58875262 Engleza Pentru Contabilitate

Ozana STRĂUŢ Manuela STĂICUŢ

ENGLEZA PENTRU CONTABILITATE

Coperta:

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României Timişoara: ; 2009

Bibliogr.

ISBN: 978-973-687-859-6

UNIVERSITATEA TIBISCUS TIMIŞOARA Facultatea de Ştiinţe Economice

Asist. Ozana STRĂUŢ Asist. Manuela STĂICUŢ

ENGLEZĂ PENTRU CONTABILITATE

Note de curs pentru uzul studenţilor de la ÎFR

TIMIŞOARA 2009

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CUPRINS TEMA 1 - CE ESTE CONTABILITATEA ŞI CUM FUNCŢIONEAZĂ?......................................................................................4 UNIT 1 - WHAT IS ACCOUNTING AND HOW DOES IT WORK? ...4

1.1. READING & SPEAKING ..................................................................4 1.2. BASIC VOCABULARY.....................................................................6 1.3. TESTE DE EVALUARE ....................................................................7

TEMA 2 - PRINCIPALELE REGISTRE CONTABILE.........................9 UNIT 2 - THE BASIC ACCOUNT BOOKS..............................................9

2.1. READING & SPEAKING ..................................................................9 2.2. BASIC VOCABULARY...................................................................10 2.3. TESTE DE EVALUARE ..................................................................11

TEMA 3 - ECUAŢIA FUNDAMENTALĂ A PATRIMONIULUI .......13 UNIT 3 - THE BASIC ACCOUNTING EQUATION.............................13

3.1. READING & SPEAKING ................................................................13 3.2. BASIC VOCABULARY...................................................................15 3.3. TESTE DE EVALUARE ..................................................................16

TEMA 4 - PRINCIPALELE TIPURI DE SOCIETĂŢI COMERCIALE......................................................................................................................18 UNIT 4 - MAIN TYPES OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS ..............18


TEMA 5 - CONTUL. DEBIT ŞI CREDIT...............................................23 UNIT 5 - THE ACCOUNT. DEBIT AND CREDIT ...............................23


TEMA 6 - BILANŢUL CONTABIL.........................................................28 UNIT 6 - THE BALANCE SHEET ..........................................................28


TEMA 7 - VENITURI................................................................................33 UNIT 7 - INCOME.....................................................................................33


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TEMA 8 - TAXELE ...................................................................................38 UNIT 8 - TAXES ........................................................................................38


TEMA 9 - CONTUL DE PROFIT ŞI PIERDERE..................................43 UNIT 9 - PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT.............................................43


TEMA 10 - DOCUMENTELE ÎN AFACERI .........................................48 UNIT 10 - BUSINESS DOCUMENTS .....................................................48

10.1. READING & SPEAKING ..............................................................48 10.2. BASIC VOCABULARY.................................................................50 10.3. TESTE DE EVALUARE ................................................................52

REVISION ..................................................................................................54 BIBLIOGRAFIE ........................................................................................61

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Aducem deosebite mulţumiri d-şoarei Ghiţiu Andreea Oana pentru

realizarea ilustraţiilor. Mulţumim totodată Irinei Duran pentru consultanţă

de specialitate.

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TEMA 1 - CE ESTE CONTABILITATEA ŞI CUM FUNCŢIONEAZĂ?

UNIT 1 - WHAT IS ACCOUNTING AND HOW DOES IT WORK?

~ A Tough Decision ~

OBIECTIVE - Cunoştinţe generale, în limba engleză, despre contabilitate; - Introducerea şi însuşirea unor definiţii, termeni şi structuri lexicale specifice domeniului. REZUMAT În cadrul acestui lecţii introductive sunt prezentate câteva definiţii de bază şi cei mai uzuali termeni de specialitate pentru însuşirea terminologiei contabile în limba engleză.

1.1. READING & SPEAKING

A long, long time ago, in a faraway village, there lived a wealthy old man. The old man hadn’t been wealthy all of his life. He started off with a little house, two acres of land, three cows and a donkey. His family’s background had always been farming. They had known more prosperous times before, as his great grandfather had been one of the richest and most respected farmers of the region, but then the war came and his grandfather lost everything. So his father had to start from scratch and it was only by hard work that he managed to leave him as little as he did. But what he inherited from his father was of greater value than any material goods: it was his strong will, his ambition and determination. These qualities, along with good business skills, enabled him to achieve the former reputation of his great grandfather and even greater wealth, as he had become the first owner of a milk factory in his village. As he got old, the old man decided to pass his business over to one of his two sons. But which one of them? He had prepared both his sons for a future business career. He always took them along to the factory and explained everything they needed to know about the way things were done, and he had sent them both abroad to a business school where they specialized in management. Both of them were intelligent, well prepared and competent. So the old man found himself in a very difficult position. How could he possibly choose? He spent very much time giving this matter a lot of thought and finally he came up with a decision: he thought of a test for his two sons. So that night over dinner, he told them: “This is my test for you: each of you will have to take a course in a field that

you consider vital for running a business. At the end of your courses you will come to me and explain why you think that the field you have chosen will enable you to be the best manager for the business.”

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Time went by and the two sons finished their courses. The old man asked his older son:

“What course have you chosen and why?” “Well, I’ve chosen a course in the field of business legislation because I

think that for a good manager it is vital to know all the laws and regulations of the business environment.”

And then he asked his younger son the same question. “I’ve chosen a course in the field of accounting because accounting is the

system a company uses to measure its financial performance by noting and classifying all the transactions (sales, purchases, assets, liabilities). It helps to evaluate a company’s past performance, present condition, and future prospects.”

“Do you think your choice was better than your brother’s?” “No. In fact I believe both fields are equally important.”

Then the old man asked his other son: “What do you think?” “I think my brother’s right.”

And then a big smile showed up on the old man’s face: “Well my sons, I can finally rest in peace. This was my final test for you and

I’m proud to say you both did an excellent job. You will share this company and I’m sure that by working together you’ll be able to continue my work and achieve even greater success in the years to come!”

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. Who was the richest person in the old man’s background? 2. What happened after the war? 3. What did the old man inherit from his father? 4. What business did the old man own? 5. What was his dilemma? 6. What test did he come up with?

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7. What were the two choices of his sons? 8. What did the old man finally decide?

1.2. BASIC VOCABULARY

Accounting vs. bookkeeping Bookkeeping is the process of recording accounting information for a company according to a standard set of steps. Therefore, bookkeeping is only a phase of the accounting process, namely the recording phase. And so a person who understands bookkeeping does not necessarily know accounting, but an accountant must always possess a good knowledge of bookkeeping. Financial accounting vs. managerial accounting Financial accounting provides accounting information for external users in their various decisions. Managerial accounting provides accounting information for internal users in their managerial decision-making. accounting = contabilitate bookkeeping = ţinerea registrelor contabile accountant = contabil chartered accountant (UK) = expert contabil certified public accountant (USA) = expert contabil financial performance = performanţă financiară transaction = tranzacţie to sell = a vinde sale = vânzare to purchase = a achiziţiona purchase = achiziţie assets = active liabilities = pasive wealth = avere wealthy = bogat prosperous = prosper prosperity = prosperitate rich = bogat to inherit = a moşteni inheritance = moştenire heir / heiress = moştenitor / moştenitoare business skills = abilităţi pentru afaceri owner = proprietar to own = a deţine factory / plant = fabrică career = carieră

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field = domeniu

1.3. TESTE DE EVALUARE 1. Say whether these statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the text.

a. The old man’s family background had always been real estate. b. The old man had become the first owner of a milk factory in his

country. c. As he grew old, the old man decided that one of his two sons should

inherit his business. d. The two sons were equally well prepared to take over the business. e. The old man decided to make a choice after testing their knowledge in

the field of management. f. His first-born chose a course in the field of business legislation. g. His youngest son thinks that accounting is more useful for running a

business than business legislation. h. The old man decided that both his sons should inherit his business.

2. Match the following words with their explanations in the column on the right:

1. career a. make an acquisition 2. heir b. area of study 3. owner c. what grows on our heads 4. field d. somebody who inherits

something 5. inheritance e. profession 6. hair f. someone who has the right of

property over something 7. bookkeeping g. what somebody receives, usually

after the death of a relative 8. purchase h. the process of recording

information in account books

3. Complete the following table:

Verb Adjective Noun to finance Finances

wealthy Prosperity

to inherit Owner

4. Translate into Romanian:

1. He has just employed an accountant for our corporation.

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2. I don’t know the difference between financial and managerial accounting. Could you please explain it to me?

