77 Science - Discovery JournalsTermitomyces of Konkan, India. Indian Journal of Science, 2014, 11(30), 82-89 ABSTRACT The genus Termitomycesis currently placed in the family Tricholomataceae

Pramod Borkar et al.Termitomyces of Konkan, India,Indian Journal of Science, 2014, 11(30), 82-89, www.discovery.org.inhttp://www.discovery.org.in/ijs.htm © 2014 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved

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Pramod Borkar1҉, Anila Doshi2, Sudhir Navathe1

1.Dr.B.S.Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth (Agricultural University), Dapoli, Maharashtra, India2.Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

҉Corresponding Author: Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth (Agricultural University) Dapoli, Maharashtra India415712; Email: [email protected]

Publication HistoryReceived: 27 July 2014Accepted: 25 August 2014Published: 24 December 2014

CitationPramod Borkar, Anila Doshi, Sudhir Navathe. Termitomyces of Konkan, India. Indian Journal of Science, 2014, 11(30), 82-89

ABSTRACTThe genus Termitomycesis currently placed in the family Tricholomataceae. Total 68 species of this genus have been recordedworldwide. Most of the recorded species of the genus Termitomyces genus all over the world occur mainly in Asian and Africancountries. During the present investigation, five species of the genus Termitomycesviz., T. umkowaani , T. heimii , T. longiradicatus,T. microcarpus and T. Clypeatus were collected from the Konkan region of Maharashtra, India and their morpho-taxonomy wasstudied.

Key words: Termitomyces, Konkan, mushroom diversity, morpho-taxonomy.

1. INTRODUCTIONThe mushroom diversity is depleting part due to deforestation, urbanization, climate change and unsystematicexploitation through collection of wild mushrooms. This situation demands an urgent need to collect, document andconserve their diversity. As far as the collection of mushrooms from Maharashtra (India) is concerned, mostly itremained confined to Western Maharashtra. Very few mushrooms viz., Fistulina hepatica, Entylomaachrospora, E.strictus, Rhodophyllusachrosporus and R. overeemi were recorded from the Konkan region. The Konkan region ofMaharashtra is a narrow stripe of 720 kms comprising of four districts viz. Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg.On the eastern side of the region lies the Sahyadri mountain range which is a part of Western Ghats- the biodiversity

PERSPECTIVE • MYCOLOGY Indian Journal of Science, Volume 11, Number 30, December 24, 2014

Termitomyces of Konkan, India

Anita Gloria Chellam☼, Shakina J, Usha R

Department of Chemistry, Sarah Tucker College (Autonomous), South India, Tirunelveli- 627007, Tamil Nadu, India

☼Corresponding author: Associate professor, Department of Chemistry, Sarah Tucker College (Autonomous), South India, Tirunelveli- 627007, Tamil Nadu, India; E-mail:[email protected]

Publication History

Received: 18 January 2014

Accepted: 14 March 2014

Published: 26 March 2014

Citation

Anita Gloria Chellam, Shakina J, Usha R. Studies of kinetics and thermodynamic parameters in the adsorption of Cadmium (II) on Cucumis melo Peel. Indian Journal ofScience, 2014, 9(22),

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hot spot of the country. Most of the recorded species of the genus Termitomyces genus all over the world occurmainly in Asian and African countries. All the species of this genus are in symbiotic association with termites andhence the genus is named as Termitomyces. Some of the members grow on epigeous termite mounds while othersgrow on the termitoria formed very deep below the soil level. In case of such mushrooms the psudorrhiza is quitelong. The lateritic soils of Konkan region are conducive for habitat of termites. As a result, all the dried plant litter infruit orchards and plantations is attacked by termites. Sometimes the termites grow on the trunks of live plants.During the present investigation, five species of the genus were collected from all the four districts of the Konkanregion.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODSMushrooms from four districts of Konkan region viz. Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg were collected for fourconsecutive monsoon seasons of the years from 2007 to 2012. While collecting mushrooms in the region, the pocketswith wide vegetation diversity were selected. Selected spots included Amboli, the well-known high altitudebiodiversity hot spot of this region, sea shore area like Murud, horticultural plantations with mango, cashew, coconutand arecanut at Wakavali, Kelshi, Inampangari, lateritic soil vegetation in Sindhudurg district comprising places likeKudal, Malvan, Pandur, Koloshi and Kanakvali and black soil area such as Wada and Palghar in Thane district and thickforest areas in Rajapur, Lanja, SangameshwarRatnagiri, Chiplun and Dapolitahasils. Identification of the collectedmushroom specimens was done on the basis of their macroscopic (morphological) and microscopic characters. Forrecording field observations, a pro-forma was prepared (as per George Mimes “Principles of Mushroom Identification)(Tibuhwa et al, 2010). While collecting the mushrooms, date of collection, locality and habitat were recorded. Everyspecimen was recorded with a collection number. Descriptions are based on fresh collections made from Konkanregions. Microscopic observations were made from free hand sections mounted in lectophenol cotton blue. Allcollections studied are deposited at the mycological herbarium of Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. B. S. KonkanKrishi Vidyapeeth Dapoli Dist. Ratnagiri.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe genus Termitomycesis currently placed in the family Tricholomataceae (kirk et al. 2008). Total 68 species of thisgenus have been recorded worldwide (Tang et al., 2005). During the present investigation, five species of the genusTermitomycesviz., T. umkowaani , T. heimii , T. longiradicatus, T. microcarpus and T. clypeatus were collected andidentified from several locations in Konkan.

