÛ -¼P-‚ãP-Dô¼-»ÞG-GÛ -GmÅ-zzÅ-Pô -vôhüzôh-ˆÛ -¼P-‚ãP-Dô¼-»ÞG-GÛ -GmÅ-zzÅ-Pô -vôhüzôh-ˆÛ -¼P-‚ãP-Dô¼-»ÞG-GÛ -GmÅ-zzÅ-Pô -vôhüzôh-ˆÛ -¼P-‚ãP-Dô¼-»ÞG-GÛ -GmÅ-zzÅ-Pô -vôhüzôh-ˆÛ -¼P-‚ãP-Dô¼-»ÞG-GÛ -GmÅ-zzÅ-Pô -vôhü

hP-qôü zôh- Û̂-Dô¼-»ÞG-Pô-vôh-¤hô¼-zÇkÝÅü ................................................... 28

GZÛÅ-qü zôh- Û̂-¼P-‚ãP-Dô¼-»ÞG-Z¤Å-LÝh-hP-Gbô¼-Bômü ............................... 31

GÅÞ¤-qü º‚ãP-ºHã¼-zôh- Û̂-¼P-‚ãP-Dô¼-»ÞG-GÛ-GmÅ-zzÅü ........................... 38

zŸÛ-qü zôh-¤ÛÅ-¼P-‚ãP-Dô¼-»ÞG-¾-¿e-zºÛ-ºhÝ-ÁïÅü ........................................ 39

¿S-qü zôh- Û̂-¼P-‚ãP-Dô¼-»ÞG-ÆâP-Bôz-ºzôh-Ç+ݾü ........................................... 42

¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-Ç+ ô¼-uÛ-zÁhü ¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-Ç+ ô¼-uÛ-zÁhü ¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-Ç+ ô¼-uÛ-zÁhü ¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-Ç+ ô¼-uÛ-zÁhü ¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-Ç+ ô¼-uÛ-zÁhü

hP-qôü ¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-Pô-vôh-¤hô¼-zÇkÝÅü ............................................ 45

GZÛÅ-qü ºhz-VGÅ-Pô-vôh-¤hô¼-zÇkÝÅü ............................................................ 50

GÅÞ¤-qü ¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ- Û̂-º±ô-GmÅ-Dô¼-»ÞG-¾-Gbô¼-zTô¤ü .................... 53

¾ïºÞ-GÅÞ¤-qü¾ïºÞ-GÅÞ¤-qü¾ïºÞ-GÅÞ¤-qü¾ïºÞ-GÅÞ¤-qü¾ïºÞ-GÅÞ¤-qü GTm-G¸m-Ç+ô¼-Pô-vôhü

hP-qôü ÇeG-Pô-vôhü ......................................................................................... 57

GZÛÅ-qü ÇeG-ÆâP-Bôz- Û̂-FÛ¤Å-¾ÞGÅ-Gbm-ºzïzÅü .......................................... 60

GÅÞ¤-qü M-G¼-mP-¿ËGÅ-qºÛ-ÇeG-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-Ç+ô¼ü .......................................... 61

zŸÛ-qü M-mG-mP-¿ËGÅ-qºÛ-ÇeG-GÛ-hôm-Aïmü .................................................... 63

¿S-qü zôh-qÅ-ÇeGÅ-¿tGÅ-zïh-uôh-hP-Zô-±ôP.ü ............................................. 68

iâG-qü G¸ÛG ............................................................................................... 72

zhÝm-qü Gź-º¤-GPÅ-G¸ÛG ...................................................................... 75

zMh-qü hô¤-Fü ............................................................................................. 77

hGÝ-qü hô¤-F-h¤¼-VßP.ü .............................................................................. 81

zTß-qü Ƥü .................................................................................................... 83

XIX

zTß-GTÛG-qü iïh-¤ôP.ü .................................................................................. 85

zTß-GZÛÅ-qü hô¤-mG ..................................................................................... 88

zTß-GÅÞ¤-qü G»Ûü ......................................................................................... 91

zTß-zŸÛ-qü ÅïP-Gïü ......................................................................................... 93

zTô-¿S-qü ‚P-Çoï-hô¤-h;¼ü ........................................................................... 96

¾ïºÞ-zŸÛ-qü ¾ïºÞ-zŸÛ-qü ¾ïºÞ-zŸÛ-qü ¾ïºÞ-zŸÛ-qü ¾ïºÞ-zŸÛ-qü ¼Û-hÐGÅ-Ç+ô¼-Pô-vôhü

hP-qôü zôh- Û̂-¼Û-hÐGÅ-G®ôh-Pô-vôh-¤hô¼-zÇkÝÅü ............................................ 98