3. You should search for all those accounting terms in a business dictionary.

4. It is obvious that they didn’t learn for their accounting exam since both of them received poor grades two days ago.

5. I don’t know whether I could work in this field. 5. Translate into English:

1. Care este momentul oportun pentru vânzarea pasivelor unei societăţi? 2. Profesia de contabil presupune exactitate, răbdare şi perseverenţă. 3. Vânzarea reprezintă principala prioritate a fiecărui producător. 4. În această fabrică lucrează peste 500 de angajaţi. 5. Avem nevoie de un expert contabil pentru soluţionarea acestei situaţii

. 6. Make up sentences with the following words and phrases: land, to start

from scratch, value, goods, reputation. 7. Work in pairs. Use your dictionaries. Find at least a synonym for: owner,

field, manager, inheritance and success. 8. Practice

Would you like to be an accountant? Motivate your answer.

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TEMA 2 - PRINCIPALELE REGISTRE CONTABILE UNIT 2 - THE BASIC ACCOUNT BOOKS

~ An Accountant’s Job ~

OBIECTIVE Însuşirea vocabularului englezesc legat de : - activitatea directă a unui contabil; - utilizarea expresiilor specifice legate de întocmirea registrelor

contabile. REZUMAT

Această lecţie conţine un dialog legat de activitatea contabilă, în care apar structuri şi noţiuni referitoare la registrele contabile.

2.1. READING & SPEAKING Lilly is in the seventh grade. One of her assignments for tomorrow is to talk about her parents’ professions. So here she is now, at the dinner table, talking to her mom: “Listen, mom. Tomorrow at school I have to talk about my parents’ jobs. I

know that dad’s a doctor and he cures people and I also know that you are an accountant. But what I don’t know is what you actually do as an accountant. So what do you normally do at work?”

“Well, some of my attributions are to produce financial statements, to draw up cash flow forecasts, to audit accounts of organizations, to prepare tax returns, to calculate production costs and overheads.”

“What does it mean ‘to audit’ accounts?” “It means to verify their accuracy.” “Ok. Tell me more.” “To be able to produce these financial statements, I rely on the recording of

transactions in account books. Recording these transactions in account books is called bookkeeping and this is a branch of accounting.”

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“And what kind of account books are there?” “First of all, there are books of prime entry in which transactions are

recorded in the order in which they are made. These can be cashbooks, daybooks or journals. Later the transactions are posted to the ledger.”

“And what is this ledger?” “It is the most complete account book, showing all transactions of a

company and their result. It is a book that contains all the accounts of a company using double-entry bookkeeping. But I have to tell you that nowadays most companies use computer-stored information instead of the classical ledger. Do you understand, dear?”

“Yes, I do. But please explain to me the concept of double-entry bookkeeping.” “Well, according to the double-entry bookkeeping system, each transaction

is entered twice.” “What do you mean?” “Well, there are two sides for each account: the left side, called the debit

side, and the right side, called the credit side. And the basic rule is that the debit side and the credit side of an account should always be kept in balance.”

“Ok mom. But how do you actually register a transaction?” “Well, each entry is based on vouchers.” “What are those?” “They are documents justifying a payment made and they can be invoices

and receipts.” “Please explain.” “The invoice is a document stating the amount due for some goods or

services supplied. It gives a description of the goods, states delivery and shipment details, terms of payment, alongside of unit price and total price. And the receipt is a confirmation of a payment made.”

“Ok. I think you’ve told me quite enough. Thanks a lot, mom!”


1. What is Lilly’s assignment for tomorrow? 2. What are some of her mother’s attributions? 3. What does it mean to audit accounts? 4. Which are the books of prime entry? 5. Which is the most exhaustive account book? 6. What is each entry based on? 7. What is an invoice? 8. What is a receipt?


The Basic Account Books

books of prime entry = documente primare cash-book = registru de casă daybook = registru de gestiune

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journal = jurnal ledger = cartea mare financial statements = documente financiare cash flow = flux de numerar to forecast = a previziona forecast = previziune to audit = a efectua un audit, a verifica audit = audit tax return = declaraţie de impozit production costs = costuri de producţie overheads = cheltuieli de regie, cheltuieli indirecte to record = a înregistra to record a transaction = a înregistra o operaţiune account book = registru contabil bookkeeping = ţinerea registrelor branch = ramură to post = a trece dintr-un registru contabil în cartea mare voucher = document justificativ, dovada efectuării unei plăţi invoice = factură receipt = chitanţă amount = sumă, total, cantitate, valoare to deliver = a livra delivery = livrare shipment = expediere, transport terms of payment = termene de plată unit price = preţul pe unitate total price = preţul total

2.3. TESTE DE EVALUARE

1. Say whether these statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the text:

a. Lilly is in the eleventh grade. b. Lilly’s mother is a doctor and her father is an accountant. c. In books of prime entry transactions are recorded in chronological

order. d. The ledger isn’t a book of prime entry. e. Nowadays very few companies use computer-stored information. f. According to the double-entry bookkeeping system, each transaction

is entered twice. g. The left side of an account is called the credit side and the right side

of it is called the debit side. h. Invoices and receipts are generally called vouchers.


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1. forecast a. the price charged per item 2. production costs b. the account book that shows all the transactions of

a company and their result 3. bookkeeping c. documents justifying a payment made 4. ledger d. all the expenses made in order to manufacture

something 5. vouchers e. confirmation of a payment made 6. unit price f. predict 7. total price g. the total amount due for all items 8. receipt h. recording transactions in account books 3. Complete the following table:

Verb Noun to audit

production to deliver


1. It would be best if they complied with the terms of payment. 2. This is the last day of delivery. You have to hurry up! 3. There is quite a difference between invoice and receipt. I thought you

already knew that. 4. I need to deliver these packages to this address, but I can’t find it. Do

you know where it is? 5. The term bookkeeping refers to registering information in account

books. 5. Translate into English:

1. Costurile de expediere pentru acest bagaj sunt de 50 Ron. 2. Toate operaţiunile sunt înregistrate în registrele contabile. 3. Acesta este preţul total al mărfurilor care vor fi fi exportate. 4. Am nevoie de toate detaliile legate de transportul acestor bunuri. 5. Bilanţul contabil se depune numai după ce a fost certificat de o firmă

de audit. 6. Write sentences with 5 words in the vocabulary section. 7. Work in pairs. Use your dictionaries. Find at least a synonym for:

voucher, financial, amount, branch, and transaction. 8. Practice

Write down several words related to the word “job”. Make up short sentences with them.

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TEMA 3 - ECUAŢIA FUNDAMENTALĂ A PATRIMONIULUI

UNIT 3 - THE BASIC ACCOUNTING EQUATION

~ Forest Business ~ OBIECTIVE

Cunoaşterea terminologiei specifice în limba engleză referitoare la: - ecuaţia fundamentală a patrimoniului; - relaţia manager-firmă-bancă.

REZUMAT

Lecţia urmăreşte însuşirea vocabularului englezesc legat de înfiinţarea unei firme, metodele de procurare a fondurilor necesare (economii, împrumuturi) şi relaţia manager-firmă-bancă.


One day, the rabbit decides to start his own business. He’s got the

idea, he’s got some savings, but he’s got no clue about the way to get things going. So he goes to the owl, the forest accountant and financial consultant. “What brings you by on such a fine day, rabbit?” “Well, I’ve been thinking about opening a fitness center and I don’t know

were to start and what to do.” “You’ve come to the right person, rabbit. How much money do you think you need?” “I think I might need about € 100,000.” “Have you got any money?” “Yes, but only € 40,000.”

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“Well, first you’ll have to go to the bear, the forest banker, and make a loan for the other € 60,000. Then you must think about the headquarters. Do you have your own location?”

“No, I’m afraid I’ll have to rent it. You know, I thought of that old warehouse that the snake inherited from his late uncle. He really doesn’t use it. I’ll talk to him about it.”

“You do that. Have you thought about hiring some personnel?” “Well, not for the moment. I’ll try to do everything myself until I get things going.” “Oh, and one more thing: you need to go to the lion, the forest mayor, and

take care of the necessary papers and authorizations. And you should also see the fox, the forest lawyer, for some legal advice about finding and registering your company name.”

“Ok. I’ll do all that. But can you please explain to me how such a business works, from an accountant’s point of view?”

“Well, let me see… First of all, your resources are considered the assets of the company. Now, we know that you’re not fully financing your business. Your share of the business is called shareholder’s equity, while all that the company owes (the loan from the bear, the rent to the snake etc.) are considered the liabilities of the company. Is it clear so far?”

“Crystal clear.” “Ok. Now, the assets of a company are divided in two categories: current

assets and fixed assets. Current assets are those that can be easily converted into cash in one year’s time, like liquid assets, funds readily available deposited in current accounts, treasury bills, marketable securities, certificates of deposit, accounts receivable etc. Fixed assets include tangible assets used in the operating cycle of the business, such as buildings, land etc. We could also include here some intangible assets that cannot be easily turned into cash, like patents, copyrights etc. As for liabilities, as I said before, that’s what the company owes to people / corporations outside the entity, such as the company’s obligations to supply money, goods or services to other parties. Liabilities can also be divided in two broad categories: current liabilities and long-term liabilities. Current liabilities are those that must be paid within one year, such as accounts payable, taxation payable etc. Long-term liabilities are those that must be paid at some distant time, like long-term borrowings, mortgages etc.”

