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8/4/2019 6 EURAS 16-05-2007, G. Zacharopoulou
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Georgia Zacharopoulou Dr. civil & structural engineer of AUTh, GR.
Μ.Α . in Conservation Studies, Io Α AS, York, U.K.
ΕΝ 459:2001 ‟BUILDING LIME‟ Local distinctiveness and standardisation
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CEN/TC 51 ’Cement and Building limes’
ENV 459-1: 1994 Building Lime-Part 1:Definitions, specifications and conformity criteria
ENV 459-2: 1994 Building Lime-Part 2:
Test methods ENV 459-3: 1997 Building Lime-Part 3:
Conformity evaluation
Greek ratification 2001/2:
ELOT EN 459.01: 2001 E2+ AC 13.12.2001
ELOT EN 459.02: 2001 E2 09.01.2002
ELOT EN 459.03: 2001 AC 11.12.2001
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The Construction Products Directive 89/106/EEC has been integrated in Greek legislation with the PD 334/94.
Towards the implementation of the Directive the following
common decisions of the Ministry of Development and theMinistry of Environment and Public Works has been published:
KYA 16462/29/11-07-2001 (FEK 917/B/17-07-2001) „Cements for concrete structures‟ and
KYA 6310/41/28-03-2006 (FEK 427/B/07-04-2006)
„Additions for concretes, mortars and grouts etc.‟
Greece has been considerably delayed in harmonizing …
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Holistic research approach
Conservation approach authenticity
Sustainability approach small scale production
Locality is the key principle for both approaches
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the representative ASVESTOCHORI AREA
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Parts of the holistic research
PART A In situ research (1993-1996)
PART B Lab research (1997-2003) PART C Market research (1993-2003/7)
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PART A
In situ research
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INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE OF ASVESTOCHORIin situ research – survey recording
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Methodological procedurefor identifying and recording the historic site
Research tools of the industrial Archaelogy
– Bibliographic research
– Research in maps archives – Historical archive of Macedonia
– Foto documentation (past-present)
– Oral interviews
– In situ field research and documentation
– Public and local authorities awareness
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Pre-industrial lime kilns C18-C19
Group Α: kiln 6
Group Β: kiln 2/3 & 4/5
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Pre-industrial lime kilns C19
Towards the quarry Argiro
Group Β: lime 14
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Historical archive of MacedoniaTurkish „tapia‟ of lime production recording 1907
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Early industrial „Hoffman‟ lime kiln
Group Β:Hoffman,
«Lime Union»
during construction
(foto 1924)
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Industrial lime kilns ’50-’60
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Methodological procedure for assessingthe cultural significance of the historic site
AMSTERDAM DECLARATION for the Integrated Conservation (1975)
BURRA CHARTER for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance(1979 & revisions 1981-88), 1999 version is the final updated document
THE TICCΙΗ CHARTER for The Industrial Heritage (2003)
In all documents, the need to involve people in the decision-making process, particularly those people that have strong associations with aplace (i.e. exploiting the dynamic of the socioeconomic forces), is highlyacknowledged and highlighted as an ongoing responsibility
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Assessment of the „historic site‟
The area of Asvestochori constitutes an extremelyinteresting historical, natural and technological entity.In a relatively manageable space it features:
a representative assemblage of, pre-industrial, early-industrial and industrial examples of the world history of limeproduction
rare example of the world history of lime production (i.e.Hoffman lime kilns) and
fully vertically-integrated production, from quarrying the
limestone through to the final product from more than 300 years
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Proposals of integrated conservation common industrial heritage conservation approach
Actions of PASSIVE PROTECTION Designation of the whole of the area as a “historical site” under
the protection of the Greek Ministry of Culture Ν. 3028/2000 Excavations in order to bring to light the buried lime kilns or any
auxiliary installations
Scientifically documented and discrete restoration of the natural and the built environment, and also of any mechanical equipment
of the industrial kilns Exploring the possibility of the experimental firing of the surviving
pre-industrial and early industrial lime kilns in order to revive the ancient know-how in lime technology
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Proposals of integrated conservation strongly connected to sustainability approach
Actions of ACTIVE PROTECTION Preservation in situ of active today lime kilns, looking for their close
cooperation and seeking their dynamic incorporation into the
integrated conservation procedure Establishment of a public welfare cultural “ Park of Lime Technology ”,
which aims to create an “Open Museum” with the support of local
authorities and society together with the Ministry of Culture
Creation of a “ Center of Preservation and Dissemination of Traditional
Building Techniques and Arts” as a motive for an economical revival Development of cooperative relationships with relevant European
centers (“ Ecomuseum Network”) that will secure the transfer of
knowledge of traditional lime techniques, and encourage cooperation on joint European projects
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PART B
Lab research
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LIME, the diachronic building binderTheory and technology evolution
Theory (chemical equations) – Calcination : CaCO3 CaO + CO2
– Hydration : CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
– Maturation : …………………………. – Carbonation : Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3
Technology
– Calcination: evolution of limekilns and fuels
– Slaking methods: wet slaking, dry slaking
– Maturation process: gradually became redundant
– Mortar manufacture: from putties to dry mixtures
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Morphological characterisation SEM
Β.7 x 5,000 (13,5 months)dm=2,5μm, dmax=5μm
Μ.2 x 5,000 (16 months)
dm=1μm, dmax=2μm
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Representative Greek lab-prepared lime samples
Comparative classification of samples
ΕΛΟΤ ΕΝ 459-1 ΤGA-DTA Ka (limits according to BS)
CL90 >90 : samples 2, 8 Ka>85: none
CL80 >80 : samples 5, 7 Ka>75: samples 2, 8
CL70 >70 : none Ka>65: samples 5, 7
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PART C
Market research
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Methodology of market research of the lime branch
Questionnaire, designing criteria
The classification of the questions was derived by the comparative
assessment of the last decade’s research (1993-2003) of theauthor on lime production issues
Common and identical questions should be addressed to andcover all enterprises orientated not to create an advantage
The lime companies themselves should be aware and responsible for the answers
The effectiveness of the potential statistical data processing inthe future
The possibility of „safe‟ and „objective‟ interpretation of the results.