GZÛÅ-qü M¾-uÛºÛ-mP-G®ôh- Û̂-DÞ-¾Þ-FÛ¤Å-ºG¾-HÛÅ-

Zô-±ôP-hP-hï-hG-zïh-uôh-WÛ-¿e¼-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôh-¤ïh-Ç+ô¼ü ....................................-.. 101

GÅÞ¤-qü G®ôh- Û̂-DÞ-¾Þ-M¾-uÛºÛ-mP-FÛ¤Å-ºG¾-

mG-±ôP-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-Ç+ô¼ü ......................................................................................... 104

zŸÛ-qü G®ôh-M¾-uÛºÛ-ÇeôPÅ-¾-Zï-zºÛ-ÆâP-Bôz- Û̂-

IÅ-ÅÞ-±ßh-qºÛ-Ç+ô¼ü ................................................................................................ 107

¿S-qü GZmü ................................................................................................... 109

iâG-qü ºƒôP.ü ............................................................................................... 111

zhÝm-qü zÅï-¼Þü ............................................................................................. 114

zMh-qü ¼-Lôhü ............................................................................................. 117

hGÝ-qü JÀP-Vïmü ........................................................................................... 118

zTß-qü JÀ-zü .................................................................................................. 122

zTß-GTÛG-qü AP.ü ........................................................................................ 125

zTß-GZÛÅ-qü Lô-zü ........................................................................................ 127

zTß-GÅÞ¤-qü ÁÐ-zü ........................................................................................ 129

zTß-zŸÛ-qü z-¤ïmü ......................................................................................... 132

zTô-¿S-qü Gmº-zü ......................................................................................... 134

XX

zTß-iâG-qü M-¼ü ........................................................................................ 136

zTß-zhÝm-qü ÁÐ-F-Ç+ï-¼ÛP.ü ......................................................................... 138

zTô-zMh-qü Vß-dü ...................................................................................... 140

zTß-hGÝ-qü ¿Ëô-Í-—˜Û-¼Û-DºÛ-AP-Fü ............................................................. 142

¾ïïºÞ-¿S-q¾ïïºÞ-¿S-q¾ïïºÞ-¿S-q¾ïïºÞ-¿S-q¾ïïºÞ-¿S-qü ºhz-VGÅ-Pô-vôhü

hP-qôü FâP-FâP-Ç+ï-mG ................................................................................. 144

GZÛÅ-qü ‚-¶P.ü ......................................................................................... 146

GÅÞ¤-qü ©-‚ü ............................................................................................ 148

zŸÛ-qü ‚P-Çoï-JÀÛP-GÛ-‚-qïm-JËàmü ............................................................... 150

¾ïºÞ-iâG-qü ¾ïºÞ-iâG-qü ¾ïºÞ-iâG-qü ¾ïºÞ-iâG-qü ¾ïºÞ-iâG-qü Vß-GmÅ-hP-¿eô-ºIô-ÆôG-VGÅ-Pô-vôhü

hP-qôü £æ¾-¼ÛGÅü ...................................................................................... 153

GZÛÅ-qü Vß-ÆÛm-¼ÛGÅü ............................................................................... 156

GÅÞ¤-qü ¼ÞÅ-Ç~¾-¼ÛGÅü ........................................................................... 158

zŸÛ-qü Z-Vïm-¼ÛGÅü .................................................................................. 160

¾ïº Þ -zhÝm-qü¾ïº Þ -zhÝm-qü¾ïº Þ -zhÝm-qü¾ïº Þ -zhÝm-qü¾ïº Þ -zhÝm-qü

v-hP-vïºÞ-¼ÛGÅü ......................................................................................... 163

¾ïºÞ-zMh-qü¾ïºÞ-zMh-qü¾ïºÞ-zMh-qü¾ïºÞ-zMh-qü¾ïºÞ-zMh-qü ¯Û-ÁÛP-Ǩm-¯Ó-Pô-vôhü

hP-qôü h‚¼-¯Ó-hGÝm-ºzÞü ......................................................................... 167

¾ïºÞ-hGÝ-qü¾ïºÞ-hGÝ-qü¾ïºÞ-hGÝ-qü¾ïºÞ-hGÝ-qü¾ïºÞ-hGÝ-qü zôh-qºÛ-qGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-zïh-uôh-hP-¤ï¼-ÆïG-Ç+ô¼üzôh-qºÛ-qGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-zïh-uôh-hP-¤ï¼-ÆïG-Ç+ô¼üzôh-qºÛ-qGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-zïh-uôh-hP-¤ï¼-ÆïG-Ç+ô¼üzôh-qºÛ-qGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-zïh-uôh-hP-¤ï¼-ÆïG-Ç+ô¼üzôh-qºÛ-qGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-zïh-uôh-hP-¤ï¼-ÆïG-Ç+ô¼ü

hP-qôü zôh-mP-qGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-Mm-GôÅ-h¼-±ß¾-¤hô¼-®¤-zXôh-qü ............ 171