Termitomyces umkowaani (Cooke & Massee)Habitat: In soil, Solitary. Collected from all the four districts of Konkan region during monsoon of years 2007, 2008,2009, 2010 and 2011.Pileus: 7 cm in diameter, light brown in colour, perforatori umspiniform. Surface, glabrous, shiny, due to oily layer onwhole surface. Campanulate to conical in shape which becomes convex in age with crenate margins.Stipe: Radicate in shape, 7.5 cm in length and 4 cm in width, swollen near the base white and fleshy. Pseudorrhiza,dark brown, radicating below the ground. Lamellae, crowded white and freely attached. Spore print pink. Annulusandvolva absent.Microscopic Features: Spores light Brown in colour, Globose to oval, thin walled with an apicalpore, measuring 7.5 X5µm. Basidia22.5 X 5 µmand cystidia20.75 X 9.25 µm.According to the key given by Vrinda and Pradeep (2009), the mushroom with straw coloured to brownish pileus,pointed perforatorium, black pseudorrhiza and absence of annulus is T.umkowaani. As the description of thespecimen collected in present study is in concurrence with that given above, the mushroom was identified asT.umkowaani (Cooke & Mass.) Reid.

Termitomyces longiradicatus Sathe & DanielHabitat: In soil Solitary or gregarious, Observed in all four districts of Konkan regionPileus: 6 cmin diameter white in colour Surfacegranulose, Campanulatein shape when young becoming plano convexat maturity. Perforatorium mammiform, margin crenulated, splitting at maturity.Stipe: White, fibrous Equal above ground. Pseudorrhiza long below soil level, 19-20 cm in length 3 cm above groundand more than 16 cm below ground and 3.5 cm in width. Lamellae white, crowded with free attachment. Spore Printbrownish to pink. Annulus present and volva absent.Microscopic Features: Spores hyaline, sub-globose, thin walled Measuring 5 X 3.75 µm. Basidia measured 12.5 X 5µmcystidia17.5 X 5 µm.


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The morphological description of this mushroom as given by Sathe and Daniel (1980) says, pileus 4-7 cm broad, whitecream, hemispherical to convex, becoming planoconvex, umbonate, splitting with age, inflexed. Stipe 25-32 X 1-1.5cm, central, cylindrical, white, becoming creamy in age, glabrous, pseudorrhiza up to 29 cm below the ground. Basidia18.5 -24 X 8.5-9.5 µm, basidiospores, 7-8.5 X 4-6 µm. Morphological features of the collected specimen match withthat of Sathe and Daniel. They have also mentioned that T. longiradicatus is closer to T.heimii but differs in havinglong radicating stipe. The mushroom is therefore, identified as T.longiradicata, Sathe & Daniel.