“Owl, you lost me. I’ll just go do some of the tings you told me and come back later for further explanations.”

“Well, good luck!”


1. What is the rabbit’s idea? 2. Who does he turn to for advice? 3. How much money has the rabbit got and how will he get the

remaining amount? 4. What will he do about the headquarters? 5. What are current assets?

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6. What are fixed assets? 7. What are current liabilities? 8. What are long-term liabilities?


The Basic Accounting Equation

Ecuaţia fundamentală a patrimoniului

ASSETS = OWNER’S EQUITY + LIABILITIES

BUNURI ECONOMICE = CAPITALURI PROPRII + DATORII savings = economii to save money = a economisi bani financial consultant = consultant financiar to finance = a finanţa bank = bancă banker = bancher headquarters = sediul unei societăţi to rent = a închiria rent = chirie warehouse = deposit personnel / staff = personalul angajat mayor = primar town hall / city hall = primărie papers = acte / documente to authorize = a autoriza authorization = autorizaţie authorized = autorizat shareholder’s equity = capitaluri proprii assets = active current assets = active circulante fixed assets = active imobilizate liquid assets = lichidităţi tangible assets = active corporale intangible assets = active necorporale current account = cont curent to deposit money into an account = a depune bani într-un cont to withdraw money from an account = a retrage bani dintr-un cont to make a withdrawal = a face o retragere treasury bill = bon de tezaur securities = titluri de valoare certificate of deposit = certificate de depozit accounts receivable = contruri debitoare accounts payable = conturi creditoare patent = brevet copyright = drept de autor

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entity = entitate operating cycle = ciclul de exploatare to supply = a furniza supplier = furnizor liabilities = datorii / obligaţii către terţi current liabilities = datorii pe termen scurt long-term liabilities = datorii pe termen lung taxation payable = impozite de plătit long-term borrowings = împrumuturi pe termen lung mortgage = ipotecă to own = a deţine to owe = a datora

3.3. TESTE DE EVALUARE 1. Say whether these statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the text:

a. The rabbit doesn’t have any savings, so he goes to the forest accountant and financial consultant (the owl) to lend him some money.

b. The rabbit needs 100,000 euros to start his fitness center. c. He’s only got 60,000 euros. d. Authorizations can be obtained from the lion, the forest mayor. e. In accounting, the resources of a company are called assets. f. Fixed assets can be easily converted into cash. g. Tangible assets are part of fixed assets. h. Current liabilities must be paid in a year’s time.


1. personnel a. documents 2. assets b. take money from an account 3. liabilities c. everything a company owns 4. accounts receivable d. everything a company owes 5. accounts payable e. funds readily available 6. papers f. money expected to arrive 7. make a withdrawal g. staff 8. liquid assets h. money to be paid


Verb Noun to save

rent authorization patent

to supply to pay

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1. Her son told me he would like to become a successful banker when he grows up.

2. I should be able to save some money this month. 3. Jane needs to seek the advice of a financial consultant in this matter. 4. Have they gone to the bank yet? 5. The rent for this apartment is too high for our family. We can’t afford

to stay in this building.

5. Translate into English:

1. Dosarul roşu, cel cu documente, era ieri aici pe birou. Acum nu îl mai găsesc. L-ai luat tu?

2. În acest depozit este foarte multă marfă. În curând va trebui să închiriem un alt spaţiu de depozitare.

3. Tatăl meu mi-a spus să nu mai fac un alt împrumut la bancă deoarece am deja multe datorii.

4. Poţi să retragi o sumă considerabilă din contul tău, însă data viitoare când vei avea nevoie de bani, va trebui să găseşti o altă soluţie.

5. Familia lor deţine 50 de ha de pământ, trei case în afara oraşului şi două apartamente.

6. Make up sentences with at least 5 words in the vocabulary section.

7. Practice (I)

You are at a bank in your town. Write a short dialogue in which you talk to the credit officer. Ask for a loan.

8. Practice (II)

Do you think it is safe to keep money in a bank? Motivate your answer.

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TEMA 4 - PRINCIPALELE TIPURI DE SOCIETĂŢI COMERCIALE

UNIT 4 - MAIN TYPES OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS

~ A Little Entrepreneur ~

OBIECTIVE Însuşirea terminologiei englezeşti care face referire la: - tipurile de societăţi comerciale; - evidenţierea asemănărilor şi deosebirilor dintre acestea;

- recunoaşterea abrevierilor în limba engleză a tipurilor de societăţi comerciale. REZUMAT

Această lecţie cuprinde vocabularul folosit la prezentarea tipurilor de societăţi comerciale cu terminologia necesară, în limba engleză.

4.1. READING & SPEAKING Once upon a time there was a little boy named Peter. Peter was just an ordinary kid, but unlike any ordinary kids, he had an extraordinary dream: he dreamed of having his own business. Peter, like all normal kids, had a normal life: he went to school every day, he did his homework, and then he went outside to play with his friends. He really loved to play with the little boys and girls in his street. They played all the games that kids their age normally do. But from time to time, when they got bored of playing the same old games, the children would go to the movies or the circus. Those were unhappy times for Peter because he came from a poor family and his parents could merely provide food and shelter and they could not afford to give him any money. So whenever his friends went to the movies or the circus, Peter went home where, all by himself in his room, he dreamed… And strangely, he kept dreaming about figures. He really loved mathematics and everything about numbers. And so he thought: Why do I keep dreaming about figures? It must be because I’d like to have my own little business. But I’m just a kid. What do I know about business? And then he thought about everything he had heard the grownups talk about when it came to business: loans from the bank, corporations, stockholders, employees, marketing strategies, sales, profit, income, turnover… Nothing made sense. He was too young to understand these things. There must be some easier way for me to have my business… And then one day, he had an idea: he was going to make and sell toys. His father was a carpenter and Peter helped him from time to time. He thought of all the little pieces of wood that were left after a door or a window or a table was made, and which were only used as firewood. So every time he went to help his father, he hid one or two little pieces of wood

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behind an old bench in the workshop. And every night, after his family went to sleep, he went back into the workshop and practiced.

A month went by and the other kids were wondering what was going on with Peter because he didn’t go out to play anymore. But that was Peter’s secret: he spent every afternoon in his room drawing sketches for his toys and a few hours every night making them in his father’s workshop. But at the end of that month, he finally had his first series of wooden toys. So he took a big box, put them all inside, and went outside. He gathered all his friends around the box and opened it. It was a magical moment: his friends were so surprised that they couldn’t breathe. Time went by and Peter made more and more beautiful and interesting toys. His friends bought them and played with them and never got bored again. Peter became a prosperous little businessman. Now all he wanted was to do something he couldn’t do before:

- Listen kids! Can you stop playing with my toys just one afternoon? I’d really like to go to the movies!


1. What was Peter’s extraordinary dream? 2. Why couldn’t Peter go to the movies or the circus with his friends? 3. What were the things about business that he had heard grownups talk

about? 4. What was his idea? 5. What was his father’s job? 6. Where did he hide the little pieces of wood? 7. How long did it take him to produce his first series of wooden toys? 8. What was the only thing left for him to do once he had enough

money?

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corporation = corporaţie partnership = parteneriat sole proprietorship = societate cu asociat unic Common abbreviations used in English company names: plc = public limited company = S.A. Ltd = limited liability = S.R.L. Inc. (U.S.A.) = incorporated = corporaţie constituită legal business = afacere, afaceri businessman = om de afaceri businesswoman = femeie de afaceri business people = oameni de afaceri business partner = partener de afaceri figures = cifre loan = împrumut shareholders / stockholders = acţionari shares = acţiuni employer = angajator employee = angajat marketing strategy = strategie de marketing to sell = a vinde sale = vânzare to purchase = a achiziţiona purchase = achiziţie profit = profit income = venit turnover = cifră de afaceri


a. Peter was always busy doing homework and he never went out to play.

b. Peter’s parents didn’t give him any money even if they were wealthy.

Main types of business organizations

SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP

PARTNERSHIP CORPORATION

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c. Peter’s dreams were always related to numbers. d. One day, Peter came up with the idea to make and sell toys. e. Peter hid the little pieces of wood behind a closet in his father’s

workshop. f. During a whole month, Peter made toys every night. g. The kids soon got bored of playing with Peter’s toys. h. Peter had only one thing left to do: he wanted to go to the movies.


1. business partner a. revenues minus expenses 2. figures b. person that hires people 3. shareholders c. person being hired 4. employer d. numbers 5. employee e. business associate 6. profit f. people that hold shares in a company 7. income g. public limited company 8. plc h. money resulted from a job, a business etc.


Verb Noun to sell

purchase to employ


1. We really need to purchase new pieces of furniture for the office

downtown. 2. The head of the company has appointed a new marketing chief. 3. The shares have increased almost 15% in value. 4. They have to come up with an innovative marketing strategy for this

project. 5. Their partnership seems to be quite productive up to the present. 6. This year figures show a 10% increase on last year.