GZÛÅ-qü zôh-¼ÛGÅ-hP-ºƒï¾-zºÛ-qGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-

mG-±ôP-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-Ç+ô¼ü ............................................................................. 177

GÅÞ¤-qü zôh-mP-qGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-Mm-GôÅ-¤ï¼-ÆïG-GÛ-¾Å-ºGݾ-Ç+ô¼ü ...... 179

XXI

¾ïºÞ-zTß-zü¾ïºÞ-zTß-zü¾ïºÞ-zTß-zü¾ïºÞ-zTß-zü¾ïºÞ-zTß-zü D-hôm-¤Û-¤±ßPÅ-qºÛ-¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-ÆâP-BôzüD-hôm-¤Û-¤±ßPÅ-qºÛ-¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-ÆâP-BôzüD-hôm-¤Û-¤±ßPÅ-qºÛ-¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-ÆâP-BôzüD-hôm-¤Û-¤±ßPÅ-qºÛ-¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-ÆâP-BôzüD-hôm-¤Û-¤±ßPÅ-qºÛ-¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-ÆâP-Bôzü

M-mG-GŸÝP-GÛ-xÛ-M¾-º‚ô¼-¿km-Tm-n¤Å-zôh-hP-M-mG-bà-¼Û-hÐGÅ-Qôm-

MG-Vïh-¤Iôm-ºzôh-hP-hq¾-º‚ô¼-ºhÝ-ºGôh-‚Å-qºÛ-Ç+ô¼ü ..................... 186

M-mG-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-qGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-Mm-GôÅ-¤ï¼-ÆïG-GÛ-¾Å-ºGݾ-ºGôG-fzÅ-

hP-hï-hG-¤Þ-¤fÞh-zïh-uôh-hGôÅ-q-z;º-zbP-zºÛ-Ç+ô¼ü ............................ 189

¸Þ¼-Mmü¸Þ¼-Mmü¸Þ¼-Mmü¸Þ¼-Mmü¸Þ¼-Mmü

zôh-zŸÝGÅ-¯ô¤-q-qô-ºGº-ÁÅ-ˆÛ-qGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-Mm-GôÅ-hP-

hï-hG-¤ï¼-zÆïGÅ-Ç+ô¼-HÛ-hrh-¯ô¤-xôGÅ-zÇkÝÅü ...................................... 194

zôh-Å-¤-Áô¼-GôP-zôh-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-¼Û->ÀâP-¯-±ÛG-G¤-

¼Û-M->ÀâP-M-zÇk¤Å-qºÛ-FÛ¤Åü ..................................................................... 211

M¾-uÛºÛ-ÇeôPÅ-¾-Zï-zºÛ-¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-hP-Bï-hPôÅ-Zô-±ôP-

Ç+ô¼-HÛ-FÛ¤Å-»ÛG-Pô-vôh-GTïÅ-zbàÅü ......................................................... 213

M¾-uÛºÛ-¼P-‚ãP-ÆâP-Bôz-¤Z¤-ºƒï¾-¿Ëm-±ôGÅ- Û̂-

FÛ¤Å-»ÛG-Pô-vôh-GTïÅ-zbàÅü ....................................................................... 215

M-G¼-GŸÝP-GÛ-ÇeôPÅ-¾-Zï-zºÛ-zhG-¤ïh-Åï¤Å-Tm-ÆâP-Bôz-

Ç+ô¼-HÛ-FÛ¤Å-»ÛG-GTïÅ-zbàÅü ....................................................................... 219

M-mG-GŸÝP-GÛ-ÇeôPÅ-¾-Zï-zºÛ-¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-

ÆâP-Bôz-ˆÛ-FÛ¤Å-»ÛG ............................................................................................. 222

¼P-ZÛh-mÅ-h-z¼-¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-ÆâP-Bôz-Vïh-

Gô-dôGÅ-¾Å-ºGݾ-WÛ-Çtï¾-Ç+ô¼ü ............................................................................ 236

¤WâG-zÇkÝ-zºÛ-Gb¤-hP-fÞGÅ-Xï-¾ïGÅ-GÅô¾ü ............................................ 241

zôh-»ÛG-GÛ-hrh-GŸÛºÛ-»ÛG-V-DG-GÛ-¤ÛP-GŸÝP.ü ....................................... 244

h‚Ûm-»ÛG-GÛ-hrh-GŸÛºÛ-»ÛG-V-DG-GÛ-¤ÛP-GŸÝP.ü .................................... 246