Termitomyces heimii NatarajanHabitat: Gregarious, Cespitose on a termitorium Soil. Observed in Ratnagiriand Sindhudurga districts.Pileus: 7 cm in diameter, white, glabrous, convex to plano convex with eroded margin.Stipe: White equal and fleshy measuring 18 cm in length and2 cm in width. Lamellae, white, crowded and free. Sporeprint pink, with a brownish tinge. Annulus present, volva absent.Microscopic Features: Spores hyaline, ellipsoid, thin walled measuring 7.50 X 5 µm. Basidiameasured15 X 3.75 µmandcystidia 22.5 X 7.50 µm. In case of T. heimii, the specimens were collected from an above ground termitorium. Thismushroom was first described by Natarajan (1979). The description states, pileus up to 10 cm, surface smooth, whitewith gray in umbo region, fleshy. Stipe upto 19 cm long, white, smooth cylindrical, with thick annulus, pseudorrhizapresent. Basidia 19.5-21 X 5.5-7 µm, basidiospores 7-8.4X 4.2-5.6 µm. Pleurocystidia 46 x 18 µm. Spore print pink. Asper Sathe and Daniel’s description, pileaus 4.5 X 8.5 cm broad, white, gray at umbo, ovate when young, planoconvexat maturity. Stipe, 13.5-18.5 X 1.2 cm central, cylindric, stuffed, annulus, single, pseudorrhiza, white. Lamellae, free,off white, crowded. Basidia, 20.5-23.5 X 6-8.5 µm and basidiospores, 6.5 X 4-5.5 µm, ellipsoid, thin, and hyaline. Themorphological features of the specimen recorded in in the present study are in conformity with those given byNatarajan (1979) and Sathe and Daniel (1980). Hence the mushroomwas identified as T. heimiiNatarajan. According toVrinda and Pradeep (2009), T. longiradicatus is synonym of T. hemii. In the present study the pileus of T. longiradicatawas granulose and that of T. heimii was glabrous. So also the stipe length of T. longiradicata was less above groundand pseudorrhiza was long. In T. hemii the stipe was 18 cm above the soil. Due this difference in morphologicalcharacters both these mushrooms, it is appropriate to consider them as separate species.

Termitomyces microcarpous (Berk & Broome) R. Heim.Habitat: On decaying plant litter in soil, gregarious. Observed in Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri districts onlyPileus: 2 cm in diameter, white, glabrous initially convex in shape becoming plano convex in age. Margins eroded.Stipe: Concolorous with pileus, equal, hollow measuring 4.3 -5.1 cm in length and 2 mm in width.Lamellaeconcolorous with pileus, sub-distant and free, spore print pink. Annulus and volva absent.Microscopic Features: The basidia measured 15 X 5 µm and the measurement of cystidia was 25 X 6.25 µm, annulusand volva absent, basidio spores, hyaline, globose or reniform measuring 5 X 2.5 µm.

This mushroom has been reported by most of the workers in the India. Nair (1980) described this mushroom withsmall sporophores occurring in large numbers, scattered in soil. Pileussmall, campanulate to convex, glabrous, marginincurved, entire, 0.5-1.5 cm in diameter. Gills free to adnexed, white, spore print, pink. Stipe small, slender,measuring 2-4 X 1-1.5 cm, pseudorrhiza absent. Basidiospores, subglobose, 5.5 - 6.5 X 3.5 - 4 µm. As per thedescription given by Mycobank (http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.asp) the pileus of this mushroom is 0.5-1 inchacross, dirty-white, stem 1.5-2 inches in length, 0.35-1 cm thick, nearly equal, smooth, hollow; gills about a line broad,free, or nearly so; spores obliquely oblong, 2 X 2.5 µm, mycelium forming little granular masses.

As per the key given by Vrinda and Pradeep, (2009), basidiocarp small, pileus up to 2.5 cm in diameter, whitish tocream, pseudorrhiza absent, cystidia present. Froslev (http://www.mycokey.com/BurkinaFaso/Termitomyces.htm,2000) also described it to be a mushroom with small pileus up to 2 cm and fruit body without pseudorrhiza. Kesel(2011) in his key to edible mushrooms ofTropical Africa mentioned that, the fruit body of T. microcarpus has a verysmall cap and the pseudorhiza is absent. Tibuhwa et al (2010) reported that the pileus of T. microcarpus is white,small, stipe, white, annulus and pseudorhiza absent. Atri et al. (1995) described this mushroom with 1 cm broad,yellowish white pileus, lamellae sub-distant, spore print light orange, basidia 16.9-23.1 X 4.6-5.3 µm. Themorphological characters of the mushroom collected during present study are in concurrence with those described byearlier workers. Hence the mushroom was identified as Termitomyces microcarpous (Berk & Br.) Heim.

Termitomyces clypeatus R. HeimHabitat: In soil, gregarious, collected from Sindhudurg,Ratnagiri and Thane districts.Pileus: 3.5- 5.7 cm in diameter, greyish to brown, conical with spiniform perforatorium, splitting at the margins withage.


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Stipe: long, equal, concolorous with pileus, hollow, 12-15 cm in length and 2-3 cm wide. Lamellae, sub distant, free,light brown with brown spore print.Microscopic features: Basidia measured 14 X 2.5 µm, while cystidia were not observed. Basidio spores were hyaline,cylindrical measuring 7.5 X 2.5 µm.