5. Translate into English: 1. Cifra de afaceri a societăţii noastre s-a dublat în ultimii cinci ani. 2. În momentul de faţă, este din ce în ce mai greu să obţii un împrumut

de la bancă. 3. Acesta este partenerul nostru de afaceri din străinătate. 4. În cadrul firmei noastre există o strânsă legătură profesională între

angajator şi angajaţi. 5. În ultima perioadă în România veniturile au crescut, dar nu şi puterea

de cumpărare.

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6. Make up sentences with at least 5 words in the vocabulary section.

7. Practice (I) What would be some of the skills needed in order to become a successful businessman? Write at least 5 lines.

8. Practice (II)

Write a short dialogue in which you try to convince your colleague and friend that he/she is the right person to apply for the department head position in the company you work for.

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TEMA 5 - CONTUL. DEBIT ŞI CREDIT UNIT 5 - THE ACCOUNT. DEBIT AND CREDIT

~ The King’s Shoes Factory ~

OBIECTIVE - Introducerea, însuşirea şi utilizarea termenilor englezeşti referitori

la cont şi structura sa (debit şi credit), precum şi a celor legaţi de diferitele departamente din cadrul unei fabrici. REZUMAT

Lecţia cuprinde o scurtă descriere a activităţii curente din cadrul unei fabrici, prezentând succinct responsabilităţile aferente diferitelor departamente.

5.1. READING & SPEAKING Once upon a time, there was a faraway kingdom. It was the kingdom of a very wise and kind king. Yes, our king was indeed very kind to his subjects, but only on one condition: no one was allowed to be lazy. They could all rest on Sundays and holidays, but during workdays everybody needed to be as efficient as possible. According to the wise king and his advisors, efficiency was the result of the process of setting a goal, carefully planning all activities and than taking all the right steps in order to achieve that goal.

Not long ago, the king had ordered the opening of a new shoes

factory, as he decided that no one in his kingdom should walk barefoot, even if shoes had always been the privilege of the court and the nobles. Three months had gone by since the opening and the king decided to pay them a visit to see how things were going. While visiting, he asked all department heads for details regarding their department’s activity: King: What do we have here?

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Production department head: This is the warehouse where we keep the raw material for our shoes.

King: I see. And where is it that you actually make them? Production department head: Follow me, please. Here we are. This is where

we make the endproducts. We have 200 workers so far and we are currently producing 50 pairs a day.

King: But why do I see only men’s shoes? On my way here I stopped by the store and there were also women’s shoes!

Production department head: You see, Your Majesty, we are importing those from the neighboring kingdom because we haven’t been able to produce them so far.

King: What am I hearing? Why haven’t you? Production department head: We don’t have the know-how. King: You don’t have the know-how?!? Where’s the research department head? Research department head: I’m here, Your Majesty. King: You have one week to come up with a solution or your head is going

to fall! I hope this is the last time I’m hearing about importing anything from our neighbors! We should export to them!

Research department head: I understand, Your Majesty. Thank you for giving me another opportunity to make things right.

King: Now get out of my face! And where’s the marketing department head and the chief accountant?

Marketing department head: I’m here, Your Majesty. King: What can you tell me about your department’s activity? Marketing department head: Everything is going according to the plan. Our

marketing strategy has proved to be successful and sales are beyond all expectations.

King: That’s really good to hear. And you? Are you working efficiently? Chief accountant: Yes, Your Majesty. We have registered everything in the

appropriate accounts, from raw material to the endproduct. King: And how do you actually register something into an account? Chief accountant: You see, Your Majesty, there are basically two sides of an

account: the debit side and the credit side. There are inputs and outputs…

King: Say no more! I’m feeling a bit tired. I want all of you to do your job the best way you can. I’ll be back in a week and I really want to find everything right. That’s an order! And now, get back to work! All of you!


1. What was the wise king’s mandatory requirement? 2. What kind of factory was opened on the king’s orders? Why? 3. What did they keep in the warehouse? 4. How many workers did the factory have and how much did they

produce daily? 5. Why did the king only see men’s shoes? 6. Who did the king put in charge of finding a solution?

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7. What has the chief accountant registered in the appropriate accounts?

8. What are the two sides of an account?


The Account. Debit and Credit

Each account accumulates information about both increases and decreases from various business transactions. The basic format of an account is called a ‘T-account’ because it looks like the letter T. The left side of the account is called the debit side and the right one is called the credit side. The left (debit) and the right (credit) side of each account are used for recording the monetary information from transactions.

efficient = eficient efficiency = eficienţă goal = scop, ţel target = ţintă, scop target group = grup ţintă department = departament department head = şef de departament raw material = materie primă endproduct = produs finit worker = muncitor import = import to import = a importa imports = mărfuri de import, importuri import duty = taxă de import import license = licenţă / autorizaţie de import importer = importator export = export to export = a exporta exports = marfă de export, exporturi export license = licenţă de export exporter = exportator marketing strategy = strategie de marketing research = cercetare chief accountant = contabil şef account = cont debit = debit debit account = cont debitor

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debit amount = sumă debitoare debit balance = sold debitor credit = credit credit account = cont creditor credit balance = sold creditor input = intrare output = ieşire input-output instruction = instrucţiune de intrare-ieşire input-output routine = rutină de intrare-ieşire input-output overlap = simultaneitate de intrare-ieşire


a. The king made his subjects work on Sundays and holidays. b. A shoes factory was opened on the king’s orders because he didn’t

want anyone in his kingdom to walk barefoot. c. After two months the king went to visit the factory. d. The raw material was kept in the factory’s warehouse. e. A number of fifty workers produced two hundred pairs of shoes a day. f. The factory exported women’s shoes to the neighboring kingdom. g. In the marketing department things were going great. h. The king wanted some details from the chief accountant about

registering information into an account. 2. Match the following words with their explanations in the column on the right: 1. goal a. authorization to sell products abroad 2. raw material b. head of the accounting department 3. end product c. the final item that will be sold on the market 4. import duty d. authorization to buy products from abroad 5. import license e. productive 6. export license f. target 7. chief accountant g. what we use in order to manufacture a product 8. efficient h. amount of money paid when someone buys

products from abroad 3. Complete the following table:

Noun Adjective Verb efficient to produce exported to import

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1. How much money have you got in your bank account? 2. This marketing strategy doesn’t seem to work very well at the

moment. 3. Those workers have to wear their uniforms during working hours. 4. I need to speak to your department head immediately. It is an urgent

matter. 5. It is very important that you find the most efficient way to work this

out. 5. Translate into English:

1. Este esenţial să ne îndeplinim scopurile pentru a avea o carieră de succes.

2. Firma noastră este unic importator al acestei mărci. 3. Marfa de export se află în cel mai mare depozit al companiei, care

este situat în afara oraşului. 4. Contabilul şef de la fabrica părinţilor mei şi-a luat o săptămână de

concediu medical. 5. Tu eşti cel care s-a ocupat de noul proiect de cercetare? Ai făcut o

treabă excelentă. 6. Make up sentences with at least 5 words in the vocabulary section. 7.Practice (I)

You are offered the opportunity to take charge of the department in the place you work for two weeks. Would you accept/decline the proposal? Motivate your answer.

8.Practice (II) Describe a regular day at your job. Write at least 10 lines.

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TEMA 6 - BILANŢUL CONTABIL UNIT 6 - THE BALANCE SHEET

~ Expanding ~

OBIECTIVE

- Însuşirea cuvintelor şi expresiilor folosite la întocmirea bilanţului contabil în limba engleză. REZUMAT

Această lecţie include cuvintele şi expresiile uzuale pe care le conţine un bilanţ contabil cu o structură specifică.

6.1. READING & SPEAKING Bill Grady is on his way to the bank. He’s had an advertising and PR agency for over a year now and since things seem to be working just fine, he is thinking about expanding.

About two months ago, while he was working on an important politician’s campaign, he came across a very talented young man, Jack Crosby. Despite his young age, Bill found Crosby extremely experienced, very competent and charismatic at the same time, and charisma is one of the most important qualities required by this kind of work. So he decided to give this young man a chance and offer him a job. Unfortunately, there weren’t any open positions left at his agency.

That’s when it hit him: it was about time to expand! So he decided to open a second agency and now he’s going to the

bank hoping to get a credit. After a couple of hours in the crazy afternoon traffic, he finally

arrived at the bank and now he’s talking to the loan officer: Loan officer: So tell me Mr. Grady, why are you interested in making a loan? Bill: I own an advertising and PR agency that is going really well and that’s

why I’d like to open a second one. Loan officer: I see. Well, you must be aware that first of all we need to

check your credit-worthiness. Bill: I understand. What would you like me to do? Loan officer: You need to bring us a balance sheet and a trial balance for examination. Bill: I’m afraid I haven’t got any of them on me, but I’ll call my accountant. Loan officer: All right, sir. Would you like me to explain the terms and

conditions of the credit, interest rate and everything else right now?

