i

1990

ii

iii

dead issue 20

medium nuclear powersminimum deterrencelast resortnuclear posture

Special Relationship

iv

v

96 97

vi

vii

...................................................................................... i

.................................................................................... iii

........................................................................................ iv

........................................................................... xiii

............................................................. 1 ............................................................................1 ............................................................................5

............................................................. 7 ........................................................................8 ........................................................................8 ........................................................................9

........................................................... 10 ..........................................................................10 ..........................................................................12

........................................................... 15 ...................................................................15 ...................................................................18

........................................................... 19

viii

.................................................. 23

.................................................... 23 ............................................................... 25 .................................................................. 27 ............................................................... 29

.................................................... 32 ....................................................... 33 .................................................... 34 ................................................ 46

........................................... 52

........................................................... 52 ............................................................... 52 ............................................................... 55

........................................................... 61 ...................................................................... 61 ...................................................................... 64 1956 ......................... 70

.................................................... 73 .................................................... 73 ....................................................... 76 ....................................................... 96

ix

.................................................105

.................................................................... 105 1945-1956 ...........................................105 1956-1962 ...........................................113 1962 - ...................................................128

................................................................. 137 ..................................................138 2007-2010 .........................143

...................................................... 147 ......................................................149 UGM-133 D-5 ..............................152 .................................................................156

.................................................157

.................................................................... 157 1945-1958 ...........157 1959-1969 ...............................................162 1969-1974 ...............................................169 1974-1981 ...............................................175 1981-1988 ...............................................181

................................................................. 187 1988-1995 ...............................................187 1995-2007 ...............................................191 2007 ....................................................200

x

...................................................... 206 ..................................................... 206 ..................................................... 208 ..................................................... 216 2000N ......................................... 219 ............................................................. 223

................................................ 233

......................................................... 233 ..................................................... 233 .................................................. 236

...................................................... 239 .................................................. 240 .................................................. 249

......................................................... 254 ............................................................. 255 .............................................. 260

....................................................... 262

.................................................. 262 ............................................................. 262 ................................................................ 263 ......................................................... 264 .................................................. 265 ............................................................................... 271

xi

.................................................. 271 ....................................................................272 ....................................................................277

.............................................. 282 ....................................................................285 ....................................................................288

.................................................. 289 ....................................................................289 ......................................................292

..........................................................................297

........................................................................297 ........................................................................303 ........................................................................307 ...............................................310

.................................................................................315

........................................................................315 ........................................................................317

........................................................................................339

..............339 NPT

CTBT.......340

xii

2008-2009 .......... 341 1945-2005 .......... 343

xiii

4-1 1950 1998 .......................... 106 4-2 1962-1970................................ 127 4-3 ........................................................ 136 4-4 ............................... 145 4-5 ............................................. 150 4-6 ............................................................ 155 5-1 .................................. 165 5-2 ........................ 185 5-3 ............................................................... 207

............................................................... 208 5-4 ............................................. 211 5-5 M-4 M-45 .............................................. 213 5-6 M-51 ................................................................. 215 5-7 ............................................................... 219 5-8 2000N .......................................................... 222 5-9 B ............................................................... 226 5-10 ASMP ................................................................. 230 511 ...................................................... 232 6-1 .......................................... 242 6-2 ..................................................... 248 7-1 .................................. 294

xiv

1-1 ............................................................................. 22 2-1 .................................................................. 25 2-2 ..................................................................... 27 2-3 .............................................................. 45 4-1 ............................................................ 115 4-2 ............................................................ 117 4-3 ....................................................................... 118 4-4 ............................................................ 121 4-5 ................................................................... 123 4-6 ....................................................................... 126 4-7 ................................................................ 131 4-8 ................................................................ 152 4-9 ............................................................ 156 5-1 IV ....................................................... 166 5-2 ................................................................ 174 5-3 ................................................................ 196 5-4 ................................................................ 211 5-5 M-4M-45 M-51 ........................ 214 5-6 ................................................................... 219 5-7 2000 ................................................................. 223 5-8 .............................................................................. 227

xv

5-9 ASMP .................................................................................. 231 6-1 B-61 ............................................................. 243 6-2 ........................................................ 246 6-3 ........................................................ 254 7-1 ............................................................ 285 7-2 V-2 ....................................................................... 287 8-1 ............................................. 306

xvi

1

2

Second-tier Nuclear States or Medium Nuclear Statesminimum deterrence1 1

nuclear first strikesurvival capabilitynuclear second strikeJeffery G. Lewis, Minimum Deterrence,http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2008/minimum_deterrence_7552 (accessed May 11 2009)

Credibility

CounterforceCountercity

3

911 2

3

A.J. C. Edwards, Nuclear Weapons, The Balance of Terror, The Quest for Peace, New York: State University, 1986, pp.99-101.

2 John C.Hopkins and Weixing Hu (eds.), Strategic Views from the Second Tiers, New Brunswick, NJ: Tansaction, 1995, pp.4-7.

3 Ibid., p.6.

4

4 1960 Special Relationship5North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO6Charles de GaulleGaullism7

4 Lawrence Freedman, The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy, London: Macmillan,

2003, p.311. 5 Beatrice Heuser, NATO, Britain, France and the FRG, 1949-2000, London:

Macmillan, 1997, p.74. 6 Avery Goldstein, Deterrence and Security in the 21st century, Stanford: Stanford

University Press, 2000, p.191-192. 7 1989 182

5

8

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, SALTStrategic Arms Reduction Talks, STARTNon-Proliferation Treaty, NPTComprehensive Test Ban Treaty, CTBT9

8 Yves Boyer, French and British Nuclear Forces in an Era of Uncertainty, Nuclear

Weapons in the Changing World: Perspectives from Europe, Asia, and North America, Now York: Plenum Press, p.121.

9 Bruce Larkin, Nuclear Design: Great Britain, France, & China in the Global Governance of Nuclear Age, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1996, New Jersey: Transaction, 1996, p.9.

6

10

Warsaw Treaty OrganizationWeapons of Massive Destruction, WMD11

12

10 Ibid., p.9-10. 11 Simone Wisotzki, Nuclear Weapons Policy in Britain and France: Strategic

Thinking and Disarmament, Nuclear Weapons into 21st Century, Berlin: Peter Lang AG, 2001, p.117.

12 Lawrence Freedman, The Small Nuclear Powers, Washington D.C.: Ballistic Missile Defense, Booking Institution Press, 1984, p.251-252.

7

13

Gordon BrownNicolas Sarkozy

14

13 Ibid., p.11-12. 14 200720-21

8

15

16

15 2003 143 16 153

9

development approach17

17 2005 184

10

1945 Winston Churchill 1950 1960 1990

11

21

1950 1960 1970 1980 Jacques Chirac18

1945 18 Yves Boyer, Pierre Lellouche, and John Roper, Franco-British Defence

Co-operationA New entente cordinal?, London: Routledge, 1989, p.36.

12

19

50

19 Andre Beaufre1998 242-244

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