Nair (1990) while describing this mushroom mentioned that itspileus is conical at first with strongly spiniformperforatorium, expanding in age. Gills free, white initially having a pinkish tinge at maturity. Stipe long, central, whiteto dirty brown, hollow, with pseudorrhiza 3-7 cm long. Basidiospores, hyaline, obovoid to broadly ellipsoidal, 5.5-8.5 X4.05 µm. As per the description of Vrinda and Pradeep (2009), pileus dark brown, paling to grey at maturity, smooth,perforatorium blackish brown, strongly spiniform. As per Froslev (2000) the perforatorium of this mushroom isstrongly spiniform. The perforatorium of T. clypeatus is greyish to buff brown paling towards margin, stem whitepseudorrhiza present, annulus absent (Tibuhwa, 2010). Perforatorium spiniform with grayish brown pileus (Kesel,2011).

Zang (1981) described Sinotermitomyces taiwanensis as the mushroom with pileus 6.5 cm wide, plano-umbonate, with a high spiniform perforatorium; surface dark brown at centre, brown elsewhere and paling towardmargin, smooth and glabrous, striate; margin splitting. Lamellae: free. Stipe: 7 cm long, 1.2 cm diam., central andcylindrical, slender; surface pale grey, lacking both an annulus and other velar remnants, fibrous. Pseudorrhizamorethan 13 cm in length. Basidio spores measuring 8.5 × 45 µm, ovoid to ellipsoid, sub-hyaline, thin-walled. Basidia,clavate measuring 18.5-26 × 5.5-9 µm. Cheilocystidia 13-23 × 7-12 µm. According to Wei et al (2006), the spiniformperforatorium, smooth and non-annulate stipe surface, and pale coloured stipe and pseudorhiza indicate that it is acollection of T. clypeatus. Furthermore, the microscopic characters of the type, e.g. size and form of basidiospores,basidia and cystidia, are in agreement with that of T. clypeatus. Hence the mushroom described by Zang asSinotermitomycestaiwanensis is T. clypeatus.

Considering all the morphological characters described by previous workers and comparing them with themorphology of the collected specimen, this mushroom was identified as Termitomyces clypeatus Heim.

Sathe et al (1980) reported seven species from western Maharashtra. They included, T. Albuminosa (Pune), T.Cartilagineous (Malshej Ghat), T. Clypeatus (Kanakeshwar), T. mammiformis (Radhanagari and Pune), T.microcarpus(Pune), T. poonensis ( Pune) and T. robustus (Pune). Nair (1990) reported T. clypeatus,T. eurrhizus, T.mammiformis,T.microcarpus and T. heimii, from Kerala. Bhavani Devi (1995) reported T. clypeatus, T.microcarpus, T.radicatus, T. robustus and T.stiatusfrom Kerala. Five species of Termitomyces, from South India (except Kerala) werereported by Natarajan (1995). They were T. indicus, T. rabuorii, T. clypeatus, T. heimiiand T.microcarpus. Saini and Atri(1995) reported three species viz., T.microcarpus, T.microcarpusf. santalensis, and T. striatusfrom Punjab. FromRajasthan, Doshi and Sharma (1997) reported T.clypeatus T. eurrhizus, T. letestui, T. microcarpus,T. robustus andT.stiatus. Verma et al (1995) recorded, T. clypeatus, T. microcarpus, T.robustusans, T.eurrhizusfrom North Easternstates of the country while Purkayastha and Chandra (1985) reported T.microcrpus, T.albuminosus and T.eurrhizusfrom West Bengal. In his monograph on the genus Termitomyces, Heim (1977) has given a detailed accountof the species of this genus occurring all over the world.

4. CONCLUSONMacro-morphological characteristics of Termitomyces provide more reliable taxonomic information to delineate mostof the species in the genus than micro-morphology. The micro-morphology is less informative and ambiguously usedby many workers. Five species of this genus were collected during the present study. Out of these, three species, viz.,T. longiradicata, T. clypeatus and T. umkowaaniwere found to occur in all the four districts under study while T. heimiiand T. microcarpus were observed in Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri districts of Konkan region of Maharashtra.

SUMMARY OF RESARCH1. Forays conducted in different four districts of Konkan region viz. Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg for four consecutive monsoon

seasons of the years from 2007 to 2012.2. Identification of mushroom specimens collected was done on the basis of their macroscopic (morphological) and microscopic characters.3. During the present study five species of Termitomyces, were collected and identified.

FUTURE ISSUESCulturing of most popular Termitomyces and attempts to standardize their production technology in controlled conditions.


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DISCLOSURE STATEMENTThere is no financial support for this research work from the funding agency.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors are thankful to the Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth (Agricultural University) Dapoli,Maharashtra, India for providing necessary facilities.