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Bill: Thank you, but that won’t be necessary for the time being. I’ll get in

touch with my accountant and we’ll discuss everything when I come back.

Loan officer: Very well, sir. I’ll be expecting you. Have a nice day! Bill: Thank you! You too!


1. Where is Bill Grady going? 2. What business does he own? 3. What does he want to do? 4. Who is Jack Crosby? 5. Who does Bill talk to at the bank? 6. What does the bank need to check? 7. What does Bill need to bring back to the bank? 8. Who will he contact to take care of the matter?


The Balance Sheet

ASSETS ● fixed assets

- intangible assets - tangible assets - shares/ stocks held in other

companies ● current assets

- stock - debts / debits receivable

- liquid assets

LIABILITIES ● owner’s equity

- share capital - share premiums

Bilanţul contabil ACTIV ● active imobilizate

- imobilizări necorporale - imobilizări corporale - imobilizări financiare (acţiuni

deţinute la alte societăţi)

● active circulante - stocuri - mijloace circulante care

generează creanţe - mijloace băneşti

PASIV ● capitaluri proprii

- capital social / capital în acţiuni - primele legate de capital

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- reserve / surplus fund - revaluation funds - provisions according to rules and

regulations - provisions for risk and

expenditure - result

● dues or liabilities

- financial / long and medium-term liabilities - long and medium-term credits

- current / short-term liabilities - short-term credits - trade credit (to suppliers) - salaries (to employees) - social liabilities (social security

payments) - tax liabilities (to the state

budget) - dividends

- fond de rezervă - rezerve din reevaluare - provizioane reglementate

- provizioane pentru riscuri şi

cheltuieli - rezultatul activităţii (exerciţiului)

● datorii sau obligaţii

- datorii pe termen lung şi mediu

- credite bancare pe termen lung şi mediu

- datorii pe termen scurt - credite bancare pe termen scurt - datorii comerciale (către

furnizori) - datorii salariale (către salariaţi) - datorii sociale (plata

asigurărilor sociale) - datorii fiscale (către bugetul

statului) - datorii faţă de asociaţi /

dividende advertising = publicitate PR = public relations = relaţii publice agency = agenţie to expand = a se extinde campaign = campanie open position = post liber credit = credit loan officer = ofiţer de credite credit-worthiness = solvabilitate balance sheet = bilanţ contabil trial balance = balanţă contabilă interest = dobândă interest rate = rata dobânzii


a. Bill Grady owns a PR and advertising agency. b. Bill Grady met Jack Crosby at a cocktail. c. Jack lacks charisma.

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d. Bill Grady wants to hire Jack, but there are no open positions in his agency.

e. Mr. Grady is on his way to the bank to try to obtain a credit. f. At the bank he doesn’t find a loan officer to talk to. g. The loan officer tells Mr. Grady to bring a balance sheet and a trial

balance. h. Mr. Grady needs a financial consultant in order to obtain these

documents. 2. Match the following words with their explanations in the column on the right:

1. intangible assets a. fond de rezervă 2. share capital b. datorii pe termen scurt 3. liquid assets c. primele legate de capital 4. tangible assets d. imobilizări necorporale 5. reserve / surplus fund e. imobilizări corporale 6. current liabilities f. capital social 7. share premiums g. active imobilizate 8. fixed assets h. mijloace băneşti


Verb Noun to advertise

expansion explanation

to discuss 4. Translate into Romanian:

1. He would very much enjoy working in advertising. 2. My husband works as a PR manager. I think this is the most suitable

job for him, as he is extremely talkative and versatile. 3. I called at the bank yesterday in order to set up a meeting with the

loan officer. 4. I need to go to a travel agency today because I’m interested in their

offers for a trip to Scotland. 5. Are there any open positions in your department?


1. Care este dobânda pentru un depozit la termen? 2. Este momentul oportun ca firma noastră să se extindă. 3. Pentru lansarea noului produs, va trebui să apeleze la serviciile unei

agenţii de publicitate. 4. Familia lui Paul are deja trei credite la bancă. 5. Bilanţul contabil se depune la Administraţia Finanţelor Publice.

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6. Make up sentences with the following words and phrases: campaign, to expand, interest, quality, charisma. 7. Work in pairs. Use your dictionaries. Find at least a synonym for:

competent, necessary, politician, work, and chance. 8. Practice

Do you think it is hard to work in PR? Motivate your answer.

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TEMA 7 - VENITURI UNIT 7 - INCOME

~ “Money for nothing” ~

OBIECTIVE Introducerea terminologiei englezeşti în legătură cu: - venit, impozit, taxe; - alte surse de venit.

REZUMAT

Lecţia are în vedere însuşirea vocabularului englezesc referitor la diferitele surse de venit.

7.1. READING & SPEAKING Little Jane is in the living room, “bothering” her father again. She is 13 and we all know that’s the age of endless questions… Now she is wondering about what she could do as a grown-up in terms of work and income.

“Daddy, I think I’d like to be like grandpa when I grow up.” “What do you mean?” “Well, he stays home all day, reads his newspaper, takes me to the park or

the playground from time to time, and yet he gets paid every month.” “Your grandfather used to work too, you know. But when he got old he

retired. And when people retire they receive a pension.” “But can’t we have a pension if we don’t work? ‘Cause Paul’s mother also

has a pension and she isn’t old and I don’t think she’s ever had a job?!”

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“Well honey, Paul’s mother is ill and that’s why she can’t work. People with disabilities also receive pensions, but a healthy person needs to work.”

“How about uncle Tom? He doesn’t work but he’s got a lot of money!” “Well, uncle Tom is an inventor. He patented two of his inventions and

now he lives on royalties.” “You mean, he’s like a king or something? And what is that, ‘patented’?” “When you patent an invention, you receive a certificate from the

authorities, which acknowledges you as the author of that invention. Nobody else can use your invention unless you allow them to and you get paid whenever your invention is used. That’s what we call royalty.”

“And Martha, mom’s friend? She also doesn’t work but she has a big house and a super car.”

“Martha was just lucky. She comes from a wealthy family. She inherited a fortune. But a normal, healthy adult has to work for a salary.”

“What is a salary?” “It’s money people receive every month for the work they do.” “Do you receive one?” “No, I don’t. Mommy does.” “But don’t you earn any money?” “Yes, I do. But I’m a lawyer and what I receive in exchange for my

professional services is called a fee.” “Well, I hope you’ll get really rich so that one day I can inherit a fortune

just like Martha.” “We’ll see about that. But meanwhile you’ll need to do all of your

homework, study hard and choose a profession, you know, just in case we don’t become as wealthy as Martha’s family.”


1. Who does little Jane want to be like when she grows up? Why? 2. What happens to people when they get old and don’t work anymore? 3. Why does Paul’s mother receive a pension? 4. How does Uncle Tom earn his money? 5. How about Martha? 6. What do people that have a job receive every month? 7. How do we call the money paid to a lawyer for his services? 8. What does little Jane wish for?


INCOME

income = venit per capita income = venit pe cap de locuitor guaranteed minimum income = venitul minim garantat income adjusted for inflation = venit ajustat în funcţie de inflaţie income statement (USA) / profit and loss account (UK) = contul de profit şi pierdere income tax = impozit pe venit

35

income tax allowance = deducere / reducere la impozitul pe venit re-payment of income tax = rambursarea impozitului pe venit to work = a munci work = muncă to retire = a se pensiona retirement = pensionare a retired person / pensioner = persoană aflată la pensie, pensionar pension = pensie to patent = a patenta / a breveta patent = brevet patentee = titularul brevetului royalty = drepturi de autor job = slujbă to earn / make money = a câştiga bani to pay = a plăti pay / payment = plată pay-day = ziua de salariu payroll = state de plată / salarii salary = salariu wages = plăţi efectuate săptămânal (câteodată zilnic) şi de obicei cash,

calculate pe oră, pe zi sau în funcţie de cantitatea de muncă depusă; se adresează de regulă muncitorilor

fee = onorariu; reprezintă venitul obţinut de avocaţi, medici etc.


a. Little Jane would like to be like her grandfather when she grows up because he has a good job.

b. People who retire and people with disabilities receive a pension. c. Tim, Jane’s uncle, is an inventor. d. Martha is the heiress of a wealthy family. e. A salary is money a person receives for his/her work at the end of

each month. f. Lawyers and doctors receive a fee in exchange of their professional

services. g. Little Jane would like her parents to make a fortune for her to inherit. h. Jane’s father tells her to go and do her homework for the following

day.