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The Asvestochori area today
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Active today lime industries of the representative research area
1. “H KYPSELI” SYN. PE.
2. HYDRATED LIME BRELLA A.E.
3. “DIAS” CHEMICAL PRODUCTS E.P.E
4. T. PASTROUMATZIS & SIA E.E
5. CaO Hellas MACEDONIAN LIME COMPANY
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Active industrial lime kilns ‟70s - early ‟ 80s
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Modern lime unit „90
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Basic Questionnaire fields
A. General information on the enterprise
B. Production line (analytical recording)
C. Quality control and products’ disposal
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„Key‟ problems
Minimising production cost:
– availability of fuels
– availability of raw materials
Quarrying license and its updating
Quarries suitable for lime production
Environmental protection cost
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Current techno economic aspectsDecision making priorities
Greek SME’s are specialised in the production of air-hardening lime
Reduction of the production cost – Automatisations – Energy saving endeavors – use of alternative fuels
Long term economic viability – Improvement of the lime quality – Production of new or innovative products – Entrance in new markets
Availability of competitive products
– Holding position Lime standardisation
– Conformity evaluation (2 SME’s) or ignorance (3 SME’s)
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Building Lime Chain
limestone – pure (calcium CaCO3 >94% or dolomitic CaCO3 >60% & MgCO3 5÷40%)
– impure (argillaceous or siliceous)
lime – quicklime CaO : air-hardening (calcium or dolomitic )
hydraulic
– hydrated lime Ca(OH)2: air-hardening (putty or dry)
hydraulic (only in dry form )
Mortar (lime binder+ inert/active aggregates+water+ additives/admixtures)
Limestone (man made)
from the raw material to construction
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Perspectives of the Greek lime industry
Air-hardening (in the forms of putty or dry ) – calcium (types CL90, CL80, CL70) – dolomitic (types DL)
Hydraulic (only in dry form) – natural ( types NHL2, NHL3.5, NHL5 or
NHL-Z2, NHL-Z3.5, NHL-Z5)
– artificial (types HL2, HL3.5, HL5)
Industrial heritageMonuments & historical buildings
Sustainable modern construction
Building lime types according to EN 459
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Discussion and conclusions
Greek SME‟s have developed and preserved up today a significantlocal know-how and experience in producing good air-hardeningbuilding lime in the form of slaked lime putties due to the abundant, hard and high calcium limestone deposits
The know-how of the production of dry powder limes has beenhistorically imported in Greece
It is likely that Greek companies will soon be absorbed by theEuropean or multinational companies of dry powder production
… an alternative strategy (management plan) is urgently
needed on the grounds of the active protection /
integrated conservation /sustainability
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Future perspectives
Soil stabilization for roads construction
Production of lime-based bricks
Addition of lime putties in concretes
„Green‟ building products combined byenvironmentally friendly building technologies
– embodied energy
– Life-cycle analysis techniques (LCA)
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Proposals
Scientific support
Development of local sustainable know-howCompletion of the EN with specific national
guidelines etc.
Designation of quarrying zones
Helpful taxes policy
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Standards facilitate coordination and cooperation on aglobal scale in the modern world by „creating‟
similarities and homogeneity…
… The drive for standardisation is to reduce limes‟ heterogeneity and specifity…
…however, standards‟ regulatory requirements mustnot undermine the preservation of
local distinctiveness which is the key principle forboth authenticity and sustainability
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Acknowledgements
ongoing research 1993-2007
Υ PΕR/GGΕΤ Ministry of Development 1997-2000
Scientific responsible: Prof . Ι. Papayianni A.U.Th.
Ephorate of Modern Monuments, Greek Ministry of Culture
Researcher: G. Zacharopoulou, Ph.D., Μ.Α.
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Georgia Zacharopoulou civil & structural engineer PhD AUTh
Μ.Α . in Conservation Studies, Io Α AS, York, U.K.
ΕΝ 459:2001 ‟BUILDING LIME‟ Local distinctiveness and standardisation