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Agarics: The Genus Termitomyces.Mushroom Res. 1995, 4:7-10.

2. Bhavani Devi, Mushroom Flora of Kerala. In: AdvancesinHorticulture, 1995, Vol. 13, Mushroom (eds.) K.L. Chadhaand S. R. Sharma, Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi,pp.277-316.

3. Doshi A. and SharmaS. S. A new mushroomTermitomyceseurhizus from Rajasthan. Indian J. Mycol. Pl.Pathol. 1990, 20: 279.

4. Forslev, T., 2000 (http://www.mycokey.com/burkinaFaso/Termitomyces. html.)

5. Heim, R., Termites et Champignons: Les ChampignonsTermitophiles d’ Afrique Noire et d’ AsieMeridionle, 1977, p.205 Societe Des Editions Boubee, Paris.

6. Mycobank website(http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.asp.)

7. Kesel A. de, Provisional Macroscopic Key to the EdibleMushrooms of Tropical Africa. Myco. Africa2011, 4(1): 1-8.

8. Kirk P.M.; Cannon P.F. Minter D.W and StalpersJ.A.,Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.), 2008, Wallingford, CABIp.374.

9. Nair, M.C., Mushrooms, Technical Bulletin-17. 1990, KeralaAgricultural University p.139.

10. Natarajan, K.Mushroom Flora of South India (exceptKerala). In: Advances inHorticulture, 1995, Vol. 13,Mushroom (eds.) K.L. Chadha and S. R. Sharma, MalhotraPublishing House, New Delhi, pp.387-397.

11. Natarajan, K. and Raman N., South Indian Agaricales-IX.Sydowia, 198033: 225-235.

12. Natarajan, K., South Indian Agaricales V:Termitomycesheimii. Mycologia 1979, 71(4): 853-855.

13. Purkayastha, R.P. and Chandra A., Indian EdibleMushrooms1985, Firma K. M. Private Ltd., Calcutta, India.

14. Saini S.S. and Atri N.S., Mushroom Flora of Punjab. In:Advances inHorticulture, 1995, Vol. 13, Mushroom (eds.)K.L. Chadha and S. R. Sharma, Malhotra Publishing House,New Delhi, pp. 375-386.

15. Sathe, A.V.; Deshpane S.; KulkarniS. M. and DanielJ,Agaricales of South West India, 1980, Series –I.MONOGRAPH-I, Maharashtra Association for Cultivation ofScience,Research Institute, Pune, India.

16. Tang, B.H.; Wei T.Z. and YaoY.J., Type Rivision of ThreeTermitomyces species from India. Mycotaxon 2005, 94: 93-102.

17. Tibuhwa D.D.; Kivaisi A.K. and FSS Magingo, Utility ofMacro-morphological Characters Used in Classifying theSpecies of Termitomyces. Tanz.J.Sci. 2010, 36: 31-45.

18. Wei, T.Z.; Tang B.H.; Yao Y.J. and Pelger D.N., A Revision ofSinotermitomyces, a Synonym of Termitomyces. FungalDiversity 2006, 21:225-237.

19. Verma R.N.; Singh G.B. and Muktasingh S., Mushroom Floraof North Eastern Hills. Advances in Horticulture, 1995, Vol.13, Mushroom (Eds.) K.L. Chadha and S. R. Sharma,Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi, pp 329-350.

20. Vrinda K.B. and Pradeep C.K. Termitomyces sagittiformis- Alesser Known Edible Mushroom from Western Ghats.Mushroom Research, 2009, 18(1): 33-36.

21. Zang, M.,Sinotermitomyces, A New Genus of Amanitaceaefrom Yunnan,.China. Mycotaxon, 1981, 13: 171-174.


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Figure 1a. Pileus with spiniformperforatoriumb. Pseudorrhizac. Basidia and cystidiad. Globose to oval brown spores

Figure 2a. Campanulatepileusb. Long pseudorrhizac. Basidia and cystidiad. Hyaline,subglobosebasidiospores


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Figure 3a. White glabrouspileusb. Basidia and cystidiac. Hyaline ellipsoid spores

Figure 4a. Gregarious fruiting bodies in soilb. Sub distant and free lamellaec. Basidia and cystidiad. Hyaline globose spores


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Figure 5a. Gregarious fruiting bodies in soilb. Pileus with spiniformperforatoriumc. Basidia and cystidiad. Hyaline cylindrical basidiospores


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Documents

77 Science - Discovery JournalsTermitomyces of Konkan, India. Indian Journal of Science, 2014, 11(30), 82-89 ABSTRACT The genus Termitomycesis currently placed in the family Tricholomataceae