36

1. income a. to give money for a product / service

2. job b. the date of the month when people receive their salaries

3. fee c. monthly payment to people after ending their professional activity

4. pay-day d. earned money

5. to pay e. an older person that doesn’t work anymore

6. a retired person f. owner of a patent

7. patentee g. money a lawyer receives in

exchange for his professional services

8. pension h. profession 3. Complete the following table:

Verb Noun to work to retire

patent to pay

4.Translate into Romanian:

1. Maria’s husband works 8 hours a day during weekdays and

sometimes 4 hours during the weekends. 2. Her father retired when he turned 65. He worked 40 years in a big law

firm in Bucharest. 3. I don’t think Jerry likes his job very much. Every day he gets up at 5

in the morning; when he comes home in the evening, he looks absolutely exhausted.

4. Nowadays it’s very hard to earn a lot of money. 5. How much did you get paid for your work?

5.Translate into English:

1. Bunicul meu primeşte o pensie în valoare de 900 de lei pe lună. 2. Vom organiza o petrecere de pensionare pentru directorul nostru. 3. Majoritatea pensionarilor din ţara noastră consideră că ar trebui să

primească mai mulţi bani. 4. Am obţinut o mărire de salariu de 50%. 5. Este evident că tu eşti următorul care va fi promovat în acest

departament. 6. Make up sentences with the following words and phrases: income, to

make money, payday, royalty and fee.

37

7. Work in pairs. Use your dictionaries. Find at least a synonym for: invention, fortune, professional, job, patent.

8. Practice

Talk about various professions (advantages – disadvantages) in the business field.

38

TEMA 8 - TAXELE UNIT 8 - TAXES

~ An Interesting Lesson ~

OBIECTIVE

- Fixarea înţelesului termenilor: taxă, impozit, contribuţie, în limba engleză;

- Însuşirea terminologiei englezeşti referitoare la diferite tipuri de taxe şi impozite.

REZUMAT

Această lecţie îşi propune studierea vocabularului englezesc legat de diferitele tipuri de taxe şi impozite.

8.1. READING & SPEAKING This morning, a teacher from a British school has brought a guest to her class to discuss taxes. Teacher: Good morning children! Class: Good morning teacher! Teacher: Today we have a special guest among us. This is Mr. Paul

Seymour, Jack’s father, and he is here to tell us about taxes. Class: Good morning Mr. Seymour! Mr. Seymour: Good morning kids! As Mrs. Jones said, I am here to talk to

you about taxes. I know that you are still young and you may not yet be acquainted with the taxation system, but if you ask any of your parents about it, they will all tell you that they have to pay taxes. And sometimes they even might consider taxes a burden.

Jim: Then why do they have to pay them? Mr. Seymour: Well, that’s just the way things work and I’ll explain why.

You see, the purpose of a taxation system is to collect revenue for the state budget.

Alice: But why should there be a state budget? Mr. Seymour: The state budget is used by the government to provide

citizens certain services. For instance, state schools and hospitals are working on money provided by the state budget. And then there are roads and public areas also built on money from the state budget.

Alice: I see. Paul: So people pay taxes, but they actually benefit from that money. Mr. Seymour: Exactly. That’s how the system works. Sarah: But how does the state actually collect the money? Mr. Seymour: Well, here in the U.K. each adult person has the obligation to

prepare a personal tax return of his income, no matter what source it comes from: salary, dividends, return on investments etc.

Robby: What are dividends?

39

Mr. Seymour: You see, if a company makes a profit, it has to pay the people who own shares in that company, called shareholders. And dividends are what we call these payments to shareholders.

Jack: So what happens to those returns? Mr. Seymour: They are submitted to the tax authorities and they establish

the income tax to be paid. Sally: My father owns a company. So what about companies? Do they pay taxes? Mr. Seymour: Of course they do. Here in the U.K. they pay what we call a

corporation tax. Will: So that’s all? Are there any other kinds of taxes? Mr. Seymour: Yes, there are. We have, for instance, the value added tax or

the excise duty. Will: And what are those? Mr. Seymour: The value added tax is paid when you buy goods or services,

while the excise duty is paid on the purchase of tobacco or alcohol. Robby: What if people don’t declare their income and just don’t pay taxes? Mr. Seymour: That is called tax evasion and is punished by the law. There

are, however, countries where taxation is less severe, called tax havens. That’s why sometimes people with high incomes, such as property tycoons, famous artists or sportsmen choose to settle there.

Teacher: I’m sorry to interrupt this interesting discussion, but the class is almost over. So let’s thank Mr. Seymour for this valuable lesson.

Class: Thank you, Mr. Seymour. Mr. Seymour: It was my pleasure. And if there are any questions left, I’d be

happy to come back another day.


1. Why has the teacher brought a guest? 2. Why do people pay taxes? 3. What does each person have the obligation to prepare? 4. What do companies pay? 5. When do we pay the value added tax?

40

6. When do we pay the excise duty? 7. What happens when people don’t pay taxes? 8. What do we call the places where taxation is less severe?


Taxes

tax = impozit, taxă, contribuţie to tax = a taxa, a impozita taxation = impozitare taxable = impozabil income tax = impozit pe venit profits tax = impozit pe profit taxes and dues = impozite şi taxe tax in kind = impozit în natură tax on capital = impozit pe capital tax on turnover / turnover tax = impozit pe cifra de afaceri road tax = taxă de drumuri corporation tax (U.K) = impozit corporativ / pe corporaţii tax collector = perceptor tax exemption = scutire de impozite tax free / exempt = scutit de impozite / de taxe vamale tax haven = paradis fiscal tax liabilities = obligaţii fiscale tax payer = contribuabil tax year = an fiscal tax holiday = vacanţă fiscală tax avoidance = evitare a impozitelor (licită) tax evasion = evaziune fiscală personal tax return = declaraţie personală de impozit land tax = impozit funciar direct tax / taxation = impozit direct indirect tax / taxation = impozit indirect dividend = dividend dividend tax = impozit pe dividende capital gains tax = impozit pe veniturile realizate din capital inheritance tax = taxă pe moştenire value added tax (VAT) = taxa pe valoare adăugată excise duty = acciză customs duty = impozit vamal additional tax = impozit suplimentar social security tax = impozit de asigurări sociale back duty = impozit restant current taxation = impozitare curentă taxable base / tax base = bază de impozitare taxation brackets = grilă de impozitare tax rebate = rambursare a unei părţi a impozitului achitat

41


a. Mr. Paul Seymour came to talk to the children about taxes. b. The state budget collects money from taxes. c. In Great Britain companies don’t pay any taxes. d. Shareholders receive dividends. e. The value added tax is paid on the purchase of tobacco and alcohol. f. People who don’t report their income and don’t pay taxes can be

accused of tax evasion. g. Tax havens are places where taxation is very high. h. Mr. Seymour is not available to come back and continue the

discussion. 2. Match the following words with their explanations in the column on the right:

1. income tax a. impozit vamal 2. tax collector b. obligaţii fiscale 3. tax in kind c. impozit în natură 4. tax payer d. evaziune fiscală 5. tax year e. impozit pe venit 6. tax liabilities f. preceptor 7. customs duty g. contribuabil 8. tax evasion h. an fiscal


Verb Noun collector

to tax to avoid to evade evasion


1. There are certain special situations in which several people could be tax-free.

2. Her business associate had a very hectic day at the office. He arrived there at 9 o’clock in the morning and he only got home by 8 o’clock in the evening.

3. Do I have any additional taxes to pay? 4. Is he required reimbursing the inheritance tax? 5. Nowadays, people only talk about taxes and dues.

42


1. Insulele Cayman sunt un paradis fiscal. 2. Impozitul pe profit se plăteşte trimestrial. 3. TVA-ul de plătit se virează la buget până in data de 25 a lunii

următoare. 4. Accizele reprezintă un impozit indirect. 5. Toţi contribuabilii au obligaţia de a depune declaraţia personală de

venit la Administraţia Finanţelor Publice.

6. Make up sentences with at least 5 words in the vocabulary section. 7. Work in pairs. Use your dictionaries. Find at least a synonym for: tax,

social, taxable, duty, budget. 8. Practice

Why do you think taxes in our country are so high? Motivate your answer.

43

TEMA 9 - CONTUL DE PROFIT ŞI PIERDERE UNIT 9 - PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

~ Investment matters ~

OBIECTIVE

- Însuşirea vocabularului referitor la contul de profit şi pierdere; - Cunoaşterea şi folosirea corectă a terminologiei specifice în limba

engleză. REZUMAT

Această lecţie urmăreşte familiarizarea cu vocabularul englezesc legat de contul de profit şi pierdere.


Mr. Grey is an American billionaire. He is a reputed magnate in the oil field with an estimated fortune of 11 billion dollars. Last year he came second in an important magazine’s ranking of the wealthiest people. Now he is thinking about investing some of his money in European companies. As he doesn’t really know how things work on the European market, he needs the advice of a European investment analyst. So here he is now in Mr. LeBlanc’s office: “Tell me, Mr. Grey, what kind of companies would you like to invest capital in?” “Well, that’s what I came to you about. I’m not very familiar with the European market so I really don’t know what kind of investments would bring me the most significant financial return.” “In this case I advise you to go to an investment company.” “Well, could you recommend me a good one?” “Of course. The best one I know is Inter Safe. They are part of the well-known Inter Safe investment trust, which has a very impressive investment portfolio.”

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“Do you have a telephone number of someone I could contact from Inter Safe?” “Yes. This is Mrs. Schneider’s card. Feel free to call her anytime. Just tell her you’re calling from my part.” “Thank you, Mr. LeBlanc!” “You’re welcome!”

* * *

“Hello?” “Good afternoon, Mrs. Schneider. My name is Edward Gray. I come from the United States and I’m willing to invest in Europe. I talked to Mr. Joseph LeBlanc about this matter. He recommended your investment company and he gave me your number. Do you think we could get together and come up with a good investment plan?” “Of course, Mr. Grey. Let’s make an appointment. Let me check my agenda first. Let’s see… I’m free on Tuesday from 2 to 6 pm and I think I might also be able to find a couple of hours on Friday at noon.” “Tuesday at 2 pm would be just fine. Thank you, Mrs. Schneider. Have a nice day!” “You too, Mr. Grey. See you on Tuesday!”

* * *

“So tell me, Mrs. Schneider, what is the first thing I should be looking at before deciding to invest in a company?” “Well, as a potential investor, you are interested in the bottom line of the company’s profit and loss account because your decision to put money into the business depends on the expected return on your investment.” “And what is this profit and loss account actually?” “It is one of the schedules to a balance sheet, which provides information on the performance of a company over a specified period of time. It basically summarizes the revenues and matches them against the expenses incurred in obtaining them. And then by subtracting expenses from revenues, it shows you the profit or loss the company made.”


1. Who is Mr. Grey? 2. How big is his fortune? 3. What has he decided to do? 4. Who does he turn to for advice? 5. What is Mr. LeBlanc’s recommendation? 6. Who does Mr. Grey call and why?

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7. What does a profit and loss account provide? 8. How can we calculate the profit or loss a company made?


The Profit and Loss Account

Potential users of the information provided by the profit and loss account: - MANAGERS: If a company is making a loss, they will have to make the appropriate decisions at once to rectify the situation. - BANKS: When they are required to lend funds to a company, they need to know if that company is profitable. - POTENTIAL INVESTORS: They want to be as sure as possible that they will earn a good financial return as a result of their invested capital. The profit or loss a company made is determined as follows:

PROFIT = REVENUES - EXPENSES Therefore, if revenues exceed expenses, the company is making a profit. If expenses exceed revenues, the company is making a loss. If revenues equal expenses, the company is making zero profit. to invest = a investi investor = investitor investment = investiţie to invest capital = a investi / a plasa capital invested capital = capital investit invested funds = fonduri investite investment analyst = analist în domeniul investiţiilor investment analysis = analiză a investiţiilor investment company = companie de investiţii investment trust = trust de investiţii investment fund = fond de investiţii investment income = venit din investiţii investment account = cont de investiţii investment portfolio = portofoliu de investiţii investment bank = bancă de investiţii profit and loss account = contul de profit şi pierderi schedules to a balance sheet = anexe la bilanţul contabil profit = profit loss = pierdere / pierderi to incur expenses = a suporta cheltuieli to incur losses = a suferi pierderi to make a profit = a obţine profit gross profit = profit brut net profit = profit net

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profit earning capacity = rentabilitate profit maximization = maximizarea profitului profit sharing = repartiţia profitului profits tax = impozitul pe profit income tax = impozitul pe venit bottom line = rezultat final revenues = venituri expenses = cheltuieli return on an investment = câştig de pe urma unei investiţii


a. Mr. Grey is an American millionaire. b. Mr. Grey is now thinking about investing in Japanese companies. c. Looking for advice, Mr. Grey goes to a financial analyst. d. Inter Safe is an investment company that is part of the Inter Safe

investment trust. e. Mr. LeBlanc doesn’t have Mrs. Schneider’s card. f. Mr. Grey makes an appointment with Mrs. Schneider for 2 a.m. on

Tuesday. g. A potential investor should look first of all at the profit and loss

account of a company. h. The profit and loss account basically shows whether the company

made a profit or a loss. 2. Match the following words with their explanations in the column on the right:

1. invested capital a. a schedule to a balance sheet 2. profit and loss account b. a group of investment companies 3. net profit c. revenues minus expenses 4. investment portfolio d. money spent by a company in

performing its economic activity 5. income tax e. tax paid on a company’s revenues 6. profit f. money placed in a business in

order to make a profit 7. investment trust g. what is left to the company after

paying a profits tax on the gross profit

8. expenses h. list of previous successful investments

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Verb Noun to invest

advice decision

to expect 4. Translate into Romanian:

1. We have to recheck our expenses. Something is not right here. 2. I think you have made an excellent investment. Great job! 3. That is an investment bank. She has nothing to do there. 4. Hurry up! You’re going to be late for your appointment with the

investment analyst! 5. He is known to be the most eccentric billionaire in the world.


1. Am uitat complet de întâlnirea pe care o aveam astăzi la ora şase cu D-nul Mihăiescu de la banca de investiţii!

2. Aceasta este o chestiune de afaceri care nu te interesează deloc. 3. Ai citit articolul din Business Magazine despre cel mai prosper om de

afaceri din România? 4. Doamna Peterson nu este la birou momentan; tocmai a plecat la o

conferinţă în Londra. 5. Nu ştiu cum aş putea să trec peste această criză financiară fără

ajutorul tău. 6. Make up sentences with the following words and phrases: to invest, profit, loss, revenues, income tax. 7. Work in pairs. Use your dictionaries. Find at least a synonym for:

capital, analysis, schedule, portfolio and magnate. 8. Practice

If you were extremely wealthy, where would you invest you money? Motivate your answer.

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TEMA 10 - DOCUMENTELE ÎN AFACERI UNIT 10 - BUSINESS DOCUMENTS

~ A Busy Day at the Office ~

OBIECTIVE - însuşirea vocabularului în limba engleză specific actelor necesare în tranzacţiile de afaceri; - cunoaşterea documentelor necesare în vederea încheierii acestora. REZUMAT

Lecţia îşi propune o scurtă introducere în limbajul de bază referitor la necesarul de documente în afaceri.


Mr. Blake is in his office. He’s had a very busy day so far and he is finally “enjoying” his cold coffee that he didn’t find the time to drink in the morning. He is slowly beginning to feel less tense, so he leans back in his comfortable chair, his feet on top of the desk, when… well, his boss comes in:

Boss: William, have you sent the goods ordered by IncoTrust? Mr. Blake: Yes I have, sir. Boss: And have you filled in the invoice? Mr. Blake: Yes, sir. And I’ve already sent it. Boss: How many items did they order? Mr. Blake: Well, let me check. One hundred, sir. Boss: And did you offer a discount? Mr. Blake: I offered a 10 per cent discount for quick payment. Boss: So have they paid yet? Mr. Blake: No, not yet, sir. Boss: Well, when did you send the invoice? Mr. Blake: Yesterday. Boss: And how are they paying?

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Mr. Blake: By money order, sir. And the money is expected to be transferred to our account later today.

Boss: And what is the total amount on the invoice, discount included? Mr. Blake: € 1,250. Boss: Very well, William. The boss is gone now so Mr. Blake is once again taking his comfortable position and he attempts to take a little sip of that cold coffee, but… the boss bursts back in: Boss: William! Don’t you think the total amount is a little low for one hundred items? Mr. Blake: What do you mean, sir? Boss: Well, how much did you charge per item? Mr. Blake: € 12.5, sir. Boss: What were you thinking, William? Don’t you know that the new price is € 13? Mr. Blake: I’m afraid I had no idea, sir. Boss: You had no idea?! Don’t mess with my nerves, William! You must be

aware of my heart problems at least… Mr. Blake: I’m sorry, sir. Boss: I’m going out now but I want this fixed by the end of the day. No more peace and quiet for Mr. Blake… How can he fix this whole mess? He is the company’s most recent employee. This is his first week actually. So how could he possibly know what to do? And now his mobile is ringing… Mr. Blake: Hello? Wife: Hi, dear! It’s me. I just called to see how you were doing. Is everything OK? Mr. Blake: Honey, I’m afraid not. I’m actually in a mess right now and I

have to fix it ASAP. Wife: Sorry to hear that. What’s wrong? Mr. Blake: I can’t talk right now but I’ll tell you all about it when I get home. Wife: Well, see you later, dear, and good luck! Mr. Blake: Thanks honey. Bye! Mr. Blake is now thinking. And he’s thinking hard. What to do? What to do? Luckily, Jill, one of his colleagues, comes in: Jill: You look like crap William. What’s wrong? So Mr. Blake explained everything. And Jill… well, she started laughing: Jill: There’s no problem! The boss is just messing with you because you’re

the new guy. So here’s the simple solution: you’ll just send them a debit note for the extra € 50.


1. Where is Mr. Blake? What is he doing? 2. What does his boss ask him? 3. How many items did IncoTrust order and how much is the total

amount on the invoice?

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4. How much did Mr. Blake charge per item and how much should he have charged?

5. What are the boss’s orders? 6. Who calls him next? Why? 7. Who saves the day? 8. What is the simple solution?


Business Documents

PURCHASE ORDER - it is prepared by the company who wishes to buy

certain goods and sent to the company that will supply them

- it contains: ● name of the company sending the order ● name of the company that will supply the goods ● number of purchase order ● date ● full description of the goods, often together with the price ● quantity required ● signature of the person ordering the goods

INVOICE - it is prepared by the company who supplies the goods - it contains:

● name and address of the seller ● name and address of the buyer ● date ● number of invoice ● customer’s order number ● details of the goods supplied ● unit cost of the goods supplied ● total cost of the goods supplied ● amount of trade discount allowed (if any) ● carriage charges (if applicable) ● terms of payment, including any cash discount allowed for quick

payment STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT - it is prepared by the supplier at regular

intervals (often monthly) and summarizes the transactions (in date order) that have taken place on the customer’s account since the last statement

- it shows: ● the balance from the previous month (if any) ● money amounts of invoices (including VAT) sent out during the

month ● amounts of money received during the month, together with cash

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discount allowed to the customer ● the amount of credit notes, including VAT ● the balance owing at the end of the month

CREDIT NOTE (U.K.) - it is used when a customer returns goods to a supplier

- issued by the supplier - shows the amount of money to be credited to the

customer’s account

DEBIT NOTE (U.K.) - it is the opposite of the credit note - it is used when a supplier discovers that a customer

has been undercharged (either the supplier has invoiced fewer goods than were supplied, or the goods were charged at a lower price than they should have been

- it is sent to the customer, showing the amount of money that will be debited to his account, added to the amount already owing for the goods)

MONEY ORDER - it is issued by the customer and taken to the bank,

which will transfer the stated amount to the supplier’s account

RECEIPT - it is a proof or confirmation of a payment made purchase order = comandă de bunuri / mărfuri invoice = factură unit cost = cost pe unitate total cost = cost total trade discount = rabat comercial cash discount = reducere oferită pentru plată rapidă / în numerar carriage charges = costuri de expediere payment = plată terms of payment = termene de plată statement of account = 1. extras de cont

2. (aici) fişă cont client balance = 1. balanţă, echilibru

2. sold, rest de plată balance due = sold debitor balance in hand = sold creditor credit note = notă de credit debit note = notă de debitare to issue = a emite issued = emis

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to charge = a stabili / a cere un preţ to undercharge = a cere un preţ mai mic decât ar fi trebuit money order = ordin de plată bank transfer = virament bancar to transfer money to an account = a vira bani într-un cont receipt = chitanţă to fill in = a completa item = articol ASAP = as soon as possible = cât de curând posibil


a. Mr. Blake’s break is interrupted by one of his colleagues. b. Mr. Blake has already sent the goods ordered by IncoTrust, but he

hasn’t filled in the invoice yet. c. IncoTrust ordered two hundred items. d. Mr. Blake offered a 10% discount for quick payment. e. IncoTrust will pay by money order in a couple of days. f. Mr. Blake charged € 13 per item instead of € 12.5. g. Mr. Blake’s wife calls him and tells him to come home ASAP. h. Jill offers Mr. Blake a simple solution: to send IncoTrust a debit note.


1. purchase order a. as soon as possible 2. money order b. to charge a lower price 3. receipt c. money left to be paid 4. unit cost d. details regarding payment

conditions 5. ASAP e. a document prepared by a

company who wants to buy certain goods and sent to the company that will supply them

6. to undercharge f. confirmation of a payment made 7. terms of payment g. a document issued by the

customer and taken to the bank, which will transfer the stated amount to the supplier’s account

8. balance due h. the cost of one item 3. Complete the following table:

Verb Noun to order

offer

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to know to laugh


1. You have to come at the office ASAP! The boss needs the report right away.

2. Do I really need to fill in an application? 3. The amount was transferred to that account yesterday at 10 p.m. 4. All of the items are mentioned in the purchase order on the table. Go

and look for yourself! 5. We must reorganize our things. I can find anything in here! Where is

the statement of account? 5. Translate into English:

1. Plata facturilor pentru achiziţiile de bunuri se poate face prin ordin de plată sau cu numerar.

2. Conturile contabile pot avea solduri debitoare sau solduri creditoare. 3. Pentru depunerea unei sume de bani în caserie, se emite obligatoriu o

chitanţă. 4. Pentru prestarea unui serviciu este obligatoriu a se emite

beneficiarului factură. 5. Plata obligaţiilor bugetare se face în conturile destinate fiecărei

obligaţii în parte.

6. Make up sentences with the following words and phrases: office, desk, goods, customers, to undercharge.

7. Work in pairs. Use your dictionaries. Find at least a synonym for:

discount, payment, trade, price, document.

8. Practice (I) Would you like to have your own business? Motivate your answer.

9. Practice (II)

What line of business would you like to work in? Motivate your choice of answer.

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REVISION

Choose the right answer: 1. Which is not a synonym for transaction:

a. deal b. statement c. operation 2. Antonym of wealth: a. possessions b. poverty c. prosperity 3. Synonym for owner: a. secretary b. proprietor c. attorney 4. Factory means: a. plant b. element c. business 5. Which is not a synonym for skill: a. ability b. talent c. flaw 6. Delivery means: a. demand b. supply c. offer 7. Synonym for branch: a. division b. restriction c. election 8. Which is not a synonym for shipment: a. delivery

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b. load c. show

9. Amount means: a. error b. evasion c. sum 10. Price means: a. cost b. part c. payer 11. Savings means: a. investments b. funds c. reserves 12. Synonym for banker: a. sponsor b. manager c. investor 13. Personnel means: a. employees b. workers c. employers 14. Which is not a synonym for headquarters: a. head office b. subsidiary c. center of operations 15. Antonym of authorization: a. permission b. approval c. interdiction 16. Strategy means: a. plan b. tactic c. approach

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17. Employee means: a. worker b. member of staff c. boss 18. Which is not a synonym for loan: a. credit b. advance c. load 19. Antonym of income: a. expenditure b. revenue c. gain 20. Business means: a. trade b. bankruptcy c. commerce 21. Antonym of efficient: a. incompetent b. resourceful c. professional 22. Goal means: a. objective b. purpose c. target 23. Synonym for research: a. study b. request c. deposit 24. Department means: a. section b. unit c. subdivision

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25. Synonym for product: a. occupation b. merchandise c. negotiation 26. Interest means: a. profit b. loss c. gain 27. Synonym for campaign: a. promotion b. circumstance c. distribution 28. Antonym of expansion: a. contraction b. consolidation c. confiscation 29. Position means: a. presentation b. post c. progress 30. Synonym for agency: a. house b. bank c. organization 31. Which is not a synonym for pension: a. retirement fund b. allowance c. tax 32. Salary means: a. pay b. wage c. remuneration

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33. Synonym for fee: a. charge b. income c. interest 34. Work means: a. employment b. occupation c. job 35. Pensioner means: a. retired person b. worker c. employee 36. Synonym for budget: a. financial statement b. business c. corporation 37. Tycoon means: a. magnate b. business person c. industrialist 38. Synonym for tax: a. duty b. tag c. test 39. Inheritance means: a. legacy b. birthright c. heritage 40. Which is not a synonym for social: a. public b. communal c. seasonal

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41. Synonym for company: a. draft b. corporation c. market 42. Portfolio means: a. collection b. range c. assortment 43. Synonym for schedule: a. agenda b. timetable c. calendar 44. Synonym for expense: a. cost b. expenditure c. disbursement 45. Which is not a synonym for capital: a. assets b. resources c. goods 46. Item means: a. article b. piece c. thing 47. Synonym for purchase: a. acquisition b. sale c. trade 48. Discount means: a. reduction b. price cut c. markdown

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49. Synonym for office: a. headquarters b. place of work c. bureau

50. Money means: a. cash b. currency c. capital.

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BIBLIOGRAFIE

1. Caciuc, Leonora; Costea, Simona - Contabilitate. Teorie şi practică, Ed. Augusta, Timişoara, 1990

2. Cox, D. - Success in Book-Keeping & Accounts, Hodder Murray, 1990

3. Dansby, Robert L.; Kalister, Burton S.; Strupeck, C. David - College Accounting, Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey, 1989

4. Marcheteau, M. Berman - Business & Economics, Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, 2004

5. Năstăsescu, Violeta - Dicţionar economic englez-român, roman-englez, Ed. Niculescu, Bucureşti, 2007

6. Nikolai, Loren A.; Bazley, John D.; Stallman, James C. - Principles of Accounting, Pws-Kent Publishing Company, Boston, 1990

7. *** Oxford business. Dicţionar englez-român, Ed. BIC ALL, Bucureşti, 2007